WO2012158145A1 - Procédé de prévention électrocinétique du dépôt de tarte dans les trous de forage de puits de pétrole - Google Patents

Procédé de prévention électrocinétique du dépôt de tarte dans les trous de forage de puits de pétrole Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012158145A1
WO2012158145A1 PCT/US2011/036426 US2011036426W WO2012158145A1 WO 2012158145 A1 WO2012158145 A1 WO 2012158145A1 US 2011036426 W US2011036426 W US 2011036426W WO 2012158145 A1 WO2012158145 A1 WO 2012158145A1
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Prior art keywords
cathode
anodes
electrode
water
well
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PCT/US2011/036426
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English (en)
Inventor
Mohammed Haroun
J. Kenneth Wittle
George Chilingar
Bisweswar GHOSH
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Electro-Petroleum, Inc.
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Priority to PCT/US2011/036426 priority Critical patent/WO2012158145A1/fr
Publication of WO2012158145A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012158145A1/fr

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B37/00—Methods or apparatus for cleaning boreholes or wells
    • E21B37/06—Methods or apparatus for cleaning boreholes or wells using chemical means for preventing or limiting, e.g. eliminating, the deposition of paraffins or like substances

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the prevention of mineral scale deposition in a well bore, and more particularly to a method for electrokinetically preventing mineral scale deposition in oil well bores with the aid of DC electric current.
  • the waterflood, a secondary enhanced oil recovery process/ 11 is a simple, low cost, and proven approach for pressure maintenance and for driving oil towards a production well.
  • Waterflood efficiency depends on oil viscosity, permeability, wettability, structural considerations, uniformity of reservoir rock, and type of flood [2] .
  • the volume of liquid produced partly determines the volume of water required for injection 111 .
  • nearby seawater is commonly used, where available, as the injection water type to save money on water transportation.
  • the mixing of incompatible injection seawater and formation water frequently produces mineral scale deposits, one of the most significant and costly problems encountered in oilfield operations [3 Water flooding operations conducted in the Abu Dhabi oilfields often result in the formulation of BaS0 4 , CaS0 4 and SrS0 4 deposits.
  • K s solubility product
  • Inorganic scale contributes to wear, corrosion, and flow restriction, resulting in a decrease of oil and gas production.
  • This scale also deposits in downhole pumps, tubing, casing, flow lines, heaters, treaters, tanks and other production equipment and facilities 131 .
  • Barium sulfate (BaS0 4 ) scale is among the toughest to remove either by mechanical or chemical means. BaS0 4 is typically removed by mechanical tools that involve abrasion, such as gauge cutters, nipple brushes and spinning wash tools. Chemical removal methods utilizing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are also available [3
  • Scale inhibitor treatment is limited by its "squeeze efficiency" into the formation, which results in limited penetration as well as quick consumption in the reservoir.
  • a squeeze usually involves the application of pump pressure to force a treatment fluid or slurry into a planned treatment zone (Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary). The problem is that scale inhibitors do not move deeply into the reservoir, hence only a small volume can be squeezed before being rapidly consumed.
  • the method of the invention involves the application of electrokinetics for mitigating mineral scale formation.
  • the present invention provides an electrokinetic method for preventing mineral scale deposition in an oil well, having a well bore in fluid communication with an oil-bearing formation in which water and positively and negatively charged scale-forming species are present. The method comprises the steps of:
  • the potential difference is applied such that the first electrode(s) serves as one or more cathodes and the second electrode(s) serves as one or more anodes.
  • At least one of the positively and negatively charged scale-forming species is introduced into the formation from an external source such as waterflooding.
  • an external source such as waterflooding.
  • the method may be performed using an electrically conducting aqueous solution, e.g., a prepared or manmade aqueous salt solution, or alternatively, an aqueous solution selected from the group consisting of seawater, groundwater, surfacewater, and wastewater.
  • the positively and negatively charged scale-forming species include at least one alkaline earth metal ion and sulfate or carbonate ions.
  • multiple cathodes are positioned in the vicinity of the well. Additionally, multiple anodes may be positioned at locations spaced apart from the cathodes and beyond the well, and in preferred installations the number of anodes exceeds the number of cathodes.
  • the present invention provides an electrokinetic method for preventing mineral scale deposition in an oil well, and the vicinity of the well, with the well having a well bore in fluid communication with an oil-bearing formation in which water and positively and negatively charged scale-forming species are present, the method comprising the steps of:
  • the method further comprises the step of providing a switch between the at least one cathode and each individual anode of the plurality of anodes, wherein the switch is adapted to be opened to interrupt application of the potential difference between the at least one cathode and each individual anode of the plurality of anodes, or closed to apply the potential difference between the at least one cathode and each individual anode of the plurality of anodes.
  • the step of applying a potential difference between the at least one cathode and each individual anode of the plurality of anodes further comprises the step of providing a DC power source between the at least one cathode and each individual anode of the plurality of anodes.
  • the method described herein is believed to be the first use of direct current to prevent scale deposition in a well bore in fluid communication with an oil bearing formation.
  • the electrokinetic method for preventing scale deposition described herein may be categorized as a green technology, since there is no water consumption, and no air, water, or formation pollution.
  • the technology can be applied without depth limitations in situ, thereby making it an attractive option in remote or environmentally challenging operating locations.
  • FIGURES 1A-C are circuit diagrams representing cathode and an anode configurations where the number of anodes exceeds the number of cathodes.
  • FIGURE 2 is a graphical representation of the pressure across the core versus time in experiment 1 of Example 1.
  • FIGURES 3A-C are a set of graphs showing the barium concentration profiles of the experiments in Example 1 ;
  • Figure 3A is a graphical representation of the concentration profile of barium found in the tested electrode configuration (++--) for all tested salinity and
  • FIGS. 3B-C are graphs representing the concentration profile of barium remaining after application of DC current; where Figure 3B includes the average of experiments 1 and 10 in addition to experiments 2, 5, 8 - seawater/formation composition water (SW/FW) and 11 of Experiment 1; and Figure 3C includes experiments 5, 8, 9 and 12 of Example 1.
  • FIGURE 4 is a graph of the current across the core as a function of time for experiment 2 of Example 1.
  • FIGURES 5A-C are a set of graphs showing current as a function of time across the core for several experiments of Example 1 ;
  • Figure 5A is a graph of the current across the core as a function of time for experiment 3 of Example 1;
  • Figure 5B is a graph of the current across the core as a function of time for experiment 5 of Example 1 ;
  • Figure 5C is a graph of the current across the core versus time for experiment 8 of Example 1.
  • FIGURES 6A-C are a set of graphs showing pressure as a function of current across the core for several experiments of Example 1;
  • Figure 6A is a graph of the pressure versus current for experiment 2 of Example 1 ;
  • Figure 6B is a graph of the pressure as a function of current for experiment 3 of Example 1 ;
  • Figure 6C is a graph of the pressure as a function of current for experiment 8 of Example 1.
  • FIGURE 7 is a graph of the standardized concentration profile of barium with and without DC current - No salinity and actual seawater/formation composition water (SW/FW) of Example l(see Table 3).
  • FIGURE 8 is a graphical representation of the change in permeability with respect to the pore volume in the blank experiment of Example 2.
  • FIGURE 9 is a schematic illustration of a consolidated sand cell shown, in cross-section, with an electrode positioned at each of the production water outlet and the sea water inlet.
  • FIGURES 10A-B are schematic illustrations of the electrokinetic cell utilized in
  • FIG. 10A is a schematic illustration of a consolidated sand cell showing, in cross- section, the distribution of anodes and cathodes in a first configuration (AAACC)
  • Figure 10B is a schematic illustration of a consolidated sand cell shown, in cross-section, a distribution of anodes and cathodes in the second configuration (AAAAC).
  • FIGURE 11 is a graphical representation of the effect of pH on BaS0 4 solubility.
  • FIGURES 12 A-F are a set of graphs showing permeability as a function of pore volume for several experiments of Example 2;
  • Figure 12A is a graphical representation of permeability reduction with respect to the pore volume in experiment 5 of Example 2;
  • Figure 12B is a graphical representation of permeability reduction with respect to the pore volume in experiment 6 of Example 2;
  • Figure 12C is a graphical representation of permeability reduction with respect to the pore volume in experiment 7 of Example 2;
  • Figure 12D is a graphical representation of permeability reduction with respect to the pore volume in experiment 8 of Example 2;
  • Figure 12E is a graphical representation of permeability reduction with respect to the pore volume in experiment 9 of Example 2; and
  • Figure 12F is a graphical representation of permeability reduction with respect to the pore volume in experiment 10 of Example 2.
  • Electrokinetics is a term applied to a group of physicochemical phenomena involving the transport of charges, action of charged particles, effects of applied electric potential and fluid transport in various porous media to allow for a desired migration or flow to be achieved 141 . These phenomena include electromigration, electrophoresis, electroosmosis, enhanced chemical reaction, and joule heating. Electromigration occurs due to the movement of anions and cations between the anode and the cathode across spatial distance in both directions. Electrophoresis induces movement of the negatively charged colloidal and surface charged particles that are free to migrate in formation pores towards the anode. This mechanism, which is typically used to dewater clays at rates several orders of magnitude higher than hydraulic rates, can effectively increase apparent reservoir permeability and oil production [5] .
  • electroosmosis is the preferable movement of electrolytes caused by an imposed potential difference, involving an electric double layer (also called Helmholtz double layer), and consisting of two sub regions: mobile and immobile.
  • the potential difference between this interface and the bulk liquid is the zeta potential t6
  • Electrochemically enhanced reactions are effective to induce "cold-cracking" of heavy crudes, which results in their breakdown into lighter components, with a significant increase in the flow rate.
  • Reactions between the pore fluids and matrix materials are enhanced by E SHE PH changes caused by the passage of DC; this mechanism lowers the viscosity of heavy oil.
  • Joule heating is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor releases heat [4] .
  • Scale deposits occur in a well bore of a producing oil well, typically at the well bore interface due to accumulation of insoluble minerals, such as barium and calcium sulfate.
  • electrokinetics can be utilized to counteract scaling.
  • this scale deposition process may be mitigated or alleviated by using electrokinetics via application of DC current. This treatment stabilizes the system by moving anions towards the anode and cations towards the cathode, thus separating the scale-forming ions.
  • Electrodes includes either of two electrically conductive elements having different potential activity that enables an electric current to flow in the presence of an electrolyte. Electrodes can also be referred to as plates or terminals, and require at least one cathode (the negative electrode to which positively charged ions migrate) and at least one anode (the positive electrode to which negatively charged anions migrate).
  • the electrodes can be fabricated from metallic and non-metallic electrically conductive material.
  • Metallic conductive materials can be selected from the group which includes, but is not limited to, zinc, aluminum, copper, iron, manganese dioxide, nickel, cadmium, titanium, platinum, or an alloy thereof.
  • the electrodes are fabricated from a non-metallic material. More preferably, the non-metallic material is graphite.
  • the ordinary artisan would understand that the material utilized in the fabrication of the electrodes is dependent upon the environment and conditions in which it will be utilized.
  • the potential difference may be applied across the electrodes such that the first electrode(s) serves as one or more cathode(s) and the second electrode(s) serves as one or more anodes.
  • multiple cathodes are positioned in the vicinity of the well, and multiple anodes are positioned at locations spaced apart from the cathodes and beyond the well, with the number of anodes exceeding the number of cathodes.
  • the cathode/anode configuration may be as shown in Figures 1A-C.
  • the first electrode is a cathode and the second electrode serves as multiple anodes, with the cathode positioned in the vicinity of the well and the multiple anodes positioned at locations spaced apart from the cathodes and beyond the well.
  • the potential difference applied across the electrodes should provide a potential gradient of at least about 0.01 to 100 volts/cm.
  • the potential gradient is at least about 1 to 10 volts/cm.
  • the potential gradient is at least about 2 volts/cm. It is also preferred that the applied voltage produces an electric current density in the range of at least about 0.5 to 250 mA/cm 2 .
  • the term “mineral” includes inorganic substances, salts and compositions.
  • the term “mineral scale” refers to precipitated insoluble inorganic salts that are composed of positively and negatively charged scale-forming species. Such species comprise at least one cation and at least one anion, respectively, that can form insoluble salts that become deposited in and around the well bore.
  • the cationic scale-forming species include alkaline earth, alkali, and transition metals that precipitate out of an aqueous solution when combined with the appropriate anion.
  • the cations are alkaline earth metals, including, but not limited to, barium (Ba 2+ ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), and strontium (Sr 2 *).
  • the anions often found in scale deposits include, but are not limited to, sulfate (S0 4 2" ) and carbonate (C0 3 2" ) ions.
  • the term "well bore”, refers to any elongated hole or shaft drilled in or in fluid communication with a reservoir for exploring or extracting natural resources therefrom and also to any such opening drilled in or in fluid communication with a reservoir for the purpose of introducing a fluid into a reservoir.
  • those resources include water, oil, gas or a mixture thereof, and may be extracted for an extended period of time.
  • the preferred method of fluid introduction is water flooding.
  • the fluid introduced may include electrically conducting aqueous solutions or gas. Electrically conducting aqueous solutions include aqueous salt solutions, seawater, groundwater, surfacewater, and wastewater.
  • Groundwater is water located beneath the ground surface and may include formation water from an oil field, water from a geological strata apart from the strata containing the oil well, and water from an aquifer.
  • Surfacewater includes brackish water that generally has more salinity than fresh water but has less salinity than seawater and includes water from an estuary, lake, or marsh.
  • Wastewater includes residual water from a water treatment facility and residual water from a reverse osmosis facility.
  • a production well bore may be drilled in or adjacent to a reservoir composed of sand which contains oil and at least some formation water.
  • Formation water which may be connate water, is an electrically conducting aqueous solution containing at least some positively or negatively charged scale forming species.
  • At least one introduction well bore may be drilled in or adjacent to a reservoir penetrated by a production well and fluid is introduced into the reservoir.
  • the fluid introduced is an electrically conducting solution containing sodium chloride at a concentration greater than about 10,000 ppm. More preferably, the sodium chloride concentration is at least about 10,000 - 40,000 ppm.
  • the waterflooding fluid is seawater.
  • oil well vicinity includes the zone generally surrounding the well bore, through which oil flows to the well and in which mineral deposition occurs, which is associated with the oil containing reservoir and includes the entirety of the oil containing reservoir.
  • beyond the well signifies that, in connection with the positioning of anodes, such anode(s) are placed at a distance from the producing well which is greater than that of the cathode(s).
  • waterflood refers to the introduction of fluid through an introduction well bore in or adjacent to a reservoir containing oil, gas or a mixture thereof, to create an edge water drive flooding the oil, gas or a mixture thereof, towards a production well bore by displacement. Waterflooding provides pressure maintenance and operates as a secondary process for oil recovery enhancement.
  • the basic apparatus used in this study was adapted from an electrokinetic cell as shown in Wittle et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,614,077.
  • Graphite electrodes were connected to an adjustable DC power supply and DC power was applied at a fixed 2 V/cm potential gradient using a constant electrode configuration in all experiments.
  • the injector sites, the locations of sulfate anion introduction, were used as anode locations while the simulated production outlet was used as the cathode location.
  • Saline solutions were provided as simulated formation fluid and varied in sodium chloride concentration from 0 to 40,000 ppm NaCl. The rate of formation fluid flow was set at 1 mL/min.
  • samples from five different locations along the core were collected and analyzed for Ba 2+ and S0 4 2" content.
  • Sand used in the sand packs was obtained from Al Ain, U.A.E., 120 km inland from the shore. The sand was washed and graded to obtain uniform grain size of 125 ⁇ for use in all the experiments. The sand was washed several times with deionized water to remove dust and dissolvable salts, dried and graded for use.
  • Experiments 1 and 10 were performed at zero potential to determine the average deposition concentration and distribution of BaS0 4 along the core length upon the mixing of the incompatible waters.
  • Experiments 2-9 and 11 were performed, using solutions of simulated formation water, with a final experiment (Experiment 8) utilizing actual formation water and seawater.
  • Figures 6A-C demonstrate a correlation between recorded real-time pressure drop as well as current achieved across the core for all the experiments.
  • the correlation coefficient ranged from as low as 0.54 for the case of experiment 2 with 0 ppm NaCl concentration to 0.89 for the case of experiment 5 with 30,000 ppm NaCl concentration.
  • FIGS 3A and 7 demonstrate the Ba 2+ concentration through the core for all
  • Experiment 8 was carried out using Abu Dhabi seawater and formation water having the ion concentrations listed in Table 1. The results demonstrated a 52% reduction of Ba 2+ at the outlet, with an average accumulation of Ba 2+ at other locations across the sample. Tables 3 and 4 present the final concentration of Ba 2+ (in ppm) remaining across the core as well as the fraction of initial concentration as generated from the blank experiments. Both experiments 5 and 9 at 30,000 and 20,000 ppm NaCl concentration, respectively, generated the best flow results.
  • EK electrokinetic
  • the reservoir model consists of a sample tube containing 125 ⁇ uniform sand particles consolidated to a net pressure of 30 psi in order to achieve a homogeneous state.
  • the EK-reservoir model contained eight openings; three holes for 500 ppm S0 2" solution injection, 500 ppm Ba 2+ solution injection and water outlet production respectively. The other five were allocated for testing electrode configurations allowing comparisons of anode and cathode combinations covering the range of spatial distance. Salinity was altered in the range of (0 ppm to 40,000 ppm), a 2 ml/min flowrate was maintained and 2 V/cm of voltage gradient was applied. On a real time basis; the current, pressure, temperature, and pH of produced water were all monitored.
  • the electrode configuration was varied in the five positions by changing the anode and the cathode locations along the injectors' inlets and the production outlet. Results demonstrated that EK has an impact on scale mitigation due to improved electroosmosis and electromigration allowing for increased efficiency in arresting the precipitous ions.
  • the sand sample was obtained from Al Ain, U.A.E., which is 120 km away from the shore.
  • the sand grain size was non-uniform.
  • a sieve process was performed to achieve a uniform sand particle size of 125 ⁇ .
  • the sand was washed several times with tap water and eventually with de-ionized water, to clean it from dust and dissolvable salts. Finally the sand was dried in an oven before loading into the EK cell.
  • Figure 9 is a schematic representation of the comprehensive apparatus used for conducting the experiments of Example 2.
  • the dried sand mixed with 35% of deionized water was prepared for consolidation; sand was compressed to 30 psi in the 46 cm cylinder.
  • the apparatus was designed to simulate real reservoirs, including both injection and production paths. It also contains graphite electrodes to conduct the electric current.
  • Two pumps were used to inject the barium and sulfate solutions.
  • Two thermometers were added to measure temperature change.
  • a receptacle was placed at the production end to collect effluent solution.
  • a direct current power source supplied electric current allowing measurement of current change through the apparatus on a real time basis.
  • a digital pressure gauge was connected to measure the pressure across the EK cell and a 2 V/cm voltage gradient was applied while the flow rate was fixed at 2 ml/min. Each experiment was conducted for 1000 min. The study was designed to understand the effect of varying electrode configuration on scale mitigation. Different configurations were tested, where anode and cathode electrodes were distributed in this order: (Anode, Anode, Anode, Cathode, Cathode) and (Anode, Anode, Anode, Anode, Cathode). After each experiment solid samples were analyzed using ICP-MS. Figure 9 shows the position of the solid collected samples.
  • a first electrode configuration was prepared to provide the following order: Anode, Anode, Anode, Cathode, Cathode ( Figure 10A), and a second electrode configuration was prepared to provide the following order: Anode, Anode, Anode, Anode, Cathode ( Figure 10B).
  • Three gases were produced by the electrochemical reaction: chlorine, oxygen and hydrogen.
  • Table 5 provides the results of experiments conducted and ICP-MS results for the solid samples extracted from the five electrode placement positions in two tested configurations.
  • Direct current electric field provides an effective method to alleviate mineral scale formation in oilfields.
  • Application of direct current destabilizes the system by moving barium and sulfate ions away from each other. Electrode configuration has an appreciable influence on the arrest of barium with a maximum observed increase of up to 462.80% and a maximum deposition reduction up to 41.50%.
  • Upon DC application an increase in liquid flowrate has been observed allowing EK to simulate or enhance water injectivity.

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Abstract

Procédé consistant à utiliser l'électrocinétique en courant continu (CC) pour atténuer et prévenir le dépôt de tartre à l'intérieur et autour de trous de forage, par exemple de trous de forage de puits de pétrole.
PCT/US2011/036426 2011-05-13 2011-05-13 Procédé de prévention électrocinétique du dépôt de tarte dans les trous de forage de puits de pétrole WO2012158145A1 (fr)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR3060636A1 (fr) * 2016-12-20 2018-06-22 IFP Energies Nouvelles Procede de surveillance de la salinite au sein d'une formation souterraine
WO2019046743A1 (fr) * 2017-08-31 2019-03-07 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Dispositifs et procédés d'assainissement d'eaux souterraines

Citations (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4073712A (en) * 1976-11-19 1978-02-14 Electrostatic Equipment Company Electrostatic water treatment
US4755305A (en) * 1982-03-15 1988-07-05 Champion International Corporation Continuous dewatering method
US20010052414A1 (en) * 2000-01-07 2001-12-20 Paul Hammonds Scale prediction probe
US20040007358A1 (en) * 2000-08-07 2004-01-15 Lien Larry A. Method for secondary oil recovery
US20100276301A1 (en) * 2008-12-17 2010-11-04 Tennant Company Method and Apparatus for Treating a Liquid

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4073712A (en) * 1976-11-19 1978-02-14 Electrostatic Equipment Company Electrostatic water treatment
US4755305A (en) * 1982-03-15 1988-07-05 Champion International Corporation Continuous dewatering method
US20010052414A1 (en) * 2000-01-07 2001-12-20 Paul Hammonds Scale prediction probe
US20040007358A1 (en) * 2000-08-07 2004-01-15 Lien Larry A. Method for secondary oil recovery
US20100276301A1 (en) * 2008-12-17 2010-11-04 Tennant Company Method and Apparatus for Treating a Liquid

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR3060636A1 (fr) * 2016-12-20 2018-06-22 IFP Energies Nouvelles Procede de surveillance de la salinite au sein d'une formation souterraine
WO2018114268A1 (fr) * 2016-12-20 2018-06-28 IFP Energies Nouvelles Procede de surveillance de la salinite au sein d'une formation souterraine
US10801321B2 (en) 2016-12-20 2020-10-13 IFP Energies Nouvelles Method for monitoring salinity within an underground formation
WO2019046743A1 (fr) * 2017-08-31 2019-03-07 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Dispositifs et procédés d'assainissement d'eaux souterraines
GB2579523A (en) * 2017-08-31 2020-06-24 Chevron Usa Inc Devices and methods for the remediation of groundwater
GB2579523B (en) * 2017-08-31 2023-05-17 Chevron Usa Inc Devices and methods for the remediation of groundwater

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