WO2012160080A1 - Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infant formula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk, and having a low level of monosaccharides, and a process to produce the composition - Google Patents
Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infant formula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk, and having a low level of monosaccharides, and a process to produce the composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2012160080A1 WO2012160080A1 PCT/EP2012/059562 EP2012059562W WO2012160080A1 WO 2012160080 A1 WO2012160080 A1 WO 2012160080A1 EP 2012059562 W EP2012059562 W EP 2012059562W WO 2012160080 A1 WO2012160080 A1 WO 2012160080A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- oligosaccharide
- mixture
- milk
- lactose
- less
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
- C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
- C12Y302/01023—Beta-galactosidase (3.2.1.23), i.e. exo-(1-->4)-beta-D-galactanase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/04—Polysaccharides, i.e. compounds containing more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic bonds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/20—Reducing nutritive value; Dietetic products with reduced nutritive value
- A23L33/21—Addition of substantially indigestible substances, e.g. dietary fibres
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/135—Bacteria or derivatives thereof, e.g. probiotics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/40—Complete food formulations for specific consumer groups or specific purposes, e.g. infant formula
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/14—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of a carbohydrase (EC 3.2.x), e.g. by alpha-amylase, e.g. by cellulase, hemicellulase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
- C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
- C12Y302/01032—Xylan endo-1,3-beta-xylosidase (3.2.1.32), i.e. endo-1-3-beta-xylanase
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
- A23C2210/00—Physical treatment of dairy products
- A23C2210/20—Treatment using membranes, including sterile filtration
- A23C2210/206—Membrane filtration of a permeate obtained by ultrafiltration, nanofiltration or microfiltration
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Definitions
- This invention relates to an oligosaccharide mixture derived from cow's milk, as well as food products, especially infant formula, comprising said oligosaccharide (OS) mixture and a process for producing said oligosaccharide mixture.
- OS oligosaccharide
- the human colon is colonised by a wide range of bacteria having both positive and negative effects on the gut's physiology, as well as having other systemic influences.
- the predominant groups of bacteria found in the colon include Bacteroides species, in particular Bifidobacteria, Eubacteria, Clostridia and Lactobacilli. These bacteria have fluctuating activities in response to substrate availability, redox potential, pH, 0 2 tension and their distribution in the colon.
- intestinal bacteria can be divided into species exerting either potentially harmful or beneficial effects on their host.
- Pathogenic effects (which may be caused by Clostridia or Bacteroides, for example) include diarrhea, infections, liver damage, carcinogenesis and intestinal putrefaction.
- Probiotics include many types of bacteria but generally are selected from four genera of bacteria: Lactobacilllus acidophillus, Bifidobacteria, Lactococcus, and Pediococcus.
- Health benefits associated with probiotic bacteria include enhanced systemic cellular immune responses, for example, enhanced antibody production and phagocytic (devouring or killing) activity of white blood cells.
- Certain probiotic bacterial strains have been associated with boosting the immune system thus preventing, or lessening the extent of infection.
- Some probiotics are associated with allergy prevention as well as the reduction of allergy severity.
- Several strains have been reported as effective in improvement of intestinal disorders, especially diarrhea. Concerning the specific case of infants, immediately before birth, the gastrointestinal tract of an infant is thought to be sterile. During the process of birth, it encounters bacteria from the digestive tract and skin of the mother and starts to become colonised.
- the faecal flora of breast-fed infants includes appreciable populations of bifidobacteria with some Lactobacillus species, whereas formula-fed infants have more complex microbiota, with Bifidobacteria species and Bacteroides species, Clostridia and Streptococci being usually present.
- a pattern of gut microbiota resembling that of an adult pattern becomes established. Mother's milk is recommended for all infants.
- breastfeeding is inadequate or unsuccessful for medical reasons, or the mother chooses not to breastfeed. Infant formulas have been developed for these situations.
- probiotics currently used in infant formula include Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 531 03 available from Valio Oy of Finland under the trademark LGG, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC 1 .3724, Lactobacillus paracasei CN CM 1-21 16, Lactobacillus reuteri sold by BioGaia A.B under the trademark Reuteri, Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225, Streptococcus salivarius DSM 13084 sold by BLIS Technologies Limited of New Zealand under the designation KI2, Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM 1 -3446 sold inter alia by the Christian Hansen company of Denmark under the trademark Bb 12, Bifidobacterium longum ATCC BAA-999 sold by Morinaga Milk Industry Co.
- probiotics may be administered in amounts of from about one to about twenty billion colony forming units (CFUs) per day for the healthy maintenance of intestinal microflora, preferably from about 5 billion to about 10 billion live bacteria per day.
- CFUs colony forming units
- prebiotics are an indigestible food ingredient that selectively stimulates the growth and/or activity of the probiotics in the colon, thereby improving the host's health.
- Prebiotics are indigestible in the sense that they are not broken down and absorbed in the stomach or small intestine, and thus pass intact to the colon where they are selectively fermented by the beneficial bacteria.
- prebiotics include certain ol igosaccharides, such as fructooligosaccharides (FO S ) a n d galactooligosaccharides (GOS).
- Human milk is known to contain a larger amount of indigestible oligosaccharides than most other animal milks.
- indigestible oligosaccharides represent the third largest solid component (after lactose and lipids) in breast mi lk, occurring at a concentration of 12-15 g/l in colostrum and 5-8 g/l in mature milk.
- Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are highly resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis, indicating that these oligosaccharides may display essential functions not directly related to their caloric value.
- prebiotics act synergistically with probiotics to provide a significant health benefit to the infant.
- Prebiotics not only selectively promote the growth of the probiotics that are added to the infant formula, but can also promote the growth of endogenous probiotics capable of acting synergistically with the added probiotics.
- prebiotics are generally administered in amounts sufficient to positively stimulate the healthy microflora in the gut and cause these "good" bacteria to reproduce. Typical amounts are from about one to about 10 grams per serving or from about 5% to about 40% of the recommended daily dietary fiber for the infant.
- prebiotics such as mixtures of fructooligosacccharides and galactooligosaccharides, for example, are commercially available.
- EP 0 975 235 B1 describes a synthetic nutritional composition comprising one or more human milk oligosaccharides, wherein the HMOs in the composition are chosen among a g ro u p of e i g h t H M O s ( 3-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-fucopentaose III, lacto-N- fucopentaose I I , difucosyllactose, 2'-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-fucopentaose I , lacto-N- neotetraose and lacto-N-fucopentaose V), this European patent indicates that, generally speaking, oligosaccharides protect infants from viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and uro-genital tracts.
- US Patent Application No. 2003/0129278 describes an oligosaccharide mixture based on oligosaccharides produced from one or several animal milks, characterized in that it comprises at least two oligosaccharide fractions which are each composed of at least two different oligosaccharides.
- the oligosaccharide population in the oligosaccharide mixtu re differs from that in the animal milk or animal milks from wh ich the oligosaccharide fractions were extracted.
- EP 0 458 358 relates to a process for producing skim milk powder containing 10-15% by weight of galactooligosaccharide, which comprises:
- WO2006/087391 from the present inventors discloses an oligosaccharide mixture derived from animal milk and a process for producing said oligosaccharide mixture.
- the oligosaccharide mixture is effective as a prebiotic, particularly in the human gut and has an oligosaccharide profile closer to that of human milk than that provided by mixtures of fructo- and galactooligosaccharides.
- oligosaccharide mixture that has an oligosaccharide profile as close as possible to that of the source milk, at least in qualitative terms.
- the relative amounts of oligosaccharides may vary. This means that the oligosaccharide mixture should contain the total oligosaccharide soluble fraction present in milk.
- soluble fraction it is meant all of the different oligosaccharides that are soluble, generally in milk. The relative amounts of the different soluble oligosaccharides in the source milk need not necessarily be conserved in the oligosaccharide mixture.
- the oligosaccharide mixture should have a very low protein content so that the amino acid profile of the infant formula is not strongly affected.
- An object of the invention is to provide an oligosaccharide mixture which is effective as a prebiotic, particularly in the human gut, and which has an oligosaccharide profile, closer to th at of h u m a n m i l k th a n that provided by mixtures of fructo- and galactooligosaccharides, and having a very low monosaccharide concentration.
- the object of the invention is to provide an oligosaccharide mixture containing the oligosaccharide soluble fraction present in milk from which the oligosaccharide mixture is derived.
- oligosaccharide mixture derived from cow's milk means that the oligosaccharides are obtained from cow's milk.
- the different soluble oligosaccharides present in the source milk are also present in the final oligosaccharide mixture of the invention, although, not necessarily in the same proportions.
- a further object of the invention is to provide an oligosaccharide mixture which has a relatively high oligosaccharide concentration, typically 20-50% w/w.
- a food product especially targeted at babies, infants and/or new born infants that helps secure a normal immune or inflammation status, or mitigates or reduces the effect of food allergies.
- a food product which is effective as a prebiotic, particularly in the human gut.
- the current invention relates to an oligosaccharide mixture derived from cow's milk comprising
- a soluble oligosaccharide population comprising the soluble oligosaccharide fraction found in cow's milk (cow's milk oligosaccharides or CMOS);
- ⁇ -galactooligosaccharides formed by the action of ⁇ -galactosidase on lactose present in cow's milk oligosaccharides and optionally also on other cow's milk oligosaccharides,
- the mixture having a total monosaccharide content of less than 5% w/v, preferably less than 3%, and a lactose:total oligosaccharide ratio of less than 10, preferably less than 3.
- the mixture has the following mono-, di- and oligosaccharide composition expressed as dry matter percentage
- Another aspect of the invention is a process for the production of an OS mixture.
- the steps include a) concentrating a deproteinised cow's milk material to 50-75% total solids (TS); b) subjecting the concentrated milk material to a lactose removal step to produce a liquor having a lactose:oligosaccharide ratio of less than 100;
- a nanofiltration step which may be carried out before or after the optional demineralisation step, and must be carried out after or at the same time as the treatment with ⁇ - galactosidase.
- the invention provides a product obtainable by the process of the invention.
- the OS mixture of the invention has advantageous properties. It has a glass transition temperature (Tg) in the range of 70-85°C when said mixture has a moisture content of 2.5%. This physical property allows the mixture to be easily spray dried, without caking or sticking , in the absence of carrier. Furthermore, the OS mixture of the invention is less prone to Maillard reactions, compared to non-nanofiltered GOS-containing OS mixtures. The relatively high Tg at such moisture content provides better physical stability during storage.
- the OS mixture of the invention may be incorporated into a nutritional composition, for example a starter infant formula, an infant formula, a baby food, an infant cereal composition, a follow-on formula or a growing-up milk, preferably a starter infant formula.
- Such a nutritional composition is therefore an object of the present invention.
- Another aspect of the invention is the use of nutritional compositions comprising the OS mixture of the invention for enhancing immune protection and/or reducing the risk of infections and/or reducing the occurrence of food allergies and related food allergy effects on health.
- FIG. 1 The total soluble oligosaccharide fraction of the cow's milk oligosaccharides (CMOS) and cow's milk oligosaccharides ⁇ -galactooligosaccharides (CMOS-GOS) mixtures at three points during the process of Example 1 was determined by HPLC.
- the HPLC chromatograms correspond to the data obtained for samples of (1 ) OS powder after partial lactose removal by crystallisation, and demineralisation (2) OS- GOS generated by hydrolysis with ⁇ -galactosidase to create GOS and (3) nanofiltered OS-GOS after nanofiltration (corresponding to Nano OS-GOS in Example 2). So that the chromatograms could be read on approximately on the same graphical scale, samples (2) OS-GOS and (3) nanofiltered OS-GOS were diluted 20 and 10 times respectively.
- the glass transition temperature (Tg) was measured for powders of CMOS-GOS with 30% maltodextrin carrier (in black), CMOS-GOS with 30% lactose (dashed) and the nanofiltered CMOS-GOS mixture according to the invention (in grey).
- the moisture content of the samples was determined using the Karl Fischer method. It was not possible to obtain values for the glass transition temperatures of CMOS-GOS without carrier because the samples could not be dried to the required humidity level without adding a carrier. However, the data seem to indicate that, without carrier, the Tg value for a non nanofiltered C MOS-GOS would be approximately 35-40°C.
- the Tg measurements were carried out by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
- CMOS Vivinal represent the data for liquid concentrate (grey) and powder (black) infant formulas, to which a non-nanofiltered GOS fraction (Vivinal® GOS from FrieslandCampina) and a non-nanofiltered CMOS fraction were added (see Table 2).
- the columns “Nano-CMOS-GOS wet addition” represent the data for infant formulas (liquid concentrate and powder), to which the nanofiltered CMOS-GOS mixture according to the invention is added as a wet mixture.
- the columns “Nano-CMOS-GOS dry addition” represent the data for infant formula to which the nanofiltered CMOS-GOS mixture according to the invention is added as a dry powder.
- infant means a child under the age of 12 months.
- infant formula means a foodstuff intended for particular nutritional use by infants during the first four to six months of life and satisfying by itself the nutritional requirements of this category of person (Article 2 of the European Commission Directive 2006/141/EC of 22 December, 2006 on infant formulas and follow-on formulas).
- follow-on formula means a foodstuff intended for particular nutritional use by infants aged over four months and constituting the principal liquid element in the progressively diversified diet of this category of person.
- starter infant formula means a foodstuff intended for particular nutritional use by infants during the first four months of life.
- baby food means a foodstuff intended for particular nutritional use by infants during the first years of life.
- infant cereal composition means a foodstuff intended for particular nutritional use by infants during the first years of life.
- growing-up milk means a milk-based beverage adapted for the specific nutritional needs of young children.
- the term "enhancement of the oral tolerance to allergens” means the reduction of the sensibility to allergens when taken orally.
- the term "nutritional composition” means a composition which nourishes a subject. This nutritional composition is usually to be taken orally or intravenously, and it usually includes a lipid or fat source and a protein source.
- synthetic composition means a composition obtained by chemical and/or biological (e.g. enzymes) means, which can be chemically identical to the mixture naturally occurring in mammalian milks.
- hypoallergenic composition means a composition which is unlikely to cause allergic reactions.
- oligosaccharide means a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically two to ten) of component monosaccharides.
- sialylated oligosaccharide means an oligosaccharide having a sialic acid residue.
- prebiotic means non-digestible carbohydrates that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or the activity of healthy bacteria such as bifidobacteria in the colon of humans (Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J. Nutr. 1995;125:1401-12).
- probiotic means microbial cell preparations or components of microbial cells with a beneficial effect on the health or well-being of the host.
- An “allergy” is an allergy which has been detected by a medical doctor and which can be treated occasionally or in a more durable manner.
- a “food allergy” is an allergy with respect to a nutritional composition.
- Th e te rm "oligosacch a ri d e profi l e" m ea n s th e i d en tity of a popu l ati on of oligosaccharides.
- Oligosaccharides are herein defined as those found naturally in animal milks and having a degree of polymerisation (DP) ranging from 3 to 20. These oligosaccharides are soluble in milk. All further references to oligosaccharides in the text refer to soluble (in milk) oligosaccharides unless otherwise stated.
- the mixture has the same oligosaccharide profile (i.e. the total soluble oligosaccharide fraction) as that found in the milk from wh ich it was derived (i.e. from which it originated), but with the oligosaccharides at much a more concentrated level.
- the oligosaccharide mixture of the invention also contains ⁇ -galactooligosaccharides (GOS), resulting from the action of ⁇ -galactosidase, mainly on lactose and optionally also, but to a much lesser extent, on some of the soluble oligosaccharides present in the cow's milk (cow's milk oligosaccharides, or CMOS).
- GOS ⁇ -galactooligosaccharides
- the ⁇ -galactooligosaccharides result from the action of the ⁇ -galactosidase on lactose and on cow's milk oligosaccharides.
- the enzyme is added during the production of the oligosaccharide mixture.
- the relative proportions of the different oligosaccharides in the oligosaccharide mixture of the invention may differ from those in the cow's milk from which the mixture is derived.
- the ⁇ -galactosidase enzyme has a twofold activity: it breaks down lactose into the monosaccharides, galactose and glucose and, secondly, via a transferase activity, it catalyses the subsequent formation of galactooligosaccharides (GOS).
- GOS galactooligosaccharides
- the oligosaccharide profile may be characterised by HPLC, Mass Spectrometry and other methods.
- the oligosaccharides present in the samples are extracted in water at 70°C.
- the extracted OS are fluorescently labeled by reaction (2h at 65°C) of 2-anthranilic acid amide via formation of a Shift's base.
- the double bond is then reduced by reaction with sodium cyanoborohydride to give a stable oligosaccharide aminobenzide (OS-AB) derivative.
- Labelled extracts are diluted with acetonitrile prior to injection on a HPLC-fluorimeter instrument equipped with a trapping column.
- Figure 1 shows the total soluble oligosaccharide fraction, as determined by the HPLC method described above, of the mixture at three subsequent steps in the OS mixture production of Example 1 , (1 ) CMOS after partial lactose removal by crystallisation, and demineralisation (2) after hydrolysis with ⁇ -galactosidase to create GOS and (3) after nanofiltration (corresponding to Nano CMOS-GOS in Example 2). Th is is th e oligosaccharide profile. S o th at th e three chromatograms may be read on approximately the same graphical scale, samples (2) CMOS-GOS and (3) nanofiltered CMOS-GOS were diluted by a factor of 20 and 10, respectively.
- oligosaccharides identified from the HPLC data is given in Table 1. Not all of the oligosaccharides have been identified, but the profiles in the three chromatograms are very similar. This confirms that the CMOS population of the original cow's milk is, indeed, present in the OS mixture of the invention.
- the inventors note that the 3'SL peak (corresponding to sialyloligosaccharide 3'sialyllactose) is mainly visible in the chromatogram (1 ), and not in chromatograms (2) and (3).
- Hex 2 -6 number of hexoses equivalent to disaccharidses, tri, tetra, penta, hexasaccharides
- the OS mixture of the invention has a total monosaccharide content of less than 5% w/v, preferably less than 3% w/v.
- oligosaccharide mixture of the invention is derived from cow's milk, the milk may also be obtained from any kind of animal, in particular from cows, goats, buffalos, horses, elephants, camels or sheep.
- a process for the production of the oligosaccharide mixture Starting Material:
- the starting material in the process for producing the oligosaccharide mixture of the invention is a deproteinised milk material, such as milk from which the proteins have been removed, or whey, or any prepared or modified whey material from which the whey proteins have been removed.
- a deproteinised milk material such as milk from which the proteins have been removed, or whey, or any prepared or modified whey material from which the whey proteins have been removed.
- Such materials include acid whey and sweet whey.
- Preferred starting materials are milk ultrafiltration permeate and whey ultrafiltration permeate.
- the starting material may be a reconstituted powder, such as a powdered ultrafiltration permeate.
- the starting material must be a deproteinised product because the presence of proteins during concentration can lead to undesirable Maillard reactions and browning.
- the starting material can be deproteinised by any known means, for example, acid precipitation, heat processes, ion exchange. Preferably, however, removal of protein is carried out by ultrafiltration, which also removes lipids from the starting material.
- the pH of the starting material may be between 3 and 7.5, although a pH in the range from 5 to 6 is preferred, to prevent oligosaccharide hydrolysis e.g. desialylation of sialyllactose, and also to help reduce browning reactions.
- the deproteinized milk material is concentrated to 50 to 75% total solids (TS), preferably 55 to 60% TS, by any known means, provided that the temperature does not increase to a level which would hydrolyse (e.g. desialylate) the oligosaccharides. Concentration is preferably carried out at temperatures of 50 to 90°C, more preferably 50 to 75°C. Evaporation is one preferred technique, which is carried out at a pressure of from 80 to 200 mbar. In this method, the temperature does not rise above 60°C, which ensures that the oligosaccharides are not adversely affected. Alternatively, if the starting material is a powder, concentration to the desired level may be achieved by appropriate reconstitution of the powder. b) Removal of lactose
- the lactose removal step is carried out by crystallisation and removal of the lactose crystals.
- Lactose crystallisation may be carried out in the concentrated starting material by cooling the concentrated material with or without addition of a seed crystal, for example.
- Lactose crystals are then removed by any known method, for example centrifugation, filtration, and/or decantation.
- An alternative method to separate lactose from the oligosaccharides makes use of differential solubilities.
- the starting material is spray-dried and then water is added to dissolve the oligosaccharides whilst leaving the lactose in a crystallised form.
- the resulting liquor is highly enriched in oligosaccharides, the ratio of oligosaccharides: lactose being 2 to 200 times higher than that found in the milk from which the liquor is derived.
- the liquor can be re-concentrated as described above and a further lactose removal step may be carried out. This process may be repeated as often as desired.
- the final ratio of lactose:oligosaccharides is less than 250, preferably less than 125, more preferably less than 100, even more preferably less than 20, most preferably less than 10. This step may be carried out according to known methods.
- This step is optional and may be carried out by any means known to the skilled person, for example, centrifugation.
- d) Treating the deproteinised liquor with ⁇ -galactosidase to produce a liquor comprising ⁇ -galactooligosaccharides (GOS).
- GOS ⁇ -galactooligosaccharides
- the liquor may be treated with ⁇ -galactosidase before concentration of the milk material (step (a)) and/or after the lactose removal step(s) (step b)). It preferably takes place after completion of the lactose removal step(s).
- the ⁇ - galactosidase u sed i s d erived from Aspergillus oryzae.
- Such an enzyme is commercially available as Lactase F from Amano, Japan, or Enzeco Fungal Lactase concentrate from Enzyme Development Corporation (EDC), New York, USA.
- the enzyme activity measured according to the FCCIV method may be between 1 ,000 and 30,000 U/kg of lactose.
- the enzymatic treatment may be carried out at a pH in the range from 3 to 7, at a temperature between 4 and 70°C on a starting material with a lactose concentration between 5 and 70 g/100 g total solids (TS) at an enzyme concentration between 0.5-10 g per kg of oligosaccharide mixture.
- a pH in the range from 3 to 7 at a temperature between 4 and 70°C on a starting material with a lactose concentration between 5 and 70 g/100 g total solids (TS) at an enzyme concentration between 0.5-10 g per kg of oligosaccharide mixture.
- the incubation time is between 1 and 8 hours at 20-70°C.
- the enzyme may be inactivated after use by application of heat.
- the resulting solution may contain about 1 - 4% oligosaccharides, about 9 - 25% GOS, about 15 - 30% lactose, about 5 - 15% ga lactose a nd about 2 - 15% glucose.
- the ratio of oligosaccharides ⁇ - galactooligosaccharides is preferably in the range from 1 :2 to 1 :25, more preferably 1 :5 to 1 :20.
- the liquor may be demineralised by any known means, for example ion exchange, electrodialysis, ultrafiltration or a combi nation of these processes.
- the material may be passed through a weak cation column and a mixed bed column and/or an anion column, followed by electrodialysis or nanofiltration, for example.
- This demineralisation step may be carried out at neutral or acidic pH. It may be carried out before or after the hydrolysis step (d). It also may be carried out in part before hydrolysis and in part after hydrolysis. f) Nanofiltration step:
- Nanofiltration of the liquor removes monovalent cations and anions, and monosaccharides. It is desirable to remove monosaccharides from the mixture because (i) they do not have a prebiotic activity and (ii) they induce undesirable reactions with proteins when the prebiotic ingredient is used to produce infant formulas. For example, monosaccharides may lead to Maillard reaction reactivity, wherein lysine residues of proteins are blocked, thus reducing the nutritional quality of the infant formula. Lysine is an essential amino acid that must be provided in the diet, and blocked lysine is not available to the body. Thus, it is desirable to reduce the amount of Maillard reaction occurring during the production of infant formula.
- CMOS-GOS mixtures require the presence of 25 to 35% carrier (such as for example maltodextrin or lactose), to form a powder.
- carrier such as for example maltodextrin or lactose
- the resultant liquor should have a monosaccharide concentration of less than 5% w/v, preferably less than 3% w/v and preferably a lactose:oligosaccharide ratio of less than 20, preferably less than 10.
- Nanofiltration is carried out by passing the liquor through membranes having a pore size small enough to retain oligosaccharides yet large enough to let monosaccharides pass through.
- membranes having a pore size small enough to retain oligosaccharides yet large enough to let monosaccharides pass through.
- commercial membranes with a molecular weight cut-off in the range of 200-1000 Daltons known in the art, may be used.
- the nanofiltration step may be carried out before, or after, the optional demineralisation step.
- the nanofiltration step may also serve to demineralise the liquor.
- the nanofiltration step must be carried out after or at the same time as the hydrolysis step. If the nanofiltration step is carried out at the same time as the hydrolysis step, the ⁇ -galactosidase enzymes may be freely soluble in the retentate tank or immobilised on the nanofiltration membrane.
- the nanofiltration step may be combined with a diafiltration step so as to reach the desired monosaccharide content.
- a diafiltration step the retentate from nanofiltration is washed several times with an equivalent volume of demineralised water and passed again through the nanofiltration membrane.
- the diafiltration step is repeated with 1 -5, preferably 3-5 volumes of water.
- the retentate may contain about 15-30% TS, of which 40- 60% is lactose, 0.5-2.5% glucose, 0.5-2.5% galactose, and about 10-50% are oligosaccharides.
- the ratio of oligosaccharides to ⁇ -galactooligosaccharides (GOS) does not change significantly as a result of the nanofiltration step.
- the resulting nanofiltered liquor is in a syrup form, and can be used directly as a syrup, or it can be concentrated by evaporation to 60-85% TS, preferably 74-85% TS and more preferably 74-80% TS, to make it shelf stable, or it can be dried subsequently (e.g. by spray drying) to give a powder.
- Spray drying methods known in the art may be used.
- Preferably, less than 5% carrier, more preferably 0% carrier is added to the mixture during the drying step.
- oligosaccharide mixture that may be spray dried without carrier.
- the OS mixtures of the invention have a glass transition temperature in the range of 70-85°C, at a moistu re content of 2.5%, as determined by the Karl Fischer method.
- Oligosaccharide mixtures comprising GOS usually have much lower glass transition temperatures, notably lower than 50°C at this moisture level (see Figure 2).
- oligosaccharide mixtures having a Tg of around 50°C, or lower, at a moisture content of about 2.5% require the addition of significant amounts of carrier (typically 15-30%) to allow the mixture to be spray dried. Otherwise caking and sticking occur.
- the powder may stick to the wall of the spray drying tower, thus blocking the dryer.
- carrier molecules such as proteins, dextran, maltodextrin, arabic gum, waxy starch and glucose or lactose syrups are generally added.
- the increase in Tg observed for the nanofiltered CMOS-GOS mixtures of the invention allows these mixtures to be successfully spray dried, without caking, in the absence of such carriers.
- increase in Tg for a given moisture content has the advantage of improving the physical stability of the powder during storage.
- the OS mixture of the invention has the key advantage that it may be easily spray dried without the addition of carrier.
- This gives the flexibility to deliver the ingredient to factories as liquid or powder, depending on the setup of the factory. The powder production process is simplified.
- a similar nanofiltration approach for removing monosaccharides has been tested by the inventors on commercial galactooligosaccharide mixtures. The tests indicate (data not shown) that there is a similar improvement in the drying characteristics of the GOS mixtures.
- a commercial GOS syrup that could not be spray dried as is, was successfully spray dried after being subjected to nanofiltration and diafiltration.
- the oligosaccharide mixture of the present invention can be in the form of a powder further comprising less than 5% of a carrier molecule or even no carrier molecule. Furthermore, the oligosaccharide of the invention leads to a significant reduction of Maillard reaction reactivity. This is demonstrated in Figure 3 (Example 3) which shows the level of blocked lysine for liquid concentrates and powders of the invention compared to a cow's milk oligosaccharide mixture containing (a) a fraction of non- nanofiltered milk oligosaccharides and (b) a commercial galactooligosaccharide ingredient (Vivinal® GOS, supplied by FrieslandCampina). The formulations tested are indicated in Table 2 (Example 3).
- the non-nanofiltered mixture induces very significant lysine blockage in the final spray dried infant formula.
- the lysine blockage is much lower if the CMOS GOS fraction has been nanofiltered before the addition to the formula, whatever the form of the addition, in wet or in dry mix. This is due to the removal a substantial proportion of the monosaccharides, which are responsible for the Maillard reaction.
- the resulting powder contains approximately 50% lactose and the remainder is a mixture of oligosaccharides (about 20 to 40%, including sialylated oligosaccharides), less than 3% monosaccharides, such as glucose and galactose, about 1 0% non-protein nitrogen-containing compounds, 3% residual proteins, and some residual salts.
- the oligosaccharide mixtures described above are incorporated into a food product.
- the term "food product” is intended to encompass any consumable matter. Hence, it may be a product intended for consumption by humans, in particular infant formula, dehydrated milk powders including growing-up milks or cereal mixtures.
- the infant formula may be prepared in any suitable manner.
- an infant formula may be prepared by blending together the protein source, any carbohydrates other than lactose and the fat source in appropriate proportions.
- Emulsifiers may be added if desired. Vitamins and minerals may be added at this point but are usually added later to avoid thermal degradation. Any lipophilic vitamins, emulsifiers and the like may be dissolved into the fat source prior to blending. Water, preferably water which has been subjected to reverse osmosis, may then be mixed in to form a liquid mixture.
- the liqu id mixture may then be thermally treated to reduce bacterial loads.
- the liquid mixture may be rapidly heated to a temperature in the range of about 80°C to about 1 10°C for about 5 seconds to about 5 minutes. This may be carried out by steam injection or by heat exchanger, e.g. a plate heat exchanger.
- the liquid mixture may then be cooled to about 60°C to about 85°C, for example by flash cooling.
- the liquid mixture may then be homogenised, for example in two stages at about 7 MPa to about 40 MPa in the first stage and about 2 MPa to about 14 MPa in the second stage.
- the homogenised mixture may then be further cooled to add any heat sensitive components such as vitamins and minerals.
- the pH and total solids (TS) content of the homogenised mixture is conveniently standardised at this point.
- the homogenised mixture is transferred to a suitable drying apparatus, such as a spray drier or freeze drier, and converted to powder.
- a suitable drying apparatus such as a spray drier or freeze drier
- the powder should have a moisture content of less than about 5% by weight.
- the oligosaccharide mixture of the invention may be added to the infant formula or other food product by wet mixing at an appropriate stage in the manufacturing process or by dry mixing but is preferably added by wet mixing immediately before the heat treatment and evaporation.
- the final concentration of the oligosaccharide mixture in the baby or infant food product or formula is preferably between 2 and 20 g/l, more preferably about 5 g/l of the formula as consumed.
- the formula containing the ol i gosacch arid e m ixtu re of th e i nvention is fed to th e baby at every feed .
- the oligosaccharide mixtures may be added to infant or adult food products by dry mixing. The mixture may be added to baby or infant formula at concentrations of from about 1 to 15 grams of oligosaccharides per 1 00 g of dry formula without bringing unnaturally high amounts of lactose into the formula.
- these amounts should not be considered as limiting and should be adapted to the target population, for example based on the weight and age of the baby or infant, or the health of the specific population.
- the oligosaccharide mixtures of the invention can be incorporated into healthcare nutrition products and nutritional products for the elderly.
- Such food products may include milk, yoghurt, curd, cheese, fermented milks, milk-based fermented products, ice-creams, fermented cereal based products, or milk-based products, among others.
- the nutritional composition of the invention comprises the oligosaccharide mixture. It preferably also comprises probiotics, more preferably wherein the oligosaccharide mixture promotes the growth or proliferation of said probiotics in the digestive or intestinal tract.
- the nutritional composition is preferably a starter infant formula, an infant formula, a baby food, an infant cereal composition, a follow-on formula or a growing-up milk, preferably a starter infant formula.
- Example 1 Process to prepare the CMOS-GOS mixture of the invention:
- the 1 14,000 kg at 23% TS obtained from the clarifier are demineralised by a combination of a weak cation column and a mixed bed column in a manner known per se yielding 109,000 kg of a 90% demineralised liquor at 14.4% TS.
- the nanofiltered GOS-containing oligosaccharide mix with 22% TS is heat treated at 108°C for 5 s and evaporated to 55% TS.
- the concentrate is spray dried in an Egron tower using conditions known in the art.
- the same nanofiltered GOS containing oligosaccharide mix is heat treated at 108°C for 5 s but evaporated to 74% TS in order to achieve a water activity (a w ) lower than 0.86 which renders the concentrated product shelf stable for at least 3 months.
- CMOS corresponds to the mixture before hydrolysis step d
- CMOS-GOS corresponds to the mixture after hydrolysis step d
- Nano CMOS-GOS corresponds to the mixture after nanofiltration step f).
- the infant formulas of Table 2 below were formulated and tested for Maillard reaction reactivity.
- MSW indicates Modified Sweet Whey which is sweet whey from which the caseino-glyco-macropeptide (CGMP) has been removed.
- the oligosaccharide mixture of the invention whether added to the infant formula as a liquid or as a powder, leads to a significant reduction in Maillard reaction reactivity, in the final spray dried product.
- An example of an infant formula containing an oligosaccharide mixture according to the present invention is given below.
- the example is based on a premium whey- predominant I nfant form u la (from N estle, Switzerland ) to wh ich th e specific oligosaccharides of the invention are added per the amount stated below.
- Linoleic acid (g) 0.79 5.3 a-Linolenic acid (mg) 101 675
- Vitamin A ( g RE * ) 105 700
- Vitamin E (mg TE ** ) 0.8 5.4
- Vitamin B1 (mg) 0.07 0.47
- Vitamin B2 (mg) 0.15 1 .0
- Vitamin B6 (mg) 0.075 0.50
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (12)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SG2013079611A SG194645A1 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-05-23 | Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infantformula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk, and having a lowlevel of monosaccharides, and a process to produce the composition |
EP12722164.6A EP2713775A1 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-05-23 | Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infant formula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk, and having a low level of monosaccharides, and a process to produce the composition |
US14/118,941 US20140087021A1 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-05-23 | Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infant formula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk, and having a low level of monosaccharides, and a process to produce the composition |
CA2839797A CA2839797A1 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-05-23 | Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infant formula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk, and having a low level of monosaccharides, and a process to produce the composition |
AU2012260945A AU2012260945B2 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-05-23 | Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infant formula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk, and having a low level of monosaccharides, and a process to produce the composition |
CN201280024197.1A CN103547173A (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-05-23 | Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infant formula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk, and having a low level of monosaccharides, and a process to produce the composition |
BR112013029700A BR112013029700A2 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-05-23 | milk-oligosaccharide-galacto-oligosaccharide composition for infant formula containing the milk-soluble oligosaccharide fraction and having a low level of monosaccharides, and a process for producing the composition |
MX2013013638A MX344054B (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-05-23 | Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infant formula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk, and having a low level of monosaccharides, and a process to produce the composition. |
RU2013157161A RU2607457C2 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-05-23 | Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infant formula, containing soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk, and having low level of monosaccharides, and process to produce composition |
IL228876A IL228876A0 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2013-10-14 | Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infant formula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk,and having a low level of monosaccharides ,and a process to produce the composition |
ZA2013/09667A ZA201309667B (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2013-12-20 | Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infact formula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk,and having a low level of monosaccharides,and a process to produce the composition |
US15/172,370 US20160278421A1 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2016-06-03 | Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infant formula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk, and having a low level of monosaccharides |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP11167358A EP2526784A1 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2011-05-24 | Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infant formula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk, and having a low level of monosaccharides, and a process to produce the composition |
EP11167358.8 | 2011-05-24 |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US14/118,941 A-371-Of-International US20140087021A1 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-05-23 | Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infant formula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk, and having a low level of monosaccharides, and a process to produce the composition |
US15/172,370 Division US20160278421A1 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2016-06-03 | Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infant formula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk, and having a low level of monosaccharides |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2012160080A1 true WO2012160080A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
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ID=44262694
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---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2012/059562 WO2012160080A1 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2012-05-23 | Milk oligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide composition for infant formula containing the soluble oligosaccharide fraction present in milk, and having a low level of monosaccharides, and a process to produce the composition |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
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US (2) | US20140087021A1 (en) |
EP (2) | EP2526784A1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN103547173A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2012260945B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR112013029700A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2839797A1 (en) |
CL (1) | CL2013003359A1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL228876A0 (en) |
MX (1) | MX344054B (en) |
RU (1) | RU2607457C2 (en) |
SG (1) | SG194645A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012160080A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA201309667B (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
MX344054B (en) | 2016-12-02 |
ZA201309667B (en) | 2017-09-27 |
BR112013029700A2 (en) | 2017-01-17 |
US20140087021A1 (en) | 2014-03-27 |
AU2012260945A2 (en) | 2014-06-26 |
CA2839797A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
AU2012260945A1 (en) | 2013-10-31 |
CL2013003359A1 (en) | 2014-07-11 |
MX2013013638A (en) | 2013-12-10 |
US20160278421A1 (en) | 2016-09-29 |
AU2012260945B2 (en) | 2016-03-03 |
CN103547173A (en) | 2014-01-29 |
EP2526784A1 (en) | 2012-11-28 |
SG194645A1 (en) | 2013-12-30 |
IL228876A0 (en) | 2013-12-31 |
EP2713775A1 (en) | 2014-04-09 |
RU2607457C2 (en) | 2017-01-10 |
RU2013157161A (en) | 2015-06-27 |
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