WO2012142852A1 - 一种高分辨率的生物传感器 - Google Patents

一种高分辨率的生物传感器 Download PDF

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WO2012142852A1
WO2012142852A1 PCT/CN2011/085098 CN2011085098W WO2012142852A1 WO 2012142852 A1 WO2012142852 A1 WO 2012142852A1 CN 2011085098 W CN2011085098 W CN 2011085098W WO 2012142852 A1 WO2012142852 A1 WO 2012142852A1
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nano
storage compartment
micro
functional layer
insulating layer
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English (en)
French (fr)
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徐明生
陈红征
吴刚
施敏敏
汪茫
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Zhejiang University ZJU
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Zhejiang University ZJU
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/483Physical analysis of biological material
    • G01N33/487Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material
    • G01N33/48707Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material by electrical means
    • G01N33/48721Investigating individual macromolecules, e.g. by translocation through nanopores
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to sensors, and more particularly to a high resolution biosensor. Background technique
  • Gene sequencing technology is the basic platform technology for biomedical research.
  • the first generation of gene sequencing technology based on Sanger method must replicate (ie, amplify) DNA molecules multiple times, and simultaneously perform fluorescent tracer labeling. This process often leads to sequencing. Bringing errors, so a gene has to be sequenced multiple times to get a trustworthy result. And because of the shortcomings of this technology, which are costly and expensive, testing a person's genetic sequencing by this technology will cost between $10 and $25 million.
  • the National Human Genome launched an innovative program to develop a fast and low-cost ($1,000) new gene sequencing technology in 2004.
  • the X Prize Fund established a $10 million Archon X PRIZE for Genomics award in October 2006 to reward the first gene that can complete 100 people in 10 days. Sequencing team.
  • the second-generation gene sequencing technology has improved the sequencing speed, the cost is still too high (about 10 to 1 million US dollars) and the data analysis after the original data is obtained is expensive and the accuracy is not enough.
  • the third generation of gene sequencing technology based on single DNA molecules in development (Mingsheng Xu, et al. Small, 2009(5): 2638) has the advantages of being cheap, fast and accurate.
  • the third generation of gene sequencing technology includes nanopore gene sequencing technology.
  • Nanopore sequencing technology does not require fluorescent labels and does not require a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction, and it is expected to directly and quickly "read” the base sequence of DNA (M. Zwolak, M. Di Ventra, Rev. Mod. Phys. 2008(80): 141-165; D. Branton, et al, Nature Biotechnol. 2008(26): 1146-1153).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • the depth of the currently prepared nanopore is generally greater than 10 nm, which greatly exceeds the spacing of the single-stranded DNA base by 0.3 - 0.7 nm, so that approximately 15 bases in the well pass simultaneously, thus failing to achieve single-base sequencing of the gene.
  • Resolution To achieve a single base resolution, you must have components that are the same size as the base size (base spacing).
  • the structural form of DNA bases crossing the nanopore is difficult to control, making it more difficult to sequence DNA. Since the structure and chemistry of each DNA base are different, each base may have unique electronic characteristics.
  • the object of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and propose a high-resolution biosensor.
  • the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:
  • a high-resolution biosensor comprising: a first storage compartment (12), a second storage compartment (13), and a first storage compartment (12) respectively disposed at two ends of the third insulation layer (3)
  • a first electrophoresis electrode (10) is disposed on the second storage chamber (13)
  • a second electrophoresis electrode (11) is disposed on the second storage compartment (13)
  • a micro-nano is disposed between the first storage compartment (12) and the second storage compartment (13) a separation channel (14), between the first storage compartment (12) and the two storage compartments (13), there are n parallel array field effect transistor units (30), and between the n field effect transistor units (30)
  • the three insulating layers (3) are separated, and the field effect transistor unit (30) comprises a substrate (1), a dielectric layer (2), a source electrode (7), a drain electrode (8), a gate electrode (9), and a nano-functional layer.
  • each of the nano-functional layer units (20) includes a first insulating layer (4), a nano-functional layer (5), and a second insulating layer (6), and a center of each of the nano-functional layer units (20)
  • There is a nanopore (16) the nanopore (16) is in communication with the first storage compartment (12), the micro-nano separation channel (14) and the second storage compartment (13), and each nano-functional layer unit (20) is provided
  • Source electrode (7) and drain electrode (8) and the nano-functional layer unit (20) ) keep electrical contact, first electricity
  • the swimming electrode (10), the second electrophoresis electrode (11), the first storage chamber (12), the second storage chamber (13), the micro-nano separation channel (14), and the n field effect transistor units (30) constitute a biosensor (40), the plurality of biosensors (40) are arrayed to form a sensor array (50), and n is a natural number greater than or equal to 1.
  • the present invention also provides a high-resolution biosensor comprising a field effect transistor unit and a micro-nanofluidic device unit, the field effect transistor unit comprising a substrate, a dielectric layer, a source electrode, a drain electrode, and a gate
  • the nano-functional layer unit includes a first insulating layer, a nano-functional layer and a second insulating layer, wherein the nano-functional layer unit is provided with a nano-hole in a center thereof, and the nano-hole passes through the first insulating layer a nano-functional layer and a second insulating layer, and the first insulating layer, the nano-functional layer and the second insulating layer are sequentially disposed, and the nano-functional layer is provided with a source electrode and a drain electrode in electrical contact therewith; the micro-nano
  • the fluid device unit includes a first storage chamber, a second storage chamber, a third insulating layer, and a micro-nano separation channel, the first storage chamber and the second storage chamber being at both ends
  • the third insulating layer has a function as a substrate.
  • the source electrode and the drain electrode provided on the nano-functional layer and in electrical contact with it are the source electrode and the drain electrode of the field effect transistor unit.
  • Between the first storage compartment and the second storage compartment there are n parallel array field effect transistor units, and n field effect transistor units are separated by a third insulating layer, wherein n is greater than or equal to 1.
  • the field effect transistor device unit may be referred to as a function detecting unit.
  • the biosensor comprises N parallel micro-nanofluidic device units, wherein N is a natural number greater than or equal to one.
  • the biosensor comprises N parallel arranged micro-nanofluidic device units, and n parallel array field effect transistor units are arranged between the first storage chamber and the second storage chamber, and n field effect transistor units pass between The third insulating layer is spaced apart, and the nxN biosensors are arrayed to form a sensor array, wherein n and N are both natural numbers greater than or equal to 1.
  • the present invention also provides a high-resolution biosensor, comprising: a nano-functional layer unit and a micro-nanofluidic device unit, wherein the nano-functional layer unit comprises a first insulating layer, a nano-functional layer and a second insulating layer, The center of the nano-functional layer unit is provided with a nano-hole, the nano-hole passes through the first insulating layer, the nano-functional layer and the second insulating layer, and the first insulating layer, the nano-functional layer and the second insulating layer are sequentially placed,
  • the nano-functional layer is provided with two electrical contact layers connected thereto;
  • the micro-nano fluid device unit comprises a first storage compartment, a second storage compartment, a third insulation layer and a micro-nano separation channel, the first storage a chamber and a second storage chamber are disposed at two ends of the micro-nanofluidic device unit, a first electrophoresis electrode is disposed on the first storage chamber, and a second electrophoresis electrode
  • the third insulating layer has a function as a substrate. Between the first storage compartment and the second storage compartment, there are n nano-functional layer units arranged side by side, and the n nano-functional layer units are separated by a third insulating layer, wherein n is greater than or equal to 1. Natural number.
  • the nano-functional layer unit may be referred to as a function detecting unit.
  • the biosensor comprises N parallel micro-nanofluidic device units, wherein N is a natural number greater than or equal to one.
  • the biosensor comprises N parallel arranged micro-nanofluidic device units, and n parallel functional nano-functional layer units are arranged between the first storage compartment and the second storage compartment, and the n nano-functional layer units pass between The third insulating layer is spaced apart, and the nxN biosensors are arrayed to form a sensor array, wherein n and N are both natural numbers greater than or equal to 1.
  • the material of the nano-functional layer is a layered conductive material such as transition metal dichalcogenides and transition metal oxides, and the layered conductive material includes but is not limited to graphite, reduced oxidation.
  • graphite, graphene film partially hydrogenated, WS 2, VS 2, TiS 2, TaS 2, ZrS 2, MoSe 2, MoTe 2, BNC, MoS 2, NbSe 2 or Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x and the like;
  • the The nano-functional layer has a thickness of 0.2 to 50 nm, a thickness corresponding to 1 to 140 layers, a preferred layer number of 1 to 50 layers, and an optimum number of layers of 1 to 10 layers; and the graphite is 1 to 100 layers.
  • the graphene film has a preferred layer number of 1 to 50 layers, and the optimum number of layers is 1 to 10 layers.
  • the partially hydrogenated graphene film may be a graphene film in which a graphene film is reacted with hydrogen to convert a partial bond of graphene into a C-H s bond or a hydrogen element.
  • the layered material BNC is a layered conductive film made of boron nitride and graphene. It is composed of boron, nitrogen and carbon. Its electrical properties are between conductive graphene and insulating boron nitride. And its conductive properties can be controlled by changing the content of boron, nitrogen and carbon in the film, see literature (Lijie Ci, a/. Atomic layers of hybridized boron nitride and graphene domains, Nature Materials, 2010 (9) : 430-435).
  • the nanopore can be a circular hole, a polygonal hole or an elliptical hole, and the maximum pore diameter is l ⁇ 2000 nm.
  • the micro-nano separation channel can be a circular hole, a polygonal hole or an elliptical hole, and the maximum pore diameter is l ⁇ 2000 nm; the size of the micro-nano separation channel can be gradually changed from large to small from the inlet to the nanopore, and the size thereof is also It may be uniform; at the inlet and outlet of the micro-nano separation channel, there may be provided nanostructures, such as nanocolumns, etc., which facilitate separation of biomolecules and entry into the micro-nano separation channels.
  • the preferred length between the two electrical contact layers that are in contact with the nano-functional layer is 0.05 ⁇ to 1000 ⁇ , but is not limited thereto.
  • the two electrical contact layers may also be in contact with the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer at the same time, and electrical contact with the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer may be separately established to independently Gating is performed on the first insulating layer or the second insulating layer.
  • the preferred length between the source electrode and the drain electrode in electrical contact with the nano-functional layer is 0.05 ⁇ to 1000 ⁇ , but is not limited thereto.
  • the source electrode and the drain electrode may also be in contact with the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer at the same time, or a separate electrical contact with the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer may be established to be independent. Grounding is performed on the first insulating layer or the second insulating layer.
  • the preferred width of the nano-functional layer is 0.01 ⁇ to 1000 ⁇ , but is not limited thereto.
  • the preferred thickness of the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer is 0.001 ⁇ to 1000 ⁇ , but is not limited thereto.
  • the biosensor further includes an encapsulation layer that protects the nano-functional layer unit or the entire biosensor.
  • the present invention employs a layered conductive material such as graphene having a thickness of 0.335 nm as a nano-functional layer; in order to solve the problem of how to prepare an atomic-scale nano-functional layer in a nanopore, The present invention sandwiches the nano-functional layer between the two insulating layers; in order to control the movement of the detected biomolecule and the morphological structure when passing through the nanopore, the present invention integrates the nano-functional layer unit with the micro-nanofluidic device unit.
  • the shape of the nano-functional layer around the nanopore can solve the effect of the interaction between the base and the functional layer due to the different orientations of the bases when the DNA base traverses the nanopore.
  • the structure of the biosensor of the nano-functional layer unit is relatively simple, in general, only the current between the electrical contact layers in contact with the nano-functional layer can be used as a detection signal; if the nano-functional layer unit is used as a field Part of the effect transistor device for high resolution biosensors, all field effect characteristics such as current between source/drain electrodes, field transfer characteristics, threshold voltage, etc. can be used as detection signal.
  • the nano-functional layer unit or field effect transistor device unit may be referred to as a function detecting unit.
  • the thickness of the nano-functional layer of the present invention can be controlled at a single atomic scale to achieve the resolution requirements for detecting the electrical characteristics of a single base in single-stranded DNA, thereby being suitable for direct, inexpensive, and rapid gene electronic sequencing.
  • the biosensor of the invention solves the technical difficulty of integrating the nano functional layer into the nanopore, and the method for preparing and manipulating the nano functional layer is simple.
  • the nano-functional layer is sandwiched between two insulating layers to avoid contamination and unnecessary environmental influences.
  • the functional layer structure is firm.
  • the shape of the functional layer around the nanopore solves the effect of the interaction of the base and the functional layer due to the different orientations that the base may exist when the DNA base traverses the nanopore.
  • micro-nano channels facilitates the stretching of biological DNA molecules and controls the structural morphological changes of DNA as it traverses the nanopore.
  • a system integrating a field effect transistor unit or a nano-functional layer unit with a micro-nanofluidic device unit is advantageous for controlling the interaction of the biomolecule with the nano-functional layer when passing through the nanopore, and is advantageous for measuring changes in electrical properties.
  • the thickness of the nano-functional layer and the tested The molecular length of biomolecules is comparable, helping to study the specific properties of biomolecules.
  • the basic working principle of the biosensor of the present invention is: DNA molecules are straightened under the gradient field formed by the electrophoresis electrodes, and move from the first storage chamber through the micro-nano channels and nanopores to the second storage chamber; When the base of the molecule passes through the nanopore in turn, it interacts with the nano-functional layer. At this time, the nano-functional layer unit detects the change of the electrical properties caused by the interaction between the base and the functional layer, thereby obtaining the DNA sequence.
  • the detection of biomolecules by the biosensor of the present invention can also be combined with other working principles, and the present invention is more focused on the basic device structure of the biosensor.
  • biosensor of the present invention is not limited to detecting DNA molecules, but also includes other biological molecules such as RNA, proteins and the like.
  • biomolecules are detected by electrical characteristics, other performance differences such as optical properties derived from electrical characteristics can be detected to detect biomolecules.
  • FIG. 1 is a high-resolution biosensor of the present invention, wherein the function detecting unit is a nano-functional layer unit;
  • FIG. 2 is a high-resolution biosensor of the present invention, wherein the nano-functional layer unit is integrated in a field effect transistor unit, and the function detecting unit a field effect transistor unit;
  • FIG. 3 is a flow chart of preparing a nano-functional layer unit of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of a micro-nanofluidic device unit of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic flow chart of preparing a field effect transistor unit according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of n parallel-arranged biosensors of the present invention, wherein the function detecting unit is a nano-functional layer unit (n is a natural number greater than or equal to 1);
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of n parallel-arranged biosensors of the present invention, wherein a nano-functional layer unit is integrated in a field effect transistor, and a function detecting unit is a field effect transistor unit, wherein a gate is at a lower portion (n is greater than or equal to 1) Natural number);
  • n is greater than or equal to 1) Natural number
  • 9 is an array of nxN biosensor arrays of the present invention constituting a sensor array (n and N are natural numbers greater than or equal to 1); 10 is a schematic diagram of various electrical pulses applied to DNA biosequencing of a biosensor of the present invention, including electrophoretic pulses for migrating DNA movement and stretching DNA for controlling interaction between DNA bases and functional layers a latching pulse, a pulse for detecting a signal applied to the function detecting unit, and an automated base sequence analyzing pulse;
  • the basic configuration of the high-resolution biosensor of the present invention includes a micro-nanofluidic device unit 25 and a function detecting unit (which may be a nano-functional layer unit 20 or a field-effect transistor device unit 30), wherein the micro-nanofluidic device unit 25 can implement DNA Control of molecular motion, the function detection unit can detect DNA bases.
  • a micro-nanofluidic device unit 25 can implement DNA Control of molecular motion
  • the function detection unit can detect DNA bases.
  • the material of the nano-functional layer 5 is a layered conductive material, including but not limited to graphite, reduced graphene oxide, partially hydrogenated graphene.
  • the thickness of the nano-functional layer is 0.2 to 50 nm, The thickness is equivalent to 1 to 140 layers, and the number of preferred layers is 1 to 50 layers, and the optimum number of layers is 1 to 10 layers.
  • the graphite is a 1 to 100 layer graphene film; the partially hydrogenated graphene film may be a reaction of a graphene film with hydrogen, thereby converting a partial bond of the graphene into a CH s bond or a hydrogen element.
  • Graphene film; layered material BNC is a layered conductive film made of boron nitride and graphene. It is composed of boron, nitrogen and carbon. Its electrical properties are between conductive graphene and insulating nitrogen. Between boron, and its conductive properties can be controlled by changing the content of boron, nitrogen and carbon in the film, see literature (Lijie Ci, et al. Atomic layers of hybridized boron nitride and graphene domains, Nature Materials , 2010(9): 430-435).
  • the nanopore 16 may be a circular hole, a polygonal hole or an elliptical hole, and the maximum pore diameter is 1 to 2000 nm; the shape of the nanopore is preferably a circular hole, and the circular hole shape helps to eliminate different orientations due to the possible existence of the base. It affects the interaction between the base and the functional layer.
  • the functional detection unit is integrated into the micro-nanofluidic device, and the micro-nano separation channel 14 of the micro-nanofluidic device may be a circular hole, a polygonal hole or an ellipse.
  • the pores have a maximum pore diameter of l ⁇ 2000 nm; the shape of the micro-nano separation channel is preferably a circular hole shape; the size of the micro-nano separation channel may gradually decrease from large to small from the inlet to the nanopore, and the size thereof may be uniform.
  • Nanostructures such as nanopillars, which facilitate the separation of biomolecules and enter the micro-nano separation channels, may be provided at the inlets and outlets of the micro-nano separation channels.
  • the preferred length between the electrical contact layers 70 and 80 contacting the nano-functional layer unit 20 is 0.05 ⁇ to 1000 ⁇ , and the electrical contact layer has Helps external devices to apply control signals to high-resolution biosensors.
  • the electrical contact layers 70 and 80 may be in contact with the nano-functional layer 5 alone or in contact with the first insulating layer 4 and the second insulating layer 6 at the same time. It is also possible to establish a separate electrical contact layer with the first insulating layer 4 and the second insulating layer 6 in order to independently gate the first insulating layer or the second insulating layer.
  • the preferred length between the source electrode 7 and the drain electrode 8 in electrical contact with the nano-functional layer is 0.05 ⁇ to 1000 ⁇ .
  • the source electrode 7 and the drain electrode 8 may also be in contact with the first insulating layer 4 and the second insulating layer 6, and a separate insulating layer 1 and a second insulating layer may be provided. Electrical contact of 6 to achieve gating of the first insulating layer or the second insulating layer independently.
  • the width of the nano-functional layer 5 is preferably 0.01 ⁇ to 1000 ⁇ , but is not limited thereto.
  • Embodiment 1 High-resolution biosensor with nano-functional layer unit 20 as function detecting unit
  • the high-resolution biosensor structure diagram is shown in FIG. 1 , including nano-functional layer unit 20 (the basic preparation process is shown in FIG. 3 ) And a micro-nanofluidic device unit 25 (Fig. 4).
  • the nano-functional layer unit 20 includes a first insulating layer 4, a nano-functional layer 5, and a second insulating layer 6.
  • the center of the nano-functional layer unit 20 is provided with a nano-hole 16 through which the nano-hole passes. 4.
  • the nano-functional layer 5 and the second insulating layer 6 are disposed, and the first insulating layer 4, the nano-functional layer 5 and the second insulating layer 6 are sequentially disposed, and the nano-functional layer 5 is provided with an electrical contact layer 70 connected thereto
  • the micro-nanofluidic device unit 25 includes a first storage compartment 12, a second storage compartment 13, a third insulating layer 3, and a micro-nano separation channel 14, in which the first storage compartment 12 and the second storage compartment 13 are located At both ends of the micro-nanofluidic device unit 25, the first storage chamber 12 is provided with a first electrophoretic electrode 10, and the second storage The second electrophoresis electrode 11 is disposed on the storage chamber 13, and the first storage compartment 12 and the second storage compartment 13 are separated
  • the third insulating layer 3 has the function of a substrate, and is mainly characterized in that the nano-functional layer having the detecting characteristic organism and the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer are configured as a sandwich, the first insulating layer and The second insulating layer has a conductive nano-functional layer capable of protecting the thickness of the atomic size; the shape of the functional layer surrounding the nanopore surrounding the nano-functional layer unit can solve the problem that the base may exist when the DNA base traverses the nanopore Different orientations lead to the interaction of bases and functional layers; micro-nanofluidic devices help to control the morphology of DNA molecules as they traverse the nanopore, helping to control the speed at which DNA bases traverse the nanopore.
  • Example 2 Preparation of nano-functional layer unit 20 (excluding electrical contact layer)
  • the preparation process of the nano-functional layer unit 20 is as shown in FIG. 3:
  • the first insulating layer uses boron nitride
  • the second insulating layer uses polymer PMMA
  • the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer may also use other insulating materials.
  • the nano-functional layer not only graphene, functionalized graphene film, but also other conductive layer materials having different layers such as transition metal dichalcogenides and transition metal oxides may be used. oxides) and the like as nano-functional layers, such as the reduction of graphene oxide, the graphene film partially hydrogenated, WS 2, VS 2, TiS 2, TaS 2, ZrS 2, MoSe 2, MoTe 2, BNC, MoS 2, NbSe 2 Or a mixture of one or more of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x , the thickness of the nano-functional layer is 0.2 to 50 nm, the thickness is equivalent to 1 to 140 layers, and the preferred layer is 1 to 50 layers, and the optimal layer
  • the number of layers is 1 to 10; the number of layers of the graphene film in this example is 1 layer, or 2 layers, 3 layers, or multiple layers such as 10 layers, 50 layers, 100 layers, etc., and the number of layers is 1 ⁇ 50 layers, the optimal number of layers is 1 ⁇ 10 layers.
  • the pore size of the nanopore passing through the nano-functional layer unit is 2 nm, but the shape of the nano-hole 16 may be a circular hole, a polygonal hole or an elliptical hole, and the maximum pore diameter is 1 to 2000 nm; For round holes, round The pore shape helps to eliminate the interaction between the base and the functional layer due to the different orientations that the base may have.
  • nanofabrication techniques and means can be used to prepare the nanopore, such as electron beam etching, focused ion beam etching, pulsed ion beam etching, He ion beam etching, electron beam from a transmission electron microscope, and the like.
  • the electrically conductive material of the electrical contact layer in contact with the nanofunctional layer may be a mixture of one or more of, for example, Cr, Pt, Au, Ti, Pd, Cu, Al, Ni, or PSS: PEDOT.
  • the electrical contact layer can be prepared by various techniques such as vacuum thermal evaporation, solution spin coating, low pressure chemical vapor deposition, electron beam deposition, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, atomic layer deposition, and the like.
  • Example 3 Micro-nanofluidic device unit 25
  • the structure of the micro-nanofluidic device unit is shown in Figure 4.
  • the brief preparation can be: thermal oxidation of 300 nm Si0 2 layer on a 500 ⁇ thick silicon substrate; then photolithography and etching techniques in Si0 2 layer preparation One storage compartment (2 mm x 2 mm), second storage compartment (2 mm x 2 mm) and micro-nano separation channels (aperture: 200 nm); Finally, Pt (30 nm) was prepared by photolithography and electron beam evaporation The layer serves as a first electrophoresis electrode and a second electrophoresis electrode.
  • This embodiment uses Si/SiO 2 to prepare a micro-nanofluidic device.
  • integration of a material function with a function detecting unit can be considered, and different materials can be selectively used.
  • the size and shape of the first and second storage rooms can be determined according to actual conditions.
  • the shape and size of the micro-nano channel can be determined according to the actual situation.
  • the size of the micro-nano separation channel can be gradually changed from large to small from the inlet to the nanopore, and the size can also be uniform; at the entrance of the micro-nano separation channel
  • Nanostructures that facilitate the separation of biomolecules and enter micro-nano separation channels, such as nanostructures such as nanopillars, can be provided at the outlet.
  • the micro-nano separation channel 14 can be a circular hole, a polygonal hole or an elliptical hole, and the maximum aperture is l ⁇ 2000 nm.
  • Embodiment 4 High-resolution biosensor using a field effect transistor as a function detecting unit
  • the high-resolution biosensor structure is shown in Figure 2, which includes a FET cell 30 (the basic fabrication process is shown in Figure 5) and a micro-nanofluid device unit 25 (Figure 4).
  • the field effect transistor unit 30 includes a substrate 1, a dielectric layer 2, a source electrode 7, a drain electrode 8, a gate electrode 9, and a nano-functional layer unit 20;
  • the nano-functional layer unit 20 includes a first insulating layer 4, a nano-functional layer 5 and a second insulating layer 6, wherein the nano-functional layer unit 20 is provided with a nano-hole 16 in the center thereof, and the nano-hole passes through the first insulating layer 4, the nano-functional layer 5 and the second insulating layer 6, and An insulating layer 4, a nano-functional layer 5 and a second insulating layer 6 are sequentially disposed, and the nano-functional layer 5 is provided with a source electrode 7 and a drain electrode 8 in electrical contact therewith;
  • the micro-nano fluid device unit 25 includes a first storage compartment 12, a second storage compartment 13, a third insulating layer 3, and a micro-nano separation channel 14, the first storage compartment 12 and the second storage compartment 13 being in the two micro-nanofluidic device units 25
  • the main feature is that the nano-functional layer having the characteristic organism is detected and the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer are formed as a sandwich structure, and the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer have a protective thickness of an atom.
  • the shape of the functional layer around the nanopore across the nano-functional layer unit can solve the base and functional layer caused by the different orientations of the bases when the DNA base traverses the nanopore The effect of the interaction; integration of the nano-functional layer unit in the field effect transistor facilitates signal detection, all field effect characteristics such as current between source/drain electrodes, transfer characteristics of field effect, threshold voltage ( Threshold voltage and so on can be used as detection signals; micro-nanofluid devices help to control the morphology of DNA molecules as they traverse the nanopore, helping to control the speed at which DNA bases traverse the nanopore.
  • Example 5 Preparation of a field effect transistor unit 30
  • the preparation process of the field effect transistor unit 30 is as shown in FIG. 5:
  • Si silicon
  • other thicknesses of Si or other materials such as GaN, Ge, GaAs, SiC, A1 2 0 3 , SiN x , Si0 2 , Hf0 may also be used.
  • the highly doped Si substrate 1 also functions as the gate layer 9.
  • Hf0 2 is used in this embodiment, but other dielectric materials having different thicknesses such as Si0 2 , A1 2 0 3 , SiN x , BN, SiC, graphene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, poly can also be used.
  • the source electrode and the drain electrode are prepared by techniques.
  • the source material, the drain electrode or the electrical contact layer material in contact with the nano-functional layer may be not only Ti/Au, but also other conductive materials such as Cr, Pd, Pt, Cu, Al, Ni, or PSS: PEDOT. a mixture of one or more of them.
  • the preparation of the source electrode, the drain electrode or the electrical contact layer may be carried out by various technical methods such as vacuum thermal evaporation, solution spin coating, low pressure chemical vapor deposition, electron beam deposition, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, atomic layer deposition, and the like.
  • the preferred length between the source electrode 7 and the drain electrode 8 is 0.05 ⁇ to 1000 ⁇ , in this example 20 ⁇ .
  • the high-resolution biosensor 40 can be arrayed, as shown in FIG. 6-9: ⁇ ( ⁇ is a natural number greater than or equal to 1) function detecting units 20 or 30 and ⁇ ( ⁇ is greater than A natural number of micro-nanofluidic device units 25, or equal to one, are arrayed to form biosensor array 50.
  • the DNA sequence can be detected in accordance with the control steps shown in Figure 10:
  • the DNA molecule is straightened by a gradient field formed by the electrophoretic electrode, and moves from the first storage chamber through the micro-nano channel and the nanopore to the second storage chamber;

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种高分辨率的生物传感器,其特征包括具有原子尺度大小的导电材料作为功能单元而达到检测特征生物分子的分辨率和微纳米流体器件而控制被检测分子的运动与形态结构。由第一绝缘层、导电功能层和第二绝缘层构成的功能单元的中心设有纳米孔,由第一电泳电极或微泵、第一储藏室、第二储藏室、第二电泳电极或微泵和微纳米分离通道构成微纳米流体器件单元,纳米孔与微纳米分离通道相通。当生物分子在微纳米流体器件通道中经过功能单元的纳米孔时,生物分子与导电功能层发生相互作用,这时测量这一相互作用事件的电学特征,从而达到检测生物分子的目的。本发明解决了将导电功能层集成于纳米孔的技术难点,可以控制生物分子穿越纳米孔时形态结构,本发明的传感器达到检测生物分子的特征结构的分辨率,传感器的制备方法简单。

Description

说明书
一种高分辨率的生物传感器
技术领域
本发明涉及传感器, 尤其涉及一种高分辨率的生物传感器。 背景技术
基因测序技术是生物医学研究的基础平台技术,基于 Sanger方法的第一代基因测序技 术必须对 DNA分子进行多次复制 (即扩增), 同时进行荧光示踪标记, 这一过程往往会给测 序带来错误, 因此, 一个基因要经多次测序才能得到值得信赖的结果。 并且由于该技术存 在速度慢, 费用昂贵的缺点, 通过该技术测试一个人的基因排序将花费 1000 - 2500万 美元。 为降低基因测序的成本, 美国国家人类基因组于 2004年启动了研发快速且低成本 (1000美元)的基因测序新技术的创新计划。 另外, X Prize基金为了促进研发快速且低成本 的基因测序新技术, 于 2006年 10月设立了 1000万美元的 Archon X PRIZE for Genomics 奖项用来奖励第一个能够在 10天内完成 100个人的基因测序的团队。 第二代基因测序技 术虽然提高了测序速度,但成本依旧太高 (大约 10~100万美元)且原始数据获得后的数据分 析费用昂贵, 并且准确度不够。 研发中的基于单一 DNA 分子的第三代基因测序技术 (Mingsheng Xu, et al. Small, 2009(5):2638) 具有价格便宜、 快速及精确等优点。 第三代基因 测序技术中包括纳米孔 (Nanopore)的基因测序技术。纳米孔测序技术的原理是 DNA在电泳 作用下, 碱基依次地穿越纳米孔, 同时检测碱基穿越纳米孔隙时产生的光学或电信号的差 异来对 DNA 进行测序。 纳米孔测序技术不需要荧光标记物, 也不需要聚合酶链反应 (Polymerase Chain Reaction)反应,有望能直接并快速"读"出 DNA的碱基序歹 lJ(M. Zwolak, M. Di Ventra, Rev. Mod. Phys. 2008(80): 141-165; D. Branton, et al, Nature Biotechnol. 2008(26): 1146-1153)。然而, 目前制备的纳米孔的深度一般大于 10 nm,大大超出单链 DNA 碱基 0.3 - 0.7 nm的间距, 使得孔中大约有 15个碱基同时通过, 因此无法达到基因测序的 单碱基的分辨率; 要达到单一碱基的分辨率, 必须具备尺寸与碱基大小 (碱基间距)相当的 元件。 另一方面, DNA碱基穿越纳米孔时的结构形态很难控制, 更加大了对 DNA测序的 难度。 由于每个 DNA碱基的结构和化学性质都有所区别, 因此每个碱基都可能存在独特的 电子特征。在 2005年, 美国加州大学圣迭哥分校的 Zwolak等在纳米快报)上发表了"横向 传输的 DNA碱基的电子特性"的论文 (Zwolak et o/.Electronic signature of DNA nucleotides via transverse transport. Nano Letters, 2005(5):421-424), 他们通过理论计算认为: 当 DNA通 过纳米孔时可以测量 DNA碱基的横向隧道电子电流而对其进行测序。 2007年, 徐明生等 人在 Small上发表 "DNA碱基的电子性能"的论文 (Xu M. et al. The electronic properties of DNA bases. Small , 2007(3): 1539-1543),他们利用超高真空隧道扫描显微镜首次在实验上揭 示 DNA的四种碱基在单晶 Au的表面存在着不同的电子指纹特性, 这意味着 DNA的四种 碱基与电极功能材料之间存在不同的相互作用。 因此, 利用 DNA的四种碱基与功能层材 料之间的不同相互作用的原理, 测量当 DNA穿越纳米孔时四种不同的碱基与功能层材料 之间由于不同相互作用而导致的电学特性差异或光学特性差异等有望实现快速、 低成本的 基因测序。基因电子测序要求将原子尺度的电极集成于纳米孔系统,这样电极将记录 DNA 穿越纳米孔时碱基的电学性能。 尽管目前制备纳米孔的技术比较成熟, 但是, 迄今为止还 没有技术方法将具有单碱基分辨率电极集成于纳米孔系统。 另一方面, 纳米电极与 DNA 碱基之间的距离以及 DNA碱基的取向对隧道电流影响很大, 所以必须解决这种由于 DNA 碱基通过纳米孔时因其不同的取向而可能导致的对测量信号的影响。 发明内容
本发明的目的是克服现有技术的不足, 提出一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 为了获得基因 电子测序的单碱基的分辨率, 本发明采用如下的技术方案:
一种高分辨率的生物传感器,其特征在于包括在第三绝缘层 (3)上两端分别设有第一储 藏室 (12)、第二储藏室 (13), 第一储藏室 (12)上设有第一电泳电极 (10), 第二储藏室 (13)上设 有第二电泳电极 (11), 第一储藏室 (12)与第二储藏室 (13)之间设有微纳米分离通道 (14), 第 一储藏室 (12)与二储藏室 (13)之间设有 n个并列排列的场效应晶体管单元 (30), n个场效应 晶体管单元 (30)之间通过第三绝缘层 (3)隔开, 场效应晶体管单元 (30)包括基板 (1)、 介电层 (2)、 源电极 (7)、 漏电极 (8)、 栅极 (9)、 纳米功能层单元 (20), 每个纳米功能层单元 (20)包括 第一绝缘层 (4)、 纳米功能层 (5)、 第二绝缘层 (6), 每个纳米功能层单元 (20)的中心设有纳米 孔 (16), 纳米孔 (16)与第一储藏室 (12)、微纳米分离通道 (14)和第二储藏室 (13)相通,每个纳米 功能层单元 (20)的设有源电极 (7)和漏电极 (8)与此纳米功能层单元 (20)保持电接触, 第一电 泳电极 (10)、 第二电泳电极 (11)、 第一储藏室 (12)、 第二储藏室 (13)、 微纳米分离通道 (14)、 n个场效应晶体管单元 (30)构成生物传感器 (40), 多个生物传感器 (40)阵列化排列构成传感 器阵列 (50), n为大于或等于 1的自然数。
本发明还提供一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于包括场效应晶体管单元和微纳 米流体器件单元, 所述的场效应晶体管单元包括基板、 介电层、 源电极、 漏电极、 栅极、 纳米功能层单元; 所述的纳米功能层单元包括第一绝缘层、 纳米功能层和第二绝缘层, 所 述的纳米功能层单元的中心设有纳米孔, 纳米孔穿过第一绝缘层、 纳米功能层和第二绝缘 层, 并且第一绝缘层、 纳米功能层和第二绝缘层顺次放置, 纳米功能层上设有与其保持电 接触的源电极和漏电极; 所述的微纳米流体器件单元包括第一储藏室、 第二储藏室、 第三 绝缘层和微纳米分离通道, 所述的第一储藏室和第二储藏室处在所述的微纳米流体器件单 元的两端, 第一储藏室上设有第一电泳电极, 第二储藏室上设有第二电泳电极, 第一储藏 室和第二储藏室之间通过第三绝缘层隔开, 第一储藏室与第二储藏室之间设有微纳米分离 通道, 纳米孔与第一储藏室、 微纳米分离通道和第二储藏室相通。 所述的第三绝缘层具有 作为基板的功能。 所述的纳米功能层上设有的与其保持电接触的源电极和漏电极即为场效 应晶体管单元的源电极和漏电极。所述的第一储藏室与第二储藏室之间设有 n个并列排列 的场效应晶体管单元, n个场效应晶体管单元之间通过第三绝缘层隔开, 其中 n为大于或 等于 1的自然数。 所述的场效应晶体管器件单元可称为功能检测单元。 所述的生物传感器 包括 N个并行排列的微纳米流体器件单元,其中 N为大于或等于 1的自然数。所述的生物 传感器包括 N个并行排列的微纳米流体器件单元,在第一储藏室与第二储藏室之间设有 n 个并列排列的场效应晶体管单元, n 个场效应晶体管单元之间通过第三绝缘层隔开, nxN 个生物传感器阵列化排列构成传感器阵列, 其中, n与 N均为大于或等于 1的自然数。
本发明还提供一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于包括纳米功能层单元和微纳米 流体器件单元, 所述的纳米功能层单元包括第一绝缘层、 纳米功能层和第二绝缘层, 所述 的纳米功能层单元的中心设有纳米孔,纳米孔穿过第一绝缘层、纳米功能层和第二绝缘层, 并且第一绝缘层、 纳米功能层和第二绝缘层顺次放置, 纳米功能层上设有与其相接的两个 电接触层; 所述的微纳米流体器件单元包括第一储藏室、 第二储藏室、 第三绝缘层和微纳 米分离通道, 所述第一储藏室和第二储藏室处在所述的微纳米流体器件单元的两端, 第一 储藏室上设有第一电泳电极, 第二储藏室上设有第二电泳电极, 第一储藏室和第二储藏室 之间通过第三绝缘层隔开, 第一储藏室与第二储藏室之间设有微纳米分离通道, 纳米孔与 第一储藏室、微纳米分离通道和第二储藏室相通。所述的第三绝缘层具有作为基板的功能。 所述的第一储藏室与第二储藏室之间设有 n个并列排列的纳米功能层单元, n个纳米功能 层单元之间通过第三绝缘层隔开, 其中 n为大于或等于 1的自然数。 所述的纳米功能层单 元可称为功能检测单元。所述的生物传感器包括 N个并行排列的微纳米流体器件单元, 其 中 N为大于或等于 1的自然数。所述的生物传感器包括 N个并行排列的微纳米流体器件单 元, 在第一储藏室与第二储藏室之间设有 n个并列排列的纳米功能层单元, n个纳米功能 层单元之间通过第三绝缘层隔开, nxN个生物传感器阵列化排列构成传感器阵列, 其中, n与 N均为大于或等于 1的自然数。
所述的纳米功能层的材料为层状导电材料如过渡金属硫族化合物 (transition metal dichalcogenides ) 和过渡金属氧化物 (transition metal oxides ) 等, 层状导电材料包括但不 局限于石墨、 还原的氧化石墨烯、 部分氢化的石墨烯薄膜、 WS2、 VS2、 TiS2、 TaS2、 ZrS2、 MoSe2、 MoTe2、 BNC、 MoS2、 NbSe2或 Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox等; 所述的纳米功能层的厚度为 0.2~50nm, 其厚度相当于 1〜140层, 较优层数为 1〜50层, 最优层数为 1〜10层; 所述 的石墨为 1〜100层的石墨烯薄膜, 较优层数为 1〜50层, 最优层数为 1〜10层。
所述的部分氢化的石墨烯薄膜可为由石墨烯薄膜与氢进行反应, 从而使石墨烯的部分 键转化为 C-H s 键, 也可以吸附有氢元素的石墨烯薄膜。
层状材料 BNC是由氮化硼与石墨烯杂化的层状导电薄膜, 是由硼、 氮、 碳三种元素 组成, 其电学性能介于导电的石墨烯与绝缘的氮化硼之间, 并且其导电特性可以通过改变 硼、 氮、 碳三种元素在薄膜中的含量而得到调控, 参见文献 (Lijie Ci, a/. Atomic layers of hybridized boron nitride and graphene domains, Nature Materials, 2010(9): 430-435)。
所述的纳米孔可为圆孔、 多边形孔或者椭圆孔, 最大处孔径为 l〜2000 nm。
所述的微纳米分离通道可为圆孔、 多边形孔或者椭圆孔, 最大处孔径为 l〜2000 nm; 微纳米分离通道的大小可以是由入口到纳米孔处逐渐由大变小, 其大小也可以是均匀的; 在微纳米分离通道的入口和出口处可设有有助于生物分子分离及进入微纳米分离通道的 纳米结构, 如纳米柱等。
所述的与纳米功能层相接的两个电接触层之间的优选长度为 0.05 μηι〜1000 μηι,但不 局限于此。 除了与纳米功能层相接外, 两个电接触层也可以同时与第一绝缘层和第二绝缘 层接触, 也可以设立单独与第一绝缘层和第二绝缘层的电接触, 以便独立地对第一绝缘层 或第二绝缘层实现栅控 (gating)。 所述的与纳米功能层保持电接触的源电极与漏电极之间的优选长度为 0.05 μηι〜1000 μηι, 但不局限于此。 除了与纳米功能层相接外, 源电极与漏电极也可以同时与第一绝缘层 和第二绝缘层接触, 也可以设立单独的与第一绝缘层和第二绝缘层的电接触, 以便独立地 对第一绝缘层或第二绝缘层实现栅控 (gating)。
所述的纳米功能层的优选宽度为 0.01 μηι〜1000 μηι, 但不局限于此范围。
所述的第一绝缘层、 第二绝缘层的优选厚度均为 0.001 μηι〜1000 μηι, 但不局限于此 范围。
为了有效地保护信号的检测, 所述的生物传感器还包括对纳米功能层单元或整个生物 传感器进行保护的封装层。
为了获得基因电子测序的单碱基的分辨率, 本发明采用层状导电材料如厚度为 0.335 nm 的石墨烯作为纳米功能层; 为了解决如何将原子尺度的纳米功能层制备于纳米孔的难 题, 本发明将纳米功能层夹于两绝缘层之间; 为了控制被检测的生物分子的运动以及穿越 纳米孔时的形态结构, 本发明将纳米功能层单元与微纳米流体器件单元集成。 纳米孔周边 的纳米功能层的形状为整片能够解决了 DNA碱基穿越纳米孔时由于碱基可能存在的不同 取向而导致对碱基与功能层的相互作用的影响。 尽管所采用的纳米功能层单元的生物传感 器的结构相对简单, 但在一般情况下, 只有与纳米功能层接触的电接触层之间的电流可以 作为的检测信号; 如果将纳米功能层单元作为场效应晶体管器件的一部分而用于高分辨的 生物传感器, 则所有场效应特征如源 /漏电极之间的电流, 场效应的转移特征 (transfer characteristics), 阈值电压 (threshold voltage)等都可以作为检测信号。 纳米功能层单元或场 效应晶体管器件单元可称为功能检测单元。
本发明的纳米功能层的厚度可以控制在单个原子尺度, 达到检测单链 DNA中的单个 碱基的电学特征的分辨率要求, 从而适于直接、 便宜、 快速基因电子测序。 本发明的生物 传感器解决了将纳米功能层集成于纳米孔的技术难点, 其制备与操纵纳米功能层的方法简 单。 纳米功能层夹嵌于两绝缘层之间, 可以避免污染及不必要的环境影响, 这样的功能层 结构牢固。 纳米孔周边为整片的功能层的形状解决了 DNA碱基穿越纳米孔时由于碱基可 能存在的不同取向而导致对碱基与功能层的相互作用的影响。 采用微纳米通道有利于拉伸 生物 DNA分子, 控制 DNA穿越纳米孔时的结构形态变化。 这样, 采用场效应晶体管单元 或纳米功能层单元与微纳米流体器件单元集成的系统, 有利于控制生物分子在穿越纳米孔 时与纳米功能层的相互作用, 有利于测量电学性能的变化。 纳米功能层的厚度与所测试的 生物分子的特征长度相当, 有助于研究生物分子的特定性能。
本发明的生物传感器的基本工作原理是: DNA分子在由电泳电极形成的梯度场作用 下被拉直, 并从第一储藏室经过微纳米通道和纳米孔向第二储藏室运动; 当组成 DNA分 子的碱基依次穿越纳米孔时, 与纳米功能层发生相互作用, 这时, 由纳米功能层单元检测 碱基与功能层发生相互作用而导致的电学特性的变化, 从而获得对 DNA序列的测定。 不 过, 本发明的生物传感器对生物分子的检测也可以结合其它的工作原理, 本发明更注重的 是生物传感器的基本器件结构。
本发明为了解释的简洁, 常以生物 DNA分子为例, 但本发明的生物传感器不仅仅局 限于探测 DNA分子, 也包括其它的生物分子如 RNA, 蛋白质等。 本发明在说明时尽管是 以电学特征来检测生物分子, 但也可以检测由电学特征而衍生的其它性能差异如光学性能 的变化来达到检测生物分子。 附图说明
图 1为本发明的高分辨的生物传感器, 其中的功能检测单元为纳米功能层单元; 图 2为本发明的高分辨的生物传感器, 其中纳米功能层单元集成于场效应晶体管单 元, 功能检测单元为场效应晶体管单元;
图 3 为本发明的纳米功能层单元的制备流程图;
图 4为本发明的微纳米流体器件单元的结构示意图;
图 5 为本发明制备场效应晶体管单元的流程示意图;
图 6为本发明的 n个并列排列的生物传感器的示意图, 其中功能检测单元为纳米功能 层单元 (n为大于或等于 1的自然数);
图 7为本发明的 n个并列排列的生物传感器的示意图, 其纳米功能层单元集成于场效 应晶体管, 功能检测单元为场效应晶体管单元, 其中的栅极在下部 (n为大于或等于 1的 自然数);
图 8为本发明的 n个并列排列的生物传感器的示意图, 其纳米功能层单元集成于场效 应晶体管, 功能检测单元为场效应晶体管单元, 其中的栅极在上部 (n为大于或等于 1的 自然数);
图 9为本发明的 nxN个生物传感器阵列化排列构成传感器阵列(n与 N均为大于或等 于 1的自然数); 图 10为本发明的生物传感器的进行 DNA电子测序的所施加的各种电脉冲的示意图, 其中包括迁引 DNA运动与拉伸 DNA的电泳脉冲, 用于控制 DNA碱基与功能层发生相互 作用的锁住脉冲, 施加于功能检测单元的用于检测信号的脉冲, 以及自动化的碱基序列分 析脉冲;
图中所示, 1、 基板, 2、 介电层, 3、 第三绝缘层, 4、 第一绝缘层, 5、 功能层, 6、 第二绝缘层, 7、 源电极, 8、 漏电极, 9、 栅极, 70、 电接触层, 80、 电接触层, 10、 第 一电泳电极, 11、 第二电泳电极, 12、 第一储藏室 13、, 第二储藏室, 14、 微纳米分离通 道, 15、 生物分子, 16、 纳米孔, 17、 封装层, 20、 纳米功能层单元或功能检测单元, 25、 微纳米流体器件单元或功能检测单元, 30、 场效应晶体管单元, 40、 生物传感器, 50、 传 感器阵列。 具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例并结合附图对本发明进一步说明。
本发明的高分辨率生物传感器的基本构成包括微纳米流体器件单元 25 和功能检测单 元 (可以是纳米功能层单元 20 或场效应晶体管器件单元 30), 其中微纳米流体器件单元 25可实现对 DNA分子运动的控制, 功能检测单元可实现对 DNA碱基的检测。
为了达到检测的特征生物分子的要求, 所述的纳米功能层 5的材料为层状导电材料, 所述的层状导电材料包括但不局限于石墨、 还原的氧化石墨烯、 部分氢化的石墨烯薄膜、 WS2、 VS2、 TiS2、 TaS2、 ZrS2、 MoSe2、 MoTe2、 BNC、 MoS2、 NbSe2或 Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox, 纳米功能层的厚度为 0.2~50nm, 其厚度相当于 1〜140层, 较优层数 1〜50层, 最优层数 为 1〜10层。 所述的石墨为 1〜100层的石墨烯薄膜; 部分氢化的石墨烯薄膜可为由石墨 烯薄膜与氢进行反应, 从而使石墨烯的部分 键转化为 C-H s 键, 也可以吸附有氢元素 的石墨烯薄膜; 层状材料 BNC是由氮化硼与石墨烯杂化的层状导电薄膜, 是由硼、 氮、 碳三种元素组成, 其电学性能介于导电的石墨烯与绝缘的氮化硼之间, 并且其导电特性可 以通过改变硼、氮、碳三种元素在薄膜中的含量而得到调控,参见文献 (Lijie Ci, et al. Atomic layers of hybridized boron nitride and graphene domains, Nature Materials, 2010(9): 430-435)。
所述的纳米孔 16可为圆孔、 多边形孔或者椭圆孔, 最大处孔径为 1〜2000 nm; 纳米 孔的形状优选为圆孔, 圆孔形有助于消除由于碱基可能存在的不同取向而影响碱基与功能 层之间的相互作用。 为了控制 DNA分子的运动及穿越纳米孔时的结构形态与速度, 将功能检测单元集成 于微纳米流体器件, 所述的微纳米流体器件的微纳米分离通道 14可为圆孔、 多边形孔或 者椭圆孔, 最大处孔径为 l〜2000 nm; 微纳米分离通道的形状优选为圆孔形; 微纳米分离 通道的大小可以是由入口到纳米孔处逐渐由大变小, 其大小也可以是均匀的; 在微纳米分 离通道的入口和出口处可设有有助于生物分子分离及进入微纳米分离通道的纳米结构, 如 纳米柱等。
相对应于功能检测单元为纳米功能层单元 20 的生物传感器, 所述的与纳米功能层单 元 20相接的电接触层 70与 80之间的优选长度为 0.05 μηι〜1000 μηι, 电接触层有助于外 部设备对高分辨的生物传感器施加控制信号。 电接触层 70与 80可以单独与纳米功能层 5 接触, 也可以同时与第一绝缘层 4和第二绝缘层 6接触。 也可以设立单独的与第一绝缘层 4和第二绝缘层 6的电接触层, 以便独立地对第一绝缘层或第二绝缘层实现栅控 (gating)。
相对应于功能检测单元为场效应晶体管单元 30 的生物传感器, 所述的与纳米功能层 保持电接触的源电极 7与漏电极 8之间的优选长度为 0.05 μηι〜1000 μηι。除了与纳米功能 层 5相接外, 源电极 7与漏电极 8也可以同时与第一绝缘层 4和第二绝缘层 6接触, 也可 以设立单独的与第一绝缘层 4和第二绝缘层 6的电接触, 以便独立地对第一绝缘层或第二 绝缘层实现栅控 (gating)。
所述的纳米功能层 5的宽度优选为 0.01 μηι〜1000 μηι, 但不局限于此范围。
所述的第一绝缘层 4和第二绝缘层 6的厚度优选为 0.001 μηι〜1000 μηι, 但不局限于 此范围。 实施例 1 : 以纳米功能层单元 20作为功能检测单元的高分辨率的生物传感器 该高分辨率的生物传感器结构图见图 1,包括纳米功能层单元 20(其基本的制备流程见 图 3)和微纳米流体器件单元 25(图 4)。
所述的纳米功能层单元 20包括第一绝缘层 4、 纳米功能层 5和第二绝缘层 6, 所述的 纳米功能层单元 20的中心设有纳米孔 16, 纳米孔穿过第一绝缘层 4、 纳米功能层 5和第 二绝缘层 6, 并且第一绝缘层 4、 纳米功能层 5和第二绝缘层 6顺次放置, 纳米功能层 5 上设有与其相接的电接触层 70和 80; 所述的微纳米流体器件单元 25包括第一储藏室 12、 第二储藏室 13、 第三绝缘层 3和微纳米分离通道 14, 第一储藏室 12和第二储藏室 13处 在所述的微纳米流体器件单元 25的两端, 第一储藏室 12上设有第一电泳电极 10, 第二储 藏室 13上设有第二电泳电极 11, 第一储藏室 12和第二储藏室 13之间通过第三绝缘层 3 隔开, 第一储藏室 12与第二储藏室 13之间设有微纳米分离通道 14, 纳米孔 16与第一储 藏室 12、 微纳米分离通道 14和第二储藏室 13相通。
本发明的生物传感器中, 第三绝缘层 3具有基板的功能, 其主要特征在于具有检测特 征生物的纳米功能层与第一绝缘层、 第二绝缘层构成如三明治的结构, 第一绝缘层和第二 绝缘层具有保护厚度可为原子尺寸的导电纳米功能层; 穿越纳米功能层单元的纳米孔周边 为整片的功能层的形状可解决了 DNA碱基穿越纳米孔时由于碱基可能存在的不同取向而 导致对碱基与功能层的相互作用的影响; 微纳米流体器件有助于控制 DNA分子穿越纳米 孔时的形态, 有助于控制 DNA碱基穿越纳米孔时的速度。 实施例 2: 制备纳米功能层单元 20 (不包括电接触层)
纳米功能层单元 20的制备过程如图 3所示:
(a)将作为纳米功能层 5的单层石墨烯转移到作为第一绝缘层 4的绝缘氮化硼 (20 nm) 上, 然后在石墨烯上面旋涂绝缘的 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (聚甲基丙烯酸甲酉旨) 层 (500 nm) 作为第二绝缘层 6;
(b) 采用电子束刻蚀及腐蚀技术制备大小为 2nm的纳米孔 16。
效果及解析: 本实施例中, 第一绝缘层使用氮化硼, 第二绝缘层使用聚合物 PMMA, 但在实际的传感器中第一绝缘层和第二绝缘层也可以使用其它的绝缘材料,如 Si02、Al203、 SiNx、 BN、 SiC、 氟化石墨烯、 聚乙烯醇、 聚 (4-乙烯基苯酚)、 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、 或二乙 烯基硅氧烷-双苯并环丁烯中的一种或多种的混合物。对于纳米功能层, 不但可以使用石墨 烯、 功能化的石墨烯薄膜, 也可以使用其它具有不同层数的导电层状材料如过渡金属硫族 化合物 (transition metal dichalcogenides ) 和过渡金属氧化物 (transition metal oxides) 等作 为纳米功能层, 如还原的氧化石墨烯、 部分氢化的石墨烯薄膜、 WS2、 VS2、 TiS2、 TaS2、 ZrS2、 MoSe2、 MoTe2、 BNC、 MoS2、 NbSe2或 Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox中的一种或多种混合物, 纳 米功能层的厚度为 0.2~50nm, 其厚度相当于 1〜140层, 较优层数为 1〜50层, 最优层数 为 1〜10层; 本例的石墨烯薄膜的层数为 1层, 也可以为 2层、 3层、 或多层如 10层、 50 层、 100层等, 较优层数为 1~50层, 最优层数为 1~10层。
在本实施例中, 穿越纳米功能层单元的纳米孔的孔径为 2nm, 但纳米孔 16的形状可 为圆孔、 多边形孔或者椭圆孔, 最大处孔径为 l〜2000 nm; 纳米孔的形状优选为圆孔, 圆 孔形有助于消除由于碱基可能存在的不同取向而影响碱基与功能层之间的相互作用。
制备纳米孔可以采用各种纳米制备技术与手段, 如电子束刻蚀, 聚焦离子束刻蚀, 脉 冲离子束刻蚀, He离子束刻蚀, 来自透射电子显微镜的电子束等。
与纳米功能层相接触的电接触层的导电材料可以是如 Cr、 Pt、 Au、 Ti、 Pd、 Cu、 Al、 Ni、 或 PSS:PEDOT中的一种或多种的混合物。 制备电接触层可以采用不同的技术方法如 真空热蒸镀, 溶液旋涂, 低压化学气相沉积, 电子束沉积, 等离子增强化学气相沉积, 溅 射, 原子层沉积等。 实施例 3: 微纳米流体器件单元 25
微纳米流体器件单元的结构如图 4所示, 其简要的制备可为: 在 500 μηι厚的硅基板 上热氧化生长 300 nm Si02层;然后采用光刻及腐蚀技术在 Si02层制备第一储藏室 (2 mm x 2 mm), 第二储藏室 (2 mm x 2 mm)和微纳米分离通道 (孔径: 200 nm); 最后, 采用光刻与 电子束蒸镀技术制备 Pt (30 nm)层作为第一电泳电极和第二电泳电极。
效果及解析: 本实施例使用 Si/Si02来制备微纳米流体器件, 在实际的生物传感器中, 可以考虑在材料功能上与功能检测单元的集成,而有选择性地采用不同的材料。对于第一、 二储藏室的大小与形状, 可以依据实际情况而决定。 对于微纳米通道的形状与尺寸可以根 据实际情况而定, 微纳米分离通道的大小可以是由入口到纳米孔处逐渐由大变小, 其大小 也可以是均匀的; 在微纳米分离通道的入口和出口处可设有有助于生物分子分离及进入微 纳米分离通道的纳米结构, 如纳米柱等纳米结构。 其中, 微纳米分离通道 14可为圆孔、 多边形孔或者椭圆孔, 最大处孔径为 l〜2000 nm。 实施例 4: 以场效应晶体管作为功能检测单元的高分辨率的生物传感器
该高分辨率的生物传感器结构图见图 2,包括场效应晶体管单元 30(其基本的制备流程 见图 5)和微纳米流体器件单元 25(图 4)。
所述的场效应晶体管单元 30包括基板 1、 介电层 2、 源电极 7、 漏电极 8、 栅极 9、 纳 米功能层单元 20; 所述的纳米功能层单元 20包括第一绝缘层 4、 纳米功能层 5和第二绝 缘层 6, 所述的纳米功能层单元 20的中心设有纳米孔 16, 纳米孔穿过第一绝缘层 4、 纳米 功能层 5和第二绝缘层 6, 并且第一绝缘层 4、 纳米功能层 5和第二绝缘层 6顺次放置, 纳米功能层 5上设有与其保持电接触的源电极 7和漏电极 8; 所述的微纳米流体器件单元 25包括第一储藏室 12、 第二储藏室 13、 第三绝缘层 3和微纳米分离通道 14, 第一储藏室 12和第二储藏室 13处在所述的微纳米流体器件单元 25的两端, 第一储藏室 12上设有第 一电泳电极 10, 第二储藏室 13上设有第二电泳电极 11, 第一储藏室 12和第二储藏室 13 之间通过第三绝缘层 3隔开,第一储藏室 12与第二储藏室 13之间设有微纳米分离通道 14, 纳米孔 16与第一储藏室 12、 微纳米分离通道 14和第二储藏室 13相通。
本发明的生物传感器中, 其主要特征在于具有检测特征生物的纳米功能层与第一绝缘 层、 第二绝缘层构成如三明治的结构, 第一绝缘层和第二绝缘层具有保护厚度可为原子尺 寸的导电纳米功能层; 穿越纳米功能层单元的纳米孔周边为整片的功能层的形状可解决了 DNA 碱基穿越纳米孔时由于碱基可能存在的不同取向而导致对碱基与功能层的相互作用 的影响; 将纳米功能层单元集成于场效应晶体管有助于信号的检测, 所有场效应特征如源 /漏电极之间的电流,场效应的转移特征 (transfer characteristics),阈值电压 (threshold voltage) 等都可以作为检测信号; 微纳米流体器件有助于控制 DNA分子穿越纳米孔时的形态, 有 助于控制 DNA碱基穿越纳米孔时的速度。 实施例 5: 制备场效应晶体管单元 30
场效应晶体管单元 30的制备过程如图 5所示:
(a)在 Si (500 μηι)的基板 1上采用原子层沉积技术制备 30 nm厚度的 Hf02作为场效应 晶体管的介电层 2, 在这, Si基板 1也作为栅极层 9;
(b)将所制备的像三明治的结构纳米功能层单元 20转移到 Si (500μηι) /Hf02 (30 nm)上;
(c)采用光刻及腐蚀技术在纳米功能层单元上制备 Ti (2 nm)/Au (50 nm)作为场效应晶 体管的源电极 7和漏电极 8, 源 /漏电极之间的距离为 20μηι。
效果及解析: 在本实施例中, 使用 500 μηι厚的 Si 作为基板, 也可以使用其它厚度的 Si 或其它材料如 GaN、 Ge、 GaAs、 SiC、 A1203、 SiNx、 Si02、 Hf02、 聚乙烯醇、 聚 (4 一乙烯基苯酚)、 二乙烯基硅氧烷-双苯并环丁烯或聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯中的一种或多种的混 合物。 在例中, 高掺杂的 Si基板 1也作为栅极层 9。
对于介电层,本实施例使用 Hf02,但也可以使用具有不同厚度的其它介电材料如 Si02、 A1203、 SiNx, BN、 SiC、 氟化石墨烯、 聚乙烯醇、 聚 (4一乙烯基苯酚)、 或二乙烯基硅氧烷 -双苯并环丁烯、 或聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯中的一种或多种的混合物。 可以采用真空热蒸镀, 溶 液旋涂, 低压化学气相沉积, 电子束沉积, 等离子增强化学气相沉积, 溅射, 原子层沉积 等技术制备源电极、 漏电极。
对于源电极、 漏电极或与纳米功能层相接触的电接触层材料不但可以是 Ti/Au, 也可 以是其它的导电材料, 如 Cr、 Pd、 Pt、 Cu、 Al、 Ni、 或 PSS:PEDOT中的一种或多种的混 合物。制备源电极、漏电极或电接触层可以采用不同的技术方法如真空热蒸镀, 溶液旋涂, 低压化学气相沉积, 电子束沉积, 等离子增强化学气相沉积, 溅射, 原子层沉积等。 源电 极 7与漏电极 8之间的优选长度为 0.05 μηι〜1000 μηι, 本例中为 20μηι。
对于需要形成各种图案, 可以结合相关的制备技术采用所有可能的图案形成技术如掩 膜、 光刻、 电子束刻蚀、 离子束刻蚀、 等离子体刻蚀等。 实施例 6: 高分辨的生物传感器的阵列化
为了提高检测的效率, 可以对将高分辨的生物传感器 40阵列化, 如图 6-9所示: η (η 为大于或等于 1的自然数)个功能检测单元 20或 30与 Ν (Ν为大于或等于 1的自然数)个微 纳米流体器件单元 25阵列化形成生物传感器阵列 50。
效果及解析: 在一个完整的高分辨率的生物传感器的制备构成中, 应当充分考虑功能 上的集成, 而选择相关的材料来达到所需的目的。
采用本发明的传感器, 可按照如图 10所示的控制步骤对 DNA序列的进行检测:
1 ) DNA分子在由电泳电极形成的梯度场作用下被拉直, 并从第一储藏室经过微纳米 通道和纳米孔向第二储藏室运动;
2) 当组成 DNA分子的碱基依次穿越纳米孔时, 施加锁定电压使碱基与功能层发生相 互作用, 同时, 由纳米功能层检测碱基与功能层发生相互作用而导致的电学特性的变化;
3) 最后通过对数据的统计分析而得到 DNA序列。
以上实施例对本发明的高分辨率的生物传感器的基本结构特征及制备进行了详细说 明, 但本发明的生物传感器的结构特征以及制备不局限于以上实施例。

Claims

权利要求书
1、 一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于包括在第三绝缘层 (3)上两端分别设有 第一储藏室 (12)、 第二储藏室 (13), 第一储藏室 (12)上设有第一电泳电极 (10), 第二储藏 室 (13)上设有第二电泳电极 (11), 第一储藏室 (12)与第二储藏室 (13)之间设有微纳米分离 通道 (14), 第一储藏室 (12)与二储藏室 (13)之间设有 n 个并列排列的场效应晶体管单元 (30), n个场效应晶体管单元 (30)之间通过第三绝缘层 (3)隔开, 场效应晶体管单元 (30)包 括基板 (1)、 介电层 (2)、 源电极 (7)、 漏电极 (8)、 栅极 (9)、 纳米功能层单元 (20), 每个纳 米功能层单元 (20)包括第一绝缘层 (4)、 纳米功能层 (5)、第二绝缘层 (6), 每个纳米功能层 单元 (20)的中心设有纳米孔 (16), 纳米孔 (16)与第一储藏室 (12)、微纳米分离通道 (14)和第 二储藏室 (13)相通,每个纳米功能层单元 (20)的设有源电极 (7)和漏电极 (8)与此纳米功能 层单元 (20)保持电接触, 第一电泳电极 (10)、 第二电泳电极 (11)、 第一储藏室 (12)、 第二 储藏室 (13)、 微纳米分离通道 (14)、 n个场效应晶体管单元 (30)构成生物传感器 (40), 多 个生物传感器 (40)阵列化排列构成传感器阵列 (50), n为大于或等于 1的自然数。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于所述的纳米功 能层 (5)的材料为层状导电材料, 层状导电材料包括石墨、还原的氧化石墨烯、 部分氢化 的石墨烯、 WS2、 VS2、 TiS2、 TaS2、 ZrS2、 MoSe2、 MoTe2、 BNC、 MoS2、 NbSe2或 Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox; 所述的纳米功能层 (5)的厚度为 0.2〜50 nm。
3、 根据权利要求 2所述的一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于所述的石墨为 1〜100层的石墨烯薄膜, 较优层数为 1〜50层, 最优层数为 1〜10层。
4、 根据权利要求 1所述的一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于所述的纳米孔 (16)包括圆孔、 多边形孔或者椭圆孔, 孔径最大处为 l〜2000 nm; 所述的微纳米分离通 道 (14)包括圆孔、 多边形孔或者椭圆孔, 孔径最大处为 l〜2000 nm。
5、一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于包括场效应晶体管单元 (30)和微纳米流 体器件单元 (25), 所述的场效应晶体管单元 (30)包括基板 (1)、 介电层 (2)、 源电极 (7)、 漏 电极 (8)、栅极 (9)、纳米功能层单元 (20); 所述的纳米功能层单元 (20)包括第一绝缘层 (4)、 纳米功能层 (5)和第二绝缘层 (6), 所述的纳米功能层单元 (20)的中心设有纳米孔 (16), 纳 米孔穿过第一绝缘层 (4)、 纳米功能层 (5)和第二绝缘层 (6), 并且第一绝缘层 (4)、 纳米功 能层 (5)和第二绝缘层 (6)顺次放置, 纳米功能层 (5)上设置与其保持电接触的所述源电极 (7)和漏电极 (8); 所述的微纳米流体器件单元 (25)包括第一储藏室 (12)、 第二储藏室 (13)、 第三绝缘层 (3)和微纳米分离通道 (14), 第一储藏室 (12)和第二储藏室 (13) 处在所述的微 纳米流体器件单元 (25) 的两端, 第一储藏室 (12)上设有第一电泳电极 (10), 第二储藏室 (13)上设有第二电泳电极 (11), 第一储藏室 (12)和第二储藏室 (13)之间通过第三绝缘层 (3) 隔开, 第一储藏室 (12)与第二储藏室 (13)之间设置所述微纳米分离通道 (14), 纳米孔 (16) 与第一储藏室 (12)、 微纳米分离通道 (14)和第二储藏室 (13)相通。
6、 根据权利要求 5所述的一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征由在于所述的第一 储藏室 (12)与第二储藏室 (13)之间设有 n个并列排列的者场效应晶体管单元 (30), n个场 效应晶体管单元 (30)之间通过第三绝缘层 (3)隔开, n为大于或等于 1的自然数。
7、 根据权利要求 5所述的一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于包括 N个并行 排列的微纳米流体器件单元 (25), N为大于或等于 1的自然数。
8、 根据权利要求 5所述的一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于包括 N个并行 排列的微纳米流体器件单元 (25),在所述的第一储藏室 (12)与第二储藏室 (13)之间设有 n 个并列排列的场效应晶体管单元 (30), n个场效应晶体管单元 (30)之间通过第三绝缘层 (3) 隔开, nxN个生物传感器 (40)阵列化排列构成传感器阵列 (50), n与 N均为大于或等于 1 的自然数。
9、 根据权利要求 5所述的一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于所述的纳米功 能层 (5)的材料为层状导电材料, 所述的层状导电材料包括石墨、还原的氧化石墨烯、 部 分氢化的石墨烯薄膜、 WS2、 VS2、 TiS2、 TaS2、 ZrS2、 MoSe2、 MoTe2、 BNC、 MoS2、 NbSe2或 Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox; 所述的纳米功能层 (5)的厚度为 0.2~50nm。
10、 根据权利要求 9所述的一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于所述的石墨为 1〜100层的石墨烯薄膜, 较优层数为 1〜50层, 最优层数为 1〜10层。
11、 根据权利要求 5所述的一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于所述的纳米孔 (16)包括圆孔、 多边形孔或者椭圆孔, 孔径最大处为 l〜2000 nm; 所述的微纳米分离通 道 (14)包括圆孔、 多边形孔或者椭圆孔, 孔径最大处为 l〜2000 nm。
12、 一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于包括纳米功能层单元 (20)和微纳米流 体器件单元 (25), 所述的纳米功能层单元 (20)包括第一绝缘层 (4)、 纳米功能层 (5)和第二 绝缘层 (6), 所述的纳米功能层单元 (20)的中心设有纳米孔 (16), 纳米孔穿过第一绝缘层 (4)、 纳米功能层 (5)和第二绝缘层 (6), 并且第一绝缘层 (4)、 纳米功能层 (5)和第二绝缘层 (6)顺次放置, 纳米功能层 (5)上设有与其相接的电接触层 (70)和 (80); 所述的微纳米流体 器件单元 (25)包括第一储藏室 (12)、 第二储藏室 (13)、 第三绝缘层 (3)和微纳米分离通道 (14), 第一储藏室 (12)和第二储藏室 (13)处在所述的微纳米流体器件单元 (25)的两端, 第 一储藏室 (12)上设有第一电泳电极 (10), 第二储藏室 (13)上设有第二电泳电极 (11), 第一 储藏室 (12)和第二储藏室 (13)之间通过第三绝缘层 (3)隔开,第一储藏室 (12)与第二储藏室
(13)之间设置所述微纳米分离通道 (14), 纳米孔 (16)与第一储藏室 (12)、 微纳米分离通道
(14)和第二储藏室 (13)相通。
13、 根据权利要求 12所述的一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征由在于所述的第 一储藏室 (12)与第二储藏室 (13)之间设有 n个并列排列的纳米功能层单元 (20), n个纳米 功能层单元 (20)之间通过第三绝缘层 (3)隔开, n为大于或等于 1的自然数。
14、 根据权利要求 12所述的一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于包括 N个并 行排列的微纳米流体器件单元 (25), N为大于或等于 1的自然数。
15、 根据权利要求 12所述的一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于包括 N个并 行排列的微纳米流体器件单元 (25),在所述的第一储藏室 (12)与第二储藏室 (13)之间设有 n个并列排列的纳米功能层单元 (20), n个纳米功能层单元 (20)之间通过第三绝缘层 (3) 隔开, nxN个生物传感器 (40)阵列化排列构成传感器阵列 (50), n与 N均为大于或等于 1 的自然数。
16、 根据权利要求 12所述的一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于所述的纳米 功能层 (5)的材料为层状导电材料, 所述的层状导电材料包括石墨、 还原的氧化石墨烯、 部分氢化的石墨烯薄膜、 WS2、 VS2、 TiS2、 TaS2、 ZrS2、 MoSe2、 MoTe2、 BNC、 MoS2、 NbSe2或 Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox; 所述的纳米功能层 (5)的厚度为 0.2~50nm。
17、根据权利要求 16所述的一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于所述的石墨为 1〜100层的石墨烯薄膜, 较优层数为 1〜50层, 最优层数为 1〜10层。
18、 根据权利要求 12所述的一种高分辨率的生物传感器, 其特征在于所述的纳米 孔 (16)包括圆孔、 多边形孔或者椭圆孔, 最大处孔径为 l〜2000 nm; 其特征在于所述的 微纳米分离通道 (14)包括圆孔、 多边形孔或者椭圆孔, 最大处孔径为 l〜2000 nm。
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