WO2012153819A1 - 炭素膜積層体、並びにその積層体の製造方法及びそれを用いた潤滑材 - Google Patents
炭素膜積層体、並びにその積層体の製造方法及びそれを用いた潤滑材 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012153819A1 WO2012153819A1 PCT/JP2012/062061 JP2012062061W WO2012153819A1 WO 2012153819 A1 WO2012153819 A1 WO 2012153819A1 JP 2012062061 W JP2012062061 W JP 2012062061W WO 2012153819 A1 WO2012153819 A1 WO 2012153819A1
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- carbon film
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M103/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being an inorganic material
- C10M103/02—Carbon; Graphite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M103/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being an inorganic material
- C10M103/06—Metal compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M177/00—Special methods of preparation of lubricating compositions; Chemical modification by after-treatment of components or of the whole of a lubricating composition, not covered by other classes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
- C23C16/0272—Deposition of sub-layers, e.g. to promote the adhesion of the main coating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/26—Deposition of carbon only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/50—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating using electric discharges
- C23C16/511—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating using electric discharges using microwave discharges
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/04—Elements
- C10M2201/041—Carbon; Graphite; Carbon black
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/04—Elements
- C10M2201/041—Carbon; Graphite; Carbon black
- C10M2201/042—Carbon; Graphite; Carbon black halogenated, i.e. graphite fluoride
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/08—Inorganic acids or salts thereof
- C10M2201/081—Inorganic acids or salts thereof containing halogen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/10—Compounds containing silicon
- C10M2201/102—Silicates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
- C10N2050/023—Multi-layer lubricant coatings
- C10N2050/025—Multi-layer lubricant coatings in the form of films or sheets
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
- C10N2050/08—Solids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
- C10N2050/10—Semi-solids; greasy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/30—Self-sustaining carbon mass or layer with impregnant or other layer
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a carbon film laminate, a method for producing the laminate, and a lubricant using the same.
- liquid lubricants especially oils with high viscosity and strong film are usually used for lubrication of sliding parts.
- liquid lubricants cannot be used in food processing machines, office equipment parts, aerospace equipment, semiconductor-related manufacturing equipment, high temperatures, vacuum, special environments such as cleaning / ultra-cleaning, and ultra-small machines.
- a lubricant that can be used even in such a case, or a measure that makes the surface of the sliding / friction part itself self-lubricating.
- liquid lubrication with oil there is a problem of environmental load due to disposal of deteriorated oil.
- molybdenum disulfide MoS 2
- graphite graphite
- boron nitride BN
- tungsten disulfide WS 2
- molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide which are often used, are sulfur compounds that are considered harmful to the environment, and there is a problem that they are burdened on the environment at the time of disposal and need to be disposed of.
- these and boron nitride contain rare metals such as molybdenum (Mo), boron (B), and tungsten (W). These rare metals are extremely ubiquitous in production, have limited supply, and are becoming difficult to obtain due to increasing demand in recent years. In addition, since the number of producing countries is extremely limited, it is expected that it will become even more difficult to obtain in the future due to its policy, economic situation, political instability, etc.
- the solid lubricant There are two methods for applying the solid lubricant, mainly a method in which it is dispersed in a lubricating oil, grease and paste, and a method in which it is combined with a resin material and used as a dry lubricant film (dry film).
- dry film is mainly used.
- the solid lubricant itself and the film material are soft substances and wear due to friction, the extension of the life is a problem.
- a spray method is generally widely used. However, this has a problem that the application efficiency is as low as about 15% and the environmental load is large.
- the dry film contains the solid lubricant itself and the binder, the dry film is colored / opaque by the binder, and there is a problem that the base material coated with the binder is colored.
- DLC film has excellent mechanical properties such as low friction, wear resistance, high hardness, chemical stability, adhesion resistance, smoothness, etc., bearings, seals, faucet valves, tools, gold It is applied to electrical and electronic products such as molds and hard disks.
- hard materials lack conformability and do not easily shift from initial (severe) wear to light (mild) wear.
- DLC films are vulnerable to high temperatures, and there is a problem that they cannot be used usually at 200 to 300 ° C. or higher.
- a diamond thin film obtained by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method or the like is known to function as a solid lubricating film.
- CVD diamond is generally rough, it must be polished to obtain a smooth surface. Therefore, it is difficult or impossible to use in other than plane.
- a diamond thin film having a smooth surface can be obtained without polishing by reducing the size of crystals constituting the thin film to several tens of nanometers or less by properly selecting the CVD growth conditions.
- a high temperature of 800 ° C. to 400 ° C. or higher is necessary to obtain a diamond film, there is a problem that a substrate on which the film can be formed is limited.
- a polycrystalline diamond thin film that can be formed at a low temperature and a new carbon film have been developed and are already known.
- a substrate polished with diamond particles or a substrate uniformly coated with diamond particles having a size of about 0.05 to 1 ⁇ m is disposed near the plasma for diamond thin film deposition, and the substrate temperature is 600 ° C. or lower.
- a plasma containing a gas mixture mainly composed of hydrogen and methane and containing carbon dioxide if necessary is generated under a pressure of 1 to 15 Torr to deposit a diamond thin film having adhesion to the substrate. It has been proposed to let
- Patent Document 2 discloses that a peak fitting of 41.7 ° is applied to a peak fitting curve A of 43.9 ° with a Bragg angle (2 ⁇ ⁇ 0.3 °) on an X-ray diffraction spectrum by CuK ⁇ 1 ray on a substrate.
- a laminate in which a carbon aggregate film formed by aggregating carbon particles composed of approximate spectral curves obtained by superimposing the curve B and the base line is provided with a thickness of 2 nm to 100 ⁇ m.
- a carbon-containing gas and a hydrogen gas as source gases are directed toward a base material in a reaction vessel, and plasma is generated by supplying the carbon-containing gas and down-flow into the plasma, and a silicon-containing gas is directed toward the substrate in the plasma
- the substrate and the ultrafine carbon having substantially the same size particle size in the thickness direction of the film using a carbon film manufacturing method in which the substrate temperature is 600 ° C. or less. Suppressing the generation of impurities such as amorphous carbon and graphite generated by the generation of carbon particles in the grain boundaries of the carbon particles and / or the voids between the carbon particles, and / or suppressing the growth of the carbon particles.
- Proposed is a carbon film laminate including a carbon film in which a substance for the presence exists, and an adhesion enhancement layer for increasing adhesion between the carbon film and the substrate between the substrate and the carbon film. ing.
- Patent Documents 2 and 3 By using the methods disclosed in Patent Documents 2 and 3, the present inventors have applied carbon films to various substrates, particularly iron-based substrates, which have been very difficult to coat with carbon films. Confirmed that it was possible. Furthermore, the present inventors conducted a film formation test and a friction / wear characteristic test using the methods disclosed in References 2 and 3 described above, and exhibited good adhesion strength, low friction / low wear, and low opponent attack. It became clear that the development of a method for forming a carbon film with good reproducibility was a challenge.
- Abrasive wear occurs when the hard material scrapes the friction surface of the soft material in the friction between the hard material and the soft material.
- the amount (volume) of the material to be scraped is determined by the surface shape of the side to be scraped (harder material) and the yield shear pressure (or Vickers hardness) of the side to be scraped (softer material). That is, if the mating material is the same, the smaller the tip angle of the surface irregularity, the larger. In other words, the larger the pointed irregularities on the friction surface, the larger it becomes.
- scraped chips may adhere to the harder material surface and cause deterioration of friction characteristics (increase in friction coefficient and wear amount).
- the coefficient of friction with a carbon film is 0.1 or less in the atmosphere, at room temperature, and in a non-lubricated environment. It becomes as follows.
- the opponent aggression was not superior to the DLC film.
- the adhesion strength of the carbon film is insufficient, ternary abrasive wear may occur, or adhesion of the counterpart material may occur, reducing the friction coefficient, increasing the counterpart material wear, Furthermore, acceleration of carbon film peeling may occur.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described actual situation of the carbon film, and is a surface structure having a better and more reproducible adhesion strength and a lower opponent attack property compared to the conventional carbon film. , Providing a carbon film with a new function, utilizing its high adhesion to the substrate, hardness, surface flatness, wear resistance, low friction, low opponent attack, high thermal conductivity, It is an object of the present invention to provide a laminate having a low friction, long life, high flatness, low opponent attack, high precision sliding / friction surface without using a liquid lubricant. Moreover, it aims at providing the manufacturing method.
- the carbon film of the present invention contains fluorine (F) atoms in the film.
- fluorine (F) atoms in the film it was realized by adding a trace amount of a fluorocarbon-based gas to the source gas in the manufacturing process by plasma CVD.
- a fluorocarbon-based gas include fluorinated methane (CF 4 ) gas, trifluoromethane (CHF 3 ) gas, tetrafluoroethylene (C 2 F 4 ) gas, and the like.
- the adhesion strength between the carbon film and the substrate and the reduction of the surface roughness due to the addition of the fluorocarbon-based gas are due to mechanisms and effects completely different from those in the diamond film. Is.
- due to the effect of the addition of the fluorocarbon-based gas not only the surface roughness is lowered, but also a unique spatial frequency distribution of surface irregularities showing low opponent attack is realized. This effect of adding a fluorocarbon-based gas shows a great effect particularly on iron-based substrates such as stainless steel, silicon substrates, and glass substrates.
- a carbon-containing gas and a hydrogen gas are supplied as source gases to the substrate in the chamber by downflow to generate plasma, and the silicon-containing gas or the plasma is converted into bulk silicon or
- a carbon film manufacturing method in which a silicon-containing gas generated by exposure to SiO 2 is supplied to the plasma in a down flow toward the substrate and the substrate temperature is 600 ° C. or less, the substrate and the film There are ultra-fine carbon particles having a particle size of substantially the same size in the thickness direction, and amorphous carbon generated along with the generation of carbon particles at grain boundaries of the carbon particles and / or voids between the carbon particles.
- Carbon film laminate and a adhesion-enhancing layer for enhancing the adhesion between the film and the substrate (FIG. 24, see FIG. 25) has gained.
- the thickness of the adhesion enhancing layer and the interface structure of the laminate of the carbon film and the substrate having good adhesion strength are as follows. As shown in FIG. That is, when the adhesion enhancing layer is formed so as to fill the gap between the diamond fine particles having a particle diameter of 5 to 50 nm attached to the substrate surface, and the diamond fine particles are formed so as to slightly protrude from the adhesion enhancing layer. In addition, good adhesion strength can be obtained. However, it is not necessary that all diamond fine particles protrude, and it is sufficient that at least one diamond fine particle protrudes from the adhesion enhancing layer.
- the threshold temperature is 200 to 300 ° C., although it varies somewhat depending on the type of substrate. It has been clarified that a laminate of the adhesion enhancing layer and the carbon film is formed through such a formation process.
- the above factors are affected by the state of the film deposition system. In particular, it is greatly influenced by the degree of contamination of the microwave transmission window, microwave power, gas pressure, cooling water temperature of the reaction vessel, etc., and it is possible to reproducibly form an adhesion enhancing layer having an appropriate thickness (5 to 50 nm). It turned out to be difficult. In particular, a thick adhesion enhancing layer having an appropriate thickness or more was formed, and good adhesion strength was often not obtained.
- the addition concentration of the fluorocarbon-based gas in the raw material gas controls the magnitude of the effect of removing the adhesion enhancing layer, and thereby the thickness of the adhesion enhancing layer can be appropriately controlled. It was. Furthermore, even when the substrate temperature rises and the carbon film is preferentially deposited, the addition of the fluorocarbon gas improves the deposition rate of the carbon film, and the surface of the carbon film after deposition. It was possible to obtain an effect that the roughness and the opponent aggression were reduced.
- a base material and silicon oxide (Si0x, x 1 to 2) provided on the base material and containing fluorine atoms (F) at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or more.
- the laminate of the present invention has high adhesion to the substrate of the carbon film, hardness, surface flatness, transparency, thermal conductivity, low friction coefficient, low specific wear, and low opponent attack. . Therefore, by using the laminate of the present invention, it is possible to provide a laminate having a friction surface with low friction and low wear without using a lubricating oil or a solid lubricant. According to the carbon film deposition method of the present invention, not only the friction and wear characteristics of the base material surface are improved, but also a sliding surface having no coloration and high heat dissipation is provided by the transparency and thermal conductivity of the carbon film. .
- Sectional drawing which shows the interface structure of the laminated body of the carbon film and base material with the favorable adhesive strength of this invention.
- Sectional drawing which shows the interface structure of the laminated body of a carbon film and a base material when favorable adhesive strength is not obtained.
- the carbon film laminated body of this invention it is a figure which shows the outline
- It is a figure which shows the structure of the manufacturing apparatus of the laminated body of the carbon film and base material of this invention.
- the carbon film of the present invention is composed of ultrafine carbon particles, and suppresses the generation of impurities such as amorphous carbon and graphite that are generated along with the generation of carbon particles at grain boundaries of the carbon particles and / or voids between the carbon particles. And / or a carbon film in which a substance for suppressing the growth of carbon particles is present, and the film contains fluorine atoms at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 19 to 1 ⁇ 10 21 atoms / cm 3. It is.
- the carbon particles have a particle diameter in the range of approximately 1 nm to 1000 nm, and carbon particles having a particle diameter in this range and substantially the same size of 2 nm to 200 nm exist in the film thickness direction. It is characterized by that.
- the carbon film of the present invention when the fluorine atom concentration in the film is less than 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 , the power law scaling index of the surface roughness contour curve power spectrum is less than 3, and the opponent attack does not deteriorate. Absent. On the other hand, if it exceeds 1 ⁇ 10 21 / cm 3 , the growth of the carbon film is suppressed and the carbon film is not generated.
- the adhesion enhancing layer when the fluorine atom concentration in the layer is less than 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 , the adhesion enhancing effect is lost, and more than 1 ⁇ 10 21 atoms / cm 3 fluorine atoms are added. Even if it is contained, the adhesion enhancing effect is not further enhanced.
- the carbon film of the present invention can be obtained by employing a specific manufacturing apparatus and manufacturing conditions disclosed in Patent Document 3. Furthermore, this apparatus improves the adhesion strength of the carbon film to the substrate, and at the same time, as an additive element for improving the surface flatness, low friction and low opponent attack properties, a fluorocarbon gas such as CF 4 gas. It is necessary to provide means for supplying As the operating conditions, it is necessary to select the concentration and molar ratio of the raw material gas, the reaction time, etc., and to operate at a relatively low temperature.
- the mixing ratio of the mixed gas suitable for film formation varies depending on the type of substrate, the surface treatment state, etc., but the concentration of the carbon-containing gas in the hydrocarbon gas / total mixed gas is preferably 0.5 to 10 mol%, preferably Is 1 to 5 mol%. If the concentration of the hydrocarbon gas exceeds the above range, problems such as a decrease in light transmittance of the carbon film occur, which is not preferable.
- the hydrocarbon gas include methane (CH 4 ) gas, ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) gas, acetylene gas (C 2 H 2 ) gas, and the like.
- the addition of a fluorocarbon-based gas is extremely effective for reducing the surface roughness of the carbon film, reducing the friction coefficient, lowering the partner's aggressiveness, and strengthening the adhesion to the substrate.
- the concentration of the fluorocarbon-based gas is preferably 0.1 to 5 mol%, more preferably 0.1 to 1 mol% in the total mixed gas. If the concentration of the CF 4 gas exceeds the above range, the effect is not enhanced, and problems such as a decrease in light transmittance of the carbon film occur, which is not preferable. Further, it is preferable to add an oxygen-containing gas as an additive gas to the mixed gas.
- oxygen-containing gas examples include carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) gas, carbon monoxide (CO) gas, oxygen (O 2 ), and the like. These gases act as an oxygen source and exhibit an action of removing impurities in the plasma CVD process.
- the amount of the oxygen-containing gas added is preferably 0.5 to 10 mol%, more preferably 1 to 5 mol% in the total mixed gas.
- FIG. 4 shows an example of an apparatus used for forming a laminate of the carbon film of the present invention and an iron-based substrate.
- 101 is a microwave plasma CVD reactor (hereinafter simply referred to as “plasma generation chamber”)
- 102 is a rectangular waveguide with a slot for introducing microwaves into the plasma generation chamber 101
- 103 is a microwave.
- a quartz member for introducing the substrate into the plasma generation chamber 101 104 is a metal support member for supporting the quartz member
- 105 is a substrate for film formation
- 106 is a sample stage for installing the film formation substrate
- a vertical movement mechanism and a film formation substrate cooling mechanism are provided, and reference numeral 107 denotes a cooling water supply / drainage.
- Reference numeral 108 denotes exhaust gas
- reference numeral 109 denotes plasma generation gas introduction means.
- 110 is a reactor for performing plasma CVD processing.
- Plasma generation using the apparatus is performed as follows.
- the plasma generation chamber 101 is evacuated by an exhaust device (not shown).
- a plasma generating gas is introduced into the plasma generating chamber 101 through the plasma generating chamber gas introducing means 109 at a predetermined flow rate.
- a pressure control valve (not shown) provided in the exhaust device is adjusted to maintain the plasma generation chamber 101 at a predetermined pressure.
- Plasma is generated by supplying a microwave of a desired power from a 2.45 GHz microwave generator (not shown) into the plasma generation chamber 101 through the slotted rectangular waveguide 102 and the quartz member 103. Plasma is generated in the chamber 101.
- the microwave introduction quartz member 103 which is the origin of generation of the plasma, so that the radical particles in the plasma, which is the source of film formation, reach the surface of the base material placed on the sample stage almost uniformly. It can be moved from the lower surface (CVD process reactor side) toward the substrate and supplied by downflow.
- a laminate of a carbon film and various base materials can be formed.
- This carbon film has an extremely large value of power index density according to a power law and an exponent of 3 to 5 in the surface shape contour curve in a range of at least a spatial period of 100 nm to 1 ⁇ m or more. This has remarkable characteristics different from other carbon particles and carbon films such as diamond. Further, in the Raman scattering spectrum (excitation wavelength 244 nm), as seen in Figure 5, a distinct peak is observed at about Raman shift 1333 cm -1, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) is 10 ⁇ 40 cm -1.
- the film is formed by clogging crystalline carbon particles having a particle diameter of 1 nm to several tens of nm without gaps, and the interface between the film and the substrate, It was found that the particle size distribution in the film and in the vicinity of the outermost surface of the film was not changed (average particle diameter was almost equal).
- the particle diameter of the particles is preferably 1 to 100 nm, more preferably 2 to 20 nm.
- the film thus obtained is excellent in flatness and adhesion, and has a surface roughness Ra of 20 nm or less, and in some cases a flat film reaching 3 nm or less.
- the adhesion strength was measured with a scratch tester using a diamond needle having a tip diameter of 200 ⁇ m, and it was found that a peel strength of 5 N or more was obtained.
- the high transparency of the carbon film of the present invention is realized by the above-mentioned film thickness and the surface roughness.
- the obtained film is excellent in transparency and has a refractive index of 1.5 or more and birefringence.
- the optically superior properties such as almost no.
- it has excellent electrical properties such as a very high electrical insulating property of 10 7 ⁇ cm or more at a temperature of 100 ° C.
- the substrate is pretreated and then subjected to plasma CVD treatment.
- the ultrafine diamond particles were adhered to the surface of the base material by immersing the base material in a dispersion of ultrafine diamond particles such as nanocrystal diamond particles and performing ultrasonic treatment. This method has already been described in detail in Patent Documents 2 and 3, and is conventionally known.
- the plasma CVD treatment time is 1 to 20 hours.
- the treatment temperature varies depending on the substrate, but is 100 to 500 ° C.
- the damage to the base material due to the plasma increases as the temperature of the base material increases.
- iron-based base materials such as steel also have a problem of base material deterioration such as softening due to high temperature.
- the adhesion between the base material and the carbon film tends to increase as the base material temperature increases.
- the properties of the laminate of the base material and the carbon film change depending on the base material temperature during the plasma CVD process. Therefore, it is necessary to select an optimum temperature depending on the type of substrate and the actual application.
- a block-like SUS440C stainless steel was used as the substrate.
- the shape of the stainless steel substrate was 16 mm ⁇ 6 mm and the height was 10 mm.
- One surface of 16 mm ⁇ 6 mm was mirror-polished, and this was used as a carbon film forming surface.
- the film surface had a surface roughness Ra of 3 to 4 nm.
- These stainless steel substrates are hand-washed in CS volatile oil (gasoline) to remove surface oil, then sonicated in isopropanol, followed by sonication in a mixture of CS volatile oil and acetone. Went. Further, after ultrasonic treatment in acetone and drying, a pretreatment for attaching nanocrystal diamond particles dispersed in water was performed.
- a stainless steel substrate was immersed in this dispersion and subjected to an ultrasonic cleaner, and then the substrate was immersed in ethanol for ultrasonic cleaning, and then the substrate was taken out and dried.
- Adhesion of the nanocrystal diamond particles to the stainless steel substrate is due to a part of the particles being embedded in the substrate surface by physical force in ultrasonic cleaning treatment.
- Diamond particles adhering to the stainless steel substrate act as seed crystals for carbon film growth in the plasma CVD process.
- a carbon film was formed on the stainless base material subjected to the above pretreatment as follows.
- Gas used in the CVD process hydrogen 90 mol%, methane 5 mole%, carbon dioxide 5 mol%, was CF 4 gas 0.1 mol%.
- Plasma was generated at a gas pressure of 20 Pa, a base material was placed at a position 125 mm from the quartz window where the plasma electron temperature was 2.6 eV, and plasma CVD treatment was performed for 20 hours.
- a dummy base material having the same material and shape as the base material is prepared, a thermocouple is contact-fixed on the upper surface of the dummy base material to which the plasma is irradiated, and this is disposed in the vicinity of the film-forming base material.
- the substrate temperature was measured.
- the substrate temperature was approximately 360 ° C. throughout the plasma CVD process.
- a carbon film having a thickness of about 1.8 ⁇ m was deposited on the surface of the substrate.
- FIG. 5 shows the Raman scattering spectrum (excitation light wavelength 244 nm) of the laminate of the stainless steel substrate and the carbon film produced by the above method.
- a peak located in the vicinity of the Raman shift of 1333 cm ⁇ 1 is clearly recognized in the Raman scattering spectrum of the laminate, and it is clear that a carbon film is deposited.
- the peak is in the range of 1320 ⁇ 1340 cm -1, it was found that always fall within the scope of 1333 ⁇ 10 cm -1.
- a broad peak seen in the vicinity of the Raman shift of 1600 cm ⁇ 1 indicates the presence of a sp 2 bond component of carbon.
- the proportions of the components is increased, for example, 1600 cm -1 vicinity peak of, the much stronger than the peak of 1333 cm -1 vicinity, the film becomes opaque black.
- the height of this peak is as small as half or less of the peak at 1333 cm ⁇ 1 , and it can be seen that this film is transparent as will be shown later.
- Full width at half maximum of the peak located in the vicinity of the Raman shift 1333 cm -1 (FWHM) was about 33cm -1. As a result of the same measurement for many other samples, it was found that the FWHM was in the range of 10 to 40 cm ⁇ 1 .
- X-ray diffraction measurement This carbon film laminate was observed by X-ray diffraction. Details of the measurement are described below.
- the X-ray diffractometer used was Rigaku Corporation X-ray diffractometer RINT XRD-DSCII, and the goniometer was a Rigaku Ultima III horizontal goniometer. A multipurpose sample stand for thin film standard is attached to this goniometer.
- As the X-ray a copper (Cu) K ⁇ 1 line was used.
- the applied voltage / current of the X-ray tube was 40 kV / 40 mA.
- a scintillation counter was used as the X-ray detector. First, the scattering angle (2 ⁇ angle) was calibrated using a silicon standard sample.
- the deviation of 2 ⁇ angle was + 0.02 ° or less.
- the measurement sample was fixed to the sample stage, and the 2 ⁇ angle was 0 °, that is, the intensity of X-rays was measured on the detector.
- the computer program used for the measurement is RINT2000 / PC software Windows (registered trademark) version manufactured by Rigaku Corporation.
- the measured X-ray diffraction spectrum is shown in FIG. White circles in the figure are measurement points. It can be clearly seen that the Bragg angle 2 ⁇ has peaks at 43.9 ° and 44.7 °. It can also be seen that there is a small peak at a Bragg angle of 41.8 °.
- the peak at the Bragg angle of 44.7 ° is that of the base material SUS440C stainless steel, and the peaks at 43.9 ° and 41.8 ° are those of the carbon film deposited on the base material. 3 is unique to the carbon film.
- the 44.7 ° and 43.9 ° peaks are approximated by the Pearson VII function curve, and the 41.8 ° peak is approximated by the asymmetric normal distribution function curve. When these curves are superimposed using the baseline as a linear function, an approximate curve with a good X-ray diffraction spectrum can be obtained. At this time, the intensity ratio of the 41.8 ° peak to the 43.9 ° peak was about 12%.
- the surface roughness of the laminate of the present invention was evaluated using a palpation type surface profile measuring machine.
- the surface shape measuring device used was a surf coder ET4300 fine shape measuring machine manufactured by Kosaka Laboratory Ltd., and the fine shape measuring device standard diamond stylus having a tip radius of 2 ⁇ m was used as a stylus.
- the measurement conditions were as follows: an evaluation length of 0.4 mm, a cutoff value of 0.08 mm, a scanning speed of 5 ⁇ m / s, and a 50 nm step (evaluation length equal to 8000).
- Measurement control and analysis of the obtained surface shape data were performed by the roughness analysis system software standard of the fine shape measuring apparatus, i-STAR SE Application version 6.72.
- the resulting surface shape contour curve is shown in FIG.
- the vertical axis of the contour curve in the figure is drawn with an average height of zero.
- the surface roughness parameters obtained from this contour curve are 8.9 nm for arithmetic mean roughness Ra, 12.4 nm for root mean square roughness Rq, and 142 nm for maximum cross section height Rt. Met.
- Ra is in the range of 3 to 20 nm.
- the arithmetic average roughness Ra, the root mean square roughness Rq, and the maximum section height Rt are described in detail in, for example, “JIS B 0601-2001” or “ISO4287-1997”.
- the periodic structure of the surface shape was analyzed from the above-described surface shape contour curve of the laminate of the carbon film and the stainless steel substrate of the present invention. For this analysis, the power spectrum of the surface shape contour curve shown in FIG. 7 was obtained. In order to obtain a power spectrum, a fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the contour curve was performed. Of the total evaluation length of 0.4 mm, 4096 height data of 0 to 0.248 mm were used. The FFT was performed using Microsoft spreadsheet software, Microsoft Excel 2002 SP3, and its add-on analysis tool. FIG. 8 shows the power spectrum obtained.
- the measurement length step value (step) ⁇ L of the contour curve is 50 nm as described above and the number of data N is 4096.
- FIG. 8 it can be seen that in the carbon film and SUS440C laminate, the power spectral density P decreases linearly with respect to the spatial frequency k in the region of the spatial frequency of 0.5 ⁇ m ⁇ 1 to 10 ⁇ m ⁇ 1 .
- a straight line fitted by the least square method in this region is shown.
- the vertical axis and the horizontal axis are displayed on a logarithmic scale, and showing a linear relationship in the logarithmic graph means that the power spectral density P follows the power law of P ⁇ k ⁇ ⁇ .
- the slope of this straight line is an index ⁇ .
- ⁇ 4.7.
- the power spectral density of the surface shape contour curve of the SUS440C substrate before the carbon film is deposited shows the power spectral density of the surface shape contour curve of the SUS440C substrate before the carbon film is deposited.
- the power spectral density and the spatial frequency were in a linear relationship over the entire measurement range (spatial frequency 0.01 to 10 ⁇ m ⁇ 1 ), and the index ⁇ was about 2.5.
- the power law index ⁇ of the surface shape power spectral density of the base material is about 2.5, and as a result of forming the laminate, the spatial frequency In the range of 0.5 ⁇ m ⁇ 1 to 10 ⁇ m ⁇ 1 , ⁇ increases to about 4.7.
- the transmittance of the carbon film with respect to visible light was measured.
- the substrate forming the carbon film and the laminate needs to be transparent. Therefore, when measuring visible light transmittance, a carbon film was deposited on a borosilicate glass wafer substrate having a diameter of 10 cm and a thickness of 1 mm to form a laminate.
- the transmittance measurement apparatus used was UV / Vis / NTR Spectrometer Lambda 900 manufactured by Perkin Elmer, and the transmittance was measured in the wavelength region of 300 to 800 nm.
- the heat conduction of the carbon film forming the substrate and the laminate was measured using a laser flash method.
- quartz glass was used as the substrate.
- a carbon film was deposited on a quartz glass substrate, and the thermal conductivity of the carbon film was evaluated.
- a carbon film having a thickness of 1 ⁇ m was formed on a quartz glass substrate having a size of 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm and a thickness of 100 ⁇ m. 30 samples were stacked to prepare a rectangular parallelepiped sample having a size of 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm and a side surface thickness of about 3 mm.
- the side surface having a thickness of about 3 mm was irradiated with an infrared laser, and the thermal diffusivity in the in-plane direction of the quartz glass on which the carbon film was formed was determined by a laser flash method.
- the infrared laser irradiation surface was subjected to blackening treatment in order to enhance absorption of infrared light. (In the measurement and data analysis by the laser flash method used in this example, the latest thermal measurement-from basic to applied-(supervised by Ichiro Hatta, edited by ULVAC-RIKO, Agne Technology Center) was used.
- Adhesion test An adhesion test of the carbon film and the SUS440C base material on the base material of the carbon film was performed. The adhesion test was conducted by a scratch test. As a scratch testing machine, CSR-2000, an ultra-thin scratch testing machine manufactured by Reska Co., Ltd. was used. The stylus used was a standard diamond stylus of this apparatus having a tip tip radius of 25 ⁇ m. The measurement conditions were a scratch speed of 10 ⁇ m / s, a spring constant of 100 g / mm, an excitation level of 100 ⁇ m, a measurement end load of 500 mN, and a measurement end time of 180 s (load increase rate of about 2.78 mN / s).
- a scratch test at a higher load was performed. This time, using the TriboGear HHS2000, a load-fluctuating friction and wear test system manufactured by Shinto Kagaku Co., Ltd., a scratch test was conducted using a diamond stylus with a standard tip radius of 200 ⁇ m and a tip angle of 90 °. The measurement was performed in the continuous load measurement mode, and the measurement was performed at a needle tip load of 0 to 1000 g, a measurement distance of 5 mm, and a measurement time of 50 seconds (needle tip speed 0.1 mm / sec). As a result, the peeling load of the carbon film was 5.6N.
- a load-changing friction and wear test system TriboGear HHS2000 manufactured by Shinto Kagaku Co., Ltd. was used, and a constant load reciprocating test with a ball on plate or pin on plate configuration was performed.
- the test was performed at normal temperature in the atmosphere (temperature 22 to 27 ° C., humidity 30 to 55%), without using lubricating oil, and in a non-lubricated environment.
- the same SUS440C stainless steel as the base material was used, and a 3/16 inch diameter ball or a pin having a diameter of 5 mm and a radius of curvature of the tip portion (friction portion) of 30 mm was used.
- the test weight was 1 N
- the reciprocating amplitude was 10 mm
- the reciprocating speed was 0.5 Hz
- the total number of reciprocations was 3600 times (total sliding distance 72 m) or 9999 times (total sliding distance about 200 m).
- Tribosoft ver. 4.11 was used for measurement and analysis.
- Fig. 10 shows the change over time in the coefficient of friction during the test.
- the test was conducted using a ball-on-plate, and the above-mentioned SUS440C (diameter: 3/16 inch) was used as the friction partner material.
- the friction coefficient ⁇ is as large as 0.3 to 0.4, and after several hundred reciprocations, it becomes 0.1 or less, almost constant or gradually decreases, and is stable at 0.1 or less by the end of the test.
- the friction coefficient ⁇ showed the same change, and finally (up to 9999 reciprocations) was 0.02 to 0.08. I knew that it would be between.
- FIG. 10 shows two typical examples of these.
- a friction / wear test similar to the above was performed using a SUS440C base material on which no carbon film was deposited, and a sample in which a commercially available DLC film was deposited on the base material ( The DLC laminate A and DLC laminate B) were subjected to the above friction / wear characteristic test.
- the test was conducted with a pin-on-plate configuration, and the SUS440c pin (diameter 5 mm, tip radius 30 mm) was used as the counterpart material. The number of reciprocations was 3500, and the load was 1N.
- the DLC used for the DLC laminate A is tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) that does not contain hydrogen
- the DLC used for the DLC laminate B is hydrogen-containing amorphous carbon (a-C: H).
- FIG. 11 shows a comparison of the finally obtained friction coefficients between the carbon film laminate of the present invention and these samples. As can be seen from the figure, it can be seen that the friction coefficient of the carbon film laminate of the present invention is drastically reduced as compared with SUS440Cs (friction coefficient of about 0.85). Moreover, it turns out that the performance (decrease in a friction coefficient) equivalent to or more than the DLC film (DLC laminated body A and DLC laminated body B) actually used as surface treatment for lubrication is shown.
- the specific wear amount is used to indicate the magnitude of wear damage.
- the specific wear amount indicates the wear amount per unit load and unit friction distance.
- the specific wear amount W s is
- the specific wear amount of SUS440C which is a friction counterpart, was determined by the above method.
- the result is shown in FIG.
- the DLC laminated body A having a friction coefficient equivalent to that of the carbon film laminated body is 3 orders of magnitude with respect to the SUS440C base material on which the laminated body is not formed.
- it is 2 digits, and 1 digit smaller than the DLC laminate B, and it can be seen that the wear of the counterpart material is extremely small.
- the friction coefficient is greatly reduced (below 0.1 or less) in an air-free environment. At the same time, it was found that the opponent's aggression can be greatly reduced.
- the softer material is unilaterally worn unless a special reaction or adhesion occurs on the friction surface. At this time, the softer material is worn away so as to be scraped off by the irregularities on the harder material surface (abrasive wear).
- the wear volume is proportional to cotan ( ⁇ / 2), where ⁇ is the average sharpness of the protrusion on the harder material surface, that is, the protrusion tip angle. Therefore, it increases rapidly as ⁇ decreases (as it becomes sharper). This means that as the unevenness with a shorter spatial period (wavelength) with respect to the height, the abrasive wear increases.
- the wear volume V a is proportional to the product of the amplitude a of the uneven height and the wave number k.
- FIG. 14 is a graph plotting the relationship between the power exponent and the specific wear amount.
- FIG. 14 is drawn as a semi-logarithmic graph. In this semi-logarithmic graph, it can be seen that the specific wear amount and the power exponent have a linear relationship. This indicates that the specific wear amount has an exponential relationship with the power exponent, which is consistent with the above result.
- FIG. 14 shows the concentration distribution of fluorine atoms from the surface of the carbon film to the interface with the substrate, obtained by measurement.
- the atom number density of fluorine atoms in the carbon film is in the range of 1 ⁇ 10 19 to 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 , and exceeds 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 in the adhesion enhancement layer portion.
- the fluorine atom density in the carbon film was 1 ⁇ 10 19 to 1 ⁇ 10 21 atoms / cm 3 . It has been found that when the fluorine atom density in the adhesion enhancing layer is 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or more, the above-mentioned effect is most effectively imparted.
- the laminate of the carbon film and the iron-based substrate of the present invention has the above-described properties, sliding members that cannot use conventional liquid / semi-liquid lubricants, such as food processing machines, office equipment parts, aerospace equipment, It can be applied to semiconductor related manufacturing equipment, special environments such as vacuum, clean / ultra clean, and ultra-small machines.
- Plasma generation chamber 102 Square waveguide with a slot 103 Quartz member for microwave introduction 104 Metal support member which supports a quartz member 105 Film-forming base material 106 Sample stage for installing a film-forming base material 107 Supply / drainage of cooling water 108 Exhaust 109 Gas introducing means for generating plasma 110 Reactor
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Abstract
Description
例えば、特許文献1では、ダイヤモンド粒子で研磨した基体又は大きさが約0.05~1μmのダイヤモンド粒子を均一に被覆した基体をダイヤモンド薄膜蒸着用プラズマの近くに配置し、600℃以下の基体温度で主として水素とメタンとから成り、必要あれば二酸化炭素を含んだガス混合物を含有するプラズマを1~15Torrの圧力下で発生させて、基体上に基体に対して付着力のあるダイヤモンド薄膜を蒸着させることが提案されている。
すなわち、基材表面に付着した粒径5~50nmのダイヤモンド微粒子の隙間を埋め尽くすように付着力増強層が形成され、かつダイヤモンド微粒子が付着力増強層からわずかに突出するように形成される場合に、良好な付着強度が得られる。ただし、全てのダイヤモンド微粒子が突出する必要はなく、少なくとも1つ以上のダイヤモンド微粒子が付着力増強層から突出していればよい。これは、成膜される炭素膜の付着力はシーディングしたダイヤモンド微粒子および付着力増強層のそれぞれのアンカー効果によりもたらされるものであるからである。
それに対して、図2に示すように、付着力増強層がない、あるいは極端に薄い場合は、付着力増強層によるアンカー効果がないため、良好な付着強度は得られない。また付着力増強層が厚すぎる場合は、ダイヤモンド微粒子によるアンカー効果が得られないため、良好な付着強度が得られない、ということが明らかとなった。
図3はその結果を示す図である。成膜は基材温度が室温(RT)から開始する。基材はプラズマによって加熱され徐々に温度が上昇する。基材温度が室温からあるしきい温度になるまで、付着力増強層である酸化シリコン層(SiOx、x=1~2)が基材表面に優先的に形成される。基材がさらに加熱され基材温度がしきい温度以上になると、今度は炭素膜が堆積する。しきい温度は基材の種類によって多少異なるが、200~300℃である。このような形成過程を経て付着力増強層と炭素膜との積層体が形成されることが明らかとなった。
1.基材温度の上昇プロファイル
2.石英窓からのシリコン含有ガスの供給レート
3.プラズマエッチングによる付着力増強層の除去効果
[1]基材と、該基材の上に設けられた、フッ素原子(F)を1×1019個/cm3以上の濃度で含有する酸化シリコン(Si0x、x=1~2)からなる炭素膜付着増強層と、該炭素膜付着増強層上に設けられた炭素膜とを備え、該炭素膜はその膜中にフッ素原子を1×1019~1×1021個/cm3の濃度で含有し、CuKα1線によるX線回折スペクトルにおいて、ブラッグ角(2θ±0.5°)の43.9°のピークフィッティング曲線Aに41.7°のピークフィッティング曲線Bおよびベースラインを重畳して得られる近似スペクトル曲線(ここで、前記フィッティング曲線AはピアソンVII関数の曲線、前記フィッティング曲線Bは非対称正規分布関数の曲線、前記ベースラインは一次関数をもって表される。)を有することを特徴とする炭素膜積層体。
[2]前記炭素膜の表面粗さRaが、20nm以下であることを特徴とする[1]に記載の炭素膜積層体。
[3]前記炭素膜の表面粗さ輪郭曲線のパワースペクトルが、べき乗則に従い、そのスケーリング指数が3~5であることを特徴とする[1]又は[2]に記載の炭素膜積層体
[4]前記炭素膜の、大気中温度0~50℃、湿度10~100%における摩擦係数が、0.01~0.1であるであることを特徴とする[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の炭素膜積層体。
[5]前記炭素膜の、波長400~800nmにおける光透過率が55%以上であることを特徴とする[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の炭素膜積層体。
[6]前記炭素膜の、波長400~800nmにおける光透過率が80%以上であることを特徴とする[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の炭素膜積層体。
[7]前記炭素膜の熱伝導率が10W/mK以上で、100℃における抵抗率が1×107Ωcm以上であることを特徴とする[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の炭素膜積層体。
[8]基材の表面を超音波で処理を行う工程、該超音波処理した基材上にナノクリスタルダイヤモンドを付着させる工程、及び該ナノクリスタルダイヤモンドを付着した基材上にCVD処理を施して、炭素膜を作る成膜工程を備え、該成膜工程は、水素ガス、炭化水素ガス、酸素含有ガス、及びフッ化炭素系ガスを用いて、プラズマの電子温度が0.5~3eVとなる位置に前記基材を配置して行うことを特徴とする、[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載された炭素膜積層体の製造方法。
[9][1]~[7]にいずれかに記載の炭素膜積層体を備えることを特徴とする潤滑材。
基材にはブロック状のSUS440Cステンレス鋼を用いた。ステンレス基材の形状は16mm×6mm、高さ10mmであった。この16mm×6mmの1面を鏡面研磨し、これを炭素膜成膜面とした。該成膜面の表面粗さはRaで3~4nmであった。これらステンレス基材は、表面の油分を除去するため、CS揮発油(ガソリン)中で手洗いした後、イソプロパノール中で超音波処理を行い、続いてCS揮発油およびアセトンの混合液中で超音波処理を行った。さらにアセトン中で超音波処理を行い乾燥させた後、水中に分散させたナノクリスタルダイヤモンド粒子を付着させる前処理を施した。これには、この分散液にステンレス基材を浸して超音波洗浄器にかけ、その後、該基材をエタノール中に浸して超音波洗浄を行った後、該基材を取り出して乾燥させた。このようにして、表面にナノクリスタルダイヤモンド粒子を付着させたステンレス基材を得た。ステンレス基材への該ナノクリスタルダイヤモンド粒子の付着は超音波洗浄処理における物理的力により、該粒子の一部が基板表面へ埋没することによるものである。ステンレス基材に付着するダイヤモンド粒子は、プラズマCVD処理における炭素膜成長の種結晶として作用する。
CVD処理に用いたガスは、水素90モル%、メタンガス5モル%、二酸化炭素5モル%、CF4ガス0.1モル%であった。ガス圧を20Paにてプラズマを発生させ、プラズマの電子温度が2.6eVとなる、石英窓から125mmの位置に基材を配置し、20時間プラズマCVD処理を行った。この際、基材と同材質、同形状のダミー基材を用意し、該ダミー基材のプラズマが照射される上面に熱電対を接触固定し、これを成膜用基材の近傍に配置することによって、基材温度の測定を行った。プラズマCVD処理を通じて基材温度はおよそ360℃であった。このプラズマCVD処理により、およそ1.8μmの厚さの炭素膜が基材表面に堆積した。
図5に見るように、その積層体のラマン散乱スペクトルには、ラマンシフト1333cm-1付近に位置するピークが明瞭に認められ、炭素膜が堆積したことが明らかである。同手法で作製した他の多数の試料についても、同様に測定を行った結果、このピークは1320~1340cm-1の範囲にあり、1333±10cm-1の範囲に必ず入ることが分かった。また、ラマンシフト1600cm-1付近に見られるブロードなピークは、炭素のsp2結合成分の存在を示す。この成分の割合が多くなり、例えば1600cm-1近傍のピークが、1333cm-1近傍のピークよりずっと強くなると、その膜は不透明な黒色となる。図5の場合、このピークの高さは1333cm-1のピークの2分の1以下と小さく、後で示すように、この膜が透明であることがわかる。ラマンシフト1333cm-1付近に位置するピークの半値全幅(FWHM)は約33cm-1であった。他の多数の試料についても,同様に測定を行った結果、FWHMは10~40cm-1の範囲にあることが分かった。
この炭素膜積層体をX線回折により観察した。以下、測定の詳細を記す。
使用したX線回折装置は、株式会社リガク製X線回折装置RINT XRD-DSCIIであり、ゴニオメーターはリガク社製UltimaIII水平ゴニオメーターである。このゴニオメーターに、薄膜標準用多目的試料台を取り付けてある。X線は銅(Cu)のKα1線を用いた。X線管の印加電圧・電流は40kV・40mAであった。X線の検出器にはシンチレーションカウンターを用いた。まず、シリコンの標準試料を用いて、散乱角(2θ角)の校正を行った。2θ角のずれは+0.02°以下であった。次に測定試料を試料台に固定し、2θ角を0°、すなわち検出器にX線の強度を測定した。測定に用いたコンピュータプログラムは、株式会社リガク製RINT2000/PCソフトウェア Windows(登録商標)版である。
本発明の積層体の触診型表面形状測定機による、表面粗さの評価を行った。この場合、基材の表面粗さの評価を行った。使用した表面形状測定装置は、株式会社小坂研究所製サーフコーダET4300微細形状測定機であり、触針として先端半径2μmの該微細形状測定装置標準ダイヤモンドスタイラスを使用した。測定条件は、評価長0.4mm、カットオフ値0.08mm、スキャン速度5μm/s、50nmステップ(評価長の8000等分)にて測定を行った。測定制御および得られた表面形状データの解析は、該微細形状測定装置標準の粗さ解析システムソフトウェア、i-STAR SE Application version 6.72によって行った。その結果の表面形状輪郭曲線を図7に示す。同図の輪郭曲線の縦軸は、平均高さを0として描いてある。この輪郭曲線より得られた表面粗さパラメータは、図7にも示した通り、算術平均粗さRaで8.9nm、二乗平均平方根粗さRqで12.4nm、および最大断面高さRtで142nmであった。炭素膜の表面粗さは、炭素膜の堆積条件によって異なるが、Raで3~20nmの範囲にあることを確認した。なお、算術平均粗さRa、二乗平均平方根粗さRq、および最大断面高さRtについては、例えば「JIS B 0601-2001」または「ISO4287-1997」に詳述されている。
前述の、本発明の炭素膜とステンレス基材の積層体の表面形状輪郭曲線より、表面形状の周期構造の解析を行った。この解析のために、図7に示した表面形状輪郭曲線のパワースペクトルを求めた。パワースペクトルを求めるために、該輪郭曲線の高速フーリエ変換(FFT)を行った。全評価長0.4mmのうち、0~0.2048mmまでの4096個の高さデータを用いた。FFTは米国Microsoft社製表計算ソフトウェア、Microsoft Excel 2002 SP3、およびそのアドオン分析ツールによって行った。
図8に得られたパワースペクトルを示した。前記輪郭曲線の測定長さ刻み値(ステップ)ΔLは、前述の50nmであり、データ個数Nは4096個であるから、データ区間L0は前述の通りL0=ΔL×N=0.2048mmであり、図8のパワースペクトルの横軸となる空間周波数(波数)の刻み値Δk=1/L0は、約0.00488μmである。また、図8の縦軸のパワースペクトル密度Pは、FFTにより得られた波数k(k=n・Δk:1≦n≦N)に対する、輪郭曲線のフーリエ成分をF(k)として、P=|F(k)|2/L0で定義した。ただし、表計算ソフトウェアExcel 2002においては、分析ツールのFFTにおいては周波数間隔Δkは1に設定されてしまうため、FFTの出力のn番目の値をCnとすれば、|F(k)|=|Cn|・ΔLである。FFTおよびパワースペクトルについては、例えば「Excelによるフーリエ解析入門」(昭晃堂)を参照すると良い。
この炭素膜の可視光に対する透過率の測定を行った。透過率を測定するにあたり、炭素膜と積層体を形成する基材は透明である必要がある。したがって、可視光透過率を測定するにあたり、直径10cm、厚み1mmのホウケイ化ガラスウェハ基板上に炭素膜を堆積し、積層体を形成したものを使用した。使用した透過率測定装置は、Perkin Elmer社製UV/Vis/NTR Spectrometer Lambda 900を使用し、波長領域300~800nmでの透過率の測定を行った。測定の際、光源の光を2つの光路に分割し、1つを該積層体に当て、他方を炭素膜が堆積されていないガラスウェハに当てた。これにより、積層体とガラス基板の透過率スペクトルを同時に測定し、積層体のスペクトルからガラス基板のスペクトルを差し引くことにより、該炭素膜自身の透過率スペクトルを求めた。測定および解析には、本装置用測定解析用コンピュータソフトウェアであるPerkin Elmer社製 UV-WinLab ver. X1.7Aを使用した。その結果、可視光領域全体(波長400~800nm)での平均透過率を求めると、約90%となり、未研磨の炭素膜としては、非常に透明度が高いことが分かった。特に一般的な未研磨のダイヤモンド薄膜と比較しても、圧倒的に高い透過率をもつことが分かった。
本発明において、基材と積層体を形成する炭素膜の熱伝導測定を、レーザーフラッシュ法を用いて行った。この測定法では基材には石英ガラスを用いた。石英ガラス基材に炭素膜を堆積し、炭素膜の熱伝導性の評価を行った。5mm×5mm、厚さ100μmの石英ガラス基材に、膜厚1μmの炭素膜を形成した。これを30枚重ねて5mm×5mm、側面の厚さおよそ3mmの直方体形状の試料を作製した。この厚さおよそ3mmの側面に赤外光レーザーを照射し、レーザーフラッシュ法により炭素膜を形成した石英ガラスの面内方向の熱拡散率を求めた。赤外光レーザー照射面は赤外光の吸収を高めるため、黒化処理を行った。(本実施例で用いたレーザーフラッシュ法による測定およびデータ解析では、「最新熱測定-基礎から応用-」(八田一郎監修、アルバック理工(株)編集、アグネ技術センター)に記載の手法に則った。)同時に、炭素膜のない石英ガラス基材のみを同様に30枚重ねた直方体形状の試料を作成し、石英ガラス基材のみの熱拡散率を測定した。以上の測定から、炭素膜のある石英ガラス基材と、炭素膜のない石英ガラス基材の熱拡散率を比較し、炭素膜のみの面内方向の25℃における熱拡散率を得た。またこの積層体の炭素膜の比熱および密度を測定した。これらを熱拡散率に乗算することにより、本発明の炭素膜について熱伝導率、30W/mK以上、を得た。
この炭素膜とSUS440C基材との積層体における、炭素膜の基材に対する付着性試験を行った。付着性試験はスクラッチ試験により行った。スクラッチ試験機として、株式会社レスカ製超薄膜スクラッチ試験機CSR-2000を使用した。また、触針は本装置標準ダイヤモンド触針で先端チップ半径25μmのものを使用した。測定条件は、スクラッチ速度10μm/s、バネ定数100g/mm、励震レベル100μm、測定終了荷重500mN、および測定終了時間180s(荷重増加速度約2.78mN/s)で測定を行った。測定には、本装置標準の測定解析用コンピュータソフトウェア、CSR-2000 Data Analysis System Version 1.4.2を用いた。この測定の結果、最大荷重(500mN)まで荷重をかけても、炭素膜が剥離することはなく、本測定では剥離荷重が500mN以上であるということが分かった。
本発明における炭素膜と基材の積層体、特にSUS440Cステンレス鋼基材との積層体において、その摩擦・摩耗特性の評価を行った。摩擦・摩耗特性試験には、新東科学株式会社製荷重変動型摩擦摩耗試験システム TriboGear HHS2000を用い、ボール・オン・プレート、またはピン・オン・プレート構成の一定加重往復動試験を行った。試験は大気中常温(気温22~27℃、湿度30~55%)で、潤滑油等は使用せず、無潤滑環境で行った。摩擦の相手材としては、基材と同じSUS440Cステンレス鋼とし、直径3/16インチのボール、または直径5mm、先端部(摩擦部)の曲率半径30mmのピンを用いた。試験加重は1Nとし、往復動振幅10mm、往復速度0.5Hz、総往復回数3600回(総すべり距離72m)または9999回(総すべり距離約200m)とした。測定、および解析には、本装置標準測定解析用コンピュータソフトウェア、新東科学株式会社製トライボソフトver.4.11を用いた。
上記のような効果をもつフッ素の炭素膜中での濃度を測定するために、二次イオン質量分析測定(SIMS)を行った。一次イオンとしてはセシウム負イオン(Cs-)を用い、入射エネルギーは14.5eVとした。測定した試料の膜厚は、およそ0.4μmであった。図14は測定により得られた、炭素膜の表面から基材との界面へ向かう、フッ素原子の濃度分布である。この場合、炭素膜中でのフッ素原子の原子数密度は1×1019~1×1020個/cm3の範囲にあり、付着力増強層の部分で1×1019個/cm3を超えていることがわかる。炭素膜中および付着力増強層中のフッ素原子濃度を変えた、多くの試料について調査した結果、炭素膜中のフッ素原子密度が1×1019~1×1021個/cm3で、かつ付着力増強層中のフッ素原子密度が1×1020個/cm3以上であるとき、前記効果を最も効果的に付与することが分かった。
102 スロット付き角型導波管
103 マイクロ波導入するための石英部材
104 石英部材を支持する金属製支持部材
105 被成膜基材
106 被成膜基材を設置するための試料台
107 冷却水の給排水
108 排気
109 プラズマ発生用ガス導入手段
110 反応炉
Claims (9)
- 基材と、該基材の上に設けられた、フッ素原子(F)を1×1019個/cm3以上の濃度で含有する酸化シリコン(Si0x、x=1~2)からなる炭素膜付着増強層と、該炭素膜付着増強層上に設けられた炭素膜とを備え、該炭素膜はその膜中にフッ素原子を1×1019~1×1021個/cm3の濃度で含有し、CuKα1線によるX線回折スペクトルにおいて、ブラッグ角(2θ±0.5°)の43.9°のピークフィッティング曲線Aに41.7°のピークフィッティング曲線Bおよびベースラインを重畳して得られる近似スペクトル曲線(ここで、前記フィッティング曲線AはピアソンVII関数の曲線、前記フィッティング曲線Bは非対称正規分布関数の曲線、前記ベースラインは一次関数をもって表される。)を有することを特徴とする炭素膜積層体。
- 前記炭素膜の表面粗さRaが、20nm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の炭素膜積層体。
- 前記炭素膜の表面粗さ輪郭曲線のパワースペクトルが、べき乗則に従い、そのスケーリング指数が3~5であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の炭素膜積層体
- 前記炭素膜の、大気中温度0~50℃、湿度10~100%における摩擦係数が、0.01~0.1であることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の炭素膜積層体。
- 前記炭素膜の、波長400~800nmにおける光透過率が55%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の炭素膜積層体。
- 前記炭素膜の、波長400~800nmにおける光透過率が80%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の炭素膜積層体。
- 前記炭素膜の熱伝導率が10W/mK以上で、100℃における抵抗率が1×107Ωcm以上(100℃)であることを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の炭素膜積層体。
- 基材の表面を超音波で処理を行う工程、該超音波処理した基材上にナノクリスタルダイヤモンドを付着させる工程、及び該ナノクリスタルダイヤモンドを付着した基材上にCVD処理を施して、炭素膜を作る成膜工程を備え、該成膜工程は、水素ガス、炭化水素ガス、酸素含有ガス、及びフッ化炭素系ガスを用いて、プラズマの電子温度が0.5~3eVとなる位置に前記基材を配置して行うことを特徴とする、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載された炭素膜積層体の製造方法。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の炭素膜積層体を備えることを特徴とする潤滑材。
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US20080024923A1 (en) * | 2006-05-24 | 2008-01-31 | Tdk Corporation | Lubricant film forming method, slide body with lubricant film, magnetic recording medium, magnetic head slider, and hard disk drive |
-
2012
- 2012-05-10 EP EP12781837.5A patent/EP2708617A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-05-10 US US14/115,447 patent/US20140079910A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-05-10 JP JP2013514058A patent/JP5652927B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-05-10 WO PCT/JP2012/062061 patent/WO2012153819A1/ja active Application Filing
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JPH1095694A (ja) | 1996-07-29 | 1998-04-14 | Univ Michigan State | 付着力のあるダイヤモンド薄膜の蒸着方法 |
WO2005103326A1 (ja) | 2004-04-19 | 2005-11-03 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science And Technology | 炭素膜 |
JP2005330556A (ja) * | 2004-05-21 | 2005-12-02 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial & Technology | 炭素系摺動材 |
WO2007004647A1 (ja) | 2005-07-04 | 2007-01-11 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science And Technology | 炭素膜 |
JP2007023331A (ja) * | 2005-07-15 | 2007-02-01 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial & Technology | 摺動材 |
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See also references of EP2708617A4 |
SURFACE AND COATINGS TECHNOLOGY, vol. 57, 1993, pages 155 - 162 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20140079910A1 (en) | 2014-03-20 |
JPWO2012153819A1 (ja) | 2014-07-31 |
EP2708617A1 (en) | 2014-03-19 |
EP2708617A4 (en) | 2014-12-31 |
JP5652927B2 (ja) | 2015-01-14 |
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