WO2012166733A1 - Sélection de données ciblées d'une équation d'onde à deux sens destinée à l'imagerie améliorée de prospections parmi des structures géologiques complexes - Google Patents

Sélection de données ciblées d'une équation d'onde à deux sens destinée à l'imagerie améliorée de prospections parmi des structures géologiques complexes Download PDF

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WO2012166733A1
WO2012166733A1 PCT/US2012/039863 US2012039863W WO2012166733A1 WO 2012166733 A1 WO2012166733 A1 WO 2012166733A1 US 2012039863 W US2012039863 W US 2012039863W WO 2012166733 A1 WO2012166733 A1 WO 2012166733A1
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target
source
energy
process according
receivers
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PCT/US2012/039863
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English (en)
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Peter M. Eick
Joel D. Brewer
Charles C. Mosher
Jun Cao
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Conocophillips Company
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Priority to CA2837091A priority Critical patent/CA2837091A1/fr
Priority to EP12793546.8A priority patent/EP2715403A4/fr
Publication of WO2012166733A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012166733A1/fr
Priority to US15/184,763 priority patent/US10392313B2/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V20/00—Geomodelling in general
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/003—Seismic data acquisition in general, e.g. survey design
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. for interpretation or for event detection
    • G01V1/34—Displaying seismic recordings or visualisation of seismic data or attributes
    • G01V1/345—Visualisation of seismic data or attributes, e.g. in 3D cubes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/60—Analysis
    • G01V2210/67—Wave propagation modeling
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/60—Analysis
    • G01V2210/67—Wave propagation modeling
    • G01V2210/673—Finite-element; Finite-difference
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/60—Analysis
    • G01V2210/67—Wave propagation modeling
    • G01V2210/675—Wave equation; Green's functions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/60—Analysis
    • G01V2210/67—Wave propagation modeling
    • G01V2210/679—Reverse-time modeling or coalescence modelling, i.e. starting from receivers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to seismic imaging of subsurface geologic structures and especially to the imaging of prospects for exploration for hydrocarbon deposits in underground formations.
  • Salt domes are an example of other relatively simple structures that create complex seismic images.
  • the overhangs caused by iso-static forces at the sides of salt domes tend to be very interesting to hydrocarbon producers because the up-thrust of a salt dome tends to seal the adjacent formations that are lifted above their surrounding plane.
  • Substantial amounts of hydrocarbons may end up trapped at the interface of a salt dome and a hydrocarbon bearing formation, especially where the interface is under the overhang of a mushroom-shaped salt dome.
  • the overhang may take the shape of a mushroom or an anvil or a curling wave in the ocean. Since compression waves travel relatively slow through rock, but comparatively fast through salt, seismic energy that has passed through a salt formation, especially a salt formation with an irregular or complicated shape appears scattered in ways that are not easily resolvable into a coherent image.
  • the invention more particularly relates to a process for imaging seismic data for a prospect that exists within or near structures that obscure or complicate seismic imaging.
  • the process includes the steps of: a) constructing a first geologic model including information about the size, shape and depth of the obscuring or complicating structure along with a prospect location for further understanding; b) identifying a set of seismic source locations within the seismic data along with seismic acquisition geometry for associated seismic receivers to be evaluated with the geologic model; c) selecting a target on a geologic body for evaluation wherein the target may comprise a portion or an entirety of the prospect location; and d) selecting parameters appropriate for a two-way wave equation propagation.
  • the process further includes the steps of: e) computing a two-way wave modeling for the wavefield propagation from a selected source to the target; f) computing the energy arriving at the target and the associated attributes of the arriving energy at the target; g) computing a two-way wave equation propagation for energy propagation from the target to the receivers associated with the selected source by the acquisition geometry; h) computing the energy and the associated attributes received by the receivers associated with the selected source by the acquisition geometry; i) repeating steps e) through h) for other sources in the selected acquisition geometry; j) from the energy and attributes recorded in step f) create attribute displays that provide visual perspective of one or more attributes of the energy propagated to the target from one or more sources; k) from the energy and attributes computed in step h) create attribute displays that provide visual perspective of one or more attributes of the energy associated with one or more sources propagated from the target to the receivers; 1) analyze the attribute displays in step j) and step k) to determine the source/receiver pair information that will provide better imaging
  • Figure 1 is cross section of the earth showing a gas-containing formation with a formation of interest beneath the gas-containing formation;
  • Figure 2 is a map showing a proposed seismic survey of the area in Figure 1 with the purpose of acquiring clean data of the formation of interest that reduces or minimizes the obscuring affects of the gas-containing formation;
  • Figure 3 is a second cross section of the earth showing a salt dome and the geologic layers that may interface with the salt dome where the interface of the overhang and the adjacent layers may be a formation of interest;
  • Figure 4 is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of the procedure for Targeted Two-way Wave Equation Data Selection.
  • a gas-containing structure is indicated by the number 12 underlying the surface of the earth 5.
  • a prospect indicated by the number 25 having an inverted cup shape interest in the prospect 25 arises because the inverted cup shape may form a trap where liquid hydrocarbons may collect and pool.
  • the gas containing structure 12 may also be caused by gas leaking from the prospect. If the prospect 25 truly has an inverted cup shape with porous rock below an impermeable layer above, the prospect 25 may be a prime target for drilling an oil well.
  • the gas containing structure 12 obscures the seismic prospecting of the prospect 25 such that it is very difficult to assess the prospect whereas the inverted cup shape may be the seismic equivalent of an optic illusion and the structure is otherwise flat.
  • the size of the structure may be sub-economic or the structure may not be trapping the hydrocarbons or simply be too leaky.
  • it is generally preferred to fully evaluate the prospect and fully assess its shape, make sure that it is continuous or that there are no holes in the cup where the oil may continue to percolate to the surface. Such further evaluation is preferably accomplished by seismic data collection, processing, interpretation and analysis.
  • the gas-containing structure 12 above the prospect 25 is likely to obscure the seismic data from the prospect as the gas tends to attenuate seismic waves and therefore little, if any, useful coherent seismic energy is able to propagate directly through the gas-containing structure 12.
  • the geologic models that are deduced from seismic data of this earth as shown in Figure 1 would be indeterminate as to how deep the gas-containing structure actually is.
  • the top of the gas-containing layer would reflect seismic energy, but essentially mask everything below that whether the gas-containing layer was just a few feet thick or a mile thick.
  • the inventors of the present invention have recognized that by acquiring and processing seismic data that is minimally affected by the gas-containing structure 12, a well developed geologic image of the prospect may be created. For example, by arranging the shot points and receiver locations as shown by the map in Figure 2 so as to capture seismic energy that travels to the prospect 25 and returns to the surface without travelling through the gas-containing structure 12 will reduce the complexity of the seismic data.
  • the process of identifying where to arrange the shot points and receiver locations requires a geologic three-dimensional model of the earth.
  • This model may be created from existing seismic data which reveals the seismic obstruction such as gas-containing structure 12.
  • Other helpful information includes well logs, geological maps and interpretive guesses at the primary structure of the prospect.
  • the existing data can be analyzed by computer modeling of a proposed shot point/source receiver pairs. To properly account for the variation of the subsurface in the model a full imaging solution would be required. Simple ray tracing techniques cannot adequately image the data without severe errors in propagation.
  • the more accurate and comprehensive analytical techniques for imaging are full two-way wave equation propagation of the source energy though the model.
  • the two-way wave (or full wave) equation formulation can be acoustic, elastic, or other physical type depending on the nature of the geology.
  • a solution to the equations can be found by many different methods such as finite difference or finite element methods.
  • the analysis turns to considerations of the size, shape and location of the prospect 25 relative to the gas containing structure 12 and for evaluating potential offsets and azimuth angles relative to the depth of the gas-containing structure 12.
  • This analysis focuses on the availability of usable data around the edges and completely underneath the gas-containing structure 12.
  • Part of the consideration is whether the original data included long enough offset and sufficient azimuth angles to capture the energy from the longest lateral dimension of the gas-containing structure 12.
  • the quality of the data may significantly diminish depending on a number of factors principally including the densities of the rock structures in the ground, the technique of acquisition and the noise conditions during the survey.
  • Another consideration is the possibility of subsurface velocity variations caused by different geologic beds or formations.
  • the first step of the process is to identify what, if any, possible source to receiver pairs could have obtained useable data for imaging the target.
  • the next step in the evaluation is to rank the quality of the data that could image only the prospect 25.
  • the ranking criteria could be propagated energy level, signal to noise, distribution of offset, or shortest energy propagation path among other geophysical quality criteria. The specific criteria used to rank the quality would depend on the specific geological environment or problem that is being investigated.
  • a map can now be made of the source receiver pairs that contribute to the best possible image and they can be contoured or color coded to show the quality of the image or impact on the resulting structure.
  • This map now shows the data that is needed to be processed for the best image while masking out all of the data that does not contribute or may be counter productive and introduce noise in the final output image.
  • the bottom line is to image with the data that help the image and avoid utilizing data that will undermine or simply not help the image quality.
  • the final step is to image all of the other areas of the prospect and determine what data must be selected to image those regions.
  • a quality map for all possible source and receiver locations can be determined. This map can then be provided to the seismic imaging group for use in data selection during the imaging phase of the seismic processing. The quality map shows if the sources are critical or just helpful to the final image and this information can be used to improve the costs efficiency of the imaging.
  • another prospect 35 may underlie the anvil shape of a salt dome 32.
  • the salt dome like the gas-containing structure 12 substantially impairs seismic data.
  • an optimized source and receiver location map may be created to enhance what is already known about an area to better illuminate or image the target such as prospect 35.
  • the analysis for developing the source and receiver location map, such as shown in Figure 2 may require significant analysis of the geologic model created based on existing knowledge of the subsurface structures. Very significant computer power is necessary for analysis of acoustic and elastic waveform data computations but is understood because of the extensive development of two-way wave equation migration methods.
  • Figure 4 outlines one workflow embodiment that utilizes two-way wave equation propagated wave fields as a basis for several analytical displays.
  • the methods require the input of a geologic model or model cube.
  • the results of the analysis outlined in Figure 4 are only as good as the geological map input.
  • the model should be created from the best geological and geophysical data available and properly conditioned for two-way wave equation modeling use. Such conditioning may include smoothing and the inclusion of random noise.
  • This model or cube will take into account the presumed prospect shape, rock properties and geologic boundaries that are present in the earth.
  • the model should also have the best possible velocity and density information to allow for maximum resolution of the data.
  • the geologic structural cube and the velocity model are called the "model of the earth” or simply the "geologic model” as indicated in Step 410 in Figure 4.
  • the survey geometry identifying source points and receiver points are correlated with the geologic model as shown by step 415.
  • the acquisition geometry can be the surface seismic geometry, vertical seismic profile (VSP), ocean bottom node/cable, or other type of seismic data.
  • VSP vertical seismic profile
  • the selection of source points may include all source points available, but would typically include a subset of all source points and may include a small and concentrated set of points or a broader sparsely spaced set of points for various analytical considerations.
  • the "target" area is then selected within the geologic model with the 3D survey correlated as shown at step 420 where the target may cover the entire prospect location or some portion of the prospect location.
  • This in general, may be as large of an area for which computer time and disk space will allow for the running of the workflow.
  • the larger the target area the less precise the illumination information will be for a particular area on the target Basically it will not be possible to precisely determine what sources and receivers contribute the best data for imaging a particular area on the target, thus the target area should be limited to the extent necessary to assure a specific target imaging issue is addressed. It is better to do multiple evaluations rather than confuse the analysis by using too large of a target area.
  • the parameters for two-way wave equation modeling are selected at step 425.
  • Example methods for two-way wave field propagation can be found in a number of publications including: Boore, D.M., 1972. Finite-difference methods for seismic waves, In: Methods in Computational Physics, Vol. 11, 1-37. Bolt B. A., ed., Academic Press, New York; Kelly, K.R., Ward, R.W., Treitel, S., and Alford, R.M., 1976. Synthetic Seismograms: a Finite -Difference Approach, Geophysics, 41, 2-27; Baysal, E.,D.D. Kosloff, and J.W. C.
  • the wave propagations are computed in both the source side and receiver side through the geologic model as identified in Steps 430 and 440.
  • the source-side wave field begins at the source and proceeds to the target, and the receiver-side wave field begins by reflecting off the illuminated portion of the target and proceeds to the receivers.
  • This computational effort is substantial and requires a lot of computer time. Note that the propagation of the energy is very complex and multi-pathed depending on the complexity of the geologic model. Breaking this effort up into its individual steps, in Step 430 the wave field propagation is computed from the source through the geological model. In Step 435, the computed energy of the wave field from Step 430 is computed to determine attributes of the seismic energy at the target or prospect.
  • Step 440 the receiver-side wave field is computed considering its travel through the geologic model.
  • the energy values and attributes are compared to the measured data at the surface locations from the seismic survey. It should be noted that the energy levels and attributes that are calculated at the target and at the acquisition surface as shown in Steps 435 and 445 for each source-receiver pair are used in the remainder of the work flow.
  • the Step 430 creates a 3-D source-side energy volume that is discretely sampled spatially and in depth as the energy is propagated.
  • the result is a 3-D energy volume for each source that can be examined similar to a seismic 3-D volume to determine how the energy propagates.
  • the attribute of each sample is the arriving energy level at the discrete sample. In two-way wave field propagation the propagation path can become quite complex but in some cases the energy path to the target can be identified.
  • Step 440 creates a 3-D receiver- side energy volume that is discretely sampled spatially and in depth as the energy is propagated to the sensors. Only portions of the target that received energy from the source-side wave field will emit energy for propagation to the surface.
  • the receiver- side wave field propagation will create a 3-D energy volume for each source that can be examined similar to a seismic 3-D volume to analyze the path of the receiver-side energy. These two 3-D energy volumes can be analyzed to determine if focusing or scattering are occurring or if the model has a peculiar propagation property that is not physically realistic.
  • Steps 455 and 460 are preferably utilized interactively but may be used in more conventional ways such as hard copies or simple screen captures for redisplay. In practice, not all displays are be created because of the volume of information and considering that several of the individual displays will not likely add sufficient additional information to aid in analysis.
  • Step 455 displays using the computed target energy attributes from Step 435 are created.
  • One display is a map of the single source energy values computed in Step 435. In practice there will be one map for each individual source. The map shows the energy level as received at the target.
  • the second display is a map of the incident angles of the energy at the target location or prospect location. There will be one map for each individual source with the map showing the incident angle of the energy received at the target.
  • the third display is a map of the take-off angles of the wave field from the target location. Again there will be one map for each individual source and only portions of the target that were illuminated by the down-going wave field will be visualized. The map will show the take-off angle of the up-coming energy at the target location.
  • the third display is a map of all energy received at the target.
  • all energy from all sources is summed and displayed as a map with the coordinates being for the target and the attribute being the summed energy value.
  • the attribute can be displayed as a 3-D visualization with the target providing 3-D structure prospective and the specific attribute being used to set a color scale to overlay the attribute on the target structure 3-D visualization.
  • a rose diagram utilizing all energy may be created. Similar to conventional rose diagrams used in standard acquisition design software, summary rose diagrams can be created to visualize the relationship between the source location and the total energy received at the target. Each source will have a specific azimuth, offset and total energy received at the target associated with it.
  • an azimuth-offset rose diagram can be created in which the attribute is the total energy received at the target for that particular azimuth-offset combination.
  • other rose diagrams can be created where the incident angle is the attribute.
  • a skilled geophysicist may use all of the displays and maps to rationalize more precisely the sources that have the highest potential for propagating energy to the target.
  • Step 460 displays using the computed acquisition surface energy attributes from Step 445 are created.
  • One display is a map of the single source energy values computed in Step 445 from the receiver-side energy associated with one specific source. In practice there will be one map for each associated individual source. The map shows the energy level as received at the receivers emanating from the portion of the target illuminated by the source.
  • a standard rose diagram can be created where the coordinates for the rose diagram are the offset distance from the source and the receivers that receive energy.
  • the attribute for the rose diagram is the energy received by each sensor.
  • Another display is a map created by summing all the energy received by all sensors and assign that as an attribute to the emitting source point.
  • the map would be a map of the source locations with the summed energy being an attribute to plot at the source location.
  • a similar map of total received energy can be made by summing all energy received by a sensor from all sources.
  • a map of the sensor locations would be made with an attribute being plotted being the summed energy received by each sensor.
  • These two maps then show the locations of sources that result in the most energy being received at sensor locations and sensor locations that receive the most energy.
  • a rose diagram utilizing all energy received at the acquisition surface can be created. Similar to a rose diagrams used in standard acquisition design software, a summary rose diagram can be created to visualize the relationship between the source location and the energy received by the sensors. Each source-sensor pair will have a specific azimuth, offset and total energy received at the surface.
  • an azimuth-offset rose diagram can be created in which the attribute is the total energy received at the acquisition surface for a given azimuth-offset configuration.
  • a skilled geophysicist may use all of the displays and maps to rationalize more precisely the sources that have the highest potential for propagating energy to the target and the sensor locations that have the highest potential for receiving the source generated energy.
  • a skilled geophysicist may use all of the displays to rationalize more precisely the source/receiver pairs that provide the most revealing information about the target structure or prospect structure. These source/receiver pairs have the best probability of optimizing the imaging of the prospect 25. These source/receiver pairs are preferably ranked in terms of geophysical quality and then contoured or color coded onto a map showing where the optimal source and receiver pairs would be located to image the desired target. This quality map would show both the priority and quality of the sources and receivers to imaging the prospective target.
  • the map is analyzed for priority of shot and receiver locations to determine the critical priority for imaging. It is likely that a certain background level of shots and receivers are needed to establish a background image volume. Once this background quality is established then the rest of the shot receiver pairs can be analyzed in terms of the overall quality to see what are the critical shots and receivers that must be used for imaging. During this analysis process, one could prioritize the costs verses quality of the imaging.
  • the preferred imaging method for the selected data would be a two-way wave equation based depth imaging/migration work flow.
  • Another realization of the invention is to utilize subsets of the existing seismic acquisition geometry in Step 415 by utilizing only specific sources and receivers. In this way, the impact of specific sources and specific receivers can be evaluated.
  • the proposed optimal input geologic model in Step 410 is modified to represent alternative interpretations or ideas about how the various prospect structure 25 and obscuring structures are shaped and spaced from one another.
  • the Figure 4 work flow is again performed to determine if the previously determined source receiver locations are still optimal to image alternative interpretations of the geology. If they are still reasonable then the imaging project could proceed, otherwise the source and receive locations selected would need to be modified so they would optimally image the range of possibilities of the prospect.
  • Another realization of the invention would be to repeat the work flow in Figure 4 on several different targets of the whole geologic model and then wave equation image these smaller target areas using the selected sources and receivers. These results would then be merged and summed into a larger survey where the different areas could be ranked for overall quality of image. This approach would allow many smaller targets to be optimally imaged and the relative quality of the overall image improved by optimizing the imaging over the whole survey.
  • one or more receiver locations may be identified on multiple acquisition surfaces to improve signal quality, reduce the number of signals required and increase acquisition efficiency.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne une imagerie sismique où des géologies complexes sont susceptibles de créer des données qui sont confuses ou ambigües pour une matrice classique de points de source et de positions de récepteur. A l'aide de quelques compréhensions de la sous-structure géologique, les points de source et les positions de récepteur qui optimisent l'imagerie peuvent être trouvés à l'aide d'une propagation d'onde à deux sens couplée avec un modèle géologique de qualité. Par cela, les points de source et les positions de récepteur qui optimisent l'imagerie peuvent être choisis et utilisés pour mieux résoudre la sous-structure et éviter l'inclusion de données qui masquent la compréhension de la sous-structure.
PCT/US2012/039863 2011-05-27 2012-05-29 Sélection de données ciblées d'une équation d'onde à deux sens destinée à l'imagerie améliorée de prospections parmi des structures géologiques complexes WO2012166733A1 (fr)

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CA2837091A CA2837091A1 (fr) 2011-05-27 2012-05-29 Selection de donnees ciblees d'une equation d'onde a deux sens destinee a l'imagerie amelioree de prospections parmi des structures geologiques complexes
EP12793546.8A EP2715403A4 (fr) 2011-05-27 2012-05-29 Sélection de données ciblées d'une équation d'onde à deux sens destinée à l'imagerie améliorée de prospections parmi des structures géologiques complexes
US15/184,763 US10392313B2 (en) 2011-06-06 2016-06-16 Method for application of biochar in turf grass and landscaping environments

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US201161491034P 2011-05-27 2011-05-27
US61/491,034 2011-05-27

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