WO2012125953A2 - Luminescent devices - Google Patents

Abstract

The methods, devices, and systems described herein describe a novel way to cause the emission of light from algae. By preparing algae and applying an appropriate electromagnetic wave or field to the prepared algae, the algae will then emit light. The prepared luminescent algae may also be incorporated into luminescent panels, which may then be integrated into a variety of applications. In some embodiments, these luminescent panels can be individually and remotely controlled, allowing for ease of use and installation. Furthermore, these luminescent panels also consume a relatively small amount of power compared to conventional light sources, creating a possibility to save significant amounts of energy and energy related costs.

Description

LUMINESCENT DEVICES

[0001] This application is being filed on 16 March 2012, as a PCT International Patent application in the name of William Arthur Lindsey, a citizen of the U.S., applicant for the designation of the US only, and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/453,134, filed March 16, 2011, which application is hereby incorporated by reference. This application is a continuation-in-part, and claims priority to prior Application No. , filed January 11 , 2012, titled

"E.M.F.I. EL Multifunction Inverter", which application is hereby incorporated by reference.

Introduction

[0002] Ever since Thomas Edison invented the first incandescent light bulb, the desire for efficient long-lasting light sources has existed. It is estimated that twenty- five percent of all commercial energy consumption and twelve percent of residential energy consumption comes from lighting alone. With rising costs of electricity and the diminishing sources of energy, reductions in energy usage for lighting are advantageous.

[0003] There have been many attempts to reduce energy consumption from lighting. Solutions over time have comprised, among others, higher efficiency incandescent bulbs, fluorescent lighting, halogen lighting, and light-emitting diode (LED) technology. Another attempted lighting solution was found in

electroluminescent (EL) devices.

[0004] EL devices operate due to an optical phenomenon in conjunction with an electrical phenomenon where a material between two electrodes emits light in response to an electric current being passed between the electrodes. By operating in this fashion, EL devices consume less electricity than traditional incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. EL technology has been used to backlight displays and other commonly used items, such as wristwatches. These EL devices have been created with both organic material combinations as well as inorganic material combinations, such as manganese-doped zinc sulfide material. With either of these material combinations, there have existed problems in both the lifetime of the material as well as the brightness of light emitted from the material. [0005] Yet another problem that exists with EL devices is that the material must be enclosed between two electrodes to allow for current to flow through the material. Since the goal of the EL device is to produce light, one of these electrodes must also then be transparent. This also means that there must be a power source wired to the EL device, further limiting its use and application. Furthermore, since the EL devices must have an electric current running through them, many of these EL devices also have trouble operating under water, in or near salt water, in high humidity, and in areas where electricity is not readily available. Because of these limitations, the installation and maintenance of EL devices becomes cumbersome and inconvenient.

Luminescent Devices

[0006] Briefly, and in general terms, this disclosure describes methods for causing the emission of light from the luminescence of algae, and systems and devices that may be created by taking advantage of this new light source. The luminescence is caused by exposing prepared luminescent algae to an

electromagnetic wave. These prepared luminescent algae can be incorporated into a multitude of applications allowing for light to be generated in a convenient and efficient manner.

[0007] For example, the prepared luminescent algae can be incorporated into a flexible luminescent panel that can then be used for uses such as billboards, flashlights, and commercial lighting. The creation of the luminescent panels also takes advantage of current technology, such as digital printing, to further enhance possible applications the panels. Furthermore, improving over the prior art, the luminescent algae do not need to be enclosed between two electrodes. This allows for the luminescent algae to be controlled wirelessly when incorporated into a luminescent panel. With wireless control, the panels can be controlled from across the globe or at a central location. Because of these improvements, the materials used and the location of the luminescent panels is no longer limited as it has been in the past.

[0008] In one aspect, the disclosure describes a light emitting device. The light emitting device comprises a luminescent panel including prepared luminescent algae. The light emitting device also comprises a power supply operably connected to the luminescent panel that when activated causes the prepared luminescent algae to emit light.

[0009] In another aspect, the disclosure describes a method for generating light. The method for generating light comprises providing prepared luminescent algae. The method for generating light also comprises exposing the prepared luminescent algae to an artificial electromagnetic field of a power density and frequency sufficient to cause the prepared luminescent algae to emit light.

[0010] In another aspect, the disclosure describes a method for creating a luminescent panel. The method for creating a luminescent panel comprises harvesting luminescent algae. The method for creating a luminescent panel further comprises drying the luminescent algae. The method for creating a luminescent panel further comprises crushing the luminescent algae. The method for creating a luminescent panel further comprises applying the luminescent algae to a substrate. The method for creating a luminescent panel further comprises encapsulating the luminescent algae between a substrate and a layer, wherein one or both of the substrate and the layer are transparent.

[0011] These and various other features as well as advantages which characterize the systems and methods described herein will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description and a review of the associated drawings. Additional features are set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the technology. The benefits and features of the technology will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.

[0012] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0013] The following drawing figures, which form a part of this application, are illustrative of embodiments of systems and methods described below and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention in any manner, which scope shall be based on the claims appended hereto. FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a method for causing the emission of light from prepared luminescent algae.

FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) illustrate an embodiment of a luminescent device. FIGS. 3(a) - 3(c) illustrate an embodiment of a luminescent panel.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a method for creating a luminescent panel.

FIGS. 5(a) - 5(c) illustrate an embodiment of a system for causing the emission of light from luminescent algae.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a flashlight.

FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a lighting fixture.

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a traffic light.

FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a billboard.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a safety vest.

FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of a vehicle.

FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of an aeronautical vehicle and an aquatic vehicle.

FIG. 13 illustrates embodiments of underwater applications.

FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of a book and accessories.

FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of a multi-pane glass.

FIG. 16 illustrates embodiments of cards.

Detailed Description

[0014] The description below describes a novel way to cause the emission of light from luminescent algae.

[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a method 100 for causing

luminescent algae to luminesce. As illustrated, method 100 includes harvesting luminescent algae 101. The harvesting operation 101 may include identifying suitable naturally occurring populations of algae that exhibit the luminescent effect described herein. This may include obtaining and testing samples of algae from different water bodies and locations. After a population of suitable algae has been identified, the algae may be harvested directly from the natural environment or, alternatively, a culture may be obtain and the algae may be grown in bulk using modern techniques at a commercial facility. The harvesting of the luminescent algae from the natural environment may be done in many ways. In certain embodiments, the luminescent algae can be harvested by mechanical means. For example, the luminescent algae could be removed from a lake with a rake, net, sieve or other hand techniques. The luminescent algae may also be harvested from both artificial and natural sources using other techniques known in the art, such as centrifugation and flocculation. Furthermore, the algae may be harvested through an aquaculture process or through aquafarming.

[0016] For purposes of this description, luminescent algae are algae that, when dried and presumably dead, luminesce when exposed to an electromagnetic field or wave of sufficient strength. Luminescent algae may or may not exhibit luminescence when living in the natural environment. These luminescent algae may be obtained from many different sources from around the United States, and possibly the world. One particular location that the luminescent algae are known to exist is in Lake Michigan, near the north shore of Chicago. Luminescent algae harvested from sources near urban areas also seem to produce positive results.

[0017] Although the exact details and composition of the luminescent algae are not known by the inventor at this time, testing and observation have shown that various types of string algae are generally better candidates for use. As examples, some types of algae that produced positive results are discussed below.

[0018] One type of algae that has produced a positive result in testing belongs in the phylum class of Bacillariophyta, and these algae are also known as diatoms. These algae can be found all around the world in marine and freshwater ecosystems. When found in water, they live attached to rocks and plants, or are free floating. In the photosynthetic variety, the algae contains chlorophylls a and c, beta-carotene, and in some cases, fucoxanthin.

[0019] Another type of algae that has produced a positive result in testing is Chlorophycophyta, more commonly known as green algae. These algae can live in both freshwater and marine environments. These algae, in their photosynthetic form, contain chlorophylls a and b, although its major pigment is chlorophyll b. In some cases, these algae can also contain carotene, lycopene, and lutein.

[0020] Chrysophyceae is another type of algae that has produced a positive result in testing. Also known as golden algae, these algae can be found in both freshwater and marine environments, but are generally freshwater protists. These algae contain chlorophylls and c, beta-carotene, and fucoxanthin.

[0021] Another type of algae that has produced a positive result in testing is Dinophyta. This type of algae can be found in both fresh water environments as well as marine environments. These algae contain chlorophylls a and c, peridinin, neoperididnin, dinoxanthin, and neodinoxanthin.

[0022] Although there are likely other types of acceptable algae, the last type of algae that will be discussed here is Rhodophycophyta, more commonly known as red algae. These algae produce less acceptable results than the other algae discussed above, but still cause luminescence when exposed to electromagnetic waves. Most of these algae live in a marine environment; however, there are a few freshwater species. These algae contain chlorophylls a and sometimes d, beta-carotene, and zeaxanthin.

[0023] Other types of algae that can be found in similar bodies of water as the above discussed algae, however, have been observed to be poor candidates for luminescence. These two types of algae are Cyanobacteria, also known as blue- green algae, and Phaecophycophyta, more commonly known as brown algae.

Cyanobacteria can be found many habitats, from oceans to fresh water to bare rock to soil. These algae contain chlorophylls a and c, beta-carotene, and phycobilins. Phaecophycophyta can live in both freshwater and marine habitats, are but are primarily marine-based. Phaecophycophyta contain chlorophylls a and c, beta- carotene, fucoxanthin, and violaxanthin.

[0024] Returning to FIG. 1, the luminescent algae are prepared in a preparation operation 102. This preparation operation 102, if not performed in the harvesting operation 101, may include drying the luminescent algae. In some embodiments, the preparation may also include crushing the luminescent algae. The preparation of the luminescent algae may further include rewetting the dried algae or otherwise preparing it in order to make it easier to apply to a surface or manipulate.

Furthermore, some embodiments also include removing material from the luminescent algae. For example, dirt and other material could be removed from the harvested algae. In addition, a processing operation could be performed so that some non-luminescent portions of the luminescent algae could be removed prior to using the luminescent algae. After harvesting and preparing the luminescent algae, the luminescent algae may be referred to as prepared luminescent algae.

[0025] In the embodiment of the method 100 illustrated, a frequency selection operation 103 is shown in which a suitable frequency or frequency range for the luminescence-causing electromagnetic field is selected. Operation 103 is an optional operation which does not have to be implemented in all embodiments. In the operation 103, the frequency range is determined for the electromagnetic waves that the prepared luminescent algae are to be exposed.

[0026] Prior to the frequency range being selected, it may be useful to identify a frequency range to be used with the prepared algae. For example, a frequency or frequency range may be selected based on preferred characteristics for a certain application or embodiment. Different frequencies and different power densities may be tested. Experiments have shown that a wide range of frequencies can be used to cause the prepared luminescent algae to emit light. Although a detailed theoretical analysis has not yet been completed to determine the mechanism behind the luminescence and the ideal frequency ranges, empirical data has shown some frequency ranges that work well in particular embodiments. In general, this range includes frequencies from about 10 kilohertz (KHz) through about 100 megahertz (MHz) spectrum. However, many applications work within a range of about 500 KHz and about 10 MHz. More specifically, a frequency range between

approximately 1 MHz to approximately 5 MHz works well for many applications. In some embodiments, a tighter range between about 1.5 MHz and 3 MHz is suitable.

[0027] At operation 104, the prepared luminescent algae are exposed to artificial electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic magnetic signals are produced artificially through a device or machine, as opposed to electromagnetic signals occurring naturally, such as sunlight. An example of such a device is a simple radio transmitter, such as those used for wireless communication between devices using the BLUETOOTH® standard, operating at the frequency selected in the selection operation 103. However, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that many electromagnetic frequencies that occur naturally can be artificially replicated by a device or machine. Furthermore, any device, machine, or other suitable means for creating artificial electromagnetic waves may be used at this step. If appropriate frequencies have been identified and/or selected in operation 104, the electromagnetic waves should be restricted to the selected frequency range, and contain enough power to cause the prepared luminescent algae to luminesce. Upon exposing the prepared luminescent algae to appropriate artificial electromagnetic waves, the algae will luminesce.

[0028] FIG. 2(a) is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a device 200 for causing luminescent algae to emit light. As illustrated, the device 200 contains a power supply 201 and a luminescent panel 202.

[0029] The luminescent panel 202 is a device that includes some amount of luminescent algae that, when exposed to an electromagnetic field of sufficient strength oscillating within some frequency range, will emit light. In some embodiments, this emission of light occurs within less than one second after being exposed to the appropriate electromagnetic field. In an embodiment, a luminescent panel 202 includes a sheet of material upon which a layer of prepared luminescent algae has been deposited. The luminescent algae may be further trapped on the sheet via lamination. The luminescent panel 202 will be discussed in more detail below, and certain embodiments are further depicted in FIGS. 3(a), 3(b), and 3(c).

[0030] The power supply 201 may include any electrical power generation device that is currently known in the art. By way of example, the power supply 201 could include or utilize electricity produced from a wall outlet, batteries, and/or renewable energy technologies such as solar panels.

[0031] In certain embodiments, the power supply 201 is coupled to the luminescent panel via a physical connection 203, e.g., wires. In those embodiments, either the power supply 201 or the luminescent panel 202 will generate the electromagnetic field at the selected frequency. In embodiments where the power supply 201 generates an alternating current at the desired frequency or within the desired frequency range, wires 203 carrying the alternating current are passed through at least a portion of the panel 202, thus creating an electromagnetic field in the algae in the panel 202. If the algae are encapsulated with insulating or dielectric layers, the electromagnetic field may be substantially confined to the interior of the panel, a property which allows multiple co-located panels to be operated

independently without interfering with nearby panels. The power delivered may be adjusted in order to provide an electromagnetic field of sufficient strength within the panel to achieve a desired effect. [0032] In an alternative embodiment, a direct current or alternating current is provided by a physical connection to a transmitter (not shown) incorporated into or on the panel. The transmitter uses the current to generate the electromagnetic field of the desired frequency and strength to cause the algae to emit light. In this embodiment, the field may be created within an encapsulated volume as described above or external to any such the volume.

[0033] In another embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 2(b), the power supply 201 and the luminescent panel 202 are not coupled via a physical connection, but are instead coupled wirelessly 204. In some embodiments, the power supply 201 includes a transmitter that generates an electromagnetic field or wave with a sufficient power density and of the desired frequency to cause the luminescent panel 202 to luminesce. In such an embodiment, the power supply 201 is located at a distance close enough to the luminescent panel for the electromagnetic wave to retain enough power to cause the luminescent panel 202 to emit light. The operational distance between the power supply 201 and the luminescence panel 202, in those cases, would be proportional to the energy of the electromagnetic wave produced by the power supply 201.

[0034] In other embodiments, the power supply 201 may be designed to generate and wirelessly send power to the luminescent panel 202 which is then provided with a receiver (not shown) that uses the transmitted power to generate a local electromagnetic field of the desired power and frequency to cause the prepared luminescent algae to emit light. In such embodiments, the electromagnetic wave generated to deliver power to the receiver may not need to have as high a power density as that which would be required to generate an electromagnetic field sufficient to cause the algae to emit light. In certain embodiments, the

electromagnetic frequency generator may be operated utilizing an amount of power ranging from about 0.002 to 0.003 Watts.

[0035] Furthermore, in embodiments in which the algae is contained with an insulating container, such transmission of power to a receiver that delivers the electromagnetic energy into the container may drastically reduce the amount of power that must be delivered to the panel 202. In such embodiments, the wave may instead, upon receipt by the luminescent panel 202, be repeated by the receiver in the luminescent panel 202 without a change in frequency. The repeated wave, within the luminescent panel 202, will cause the luminescent panel 202 to emit light.

[0036] FIGS. 3(a) - 3(c) are depictions of an embodiment of a luminescent panel 300. FIG. 3(a) is a front elevation of an embodiment of a luminescent panel 300. As illustrated in FIG. 3(a), the luminescent panel 300 has a panel 301 which contains algae that luminesce when properly exposed to artificial electromagnetic waves, as discussed above. In general, the luminescent panels are not restricted to size limitations.

[0037] The panel 301 may be made of any suitable material to provide a substrate upon which the algae are attached. In the embodiment described, the panel 301 is described as a flexible panel 301, although it need not be flexible.

[0038] The luminescent panel 300, in certain embodiments, also comprises a receiver 302. As discussed above, the receiver 302 receives energy from the power supply and then generates the electromagnetic field that causes the algae to emit light. Depending on the nature of the electricity received by the receiver, the receiver may retransmit incoming electromagnetic waves (i.e., in this configuration the receiver provides an access point for the transmitted electromagnetic field from the power supply to enter the panel as may be necessary when the algae is enclosed in a container) or may use the received electrical energy to generate an

electromagnetic field within or around the panel. For example in an embodiment the receiver 302 may be a low power band-pass receiver that receives an

electromagnetic signal at an antenna external to the flexible panel 301 and passes a range of frequencies into the algae contained within the flexible panel 301.

[0039] The receiver 302 may be either wired or wireless depending on the particular embodiment. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that there are many different techniques in which electromagnetic waves or field can be artificially created, transmitted, received, retransmitted or otherwise generated for the purpose of exposing a material to such waves. It is believed that many such techniques could be successfully implemented in a receiver 302. In other embodiments where the electromagnetic waves contain a sufficient power density, and therefore do not need to be retransmitted, the receiver 302 is not necessary. Such an embodiment is depicted in FIG. 3(c). [0040] FIG. 3(b) is a depiction of a cross-section of an embodiment of a luminescent panel 300 as illustrated by FIG. 3(a). FIG. 3(b) shows in greater detail the sections and materials within the flexible panel 301. The flexible panel 301 contains prepared luminescent algae 304. The prepared luminescent algae may be applied to a substrate 305. However, in certain embodiments, the prepared luminescent algae 304 need not be applied to a substrate 305, and therefore the substrate 305 is unnecessary. The substrate 305, for example, could be a flexible vinyl sheet or paper. Such a substrate may be as thin or thick and as rigid or flexible as desired for the designated purpose. For example, thin (2 millimeter) sheets of vinyl have been found to make robust, flexible substrates. It is believed that the substrate should not be a conductor, because in an experiment where metal was used as a substrate, the resulting panel could not be made to emit light. Additional substrates that have been used successfully include SCOTCHCAL™ Marking Film, a 3M product (Product: IJ3650-114, ID: 75-3470-9104-5). Another example of suitable substrate is 3M C ONTROLT AC™ Graphic Film IJ180 (ID: 75-3470-6118- 8). Paper may also be used. These substrates are only examples and it should be appreciated that many other materials could be a suitable substrate 305. A rigid substrate 305 may also be selected to provide more rigidity to the flexible panel 301. In those embodiments, the flexible panel 301 may then become rigid. In other embodiments, the luminescent panel 300 may be coupled to a rigid body to provide further support, if desired.

[0041] In some embodiments including a substrate 305, the substrate 305 and the prepared luminescent algae 304 are encapsulated by a laminate material 303. Encapsulation prevents the algae from separating from the substrate and protects the algae from the environment. Although lamination is not necessary, it is a convenient way to make a robust panel that is protected from damage to the prepared luminescent algae layer by exposure to the elements. In embodiments not including a substrate 305, the prepared luminescent algae 304 may be encapsulated by the laminate material 303. For example, a suitable laminate material is 3M

SCOTCHCAL™ Gloss Overlaminate (Product: 8518 ID: 75-3470-6199-8). Other laminate materials are also suitable, including some liquid laminates that can be applied through a spraying process. Certain epoxies may also be a suitable laminate material 303. Because the flexible panel 301 is intended to luminesce, thus emitting light, at least a portion of the laminate material 303 should be translucent to allow for light to pass through the laminate material 303.

[0042] As illustrated in the figure, in embodiments with a receiver 302, the receiver 302 may be partially encapsulated within the laminate material 303. By having an antenna of the receiver 302 external to the panel, the receiver 302 is able to receive a signal from outside the encapsulated material and then generate or retransmit a signal into the encapsulated volume containing the algae. The signal transmitted or retransmitted into the encapsulated volume then causes the prepared luminescent algae 304 to luminesce. In some embodiments, the receiver 302 is inserted after the laminate material 303 has been applied.

[0043] FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a method 400 for preparing luminescent algae and creating a luminescent panel. As illustrated, the method 400 includes a harvesting operation 401, a drying operation 402, a crushing operation 403, an application operation 404, and an encapsulating operation 405. The harvesting operation 401 is the same or similar operation as operation 101 in FIG. 1.

[0044] The drying operation 402 includes drying the luminescent algae. The operation of drying the harvested luminescent algae 402, in some embodiments, may include laying out the algae for a period of time to allow moisture to escape. In such embodiments, low humidity environments have been found to increase the rate of drying and create a more effective form of prepared algae. For example, algae dried at room conditions in Denver, Colorado performed noticeably better than algae prepared in St. Louis, Missouri by the same method. In some embodiments, mechanical drying may be used to accelerate the drying process. For example, adding heat to the drying process would increase the rate of speed of the drying process.

[0045] The harvested luminescent algae are also crushed during the crushing operation 403. The crushing operation 403, in some embodiments, may involve manual crushing of the luminescent algae. For example, the luminescent algae could be placed in between two wax paper sheets and manually crushed with a rolling pin or similar tool. In other embodiments, the crushing process can be automated.

Although a detailed analysis has not yet been completed on the effect crushing has on the luminescent effect of the harvested luminescent algae, observation has shown that crushing the luminescent algae into a powder, with a similar consistency to flour, works well. The particle size for flour is reported as from 1-100 microns and therefore it is believed that this range is suitable for the devices and methods described herein. Furthermore, it is believed that ranges of about 0.1 microns to about 1000 microns and even 0.01 microns to 10,000 microns may be operable to create devices that emit light. However, the consistency or particle size of the crushed algae may differ depending on the desired application or embodiment intended for the luminescent algae.

[0046] While it has been determined that the harvested algae, when allowed to dry and form clumps, does emit light when exposed to a suitable electromagnetic field, the light emitted is uneven and not particularly bright. The act of crushing the dried algae improves the uniformity of light emitted and allows for even distribution of the algae over a surface.

[0047] The luminescent algae are applied to a substrate at application operation 404. Depending on the embodiment of the application operation 404, the

luminescent algae may need to be mixed with a liquid prior to being applied to a substrate.

[0048] In one embodiment where luminescent algae need to be mixed with a liquid, the luminescent algae may be mixed with a liquid in order to become suitable as a form of ink. Such a liquid could be comprised of various amounts of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, and/or other materials. One example of an ink that produces positive results when mixed with the luminescent algae is EPSON® eco-solvent ink. Other inks, such as certain Mutoh and UV inks, have produced less desirable results, although it is unknown at this time why certain inks and liquids provide different results. When the

luminescent algae are mixed with the ink, the luminescent algae should be mixed thoroughly to attempt to obtain an almost homogenous mixture. This thorough mixing of the luminescent algae and ink will help alleviate the problem of inconsistent printing and blockages in the printer. For an embodiment where Epson eco-solvent ink is used, particular ratios of ink to luminescent algae have been found to work well. For example, where a 950 mL ink cartridge is used, 4-8 fluid ounces of luminescent algae should be mixed in with an amount of ink sufficient to fill the ink cartridge. [0049] In other embodiments where an ink is not necessary or desired, but mixing the algae with a liquid prior to applying it to a substrate is still necessary, the luminescent algae can be mixed with water. Depending on the desired application, certain ratios of water to luminescent algae have been found to work well. Where the luminescent algae mixture is to be applied with a 19 ounce spray bottle filled with water, 2 fluid ounces of luminescent algae should be mixed in with an amount of water sufficient to fill the bottle.

[0050] Once the luminescent algae have been mixed with the appropriate liquid, the luminescent algae mixture can be applied to the substrate. In one embodiment, where the luminescent algae are mixed with a liquid to be suitable as a form of ink, the algae-enhanced ink may be used in an ink cartridge on a printer and the algae- enhanced ink may be printed onto the substrate. The algae-enhanced ink then will emit light whenever the printed portion is exposed to the appropriate

electromagnetic field. In an embodiment, an example of a suitable printer is an Epson GS6000 digital printer. By having this printing capability, the luminescent algae can be directly applied with precision and detail in any pattern that the creator desires.

[0051] Where the luminescent algae do not need to be printed with a printer, but instead need to be applied generally, a mixture of water and algae in a spray bottle can be used. When this process is used, the luminescent algae mixture is applied to a substrate, attempting to evenly cover the substrate with a fine mist. For example, for even distribution, a sprayed-on mist can be applied from the left edge of a substrate to the right edge of a substrate, or vice versa. Then a second sprayed-on mist can be applied from the top edge of the substrate to the bottom edge of the substrate, or vice versa, creating an even application. After application of the water-algae mixture, the substrate may be allowed to dry, thus leaving a thin layer of dried algae on the surface of the substrate. This drying process may take several hours. While the mist is drying and after it has dried, touching or disturbing the area where the mist has been applied will likely cause the final panel to luminesce inconsistently.

Specifically, areas that were disturbed may not luminesce or will luminesce in an inconsistent way from the undisturbed areas. It is believed that this is due to the physical displacement of the algae from the disturbed areas. General observation has shown that multiple applications beyond that described above to increase the total mass of algae in the algae layer do not noticeably increase the brightness of the completed panel when introduced into an electromagnetic field, while under- application of algae does lead to a noticeably blotchy and non-uniform appearance. In one embodiment where a two foot by two foot section of substrate is used, about 4 - 4.5 fluid ounces of algae mixture is sprayed onto the substrate over time, resulting in approximately 0.4 - 0.5 ounces by volume of algae being applied to the substrate. Thus resulting in about 0.1-0.125 ounces of algae per square foot. In another embodiment, the mixture in a full 19 ounce spray bottle was found to be capable of effectively covering 15 foot by 60 foot area of substrate. Wherein the full 19 ounce spray bottle is applied to the 15 foot by 60 foot area of substrate, there is about 0.002 - 0.003 fluid ounces of algae per square foot on the substrate. It is anticipated that any amount of algae applied will result in some emit of light.

However, for effective and efficient illumination a range of about 0.001 fluid ounces of algae to about 0.2 fluid ounces may be preferable.

[0052] Another process for applying the luminescent algae at operation 404 is to apply a liquid-algae mixture to threads or fibers. The threads or fibers may be those that are incorporated into articles of clothing. After being coated with the liquid- algae mixture, the threads or fibers will then emit light when exposed to an appropriate electromagnetic wave or field. Other methods for applying the algae to a substrate may also be suitable, such as for example vapor or dust deposition, sputtering, and mechanical application (e.g., with a brush).

[0053] The encapsulating operation 405 involves encapsulating the luminescent algae. In some embodiments, the luminescent algae are encapsulated in a laminate material, as discussed above in FIG. 3(b). For example, the laminate material can be applied through standard laminating procedures involving rolls of laminate material. In such an example where rolls of laminate material are used, the laminate material is placed over the luminescent algae and sealed, resulting in the luminescent algae becoming encapsulated between the substrate and the laminate material. In embodiments where the laminate material is a liquid, the laminate material can be applied to luminescent algae assembly via a spray-on or a deposition process. This spray-on process also encapsulates the luminescent algae between the laminate material and the substrate. [0054] Furthermore, the receiver may also be added in the encapsulating operation 405. In some embodiments, the receiver is added prior to the application of the laminate material. Where the receiver is assembled into the luminescent algae assembly prior to the application of the laminate material, the receiver should be placed only partially on the luminescent algae assembly so that the antenna (or connector or wires, if wired) of the receiver extends outside of the encapsulating material after encapsulation. In other embodiments, the receiver may be added after the laminate material has been applied. In embodiments where the receiver is added after the laminate material has been applied, the receiver can be inserted through an opening in the laminate material. This opening in the laminate material may be made after the laminate material is applied or may be created during the lamination process to allow for the later insertion of the receiver. The receiver can also be inserted through the laminate material by a punch method involving applying pressure on the receiver to force it through the laminate material.

[0055] FIGS. 5(a) - (c) are diagrams illustrating embodiments of a system 500 for generating light from luminescent algae. As depicted, FIG. 5(a) includes a power supply 501. The power supply 501 may be any power supply that is currently known in the art. By way of example, the power supply 201 could include or utilize electricity produced from a wall outlet, batteries, and/or renewable energy technologies such as solar panels. As illustrated, the power supply 501 is connected to the main controller 502 through a wired connection 511. However, in some embodiments, the power supply 501 may be built into the main controller 502.

[0056] The main controller 502 controls the operation of the individual luminescent panels 504-506. The main controller 502 may control the luminescent panels 504-506 via wired connections 507-509 (as depicted in FIG. 5(a)) or wireless connections 512-514 (as depicted in FIG. 5(b)). Also, the luminescent panels 504- 506 may be controlled through a combination of wired connections 507-509 and wireless connections 512-514. One example embodiment of this configuration is depicted in FIG. 5(c). The main controller 502 may also have the capability to independently control each luminescent panel of the set of luminescent panels 504- 506, thus allowing different individual panels 504-506 to be activated at different times. [0057] In embodiments where wireless control is desired, the main controller

502 and the luminescent panels 504-506 may be communicatively coupled via a radio frequency transmissions wherein each panel responds to a different frequency. In an alternative embodiment, the main controller may control the operation (either through a physical connection or wirelessly) of individual receivers within each panel that have their own power source. Other embodiments of independently controlling the generation of electromagnetic fields within individual panels are also possible. However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that current and future developments in wireless technology allow for the communicative coupling between the main controller 502 and the luminescent panels 504-506 to be achieved through a vast variety of methods.

[0058] The luminescent panels 504-506 independently luminesce and emit light as a result of receiving a signal from the main controller 502. In certain

embodiments, and as discussed above, the luminescent panels may comprise a receiver and the prepared luminescent algae, among other things, such as a substrate. In such embodiments, each luminescent panel 504-506 may be controlled individually by the main controller 502. This individual control feature, for example, allows for different sections of a display to light up at different times. This ability to have sections light up at different times allows for many different visual effects to be created. Although, FIGS. 5(a)-(c) only depict three luminescent panels, it should be understood that the number of luminescent panels is not limited to a certain number. One limiting factor on the number of luminescent panels, however, could be the control capability of the main controller 502, unless multiple controllers are used.

[0059] A control device 503 may be used in some embodiments for remote control of the main controller 502. The control device 503 may communicate with the main controller 502 through a wired connection 510 (as depicted in FIG. 5(a)) or through a wireless connection 515 (as depicted in FIGS. 5(b) and 5(c)). As an example of a control device 503 with a wireless connection 515, the control device

503 may be a simple remote control, similar to a key fob for keyless entry to a vehicle. The control device 503 may also be a software application executing on a computer connected to the main controller 502 via a wireless connection, a wired internet connection, or a combination of the two. For example, in an embodiment, the main controller 502 is an internet enabled device that can be accessed via the internet from any other computing device on the internet and, with proper authorization, a user may then be able to control the lighting of the panels 504-506. Other control devices 503 could be connected to the main controller via infrared or BLUETOOTH® devices. By having the ability to remotely control the main controller 502 through a wireless connection, the main controller may be controlled from across the globe.

[0060] The control device 503 could also be connected to the main controller 502 via wired connector such as a USB port. Furthermore, the control device 503 may be a panel with input controls for user input. In certain embodiments, the control device 503 may be nothing more than a power switch. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the control device 503 shall not be limited to those examples listed and that any method or device for inputting data or transmitting signals could be incorporated as a control device 503.

[0061] There are many useful applications in which these methods, devices, and systems can be used. One set of applications is in commercial, residential, and industrial lighting. Such lighting applications have the ability to be controlled wirelessly, adding further benefits to their use.

[0062] As depicted in FIG. 6, one application would be to integrate the luminescent panel system into a flash light 600. In this example, a luminescent panel could be made to be a 6" x ½" strip. That panel could then be folded and inserted into flashlight housing 602 and, optionally, within a reflective shaped inner housing to direct the light into a column. The main controller could be housed within the handle of the flashlight 602 and be powered by a 9 volt battery as a power supply. Because of the proximity of the main controller to the luminescent panel strip, no receiver would be necessary in the luminescent panel. The main controller could produce an electromagnetic wave with a suitable power density to cause the luminescent panel strip to luminesce. A control device could be a standard power switch 603 located on the handle of the flashlight 602. A portable lantern could be similarly constructed using panel that wraps around the housing to generate 360 degree illumination.

[0063] Another lighting application would be for lighting in office buildings. In certain applications, fluorescent and incandescent bulbs could be replaced with the above described technology. This would have the potential to save millions, if not billions, of dollars in energy costs, due to the low power requirements of the luminescent algae panels. With the luminescent panels installed, their operation could be controlled remotely, allowing for greater efficiency. Also, each light, or set of lights, could still be controlled individually. Within the realm of commercial lighting, the luminescent panels could also be integrated into display cases and shelving.

[0064] One example of an embodiment of a device to replace lighting is depicted in FIG. 7. FIG. 7 depicts a housing 701 for a lighting fixture 700, similar to that of a housing typically used in commercial environments for fluorescent bulbs. Within the housing 701, are two luminescent panels 701 and 702. These luminescent panels 701 and 702 would effectively replace most known light sources used for lighting today. Furthermore, each lighting fixture 700 could have its own power supply coupled to or built into the housing 701. Also, a lighting fixture such as the lighting fixture 700 would not be restricted to standard size requirements, such as with current fluorescent bulbs, because the luminescent panels 702 and 703 are not restricted to size. A power supply and all necessary control electronics could be incorporated into the fixture 700. Alternatively, the fixture 700 could include no electronics other than, optionally, a receiver, and be turned on by the application of an externally generated electromagnetic field of the appropriate strength and frequency. Such lighting fixtures and similar devices could also be used for backup lighting.

[0065] The same type of replacement could be done for residential lighting, both indoor and outdoor. For example, luminescent panels could be integrated into bathroom lighting, under deck and/or railing lighting, under cabinet lighting, closet lighting, inside refrigerator lighting, garage lighting, house and building addresses, and pathway lighting.

[0066] The luminescent panels could also be utilized in casinos, where lighting is used heavily. By utilizing the luminescent panels, the casino would have greater control over its lighting and save money and energy. For example, the luminescent panels could be integrated into the slot machines and the bright signs surrounding them.

[0067] Further applications could be for municipal lighting. This could include street lights and traffic lights, among other things. For example, a traffic light 800 is depicted in FIG. 8. Luminescent panels can be used to illuminate the lights 802, 803, and 804 on a traffic light 800. The power supply for the luminescent panels could also be built directly into the housing 801 of the traffic light 800. Where the traffic light is located outside, a solar panel in combination with an internal battery system could also be used as power supply, or to augment another power supply.

[0068] Another application would be to integrate these luminescent panels on street signs to improve their visibility at night. Also, because the application process of the luminescent panels can take many forms, the luminescent panel could be integrated into pavement markings. Where the luminescent panel is integrated into a center line on the street, the luminescent panel can cause the line to luminesce, greatly increasing visibility for drivers. When the luminescent panel is integrated into heavy paint, like that used for pavement marking, it is sometimes necessary to add additional material, such as aluminum, to the paint to improve the luminescent performance. In an embodiment, the vehicle may provide the electromagnetic field so that proximity to the vehicle causes the local luminescent algae panels to light. The same type of integration used for pavement marking could also be used in crosswalks and curb markings as well.

[0069] These luminescent panels could also be used in restaurants and bars to provide lighting. For example, the luminescent panels could be used in creating a lighted dance floor with intricate lighting patterns. The luminescent panels could also be integrated in beer, wine, and liquor bottles to provide a lighting effect to the bottles. The luminescent panels could also be integrated into the beverage dispensers, placemats, silverware, and menus.

[0070] Yet another application for these methods, systems, and devices would be in sporting arenas, concert venues, and other similar venues. For example, the luminescent panels could be used to create lighted seats within the arena, and those seats could be color coded. The luminescent panels could also be used to illuminate lines on a field or parts of a stage for nighttime events.

[0071] Another application could be for Christmas and other holiday

decorations. The luminescent panels could be integrated into the holiday lights, effectively saving energy and allowing for more complex lighting patterns.

[0072] Further applications would include using and integrating these methods, systems, and devices into displays and signs. For example, the luminescent panels could be integrated into a billboard 900, as depicted in FIG. 9. As depicted, the billboard 900 has a display area 901, where the main advertisement would be placed. The billboard 900 also contains a support structure including legs 903 and 904 and a support stand 902. In some embodiment, the support structure may only require one leg. In an embodiment, the advertisement in the display area 901 could be comprised of many separate luminescent panels, each individually controllable through a receiver. The main controller could then be located at a remote location from the display area 901 and communicate wirelessly with the luminescent panels, eliminating the need to climb up to the billboard to control the lighting.

Furthermore, a control device could be located remotely from the main controller, allowing for even easier control by a user. In this example, a user could potentially control the power and lighting pattern of a billboard from across the globe. Based on experiments performed, a fourteen foot by forty-eight foot billboard could be illuminated with only 13 Watts of power.

[0073] The same or similar integration could also be done with other street signs, way-finding signs, vending machines, and twirling signs. The luminescent panels could also be integrated into lighted logos on many objects to make the logo more visible at night when exposed to an electromagnetic field. For example, logos could even be included on portable bathrooms and dumpsters. The luminescent panels could further be used as backlighting for various devices, such as computers and phones.

[0074] The luminescent panels could also be integrated into other promotional materials. These promotional materials could include trade show booths and exhibits, along with mobile advertising.

[0075] The luminescent panels could also be used in a similar way as pixels are currently created through the use of liquid crystal display (LCD) technology. By making the individual luminescent panels small enough and independently controllable, they could replace the liquid crystals as pixels within a display to create a very low energy and wirelessly powered display.

[0076] Another set of applications for these methods, systems, and devices would be for safety devices and safety related equipment. For example, the luminescent panels could be integrated into any article of clothing such as a safety vest 1000, as depicted in FIG. 10. In such an example, the luminescent panels could be built into strips 1002 and 1003 on the safety vest 1000. By doing this, the safety vest strips 1002 and 1003 could be lighted, improving visibility. A vast

improvement over past attempts to have lighted safety vests is that there would no longer have to be a power supply directly attached to the safety vest 1000, which can be bulky and have a short lifetime. Instead, in some embodiments, there would only need to be small receivers attached to the strips 1002 and 1003 to allow the strips to be powered from an external electromagnetic field. Such a field could be produced by a purpose built generator that could be battery-powered and worn by the vest's user. In yet another embodiment, a smart phone or other portable computing device with a BLUETOOTH® or other transmitter could be adapted (e.g., via a software application running on the device) to generate the field necessary to cause the luminescent panel to emit light. In yet another embodiment, a panel may be designed to allow the panel to scavenge power from any nearby electronic devices that are emitting an electromagnetic field within a frequency band. In other embodiments, there would not be a need for a receiver. When the strips 1002 and 1003 comprised of luminescent panels are exposed to an electromagnetic wave with sufficient power, the strips 1002 and 1003 would luminesce without a receiver. In such an embodiment, a centrally located field generator or generators could be installed in the safety area to cause all safety garment and signs in the area to luminesce.

[0077] In further embodiments, the luminescent panels could be incorporated directly into the vest material 1001, such as thread or woven plastic. The threads and fabric used in the safety vest material 1001 can be used as a substrate for which the luminescent algae can be applied. That thread can then be encapsulated. When the safety vest material 1001 is then exposed to an appropriate electromagnetic field, the safety vest will then luminesce. In such an embodiment, the majority of the safety vest 1000 could luminesce when exposed to an electromagnetic wave with sufficient power. Integrating the luminescent panels in this way could also be done with most other articles of clothing or other articles made of materials similar to that in safety vests or articles of clothing.

[0078] Similarly, the luminescent panel could also be integrated into other safety related devices such as safety cones, ladders, rope, step risers, runways, military package deployment, helmets, and bicycle lights. [0079] Other applications for these methods, systems, and devices would include applications for vehicle 1100 lighting systems, as depicted in FIG. 11. The luminescent panels could be integrated into headlights 1101, taillights 1102, interior lighting, panel lighting, dashboard 1105 lighting, trunk 1103 lighting, license plates, and convertible-top lighting 1106, among other things. One possible application would be integrate the luminescent panels into the back of box trucks and trailers, where lighting is usually not available. The luminescent panels could also replace lighting used on emergency vehicles. This use in emergency vehicle lighting could provide for different patterns to be used, possibly ones that better attract attention from the human eye.

[0080] These methods, systems, and devices could also be used for vehicle wraps. Vehicle wrapping is often used as a marketing practice of completely or partially wrapping a vehicle in an advertisement. This can also be done for personal preference reasons, such as decorating one's personal vehicle. The wrap generally covers the vehicle exterior 1104. In such an embodiment, the luminescent panel would be integrated into the wrap itself and could be controlled by the driver or a passenger in the vehicle. The main controller could be made small enough to fit in many different compartments in a vehicle and could be powered by plugging into a cigarette lighter or directly through the fuse box. The control device could then be integrated into the dashboard for user control. These types of vehicle wraps could be used on almost any vehicle, including resort and airport shuttles, food trucks, busses, trains, light rails, all-terrain vehicles, recreational vehicles, campers, postal vehicles, and passenger cars.

[0081] The applications for vehicles could also be applied, as depicted in FIG. 12, to various lighting systems on aeronautical vehicles, such as an airplane 1201 and helicopters. The applications for vehicles could also be applied to aquatic vehicles, such as a boat 1202.

[0082] Other applications for these methods, systems, and devices could exist in the realm of recreational activities. The luminescent panels could be integrated into things such as skis, snowboards, backpacks, camping gear, survival gear, and sporting goods and equipment. One benefit of using the luminescent panels in camping and survival gear is that the panels are easily powered through solar panels. Although there is rarely electricity readily available when camping, there is often a plentiful amount of sunshine.

[0083] Science-based educational tools could also benefit from these systems, methods, and devices. For example, science kits and schools projects could use luminescent panels for different learning experiences involving topics such as luminescence and wireless control.

[0084] There are also many other various applications for these methods, systems and devices. A few of those applications could be based around pets. For example, dog collars and leashes could be illuminated by integrating the luminescent panels onto the collars and leashes. Another application would be to light portable storage containers, such as tool boxes.

[0085] Other applications for these methods, systems and devices include use in different types of cards and identification materials, as illustrated in FIG. 16. For example, because of the flexibility of the luminescent panels, the luminescent panels could be incorporated into a credit card 1601 and/or a gift card 1602 to add a lighting effect. The luminescent panels could also be integrated into a name tag 1603 and/or a business card 1604.

[0086] Further applications could include integrating these methods, systems, and devices into underwater lighting. Because the luminescent panels can be sealed, becoming water resistant, the luminescent panels can be used in underwater situations. For example, as shown in FIG. 13, this underwater lighting could include lighting within swimming pools 1301, hot tubs, or within ponds 1302 and waterways. A similar type of underwater lighting could be used in a fish tank 1303 and an aquarium as well.

[0087] Other applications include use in children's toys and adult-themed toys as well. By having low powered integrated into the toys, additional visual effects could be created while still using batteries as a power supply.

[0088] Additional various applications for these methods, systems, and devices would include use in a lighthouse. The main light within the lighthouse could be replaced by the luminescent panels.

[0089] Other domestic applications also may exist. For example, as depicted in FIG. 14, the luminescent panels could be integrated into book-ends 1401 and 1402. The luminescent panels could also be incorporated into a page holder and/or a book mark 1403, as well as reading lights, which could become smaller by integrating the luminescent panels. Binders, books 1404,clip-boards, and posse boxes could also have luminescent panels integrated into them. Other small items, such as air fresheners, scent diffusers, night lights, door magnets, key chains, door handles, power-switch backing plates, picture frames, accent lights, pictures, and movie posters.

[0090] Because the luminescent panels may be thin and flexible, the luminescent panels may be placed in between to panes of glass, as depicted in FIG. 15. By including a luminescent panel 1501 between two panes of glass 1502 and 1503, the glass could become lighted when exposed to an appropriate electromagnetic field or wave. Glass of this type including a luminescent panel could be mass produced and could be used almost anywhere where multi-pane glass is currently used.

[0091] As used herein, "about" refers to a degree of deviation based on experimental error typical for the particular property identified. The latitude provided the term "about" will depend on the specific context and particular property and can be readily discerned by those skilled in the art. The term "about" is not intended to either expand or limit the degree of equivalents which may otherwise be afforded a particular value. Further, unless otherwise stated, the term "about" shall expressly include "exactly," consistent with the discussions regarding ranges and numerical data. Concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data may be expressed or presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such a range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and thus should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or subranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. As an illustration, a numerical range of "about 4 percent to about 7 percent" should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited values of about 4 percent to about 7 percent, but also include individual values and sub-ranges within the indicated range. Thus, included in this numerical range are individual values such as 4.5, 5.25 and 6 and sub-ranges such as from 4-5, from 5-7, and from 5.5-6.5; etc. This same principle applies to ranges reciting only one numerical value. Furthermore, such an interpretation should apply regardless of the breadth of the range or the characteristics being described. [0092] Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

[0093] Those skilled in the art will recognize that the methods and systems of the present disclosure may be implemented in many manners and as such are not to be limited by the foregoing exemplary embodiments and examples. In other words, functional elements being performed by a single or multiple components, in various combinations of hardware and software or firmware, and individual functions, can be distributed among software applications at either the client or server level or both. In this regard, any number of the features of the different embodiments described herein may be combined into single or multiple embodiments, and alternate embodiments having fewer than or more than all of the features herein described are possible. Functionality may also be, in whole or in part, distributed among multiple components, in manners now known or to become known. Thus, myriad

software/hardware/firmware combinations are possible in achieving the functions, features, interfaces and preferences described herein. Moreover, the scope of the present disclosure covers conventionally known manners for carrying out the described features and functions and interfaces, and those variations and

modifications that may be made to the hardware or software firmware components described herein as would be understood by those skilled in the art now and hereafter.

[0094] While various embodiments have been described for purposes of this disclosure, various changes and modifications may be made which are well within the scope of the present invention. Numerous other changes may be made which will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and which are

encompassed in the spirit of the disclosure and as defined in the claims.

Claims

Claims What is claimed is:

1. A light emitting device, comprising:

a luminescent panel including prepared luminescent algae, and

a power supply operably connected to the luminescent panel that when activated causes the prepared luminescent algae to emit light.

2. The luminescent device of claim 1, wherein the luminescent panel further comprises a receiver that receives power from the power supply and generates from the power an electromagnetic field that causes the prepared luminescent algae to emit light.

3. The luminescent device of claim 1 , wherein the luminescent panel further comprises a substrate and wherein the prepared luminescent algae are on the substrate.

4. The luminescent device of claim 1, wherein the luminescent panel further comprises a laminate material.

5. The luminescent device of claim 1 , wherein the power supply further

comprises a solar panel.

6. The luminescent device of claim 1, wherein the power supply further

comprises a plug for obtaining electricity from an outlet.

7. A method for generating light, comprising:

providing prepared luminescent algae, and

exposing the prepared luminescent algae to an artificial electromagnetic field of a power density and frequency sufficient to cause the prepared luminescent algae to emit light.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein preparing comprises drying the algae.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein preparing comprises crushing the algae.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein preparing comprises dispersing the algae in a liquid.

11. The method of claim 7, further comprising applying the prepared

luminescent algae to a substrate.

12. The method of claim 7, further comprising encapsulating luminescent algae.

13. The method of claim 7, further comprising selecting an electromagnetic frequency for the artificial electromagnetic field.

14. The method of claim 7, wherein the frequency of the electromagnetic field is between about 10 kHz and about 100 MHz.

15. The method of claim 7, further comprising energizing a transmitter to

generate the artificial electromagnetic field.

16. A method for creating a luminescent panel, comprising:

harvesting luminescent algae;

drying the luminescent algae;

crushing the luminescent algae;

applying the luminescent algae to a substrate; and

encapsulating the luminescent algae between the substrate and a layer, wherein one or both of the substrate and the layer are transparent.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein applying the luminescent algae further comprises mixing the luminescent algae with a liquid.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the amount of luminescent algae applied to the surface area of substrate is between 0.001 and 0.2 fluid ounces of algae per square foot of surface area.

19. The method of claim 16, wherein applying the luminescent algae further comprises mixing the luminescent algae with an ink.

20. The method of claim 16, wherein the ratio of luminescent algae to ink is 4-8 fluid ounces of the luminescent algae to a sufficient amount of ink to make about 950 mL of ink/algae mixture.