WO2012126869A1

WO2012126869A1 - Process for hydrogenating nitriles

Info

Publication number: WO2012126869A1
Application number: PCT/EP2012/054755
Authority: WO
Inventors: Christof Wilhelm Wigbers; Christoph Müller; Wolfgang Mägerlein; Martin Ernst; Thomas Heidemann; Johann-Peter Melder; Lucia KÖNIGSMANN; Milind Joshi; Oliver Bey; Bernd Stein
Original assignee: Basf Se
Priority date: 2011-03-22
Filing date: 2012-03-19
Publication date: 2012-09-27
Also published as: EP2688862A1; JP2014516342A; CN103429564A; BR112013022942A2

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for hydrogenating organic nitriles by means of hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in a reactor, where the shaped body catalyst is arranged in a fixed bed, wherein the shaped body in the shape of spheres or rods has in each case a diameter of 3 mm or less, in the shape of tablets a height of 4 mm or less, and in the case of all other geometries in each case has an equivalent diameter L = 1/a' of 0.70 mm or less, where a' is the external surface area per unit volume (mm_s ²/mm_p ³), with: (I) where A_p is the external surface area of the catalyst particle (mm_s ²) and V_p is the volume of the catalyst particle (mm_p ³). The present invention further relates to a process for preparing downstream products of isophoronediamine (IPDA) or N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) from amines prepared according to the invention.

Description

Process for the hydrogenation of nitriles

Description The present application incorporates by reference the US provisional application 61/466018 filed on Mar. 22, 2011.

The present invention relates to a process for the hydrogenation of nitriles with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst which is used in the form of small moldings.

Another object of the present invention is a process for the preparation of secondary products of isophorone diamine (IPDA) or Ν, Ν-dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) from amines according to the invention.

In the hydrogenation of nitriles to the corresponding amines, it is often necessary to achieve a high degree of conversion with respect to the nitriles used, since unreacted or partially reacted nitriles are difficult to separate off, can undergo side reactions and in the subsequent applications to undesirable properties, such as Smell and discoloration, can lead. It is also often desirable to achieve high selectivity in the formation of primary amines from primary nitriles and to avoid the formation of secondary and tertiary amines.

The hydrogenation of nitriles is generally carried out by catalytic hydrogenation on noble metals, such as Pt, Pd or rhodium, or Co and Ni catalysts (see, for example, "Amines, Alipathic", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Published Online: 15 JUN 2000 , DOI: 10.1002 / 14356007.a02_001).

The process is usually carried out in suspension mode or in a fixed bed reactor.

In the suspension mode of operation, the catalyst used must be separated off from the reaction mixture in order to enable an economical process. The separation is associated with procedural effort.

When using catalysts based on Co, Ni or Cu in the hydrogenation in a fixed bed usually very high temperatures and pressures are required to reduce the formation of secondary and tertiary amines by reaction of primary amine with partial hydrogenated nitrile (= lmin intermediate) may arise.

For example, EP-449089 discloses the hydrogenation of isophorone nitrile to isophorone diamine at 250 bar and WO 2007/128803 describes the hydrogenation of N, N-dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN) to Ν, Ν-dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) at 180 bar.

These drastic reaction conditions can increase the formation of other undesirable by-products and require a high level of material and safety application. The object of the present invention was to provide a fixed-bed process for the hydrogenation of organic nitrile compounds which permits the use of hydrogenation catalysts, in particular of catalysts containing Cu, Co and Ni, under milder reaction conditions, ie in particular lower pressures and / or temperatures. allows. A further object of the present invention was to provide a fixed-bed process in which high yields and selectivities in the nitrile hydrogenation can be achieved and which, moreover, is economical to implement.

In particular, the formation of secondary and tertiary amines should be reduced, as may occur, for example, by reaction of unreacted amine with partially hydrogenated nitrile (= lmin intermediate) according to Scheme 1.

Scheme 1:

R N R

R

According to the invention, the object was achieved by a process for the hydrogenation of organic nitriles with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in a reactor, wherein the catalyst is arranged as a shaped body in a fixed bed, characterized in that the shaped body in the case of spherical shape or strand shape in each case has a diameter of 3 mm or less, in the case of tablet form has a height of 4 mm or less and for all other geometries each have an equivalent diameter L = 1 / a 'of 0.70 mm or less, where a' is the external surface per unit volume (mm _s ² / mm _p ³ ), with:

Where Ap is the external surface area of the catalyst particle (mm _s ² ) and V _{p is} the volume of the catalyst particle (miTip ³ ),

solved. In the process according to the invention nitriles are hydrogenated. Preference is given to aliphatic mono-, di- and / or trinitriles (linear or branched) having 1 to 30, in particular 2 to 18 or 2 to 8 carbon atoms or cycloaliphatic mono and dinitriles having 6 to 20, in particular 6 to 12, carbon atoms or aliphatic , beta- or omega-aminonitriles or alkoxynitriles having from 1 to 30, in particular from 2 to 8, carbon atoms are used in the process according to the invention.

Further preferred aromatic nitriles having 6 to 18 carbon atoms can be used.

The abovementioned mono-, di- or trinitriles can be monosubstituted or polysubstituted.

Particularly preferred mononitriles are acetonitrile for the production of ethylamines, propionitrile for the preparation of propylamines, butyronitrile for the preparation of butylamines, lauronitrile for the production of laurylamine, stearylnitrile for the preparation of stearylamine, N, N-dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN) for the preparation of Ν, Ν Dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) and benzonitrile to produce benzylamine.

Particularly preferred dinitriles are adiponitrile (ADN) for the preparation of hexamethylenediamine (HMD) and / or 6-aminocapronitrile (ACN), 2-methylglutarodinitrile for the preparation of 2-methylglutarodiamine, succinonitrile for the preparation of 1, 4-butanediamine and suberonitrile for the preparation of octamethylenediamine.

Particularly preferred cyclic nitriles are isophorone nitrilimine (I PN I) and or isophorone nitrile (IPN) for the preparation of isophoronediamine and isophthalonitrile for the preparation of meta-xylylenediamine.

Particularly preferred β-aminonitriles are aminopropionitrile for preparing 1,3-diamino-propane or addition products of alkylamines, alkyldiamines or alkanolamines to acrylonitrile. Thus, addition products of ethylenediamine and acrylonitrile can be converted to the corresponding diamines. For example, 3- [2-aminoethyl] amino] propionitrile can be 3- (2-aminoethyl) aminopropylamine and 3,3 '- (ethylenediimino) bispropionitrile or 3- [2- (3-aminopropylamino) ethylamino] -propionitrile to N, N'-bis (3-aminopropyl) ethylenediamine.

Particularly preferred ω-aminonitriles are aminocapronitrile for the preparation of hexamethylenediamine.

Further particularly preferred α-nitriles, so-called "Strecker nitriles", are iminodiacetonitrile (IDAN) for the preparation of diethylenetriamine and aminoacetonitrile (AAN) for the preparation of ethylenediamine (EDA) and diethylenetriamine (DETA).

A preferred trinitrile is trisacetonitrile. Very particular preference is given to Ν, Ν-dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN) for preparing Ν, Ν-dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA), adiponitrile (ADN) for preparing hexamethylenediamine (HMD) or 6-aminocapronitrile (6-ACN) and HM D and isophoronenitrilimine Production of isophorone diamine used in the process according to the invention.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, Ν, Ν-dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN) is used for the preparation of Ν, Ν-dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) in the process according to the invention. In a further particularly preferred embodiment isophorone is used for the preparation of isophorone diamine in the process of the invention and in a particularly particularly preferred embodiment, adiponitrile (ADN) for the production of hexamethylenediamine (HMD) or for the preparation of 6-aminocapronitrile (6-ACN) and HMD used.

As the reducing agent, hydrogen or a hydrogen-containing gas may be used. The hydrogen is generally used technically pure. The hydrogen may also be in the form of a hydrogen-containing gas, i. in admixtures with other inert gases, such as nitrogen, helium, neon, argon or carbon dioxide are used. For example, reformer effluents, refinery gases, etc. can be used as the hydrogen-containing gases, if and insofar as these gases do not contain any contact poisons for the hydrogenation catalysts used, for example CO. However, preference is given to using pure hydrogen or essentially pure hydrogen in the process, for example hydrogen having a content of more than 99% by weight of hydrogen, preferably more than 99.9% by weight of hydrogen, particularly preferably more than 99.99 Wt .-% hydrogen, in particular more than 99.999 wt .-% hydrogen.

In the process according to the invention for the preparation of amines by reduction of nitriles, the hydrogenation may optionally be carried out with the addition of ammonia. Pure ammonia is preferably used in the process, preferably ammonia with a content of more than 99% by weight of ammonia and particularly preferably more than 99.9% by weight of ammonia

Catalysts which can be used as catalysts for hydrogenating the nitrile function to the corresponding amine are, in particular, one or more elements of subgroup 8 of the Periodic Table (Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt), preferably Fe, Co, Ni, Ru or Rh, more preferably Co or Ni, in particular Co. Another preferred active component is Cu.

The abovementioned catalysts can be doped in the customary manner with promoters, for example with chromium, iron, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, titanium, tin, metals of the alkali metal group, metals of the alkaline earth metal group and / or phosphorus. As catalysts, so-called skeletal catalysts (also referred to as ^Raney® type, hereinafter also referred to as: Raney catalyst) which are obtained by leaching (activation) of an alloy of hydrogenation-active metal and a further component (preferably Al) may preferably be used. Preference is given to using Raney nickel catalysts or Raney cobalt catalysts.

As catalysts, preference is furthermore given to using Pd or Pt supported catalysts. Preferred support materials are activated carbon, Al2O3, ΤΊΟ2, ZrÜ2 and S1O2. In a very preferred embodiment, catalysts are used in the process according to the invention, which are prepared by reduction of so-called catalyst precursors.

The catalyst precursor contains an active material which contains one or more catalytically active components, optionally promoters and optionally a carrier material.

The catalytically active components are oxygen-containing compounds of the abovementioned metals, for example their metal oxides or hydroxides, such as CoO, NiO, CuO and / or their mixed oxides.

In the context of this application, the term catalytically active components is used for the abovementioned oxygen-containing metal compounds, but is not intended to imply that these oxygen-containing compounds are already catalytically active per se. As a rule, the catalytically active components have a catalytic activity in the reaction according to the invention only after the reduction has taken place. Particular preference is given to catalyst precursors, such as the oxide mixtures disclosed in EP-A-0636409, which, prior to reduction with hydrogen, have 55 to 98% by weight of Co, calculated as CoO, from 0.2 to 15% by weight of phosphorus, calculated as H 3 PO 4, 0.2 to 15% by weight of manganese, calculated as MnO 2, and 0.2 to 5.0% by weight of alkali, calculated as M ₂ O (M = alkali), or disclosed in EP-A-0742045 Oxide mixtures containing 55 to 98% by weight of Co before reduction with hydrogen, calculated as CoO, from 0.2 to 15% by weight of phosphorus, calculated as H3PO4, from 0.2 to 15% by weight of manganese, calculated as MnO2 , and 0.05 to 5 wt .-% of alkali, calculated as M ₂ 0 (M = alkali), or in EP-A-696572 disclosed oxide mixtures, prior to reduction with hydrogen from 20 to 85 wt .-% ZrÜ2 , 1 to 30 wt .-% oxygen-containing compounds of copper, calculated as CuO, 30 to 70 wt .-% oxygen-containing compounds of nickel, calculated as NiO, 0.1 to 5 wt .-% oxygen-containing compounds of molybdenum, calculated as M0O3 , and 0 to

10 wt .-% oxygen-containing compounds of aluminum and / or manganese, calculated as Al2O3 or MnÜ2 contains, for example, in loc. cit, page 8, disclosed catalyst with the Composition 31, 5 wt .-% Zr0 ₂ , 50 wt .-% NiO, 17 wt .-% CuO and 1, 5 wt .-% M0O3, or in EP-A-963 975 disclosed oxide mixtures prior to the reduction with hydrogen 22 to 40% by weight ZrO 2, 1 to 30% by weight oxygen-containing compounds of copper, calculated as CuO, 15 to 50% by weight oxygen-containing compounds of nickel, calculated as NiO, the molar Ni: Cu Ratio is greater than 1, 15 to 50 wt .-% oxygen-containing compounds of cobalt, calculated as CoO, 0 to 10 wt .-% oxygen-containing compounds of aluminum and / or manganese, calculated as Al2O3 or MnÜ2, and fertilize no oxygen-containing compounds of molybdenum, for example, in loc. cit., page 17, disclosed catalyst A having the composition 33 wt% Zr, calculated as ZrO2, 28 wt% Ni, calculated as NiO, 11 wt% Cu, calculated as CuO and 28 wt%. % Co calculated as CoO.

The catalysts or catalyst precursors are preferably used in the form of shaped bodies in the process according to the invention.

Shaped bodies of any desired geometry or shape are suitable as shaped bodies. Preferred forms are tablets, rings, cylinders, star strands, wagon wheels or balls, particularly preferred are tablets, rings, cylinders, balls or star strands. Very particularly preferred is the strand form.

In the case of spheres, the diameter of the spherical shape according to the invention is 4 mm or less, preferably 3 mm or less and particularly preferably 2.5 mm or less.

In a preferred embodiment, the diameter of spheres is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 4 mm, more preferably 1 to 3 mm and most preferably 1, 5 to 2.5 mm.

For strands or cylinders, the ratio of length: diameter is preferably in the range from 1: 1 to 14: 1, more preferably in the range from 1: 1 to 10: 1 and most preferably in the range from 1: 1 to 6: 1.

The diameter of the strands or cylinders is according to the invention 3 mm or less, and more preferably 2.5 mm or less.

In a preferred embodiment, the diameter of the strands or cylinders is preferably in the range 0.5 to 3 mm, more preferably 1 to 2.5 mm and most preferably 1, 5 to 2.5 mm.

In the case of tablets, according to the invention, the height h of the tablet is 4 mm or less, more preferably 3 mm or less and most preferably 2.5 mm or less.

In a preferred embodiment, the height h of the tablet is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 4 mm, more preferably 1 to 3 mm, and most preferably 1 to 5 to 2.5 mm. The ratio of height h (or thickness) of the tablet to the diameter D of the tablet is preferably 1: 1 to 1: 2.5, more preferably 1: 1 to 1: 2 and most preferably 1: 1 to 1: 2. In all other geometries, the catalyst molding in the process according to the invention preferably in each case has an equivalent diameter L = 1 / a '0.7 mm or less, particularly preferably 0.5 mm or less, very particularly preferably 0.45 mm or less, where a' the external surface is by volume unit (mm _s ² / mm _p ³ ), with:

where Ap is the external surface of the molded article (mm _s ² ) and V _{p is} the volume of the molded article (miTip ³ ).

In a preferred embodiment of the catalyst molding in the process according to the invention for all other geometries in each case preferably has an equivalent diameter L = 1 / a 'in the range of 0.1 to 0.7 mm, more preferably 0.2 to 0.5 mm and very particularly preferably 0.3 to 0.4 mm.

The surface and the volume of the shaped body result from the geometric dimensions of the shaped body according to the known mathematical formulas.

The volume can also be calculated using the following method, where:

The internal porosity of the molded article determines (e.g., via measurement of water uptake in [ml / g cat] at room temperature and 1 bar total pressure),

the displacement of the shaped body when immersed in a liquid (for example, by gas displacement by helium pyknometer) determined and

the sum of both volumes forms.

The surface can also be calculated theoretically by the following method, in which one defines an envelope of the molding, the curve radii max. 5 μιη is (in order not to take the inner pore surface by "penetration" of the envelope in the pores) and the moldings as intimately touched (no cut surface with the support) .This would vividly correspond to a very thin film, which is placed around the molding and then creates a vacuum from the inside, so that the film lays as close as possible to the molding.

The molding used preferably has a bulk density (according to EN ISO 6) in the range from 0.1 to 3 kg / l, preferably from 1.5 to 2.5 kg / l and particularly preferably from 1.7 to 2.2 kg / l

In a preferred embodiment, moldings are used in the process according to the invention, which are produced by impregnation (impregnation) of support materials which have above-mentioned geometry or which are deformed after impregnation to the moldings having the abovementioned geometry.

Examples of carrier materials are carbon, such as graphite, carbon black, graphene, carbon nanotubes and / or activated carbon, aluminum oxide (gamma, delta, theta, alpha, kappa, chi or mixtures thereof), silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide, zeolites, aluminosilicates or mixtures thereof consideration.

The impregnation of the abovementioned support materials can be carried out by the usual methods (A.B. Stiles, Catalyst Manufacture - Laboratory and Commercial Preparations, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1983), for example by applying a metal salt solution in one or more impregnation stages. Suitable metal salts are, as a rule, water-soluble metal salts, such as the nitrates, acetates or chlorides of the corresponding catalytically active components or doping elements, such as co-nitrate or co-chloride. Subsequently, the impregnated support material is usually dried and optionally calcined.

The calcination is generally carried out at temperatures between 300 and 800 ° C, preferably 350 to 600 ° C, especially at 450 to 550 ° C.

The impregnation can also be carried out by the so-called "incipient wetness method", in which the support material is moistened to the maximum saturation with the impregnation solution in accordance with its water absorption capacity. The impregnation can also be done in supernatant solution.

In the case of multistage impregnation methods, it is expedient to dry between individual impregnation steps and, if appropriate, to calcine. The multi-step impregnation is advantageous to apply when the carrier material is to be applied in a larger amount with metal salts.

For applying a plurality of metal components to the support material, the impregnation can take place simultaneously with all metal salts or in any order of the individual metal salts in succession. Preferably, carrier materials are used which already have the preferred geometry of the shaped bodies described above.

However, it is also possible to use carrier materials which are present as powder or grit, and to subject impregnated carrier materials to a shaping.

Thus, for example, the impregnated and dried or calcined support material can be conditioned.

The conditioning can be done, for example, by adjusting the impregnated carrier material by grinding to a certain particle size.

After grinding, the conditioned, impregnated carrier material can be mixed with molding aids, such as graphite, or stearic acid, and further processed into shaped bodies. Common methods of shaping are described, for example, in Ullmann [Ullmann's Encyclopedia Electronic Release 2000, Chapter: "Catalysis and Catalysts", pages 28-32] and by Ertl et al. [Ertl, Knözinger, Weitkamp, Handbook of Heterogenous Catalysis, VCH Weinheim, 1997, pages 98 ff].

Common methods of molding include extrusion, tableting, i. mechanical compression or pelleting, i. Compacting by circular and / or rotating movements.

By the process of shaping moldings can be obtained with the above geometry.

After conditioning or shaping is usually a tempering. The temperatures during the heat treatment usually correspond to the temperatures during the calcination.

In a preferred embodiment, molded articles are used in the process according to the invention, which are prepared by a co-precipitation (mixed precipitation) of all their components and the thus precipitated catalyst precursors are subjected to shaping.

For this purpose, as a rule, a soluble compound of the corresponding active component, the doping elements and optionally a soluble compound of a carrier material in a liquid in the heat and stirring with a precipitating agent until the precipitation is complete.

The liquid used is usually water.

As a soluble compound of the active components are usually the corresponding metal salts, such as the nitrates, sulfates, acetates or chlorides, the above-mentioned metals into consideration.

Water-soluble compounds of Ti, Al, Zr, Si, etc., for example the water-soluble nitrates, sulfates, acetates or chlorides of these elements, are generally used as the soluble compounds of a carrier material. Water-soluble compounds of the doping elements, for example the water-soluble nitrates, sulfates, acetates or chlorides of these elements, are generally used as the soluble compounds of the doping elements.

In a further preferred embodiment, the shaped bodies can be produced by precipitation.

Precipitation is understood as meaning a preparation method in which a sparingly soluble or insoluble carrier material is suspended in a liquid and subsequently soluble compounds, such as soluble metal salts, are added to the corresponding metal oxides, which are then precipitated onto the suspended carrier by addition of a precipitating agent (eg be in EP-A2-1 106 600, page 4, and AB Stiles, Catalyst Manufacture, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1983, page 15). As heavy or insoluble support materials are for example carbon compounds such as graphite, carbon black and / or activated carbon, alumina (gamma, delta, theta, alpha, kappa, chi or mixtures thereof), silica, zirconia, zeolites, aluminosilicates or mixtures thereof into consideration ,

The carrier material is usually present as a powder or grit.

As a liquid in which the carrier material is suspended, water is usually used. Suitable soluble compounds are the abovementioned soluble compounds of the active components or of the doping elements.

Usually, in the precipitation reactions, the soluble compounds are precipitated by addition of a precipitant as sparingly or insoluble, basic salts.

The precipitants used are preferably bases, in particular mineral bases, such as alkali metal bases. Examples of precipitants are sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide.

As precipitating agent it is also possible to use ammonium salts, for example ammonium halides, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide or ammonium carboxylates.

The precipitation reactions may e.g. at temperatures of 20 to 100 ° C, especially 30 to 90 ° C, in particular at 50 to 70 ° C, are performed.

The precipitates obtained in the precipitation reactions are generally chemically ununiform and generally contain mixtures of the oxides, oxide hydrates, hydroxides, carbonates and / or bicarbonates of the metals used. It may prove beneficial for the filterability of the precipitates when they are aged, i. if left for some time after precipitation, possibly in heat or by passing air through it.

The precipitates obtained by these precipitation processes are usually processed by washing, drying, calcining and conditioning.

After washing, the precipitates are generally dried at 80 to 200 ° C, preferably 100 to 150 ° C, and then calcined.

The calcination is generally carried out at temperatures between 300 and 800 ° C, preferably 350 to 600 ° C, especially at 450 to 550 ° C. After calcination, the powdery catalyst precursors obtained by precipitation reactions are usually conditioned. The conditioning can be carried out, for example, by adjusting the precipitation catalyst by grinding to a specific particle size.

After milling, the catalyst precursor obtained by precipitation reactions can be mixed with molding aids, such as graphite or stearic acid, and further processed into shaped bodies.

Common methods of shaping are described, for example, in Ullmann [Ullmann's Encyclopedia Electronic Release 2000, Chapter: "Catalysis and Catalysts", pages 28-32] and by Ertl et al. [Ertl, Knözinger, Weitkamp, Handbook of Heterogenous Catalysis, VCH Weinheim, 1997, pages 98 ff].

Common methods of molding include extrusion, tableting, i. mechanical pressing or pelleting, i. Compacting by circular and / or rotating movements.

By the process of shaping moldings can be obtained with the above geometry.

Shaped bodies which have been produced by impregnation or precipitation generally contain the catalytically active components after calcination, generally in the form of their oxygen-containing compounds, for example their metal oxides or hydroxides, such as CoO, NiO, CuO and / or their mixed oxides (catalyst precursor).

The catalyst precursors prepared by impregnation or precipitation as described above are generally reduced after calcination. The reduction usually converts the catalyst precursor into its catalytically active form.

The reduction of the catalyst precursor can be carried out at elevated temperature in a moving or stationary reduction furnace.

The reducing agent used is usually hydrogen or a gas containing hydrogen.

The hydrogen is generally used technically pure. The hydrogen may also be in the form of a hydrogen-containing gas, i. in admixtures with other inert gases, such as nitrogen, helium, neon, argon or carbon dioxide are used. The hydrogen stream can also be recycled as recycle gas into the reduction, possibly mixed with fresh hydrogen and, if appropriate, after removal of water by condensation.

The reduction of the catalyst precursor is preferably carried out in a reactor in which the shaped bodies are arranged as a fixed bed. Particular preference is given to reducing the catalytic torvorläufers in the same reactor in which the subsequent reaction of the nitriles with hydrogen.

Furthermore, the reduction of the catalyst precursor can take place in a fluidized bed reactor in the fluidized bed.

The reduction of the catalyst precursor is generally carried out at reduction temperatures of 50 to 600 ° C, in particular from 100 to 500 ° C, particularly preferably from 150 to 450 ° C.

The hydrogen partial pressure is generally from 1 to 300 bar, in particular from 1 to 200 bar, more preferably from 1 to 100 bar, wherein the pressure data here and below relate to the absolute measured pressure.

The duration of the reduction is preferably 1 to 20 hours, and more preferably 5 to 15 hours. During the reduction, a solvent may be supplied to remove any water of reaction formed and / or, for example, to heat the reactor faster and / or to be able to dissipate the heat better during the reduction can. The solvent can also be supplied supercritically. Suitable solvents can be used the solvents described above. Preferred solvents are water; Ethers, such as methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether, dioxane or tetrahydrofuran. Particularly preferred are water or tetrahydrofuran. Suitable suitable solvents are also suitable mixtures. The resulting shaped article can be handled after reduction under inert conditions. Preferably, the molded article may be handled and stored under an inert gas such as nitrogen or under an inert liquid, for example, an alcohol, water or the product of the respective reaction, for which the catalyst is used. If necessary, the catalyst must then be freed from the inert liquid before the start of the actual reaction.

The storage of the catalyst under inert substances allows uncomplicated and safe handling and storage of the molding.

After the reduction, however, the shaped body can also be brought into contact with an oxygen-containing gas stream such as air or a mixture of air with nitrogen.

As a result, a passivated molded body is obtained. The passivated molding generally has a protective oxide layer. Through this protective oxide layer, the handling and storage of the catalyst is simplified, so that, for example, the incorporation of the passivated molded body is simplified in the reactor. A passivated molding is preferably reduced before contacting with the starting materials as described above by treating the passivated catalyst with hydrogen or a gas containing hydrogen. The reduction conditions generally correspond to the reduction conditions, which are used in the reduction of the catalyst precursors. Activation typically removes the protective passivation layer.

The inventive method is preferably carried out in a reactor in which the catalyst is arranged as a fixed bed.

In a preferred embodiment, the fixed-bed arrangement comprises a catalyst charge in the proper sense, i. loose, supported or unsupported moldings, which are preferably in the geometry or shape described above.

For this purpose, the moldings are introduced into the reactor.

So that the shaped bodies remain in the reactor and do not fall through it, a grid base or a gas- and liquid-permeable sheet is usually used, on which the shaped bodies rest. The shaped bodies can be surrounded by an inert material both at the inlet and at the outlet of the reactor. The inert material used is generally moldings which have a similar geometry to the previously described catalyst moldings, but are inert in the reaction, e.g. Pall rings, balls of an inert material (e.g., ceramic, steatite, aluminum).

However, the shaped bodies can also be mixed with inert material and introduced as a mixture into the reactor.

The catalyst bed (molding + optionally inert material) preferably has a bulk density (according to EN ISO 6) in the range of 0.1 to 3 kg / l, preferably from 1, 5 to 2.5 kg / l and particularly preferably 1, 7 to 2.2 kg / l.

The differential pressure across the bed is preferably less than 1000 mbar / m, preferably less than 800 mbar / m and particularly preferably less than 700 mbar / m. Preferably, the differential pressure across the bed in the range of 10 to 1000 mbar / m, preferably 50 to 800 mbar / m, more preferably 100 to 700 mbar / m and in particular in the range of 200 to 500 mbar / m.

In trickle mode (flow direction of the liquid from top to bottom), the differential pressure results from the pressure measured above the catalyst bed and the pressure measured below the catalyst bed.

In the case of upflow mode (flow direction of the liquid from bottom to top), the differential pressure results from the pressure measured below the catalyst bed and the pressure measured above the catalyst bed.

Suitable fixed-bed reactors are described, for example, in the article "Fixed-Bed Reactors" (Ulmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Published Online: 15 JUN 2000, DOI:

10.1002 / 14356007.b04_199). The process is preferably carried out in a shaft reactor, shell-and-tube reactor or tubular reactor.

The process is particularly preferably carried out in a tubular reactor.

The reactors can each be used as a single reactor, as a series of individual reactors and / or in the form of two or more parallel reactors.

The particular reactor design and operation of the reaction may vary depending on the hydrogenation process to be performed, the required reaction times, and the nature of the catalyst employed.

The ratio of height to diameter of the reactor, in particular of the tubular reactor, is preferably 1: 1 to 500: 1, more preferably 2: 1 to 100: 1 and particularly preferably 5: 1 to 50: 1.

The flow direction of the reactants (educts, hydrogen, possibly liquid ammonia) is usually from top to bottom or from bottom to top.

Particularly preferred is the flow direction of the reactants (starting materials, hydrogen, possibly liquid ammonia) from top to bottom through the reactor.

The catalyst loading in continuous operation is typically from 0.01 to 10, preferably from 0.2 to 5, particularly preferably from 0.2 to 4 kg of starting material per liter of catalyst per hour.

In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the cross-sectional loading is in the range from 5 kg / (m ² s) to 50 kg / (m ² s), preferably 8 to 25 kg / (m ² s), particularly preferably 10 to 20 kg / (m ² s), and more preferably 12 to 18 kg / (m ² s).

The cross-sectional loading v [kg / (m ² s)] is defined as

where Q is the mass flow rate [kg / s] and A is the cross-sectional area of the empty column [m ² ]. The mass flow Q is in turn defined as the sum of the masses of all feed educt streams and recycle streams. Hydrogen, cycle gases and possibly added inert gases are not used to calculate the flow mass, since hydrogen, cycle gases and inert gases are usually present in the gas phase under the usual hydrogenation conditions.

In order to achieve the high cross-sectional loads, preferably a portion of the discharge (partial discharge) from the hydrogenation reactor is returned to the reactor as recycle stream (recycle stream). The circulating stream can be fed to the reactor separately or, more preferably, it can be mixed with the starting materials fed and recycled together with it to the reactor. The ratio of recycle stream to feedstock stream is preferably in the range from 0.5: 1 to 250: 1, more preferably in the range from 1: 1 to 200: 1, and most preferably in the range from 2: 1 to 180: 1. If no ammonia is fed into the process, the ratio of recycle stream to feedstock stream is preferably in the upper range of the above ranges. If, on the other hand, a lot of ammonia is fed into the process, then the ratio of recycle stream to feed stream fed is preferably in the lower range of the abovementioned ranges. In a further preferred embodiment, high cross-sectional loads can be achieved if the reaction is carried out in a slender-type reactor, in particular in a tubular reactor of a slim design.

The ratio of height to diameter of the reactor therefore, as described above, is preferably in the range from 1: 1 to 500: 1, more preferably in the range from 2: 1 to 100: 1 and particularly preferably in the range from 5: 1 to 50 :1.

The hydrogenation is generally carried out at a pressure of 1 to 200 bar, in particular from 5 to 150 bar, preferably from 10 to 100 bar and particularly preferably from 15 to 95 bar. Most preferably, the hydrogenation is carried out at a pressure of less than 95 bar as a low pressure method.

The temperature is usually in a range 25 to 300 ° C, in particular from 50 to 200 ° C, preferably from 70 to 150 ° C, particularly preferably from 80 to 140 ° C. The reaction conditions are preferably chosen so that the nitriles used and any added liquids and optionally supplied ammonia are generally present in the liquid phase and only the hydrogen or inert gases used under the reaction conditions mentioned in the gas phase. The molar ratio of hydrogen to nitrile used is generally 2: 1 to 25: 1, preferably 2.01: 1 to 10: 1. The hydrogen can be recycled as cycle gas in the reaction.

In the process according to the invention for the preparation of amines by reduction of nitriles, the hydrogenation can be carried out with the addition of ammonia. As a rule, ammonia is used in molar ratios to the nitrile group in the ratio of 0.5: 1 to 100: 1, preferably 2: 1 to 20: 1. However, the preferred embodiment is a method in which no ammonia is added. The reaction can be carried out in bulk or in a liquid.

The hydrogenation is preferably carried out in the presence of a liquid. Suitable liquids are, for example, C 1 - to C 4 -alcohols, such as methanol or ethanol, C 4 - to C 12 -dialkyl ethers, such as diethyl ether or tert-butylmethyl ether, or cyclic C 4 - to C 12 ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, or hydrocarbons, such as pentane, Hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane or toluene. Suitable liquids may also be mixtures of the abovementioned liquids. In a preferred embodiment, the liquid is a product of the hydrogenation.

The reaction can also be carried out in the presence of water. The water content, however, should not be more than 10% by weight, preferably less than 5% by weight, particularly preferably less than 3% by weight, based on the mass of the liquid used, in order to leach and / or wash off the compounds to avoid the alkali, alkaline earth and / or rare earth metals as far as possible.

The activity and / or selectivity of the catalysts according to the invention can decrease with increasing service life. Accordingly, a process for the regeneration of the catalysts according to the invention has been found, in which the catalyst is treated with a liquid. The treatment of the catalyst with a liquid should lead to the removal of any adhering compounds which block active sites of the catalyst. The treatment of the catalyst with a liquid can be carried out by stirring the catalyst in a liquid or by washing the catalyst in the liquid, after treatment, the liquid can be separated by filtration or decanting together with the detached impurities from the catalyst.

Suitable liquids are generally the product of the hydrogenation, water or an organic solvent, preferably ethers, alcohols or amides.

In a further embodiment, the treatment of the catalyst with liquid may be carried out in the presence of hydrogen or a gas containing hydrogen. This regeneration can be carried out at elevated temperature, usually from 20 to 250 ° C. It is also possible to dry the used catalyst and oxidize adhering organic compounds with air to volatile compounds such as CO2. Before further use of the catalyst in the hydrogenation of this must be activated after oxidation, as a rule, as described above.

During regeneration, the catalyst may be contacted with a soluble compound of the catalytically active components. The contacting can be carried out in such a way that the catalyst is impregnated or moistened with a water-soluble compound of the catalytically active component.

In the hydrogenation of nitriles to the corresponding amines, it is often necessary to achieve a high degree of conversion with respect to the nitriles used, since unreacted o- the only partially reacted nitriles are difficult to separate and may result in the subsequent applications to undesirable properties, such as odor and discoloration.

The advantage of the present invention is that the inventive method allows the hydrogenation of nitriles in high selectivity and yield. In addition, the formation of undesirable by-products is reduced.

This makes it possible to carry out the hydrogenation under milder reaction conditions, in particular at lower pressure and / or at lower temperature.

Thus, the present invention enables an economical hydrogenation process. In particular, the formation of secondary and tertiary amines, as may be formed, for example, by reaction of unreacted amine with partially hydrogenated nitrile (= lmin intermediate) according to Scheme 1, is reduced.

In particular, the inventive method allows the production of

Isophoronediamine with high selectivity and yield. In particular, it is possible to reduce the content of unwanted isophorone nitrilamine (IPNA). IPNA can be formed, for example, by reaction of isophorone nitrile with ammonia, which first reacts to form the isophorone trilimine, which then reacts preferably with hydrogen to form isophoronenitrile. Isophorone diamine serves as an intermediate for the preparation of curing agents for epoxy resins and coatings (e.g., 3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl isocyanate) and is itself used directly as a curing agent. Other applications include coatings with excellent anti-corrosion properties for metals and adhesive compounds. It is also used in the production of non-crystalline specialty polyamides, as chain extenders in polyurethanes and as an intermediate for the production of dyes.

Thus, the present invention also relates to a process for the preparation of curing agents for epoxy resins and coatings, Spezialpolyamiden, polyurethanes and dyes, characterized in that one prepared in a first stage isophorone diamine from isophorone nitrile imine according to claim 1 and obtained in the first stage isophorone diamine in a second Stage for the production of hardeners for epoxy resins and coatings, special polyamides, polyurethanes and dyes.

Due to the low content of IPNA, the secondary products may also have advantageous properties.

The process according to the invention is likewise preferred for the preparation of 3- (dimethylamino) propylamine (DMAPA). In particular, the method according to the invention makes it possible to reduce the content of bis-DMAPA. As an intermediate, it is used, for example, for the production of surface-active substances, soaps, cosmetics, shampoos, hygiene products, detergents and crop protection agents. DMAPA is also used for water treatment and as a polymerization catalyst for PU and epoxy. Thus, the present invention also relates to a process for the preparation of surface-active substances, soaps, cosmetics, shampoos, hygiene products, detergents and pesticides, characterized in that in a first stage DMAPA prepared from 3- (dimethylamino) propionitrile according to claim 1 and the in the first stage DMAPA used in a second stage for the production of surfactants, soaps, cosmetics, shampoos, hygiene products, detergents and pesticides. Due to the low content of bis-DMAPA, the secondary products may also have advantageous properties. The invention is illustrated by the following examples:

Examples: Definitions:

The catalyst loading is reported as the quotient of educt mass in the feed and the product of catalyst volume and time.

Catalyst load = educt mass / (volume of catalyst · reaction time).

The unit of the catalyst load is expressed in [kg domestic product _E / (lh)].

The specified selectivities were determined by gas chromatographic analyzes and calculated from the area percentages. GC programs:

IPDA: GC column: 60 m DB1701; ID = 0.32 mm, film thickness = 0.25μιη

Temperature program: 60 ° C - 5 ° C / min - 280 ° C - 20 min DMAPA: GC column: 60 m CP Volamnin; WCOT Fused Silica 0.32 mm

Temperature program: 50 ° C - 10 min - 15 ° C / min - 240 ° C - 30 min

The educt conversion U (E) is calculated according to the following formula:

F% (E) start F% (E)

U (E) end

F% (E) beginning

The yield of product A (P) results from the area percent of the product signal.

A (P) = F% (P), wherein the area percent F% (i) of a starting material (F% (E)), product (F% (P)), a by-product (F% (N)) or quite generally a substance i (F% (i)), from the quotient of the area F (i) below the signal of the substance i and the total area

F total, i. the sum of the area below the signals i, multiplied by 100, yields:

F% (i) = - ^Q - · 100 = ^ ß- ■ 100

^ total

i

The selectivity of the educt S (E) is calculated as the quotient of product yield A (P) and reactant conversion U (E):

A (P)

S (E) = - * 100

U (E)

Preparation of the Catalyst The catalyst used was a cobalt catalyst having a strand diameter of 2 mm or

4 mm, the preparation of which is described in EP-A-0636409 (Example Catalyst A).

Preparation of IPDA from IPN (isophorone nitrile)

example 1

The reaction was carried out in two continuously operated tubular reactors connected in series. In this case, the imination of the IPN with ammonia to imine in the first reactor at 60 ° C to Ti0 ₂ (75 ml_) was performed. The feed amount of IPN was 84 g / h, the NH ₃ - amount of 180 g / h. The discharge of the imination reactor was passed together with hydrogen to the second reactor (first hydrogenation reactor). The temperature of the second reactor was adjusted to 90 ° C. The amount of hydrogen supplied was 88 L / h. The catalyst used in the first hydrogenation reactor was 348 g of the cobalt catalyst having a strand diameter of 2 mm or 4 mm, and 173 g in the second hydrogenation reactor. The discharge of the first hydrogenation reactor was partly returned to the reactor inlet of the first hydrogenation reactor (2500 g / h) with the aid of a recycle pump after a high-pressure separator. Both hydrogenation reactors were flowed from the top, the imination reactor from below. The system pressure was 80 bar. Table 1 shows analysis results of the plant when operating with the two different shaped bodies. Table V.

Results of the IPDA production on two different shaped catalyst bodies.

All data in GC-FI.%

It can be seen from the table that both the activity of the reduced-body catalyst is increased (better nitrile conversion, i.e., less IPNA), and the selectivity is improved. Thus, when using the shaped body with a strand diameter of 2 mm, in contrast to the shaped body with a diameter of 4 mm, no high boilers are measured. In addition, only 2% of the bicyclic secondary component are formed, whereas 4% form 4% by weight.

Example 2

Production of DM APA

The reaction was carried out in a bottom-flow through tubular reactor (internal diameter 0.5 cm, length 1 m) with liquid recycling in the presence of hydrogen and ammonia. a) The catalysts used were the abovementioned cobalt catalysts with a

Diameter of 2 mm used.

29 g (bulk density 2.08 g / ml, ie catalyst volume is 14 ml) of the reduced-passivated cobalt catalyst were introduced into the reactor and incubated for 12 hours at 280 ° C. (1 bar) and in a stream of hydrogen (25 μl / h) activated. Subsequently, the reactor was cooled to 120 ° C, pressed with hydrogen to 180 bar and started up with DM APA. It was set a hydrogen flow of 50 Nl / h and an ammonia feed of 20 - 22 g / h. A liquid recirculation of 55 g / h was set. The feed amount of DM APN was 26 g / h. The conversion of DM APN was> 99.9%, the amount of formed

Bis-DMAPA was 0.6-0.8%. Subsequently, the pressure was lowered to 85 bar and the temperature lowered to 80 ° C. With an approximately equal conversion of> 99.9%, 0.6 - 0.8% of bis-DMAPA were also obtained in the reaction effluent. After a running time of about 1000 h, the temperature was increased to 85 ° C and the amount of hydrogen reduced to 30 Nl / h. Turnover was> 99.8%, resulting in 0.8 - 0.9%

DMAPA in the reaction effluent. As catalysts, the above-mentioned cobalt catalysts with a diameter of 4 mm were used.

26 g (bulk density 1.85 g / ml, ie catalyst volume is 14 ml) of the reduced-passivated cobalt catalyst were introduced into the reactor and incubated for 12 hours at 280 ° C. (1 bar) and in a stream of hydrogen (25 Nl / h) activated. Subsequently, the reactor was cooled to 120 ° C, pressed with hydrogen to 180 bar and started up with DMAPA. It was set a hydrogen flow of 50 Nl / h and an ammonia feed of 20 - 22 g / h. A liquid recirculation of 55 g / h was set. The feed amount of DMAPN was 26 g / h. The conversion of DMAPN was> 99.9%, the amount of bis-DMAPA formed was 0.4-0.7%. Subsequently, the pressure to 85 bar and the temperature was lowered to 100 ° C. At a conversion of now about 99.4 to 99.6%, bis-DMAPA amounts of 2.6 to 3.2% were found in the reaction effluent. After increasing the temperature to 105 ° C and lowering the amount of hydrogen to 30 Nl / h, although the conversion could be increased again to> 99.8%, but the bis-DMAPA amounts were still at a high level of 2.0 - 2.6% ,

This shows that with small moldings (2 mm strands) - under otherwise the same conditions, but lowered temperature - a driving style at significantly reduced reaction pressure is possible to suffer without sacrificing conversion and selectivity.

Furthermore, the experiments show that with large moldings (4 mm strands) a procedure at significantly reduced reaction pressure can be carried out only with considerable sacrifices in selectivity.

Claims

Claims 22

1 . A process for the hydrogenation of organic nitriles with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in a reactor, wherein the catalyst is arranged as a shaped body in a fixed bed, characterized in that the shaped body in spherical or strand form each have a diameter of 2.5 mm or less, in the case of tablet form has a height of 2.5 mm or less and for all other geometries each has an equivalent diameter L = 1 / a 'of 0.5 mm or less, where a' is the external surface per unit volume (mm _s ² / mm _p ³ ) is with:

where Ap is the external surface area of the catalyst particle (mm _s ² ) and V _{p is} the volume of the catalyst particle (mm _p ³ ).

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the fixed bed is a catalyst bulk from loose, supported or unsupported moldings.

3. The method according to at least one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that the shaped body is used in strand form.

4. The method according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the bulk density of the bed is 0.1 to 3 kg / l.

5. The method according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the catalyst contains Co or Ni.

6. The method according to at least one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the catalyst is prepared by reduction of catalyst precursors.

7. The method according to at least one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that a part of the discharge (partial discharge) from the hydrogenation reactor as recycle stream returned to the reactor (recycle stream) and the ratio of recycle stream to supplied E- duct current in the range of 0, 5: 1 to 250: 1.

8. The method according to at least one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the pressure in the range of 15 to 85 bar and / or the temperature in the range of 70 to 150 ° C.

9. The method according to at least one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the method is carried out in a shaft reactor, tubular reactor or tube bundle reactor.

10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the ratio of height to diameter of the tubular reactor is 1: 1 to 500: 1.

1 1. Method according to at least one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the pressure loss over the catalyst bed is less than 1000 mbar / m.

12. The method according to at least one of claims 1 to 1 1, characterized in that as nitrile isophorone nitrile or 3- (dimethylamino) propionitrile is used.

13. The method according to at least one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the process is carried out without supplied ammonia.

14. The method according to at least one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that is used as the nitrile isophorone nitrile and the isophoronediamine prepared by the hydrogenation in a further process step for the preparation of hardeners for

Epoxy resins and coatings, Spezialpolyamiden, polyurethanes and dyes is used.

15. The method according to at least one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that is used as the nitrile 3- (dimethylamino) propionitrile and prepared by the hydrogenation Ν, Ν-dimethylaminopropylamine in a further process step for the preparation of surface-active substances, soaps, cosmetics , Shampoos, hygiene products, detergents and pesticides.