WO2012150933A1 - Topologie et commande d'onduleurs solaires à génération de puissance réactive distribuée - Google Patents

Topologie et commande d'onduleurs solaires à génération de puissance réactive distribuée Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012150933A1
WO2012150933A1 PCT/US2011/034981 US2011034981W WO2012150933A1 WO 2012150933 A1 WO2012150933 A1 WO 2012150933A1 US 2011034981 W US2011034981 W US 2011034981W WO 2012150933 A1 WO2012150933 A1 WO 2012150933A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
switch
voltage
primary side
transformer
operation mode
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2011/034981
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Madhuwanti Joshi
Bruce Modick
Hussam Alatrash
Ronald DECKER
Johan ENSLIN
Original Assignee
Petra Solar, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Petra Solar, Inc. filed Critical Petra Solar, Inc.
Priority to PCT/US2011/034981 priority Critical patent/WO2012150933A1/fr
Publication of WO2012150933A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012150933A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/4807—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode having a high frequency intermediate AC stage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
    • H02J3/1892—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks the arrangements being an integral part of the load, e.g. a motor, or of its control circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1582—Buck-boost converters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

Definitions

  • a power stage circuit may comprise a plurality of semiconductor switches (e.g., MOSFETs or IGBTs): a first switch (Qi), a second switch (Q 2 ), a third switch (Q 3 ), a fourth switch (Q 4 ), a fifth switch (Q 5 ), a sixth switch (Q ), a seventh switch (Q 7 ), and an eighth switch ((3 ⁇ 4).
  • switches Q ls Q 2 , Q 3 and Q 4 may be switched on and off at a switching frequency (e.g., much higher than a line frequency).
  • switches Q 6 and Q 8 may be on and switches Q 5 and Q 7 may be switched at the switching frequency.
  • switches Q 5 and Q 7 may be kept on, and switches Q 6 and Q 8 may be switched on and off at the switching frequency.
  • FIG. 1 shows the prior art power circuit
  • FIG. 2 shows a power circuit
  • FIG. 3 shows a power circuit operation in a first mode
  • FIG. 4 shows a power circuit operation in a second mode
  • FIG. 5 shows a power circuit operation in a third mode
  • FIG. 6 shows a power circuit operation in a fourth mode
  • FIG. 7 shows a power circuit operation in a fifth mode
  • FIG. 8 shows a power circuit operation in a sixth mode
  • FIG. 9 shows a power circuit operation in a seventh mode
  • FIG. 10 shows a power circuit operation in an eighth mode
  • FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing a control strategy
  • FIGs. 12A and 12B illustrate circuit operation in various modes during reactive (FIG. 12 A) and active (FIG. 12B) power generation;
  • FIGs. 13A, 13B, and 13C show alternate forms for a power stage topology.
  • Embodiments of the invention may provide a method and control system for VAR control capability while maintaining a very high DC to AC power conversion efficiency when used in an active power generation mode.
  • Resonant converters have been studied for different applications since the 1980's. They have low switching losses, low electro magnetic interference (EMI), and have the advantage of sinusoidal voltage and/or current in the circuit. Because of very high efficiency requirement that may be needed for solar inverters, resonant converter seems to be an appropriate choice. Even though embodiments of the present invention may also use resonant converter at a front end, resonant converters may also be applied to all the forward types of topologies using a full bridge converter.
  • EMI electro magnetic interference
  • FIG. 1 shows a prior art power circuit.
  • the power circuit of FIG. 1 has a DC to DC converter and a high frequency inverter.
  • the DC to DC converter is a resonant converter that boosts a low voltage DC from a solar panel to a high voltage DC.
  • the high frequency inverter is sine modulated to generate sinusoidal current.
  • the circuit shown in FIG. 1 is a resonant DC-DC converter, it can be any DC to DC converter.
  • the prior art circuit of FIG. 1 needs two control loops; one control loop for maintaining the high voltage DC at the input of the high frequency inverter and another control loop for regulating the generated AC source current.
  • the high voltage DC is regulated by varying the frequency of the input switching circuit.
  • the AC grid current is regulated by sine pulse width modulating the high frequency inverter.
  • One of the drawbacks of this prior art circuit shown in FIG. 1 is that it has many components. Another drawback for this circuit is it has less efficiency when operated in active power generation mode. Also, the control of the prior art circuit of FIG. 1 is more complex because it has two switching stages. Furthermore, the need for a separate filter at the output adds cost and additional components to the power circuit of FIG. 1.
  • Fig. 2 shows a power stage circuit 200 using a series resonant converter topology.
  • power stage circuit 200 may comprise a plurality of semiconductor switches (e.g., MOSFETs or IGBTs): a first switch 201 (Q , a second switch 202 (Q 2 ), a third switch 203 (Q 3 ), a fourth switch 204 (Q 4 ), a fifth switch 205 (Q 5 ), a sixth switch 206 (Q 6 ), a seventh switch 207 (Q 7 ), and an eighth switch 208(Q 8 ).
  • MOSFETs semiconductor switches
  • power stage circuit 200 may include a resonant tank comprising a resonant inductor 210 (Lr) and a resonant capacitor 215 (C r ), a transformer 220 (Ti), a first output capacitor 225 (C 01 ), and a second output capacitor 230 (C 02 ).
  • the resonant tank may comprise any resonant tank topology including parallel resonant (e.g. series L and parallel C), series parallel resonant (e.g. series L, series C and parallel C), or LLC resonant (e.g. series L series C and parallel L), for example.
  • Power stage circuit 200 may connect a solar panel 240 (e.g., a direct current (DC) source for generating DC power) with an AC line 245.
  • An input capacitor 235 ( ) may be connected across solar panel 240.
  • Transformer 220 may have a primary winding 250 and a secondary winding 255. That part of power stage circuit 200 that is connected to primary winding 250 may be considered the primary side of power stage circuit 200 and that part of power stage circuit 200 that is connected to secondary winding 255 may be considered the secondary side of power stage circuit 200. Consistent with embodiments of the invention, any component shown in FIG. 2 may comprise multiple elements. For example, any one or more of the aforementioned switches T/US2011/034981 may comprise one or more switches in series or parallel, for example, and are not limited to one switch. Moreover, while circuit 200 is shown as having one stage in FIG. 2, circuit 200 may comprise one or many stages in series and/or parallel, for example. Furthermore, circuit 200 may include no rectifier.
  • a new topology and control system for active and reactive power generating solar inverters may be provided.
  • Fig. 2 shows power stage circuit 200.
  • Circuit 200 may comprise a single stage DC to AC converter.
  • the DC voltage may generate an AC current that has the same frequency as the AC source and is either in phase with the AC source or out of phase with the AC source.
  • the AC source may act as a sink for the AC current. This may be achieved as follows.
  • circuit 200 may take the low voltage DC from solar panel 240 and generate a high frequency AC current (e.g. a first AC current) and a high f equency AC voltage (e.g. a first AC voltage) across primary winding 250 by using switches Qi, Q 2 , Q 3 and Q 4 , inductor Lr, and capacitor C r .
  • the first AC voltage may be amplified in to a high amplitude, high frequency AC voltage (e.g. a second AC voltage) across secondary winding 255 by transformer 220.
  • Transformer 220 may also reduce the amplitude of the first AC current in to a secondary side high frequency AC current (e.g.
  • Both the first and the second AC currents may have an AC line frequency current component and a switching frequency component.
  • the high frequency current component may flow through switches Q 5 , Q 6 , Q 7 , Q 8 and capacitors COi and C0 2 .
  • the AC line frequency current component may flow through switches Q 5 , Q 6 , Q 7 , and Qg to AC line 245. This current may be referred to as a third AC current.
  • a third AC voltage corresponding to the third AC current may be the same as a voltage on AC line 245.
  • the switches Q ls Q 2 , Q 3 and Q 4 may be switched on and off at a switching frequency (e.g., much higher than a line frequency of AC line 245).
  • switches Q 6 and Q 8 may be on and switches Q 5 and Q 7 may be switched at the switching frequency.
  • switches Q 5 and Q 7 may be kept on, and switches Q 6 and Q 8 may be switched on and off at the switching frequency.
  • a resonant operation may be ensured by inductor Lr and capacitor C r .
  • the switching frequency can be higher than a resonant frequency of the resonant tank (i.e. comprising inductor Lr and capacitor C r ) or lower than the resonant frequency of the resonant tank.
  • Power stage circuit 200 can be used to support unidirectional or bidirectional current flow with respect to AC line 245.
  • the switches in power stage circuit 200 may be turned on at zero current or zero voltage depending on the mode of operation.
  • the current flow is from the AC source (e.g., AC line 245) to the DC voltage, energy may be stored in the input capacitor Q.
  • circuit 200 may operate in a full bridge or a half bridge mode depending on the input and output voltage. As will be described in greater detail below, based on various switching instants, there may be eight different modes of operation.
  • power stage circuit 200 may operate in a full bridge operation when the peak input voltage to the resonant tank is equal to the DC voltage from solar panel 240.
  • the third AC current may be regulated by frequency/pulse width/phase shift modulating Qj, Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q 4 .
  • FIG. 3 shows power stage circuit 200's operation in a first mode (i.e., mode 1).
  • the first mode may be in full bridge operation and when the AC line voltage is positive and the transformer primary voltage is positive.
  • the transformer primary voltage may comprise the voltage measured across the primary winding 250 of transformer (T x ).
  • the switches , Q 3 , Q 5 , Q 6 , and Q 8 may be on.
  • the first AC current may flow through the circuit elements Q 1? Lr, C r , transformer 220, and Q 3 .
  • the second AC current may flow through secondary winding 255, Q 5 , Q 6 , and CO . CO] may be charged to half the AC line voltage.
  • the third AC current may flow through the circuit elements Q 5 , Q 6 , AC line 245, C0 2 , and secondary winding 255.
  • the following switching strategy may be used.
  • the switches Qj and Q 3 may be turned on when the voltage across them is zero (e.g. a zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) scheme) and Q 5 may be turned on at the zero crossing instant of the second AC current.
  • the switch Q 5 may be turned on when the voltage across it is zero (ZVS switching scheme) and Qi and Q 3 may be turned on at the zero crossing instant of the first AC current.
  • FIG. 4 shows power stage circuit 200's operation in a second mode (i.e., mode 2).
  • the second mode may be in a full bridge operation and when the voltage of AC line 245 is positive and the voltage across primary winding 250 is negative. Consistent with embodiments of the invention, the switches Q 2 , Q 4 , Q6, Q7, and Q8 may be on.
  • the first AC current may flow through the circuit elements Q 2 , L r , C r , transformer 220, and Q 4 .
  • the second AC current may flow through secondary winding 255, C0 2 , Q 8 , and Q 7 .
  • Capacitor C0 2 may be charged to half the line voltage.
  • the third AC current may flow through the circuit elements COi, AC line, Q 7 , Q 8 , and secondary winding 255.
  • the following switching strategy may be used.
  • the switches Q 2 and Q 4 may be turned on when the voltage across them is zero (ZVS switching scheme) and Q 7 may be turned on at the zero crossing instant of the second AC current.
  • the switch Q 7 may be turned on when the voltage across it is zero (ZVS switching scheme) and Q 2 and Q may be turned on at the zero crossing instant of the first AC current.
  • FIG. 5 shows power stage circuit 200' s operation in a third mode (i.e., mode 3).
  • the third mode may be in a full bridge operation and when the voltage of AC line 245 is negative and the voltage across primary winding 250 is positive.
  • switches Q Q 3 , Q 5 , Q 7 , and Q 8 maybe on.
  • the first AC current may flow through the circuit elements Qj, Lr, C r , transformer 220, and Q 3 .
  • the second AC current may flow through the circuit elements Q 8 , Q 7 , C0 2 and secondary winding 255.
  • Capacitor C0 2 may be charged to half of the negative line voltage.
  • the third AC current may flow through the circuit elements Q 8 , Q 7 , AC line 245, CO l5 and secondary winding 255.
  • the following switching strategy may be used.
  • the switches Qi and Q 3 may be turned on when the voltage across them is zero (ZVS switching scheme) and Q g may be turned on at the zero crossing instant of the second AC current.
  • the switch Q 8 may be turned on when the voltage across it is zero (ZVS switching scheme) and Qj and Q 3 may be turned on at the zero crossing instant of the first AC current.
  • FIG. 6 shows power stage circuit 200's operation in a fourth mode 4 (i.e., mode 4).
  • the fourth mode may be in a full bridge operation and when the voltage of AC line 245 is negative and the voltage across primary winding 250 is negative.
  • the switches Q 2 , Q 4 , Q 5 , Q 6 , and Q 7 may be kept on.
  • the first AC current may flow through the circuit elements Q 2 , Lr, C r , primary winding 250, and Q 4 .
  • the second AC current may flow through the circuit elements CC , Q 6 , Q 5 , and secondary winding 255.
  • the capacitor CC may be charged to half of the negative AC line voltage.
  • the third AC current may flow through the circuit elements C0 2 , AC line 245, Q 6 , Q 5 , and secondary winding 255.
  • the following switching strategy may be used.
  • the switches Q 2 and Q 4 may be turned on when the voltage across them is zero (ZVS switching scheme) and Q 6 may be turned on at the zero crossing instant of the second AC current.
  • the switch Q 6 may be turned on when the voltage across it is zero (ZVS switching scheme) and Q 2 and Q 4 may be turned on at the zero crossing instant of the first AC current.
  • power stage circuit 200 may operate in a half bridge mode when the peak input voltage to the resonant tank is equal to the half of the DC source voltage.
  • one of the switching legs connecting to the primary winding of transformer 220 e.g., comprising either Qi and Q 4 or Q 2 and Q 3
  • the third AC current may be regulated by frequency/pulse width modulating the other switching leg connecting to the primary winding of transformer 220.
  • FIG. 7 shows power stage circuit 200's operation in a fifth mode (i.e., mode 5).
  • the fifth mode may be in a half bridge operation and when the voltage of AC line 245 is positive and the voltage across primary winding 250 is positive.
  • the switches Q], Q 3 , Q 5 , Q 6 , and Q 8 may be kept on.
  • the first AC current may flow through the circuit elements Qi, Lr, C r , primary winding 250, and Q 3 .
  • the second AC current may flow through the switches Q 5 , Q 6 , C0 ls and secondary winding 255.
  • the capacitor COi may be charged to half of the AC line voltage.
  • the third AC current may flow through the circuit elements Q 5 , Q 6 , AC line 245, C0 2 , and secondary winding 255.
  • switches Qj and Q 3 may be turned on when the voltage across them is zero (ZVS switching scheme) and Q 5 may be turned on at the zero crossing instant of the second AC current.
  • Q 5 may be turned on when the voltage across it is zero (ZVS Switching scheme) and Qj and Q 3 may be turned on at the zero crossing instant of the first AC current.
  • FIG. 8 shows power stage circuit 200's operation in a sixth mode (i.e., mode 6).
  • the sixth mode may be in a half bridge operation and when the voltage of AC line voltage 245 is positive and the voltage across primary winding 250 is negative.
  • the switches Q 4 , Q 3 , Q 6 , Q 7 , and Q 8 may be on.
  • the first AC current may flow through the circuit elements Lr, Cr, primary winding 250, Q 3 , and Q 4 .
  • the second AC current may flow through the circuit elements C0 2 , Q 7 , Qs, and secondary winding 255.
  • the third AC current may flow through the circuit elements COi, AC line 245, Q 7 , Q 8 , and secondary winding 255.
  • the capacitor C0 2 may be charged to half the line voltage.
  • the following switching strategy may be used.
  • the switches Q 3 and Q 4 may be turned on when the voltage across them is zero (zero voltage switching scheme) and Q 7 may be turned on at the zero crossing instant of the second AC current.
  • Q 7 may be turned on when the voltage across it is zero (ZVS switching scheme) and the switches Q 3 and Q 4 may be turned on at the zero crossing instant of the first AC current.
  • FIG. 9 shows power stage circuit 200's operation in a seventh mode (i.e., mode 7).
  • the seventh mode may be in a half bridge operation and when the 1
  • AC voltage of AC line voltage 245 is negative and the voltage across primary winding 250 is positive.
  • the switches Q l5 Q 3 , Q 5 , Q 7 , and Q 8 may be kept on.
  • the first AC current may flow through the circuit elements Q t , L r , C r , primary winding 250, and Q 3 .
  • the second AC current may flow through Q 8 , Q 7 , C0 2 , and secondary winding 255.
  • the capacitor C0 2 may be charged to half the negative AC line voltage.
  • the third AC current may flow through the circuit elements Q 7 , Q 8 , AC line 245, CO l5 and secondary winding 255.
  • the following switching strategy may be used.
  • the switches Qi and Q 3 may be turned on when the voltage across them is zero (ZVS switching scheme) and Q 8 may be turned on at the zero crossing of the second AC current.
  • Q 8 may be turned on when the voltage across it is zero (ZVS switching scheme) and and Q 3 may be turned on at the zero current crossing instant of the first AC current.
  • FIG. 10 shows power stage circuit 200 's operation in an eighth mode (i.e., mode 8).
  • the eighth mode may be in a half bridge operation and when the voltage of AC line 245 is negative and the voltage across primary winding 250 is negative.
  • the switches Q 3 , Q 4 , Q 5 , Q 6 , and Q 7 may be kept on.
  • the first AC current may flow through the circuit elements L r , C r , primary winding 250, Q 3 , and Q 4 .
  • the second AC current may flow through secondary winding 255, CC , Q 6 , and Q 5 .
  • the capacitor CO] may be charged to half the negative line voltage.
  • the third AC current may flow through the circuit elements C0 2 , AC line 245, Q 6 , Q 5 , and secondary winding 255.
  • the following switching strategy may be used.
  • the switches Q 3 and Q 4 may be turned on when the voltage across them is zero (ZVS switching scheme) and Q 6 may be turned on at the zero crossing instant of the second AC current.
  • Q 6 may be turned on when the voltage across it is zero (ZVS switching scheme) and the switches Q 3 and Q 4 may be turned on at the zero current crossing instant of the first AC current.
  • Power stage circuit 200 may be operated, for example, using either frequency modulation (e.g., above or below resonant frequency), pulse width modulation, phase shift modulation, using bursts of high switching frequency modulated over low frequency or pulse skipping.
  • frequency modulation e.g., above or below resonant frequency
  • pulse width modulation e.g., above or below resonant frequency
  • phase shift modulation e.g., using bursts of high switching frequency modulated over low frequency or pulse skipping.
  • a control strategy diagram 1100 for active and reactive power generation may be shown in FIG. 11. There are two main loops in diagram 1100, an output current regulator (OCR) loop and an input voltage regulation (IVR) loop.
  • OCR output current regulator
  • IVR input voltage regulation
  • the AC line current (i.e., the third AC current) may be sensed and may be controlled using the OCR loop.
  • OCR loop is the innermost control loop.
  • the OCR loop may be responsible for controlling the instantaneous output current of the inverter (e.g., power stage circuit 200) to follow a sinusoidal reference provided to OCR loop.
  • the reference current waveform for this may be generated, for example, by sensing the grid voltage and a phase locked loop (PLL) generator 1120.
  • PLL generator 1120 may generate two waveforms, one may be in phase with the grid voltage and other one may be phase shifted by 90 degrees.
  • a VAR controller 1125 may decide how much reactive power the converter should generate.
  • power stage circuit 200 may go through modes 1, 2, 3, and 4 as described above. The transition in various modes is shown in FIG. 11. Modes 5, 6, 7, and 8 may also be used for reactive power generation when the load current is small or when the ratio of the instantaneous voltage of AC line 245 to the DC input voltage of solar panel 240 is very small.
  • FIGs. 12A and 12B illustrate power stage circuit 200 operation in various modes during reactive (FIG. 12 A) and active (FIG. 12B) power generation.
  • the IVR loop may be responsible for matching the DC input voltage of solar panel 240 to a reference point provided by a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) block 1130 as an estimate of the location of a maximum power point (MPP). This may be done by modulating the amplitude of the output current reference signal provided to the OCR. Modulating the amplitude of the output current varies the amount of average power injected to the grid, and the average power drawn from a PV source (e.g., solar panel 240).
  • the output of the IVR loop may be a slowly-varying (e.g., DC in steady state) signal that may be multiplied by the PLL output sine wave to produce a clean output current reference signal synchronized with the grid voltage.
  • FIGs. 13 A, 13B, and 13C show other embodiments of power stage circuit 200 where the front end is a parallel resonant circuit (FIG. 13 A), a series parallel resonant circuit (FIG. 13B), and an LLC resonant circuit (FIG. 13C).
  • FIG. 13A shows a single stage DC to AC converter with parallel resonant circuit at the primary side
  • FIG. 13B shows a single stage DC to AC converter with series parallel resonant circuit at the primary side
  • FIG. 13C shows a single stage DC to AC converter with LLC resonant circuit at the primary side.
  • Embodiments of the invention may be practiced in an electrical circuit comprising discrete electronic elements, packaged or integrated electronic chips containing logic gates, a circuit utilizing a microprocessor, or on a single chip containing electronic elements or microprocessors.
  • Embodiments of the invention may also be practiced using other technologies capable of performing logical operations such as, for example, AND, OR, and NOT, including but not limited to mechanical, optical, fluidic, and quantum technologies.
  • embodiments of the invention may be practiced within a general purpose computer or in any other circuits or systems.
  • Embodiments of the invention may be implemented as a computer process (method), a computing system, or as an article of manufacture, such as a computer program product or computer readable media.
  • the computer program product may be a computer storage media readable by a computer system and encoding a computer program of instructions for executing a computer process.
  • the computer program product may also be a propagated signal on a carrier readable by a computing system and encoding a computer program of instructions for executing a computer process.
  • the present invention may be embodied in hardware and/or in software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.).
  • embodiments of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product on a computer-usable or computer-readable storage medium having computer-usable or computer-readable program code embodied in the medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system.
  • a computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
  • the computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be, for example but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium.
  • the computer- readable medium may include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a readonly memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, and a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM).
  • the computer-usable or computer-readable medium could even be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, via, for instance, optical scanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted, or otherwise processed in a suitable manner, if necessary, and then stored in a computer memory.

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  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)

Abstract

Cette invention concerne un système électrique, comprenant une source de courant continu (CC) pour générer un courant continu et un convertisseur mono-étage conçu pour fournir un flux de courant bidirectionnel entre la source CC et un réseau de courant alternatif (CA). Ledit convertisseur mono-étage peut être conçu pour fournir le flux de courant bidirectionnel par conversion du CC en CA en fonctionnant selon au moins un mode prédéterminé. Le CA peut comprendre une composante de courant réactif et une composante de courant actif.
PCT/US2011/034981 2011-05-03 2011-05-03 Topologie et commande d'onduleurs solaires à génération de puissance réactive distribuée WO2012150933A1 (fr)

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WO2014192014A3 (fr) * 2013-05-02 2015-05-07 Indian Institute Of Technology Bombay Procédé et système pour un micro-inverseur photovoltaïque (pv) bidirectionnel à bas prix, raccordé au réseau
WO2015081444A1 (fr) * 2013-12-06 2015-06-11 Rajiv Kumar Varma Contrôleur de modulateur multivariable pour installation de génération d'énergie
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US10424935B2 (en) 2009-09-15 2019-09-24 Rajiv Kumar Varma Multivariable modulator controller for power generation facility

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US10424935B2 (en) 2009-09-15 2019-09-24 Rajiv Kumar Varma Multivariable modulator controller for power generation facility
US11271405B2 (en) 2009-09-15 2022-03-08 Rajiv Kumar Varma Multivariable modulator controller for power generation facility
WO2014192014A3 (fr) * 2013-05-02 2015-05-07 Indian Institute Of Technology Bombay Procédé et système pour un micro-inverseur photovoltaïque (pv) bidirectionnel à bas prix, raccordé au réseau
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WO2015081444A1 (fr) * 2013-12-06 2015-06-11 Rajiv Kumar Varma Contrôleur de modulateur multivariable pour installation de génération d'énergie
EP3005515B1 (fr) 2013-12-06 2020-06-24 Rajiv Kumar Varma Contrôleur de modulateur multivariable pour installation de génération d'énergie
WO2015124221A1 (fr) * 2014-02-18 2015-08-27 Sma Solar Technology Ag Procédé d'exploitation d'un onduleur capable de fournir de la puissance réactive équipé d'un inverseur de polarité et onduleur capable de fournir de la puissance réactive équipé d'un inverseur de polarité
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US20170110969A1 (en) * 2015-10-16 2017-04-20 General Electric Company Power conversion system and method of operating the same
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US10256732B2 (en) 2015-10-16 2019-04-09 General Electric Company Power conversion system and method of operating the same

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