WO2012125118A1 - A method and apparatus for plasma assisted laser cooking of food products - Google Patents
A method and apparatus for plasma assisted laser cooking of food products Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2012125118A1 WO2012125118A1 PCT/SG2011/000099 SG2011000099W WO2012125118A1 WO 2012125118 A1 WO2012125118 A1 WO 2012125118A1 SG 2011000099 W SG2011000099 W SG 2011000099W WO 2012125118 A1 WO2012125118 A1 WO 2012125118A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- laser
- cooking
- food product
- energy
- laser emitter
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
- A23L5/10—General methods of cooking foods, e.g. by roasting or frying
- A23L5/15—General methods of cooking foods, e.g. by roasting or frying using wave energy, irradiation, electrical means or magnetic fields, e.g. oven cooking or roasting using radiant dry heat
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
- H05B6/64—Heating using microwaves
- H05B6/647—Aspects related to microwave heating combined with other heating techniques
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
- A23L5/30—Physical treatment, e.g. electrical or magnetic means, wave energy or irradiation
- A23L5/32—Physical treatment, e.g. electrical or magnetic means, wave energy or irradiation using phonon wave energy, e.g. sound or ultrasonic waves
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24C—DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES ; DETAILS OF DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F24C7/00—Stoves or ranges heated by electric energy
- F24C7/08—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F24C7/087—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices of electric circuits regulating heat
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates generally to the use of lasers in heating and cooking of food products. More specifically, the present disclosure is directed to the generation of a plasma in connection with a laser for cooking food products using a variety of laser types of different wavelengths having continuous and pulsed mode operation.
- Various impediments to the development of a laser cooking appliance may include the difficulty in determining the appropriate parameters for laser cooking, the problems with the process implementation due to delicate nature of the food product materials, and the like. It may be difficult to easily initiate cooking of food products and, if cooking can be initiated, it is difficult to assure quality and uniformity of the heating or cooking process. Consequently, laser cooking of food for consumer application has not been successfully achieved.
- U.S. Patent No. 5,881,634 issued to Robert K. Newton, on March 16, 1999 describes a clamshell or two-sided cooking system having two platens or plates used to cook food.
- Newton's system the periphery of an upper platen is marked on a lower platen by a laser-etched wear resistant marking that withstands the scraping and scrubbing operations associated with using and cleaning the clam cooking system.
- the device described by Newton does not use a laser to cook food, and provides wear resistant markings in the clamshell cooking system.
- the machine room is provided with a magnetron, a waveguide, and a fan to discharge heat generated.
- the device described in Asano has disadvantages in that it is very complex and expensive. It is not clear whether the food is cooked by microwave or laser beam. It also requires a waveform for control the cooking process.
- energy can be applied, for example, from a laser emitter, to effect cooking of a positioned food product.
- the application of the energy from the laser emitter can be controlled according to a profile so as to generate a plasma during a cooking period.
- the application of the energy from the laser emitter can be adjusted during the cooking period based on feedback associated with the controlled application of the energy to the food product.
- the food product can be positioned within a container and the laser energy can be applied to at least a portion of the container to generate a plasma in and around the container to effect the cooking, such as through heat conduction or convection based on the heating of the container.
- energy can be applied with a laser emitter applied in proximity to a positioned food product to effect cooking thereof.
- the application of the energy from the laser emitter onto the food product can be controlled according to a profile so as to generate a plasma in and around at least a portion of the food product during a cooking period.
- the application of the energy from the laser emitter during the cooking period based on feedback associated with the controlled application of the energy to the food product.
- the profile can include a power level, a duration of the cooking period, and a pulse duty cycle.
- the controlling of the application of the energy can be accomplished, for example, by controlling a spot size of the laser beam or other factors as described herein.
- the adjusting the application of the energy can include controlling a position of the food product in relation to the laser emitter.
- the laser emitter can include an Nd:YAG laser, a CO2 laser, an Excimer laser, a diode laser, and the like.
- the profile can include a peak power of about 0.3 kW, an average power of about 1.9W, a pulse width of about 100ns, a pulse frequency of about 3kHz, and a duration of the cooking period of about 60s.
- the profile can include a peak power of about 0.3 kW, an average power of about lW, a pulse width of about 50ns, a pulse frequency of about 3kHz, and a duration of the cooking period of about 60s.
- the profile includes a peak power of about 0.3 kW, an average power of about 1.6W, a pulse width of about 50ns, a pulse frequency of about 4kHz, and a duration of the cooking period of about 60s.
- the application of energy during the cooking period is further based on a specific type of the food product.
- the profile including profiles for different foods products can be stored locally or can be retrieved, for example, from a host computer or from a server connected to the host computer through a network.
- FIG. lA is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary laser cooking system in accordance with embodiments
- FIG. lB is a diagram illustrating a laser cooking system having a food product in a container in accordance with an exemplary embodiment
- FIG. lC is a diagram illustrating a laser cooking system having a food product without a container in accordance with another exemplary embodiment
- FIG. lD is a diagram illustrating a laser cooking system having more than one laser emitter in accordance with another exemplary embodiment
- FIG. lE is a diagram illustrating a laser cooking system showing a rotating emitter and showing a rotating platform in accordance with exemplary embodiments
- FIG. lF is a diagram illustrating a laser cooking system having a rotating beam in accordance with another exemplary embodiment
- FIG. lG is a diagram illustrating a laser cooking system having a split beam in accordance with another exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary process for cooking a food product with a laser cooking system in accordance with embodiments.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating exemplary plasma generation for cooking a food product with a laser cooking system in accordance with
- PCF photonic crystal fiber
- Veff (2 ⁇ ⁇ / ⁇ )( ⁇ ⁇ 2 - n e ff 2 ) 1 ⁇ 2 ⁇ (1)
- V e ff is a dimensionless normalized parameter
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the laser source
- A is the hole spacing including a factor d representing the hole size
- n co is the index of refraction of the core of the PCF fiber.
- a method and apparatus for rapid and efficient heating or cooking of food products, such as commonly used domestic food materials, that can include a divergent laser beam that is expanded by a beam expander so as to irradiate a large food area with a given power level in an amount sufficient to effect fast, efficient and hygienic cooking of the food through the generation of a plasma in and around the food product which adds energy to the food product in an amount sufficient to effect cooking.
- a beam of electromagnetic radiation is a laser beam of sufficient controlled intensity, which need not necessarily be high intensity, to create a plasma effect during cooking.
- a laser beam of sufficient controlled intensity which need not necessarily be high intensity, to create a plasma effect during cooking.
- light dissipation at the point of irradiation should result in erratic performance, distortion and/or higher attenuation.
- a laser operating at specified parameters can add energy in a cumulative fashion to achieve a plasma effect which, counter to conventional knowledge and expectation in the art, results in high energy absorption, resulting in an excellent ultrafast cooking, with low power
- embodiments can be configured to suitably position food material in a container.
- An intense beam of electromagnetic radiation can be generated and irradiated onto the food material for a time sufficient to achieve the effective cooking of the food.
- An exemplary appliance can be further configured so that during cooking, the food material can be observed.
- a controller can be provided that is
- a computer controlled laser system using a laser, a positioning system and a CCD camera are used to obtain high quality cooked food and a high level of system performance.
- a method and apparatus for indirect cooking by using laser to heat a plate and subsequent use of heated plated for cooking of food are provided for combination cooking like combining laser cooking with other methods, such as microwave and conventional heating.
- a field-usable microcontroller or personal computer controlled laser cooking appliance is provided to obtain high quality cooked food with speed and improved efficiency in field locations.
- Analytical calculations of the sample temperature under various conditions of irradiation and material response are performed.
- the absorbed optical power by the food materials may be enhanced by the generation of laser induced plasma.
- the second area of investigation involved the development of a laser cooking appliance including a computer aided, field usable personal computer based laser cooking system having, for example, the following
- a food product positioning subsystem (2) an imaging subsystem; (3) a laser emitter assembly; and (4) a laser emitter positioning subsystem.
- the laser emitter assembly and laser emitter positioning subsystem can be easily distinguished from those found in the conventional cooking systems.
- the laser emitter assembly includes a laser source such as a compact laser source, a laser driver, a lens assembly and a delivery system.
- the laser emitter positioning subsystem enables the laser beam from the emitter to be directed in a controlled manner toward the food to be cooked.
- subsystems were specifically configured to advantageously reduce system weight, lower costs and improve process efficiency.
- the dependence of the resulting characteristics of food products cooked with a laser has been carefully studied in connection with various laser parameters such as power, wavelength, and continuous and pulsed mode of operation.
- various laser parameters such as power, wavelength, and continuous and pulsed mode of operation.
- cooked food quality and properties both during the cooking process and at the end of the cooking process, were studied with various values for laser pulse width, pulse repetition rate, duty cycle and the like.
- a camera such as a charged coupled device (CCD) camera was used for viewing of the food material during the cooking process.
- the final cooked food products were tested for quality in terms of taste quality and experience, such as a consistency, and were studied using optical/electron microscopes to examine the structural details of the irradiated food.
- the results of the investigations and studies and the results of theoretical modeling provided a basis for deriving process optimization for various laser sources, foods and modes of operation. Accordingly, such efforts provided information regarding the effectiveness of a variety possible process parameters on variety of food items.
- CO2 laser has a typical energy conversion efficiency of 10%.
- An advantage of CO2 laser is high power, which results in high absorption.
- a significant increase in absorption is observed, presumably because of the phenomenon of plasma generation within the bulk of the material above certain threshold power levels.
- laser diodes offer many potential benefits such as improved light emission efficiency, low voltage operation, electronic control compatibility, small size, and low weight.
- CO2 laser such as a Synrad Model 48-1-28 laser and a Coherent Diamond 84, 250W laser
- 500 food samples were exposed under various operating parameters from the laser, both in continuous and pulsed mode of operation.
- the objective of the initial experimental investigations was to identify ranges for various laser operating parameters suitable for cooking.
- the dependence on cooking time for various laser parameters was studied.
- the findings were used to determine parameters leading to the most favorable balance of speed of the cooking process, effectiveness or quality of the cooking result.
- investigations have also been conducted on the indirect laser cooking where food materials are cooked on a hot metal plate heated by laser.
- Nd:YAG lasers are typically optically pumped using a flashtube or laser diodes and are among the most common types of lasers, emitting light with a wavelength of 1064 nm.
- Pulse mode operation may be used to efficiently generate laser light at shorter wavelengths.
- Cooking can be achieved at continuous power levels of 1W-4W. Cooking at lower power levels may be possible using a small beam diameter Nd:YAG laser. Using the above identified M690B laser with pulsed mode operation, good cooking can be achieved with the parameters set forth in Table 1.
- diode lasers have many advantages and are used as the light emitting element in accordance with embodiments.
- Diode lasers operating at, for example, 820nm (6W), 8sonm (10W) and 950nm (10W) have been successfully used for cooking of food items. With 3.5W of continuous power at 850nm and at 950nm, food exposed for 1 minute exhibits good cooking quality results. Cooking can be achieved at higher power levels, such as levels greater than 3.5W, and shorter exposure times. However, control of various aspects associated with the application of the laser energy at higher power levels is critical for achieving acceptable quality cooking results. It should be noted that laser diodes operate mainly in the continuous mode.
- system 100 can be situated in a stand alone enclosure, suitable for use as a movable kitchen appliance, or can be built into a cooking console or the like.
- the system 100 can be implemented in a wide variety of scenarios, such as but not limited to a private residence, workplace, or commercial food establishment such as a restaurant or the like.
- a laser emitter assembly 110 can be provided and with a laser unit 111 and a driver unit 112 which can include alignment and focusing control and the like as would be appreciated.
- the laser unit 111 can include a single laser or multiple lasers and, correspondingly, the system 100 can be provided with one laser unit ill or can be provided with a number of such units.
- energy from the laser beam can be applied with given power levels and durations and the like, to a food product by directing the beam or beams accordingly.
- the system 100 can include a food or indirect heating utensil placement base 160 that provides a predetermined placement area within which good alignment between the beam from laser unit 111 and a food product can be expected in order to enable optimum cooking.
- System 100 can further include an imaging subsystem 130, that enables the food product to be viewed through, for example, a monitor device such as a CCD camera 131 through a viewing access connection 133 during the cooking process.
- the CCD camera 131 can be controlled through a camera controller 132.
- a food positioner 121 can be used. Control of the position of the food being cooked by setting or adjusting the food positioner 121 can be controlled by positioner controller 122. It will be appreciated that various aspects related to position of the food, including elevation within the base unit 160, and including dynamic position, such as rotation or the like, can be controlled in order to accomplish desired cooking results.
- a detection unit 140 can be provided that includes a photo detector unit 141 and a low power laser diode unit 142 for sensing certain aspects of the cooking process including pre-cooking, in-progress cooking, and post-cooking aspects.
- a host computer such as Notebook PC 150.
- the CCD camera controller 132 may be capable of being further controlled through Notebook PC 150 and connection 152, which can be a proprietary connection, a bus, a high speed connection port such as a universal serial bus (USB) port, wireless connection or the like.
- USB universal serial bus
- the notebook PC 150 can also be used to control parameters such as the position and the power of the laser unit 111 by interfacing with laser controller 112 through another connection 153, which can be a proprietary connection, a bus, a high speed connection port such as a universal serial bus (USB) port, a wireless connection or the like. Still further, the notebook PC 150 can be used to control the position of the food within the base unit 160 by interfacing with position controller 122 through connection 151, which can be a proprietary connection, a bus, a high speed connection port such as a universal serial bus (USB) port, wireless connection or the like.
- connection 151 which can be a proprietary connection, a bus, a high speed connection port such as a universal serial bus (USB) port, wireless connection or the like.
- the notebook PC 150 can provide a convenience platform for development, a desktop PC, a general purpose microcontroller based system, or a dedicated microcontroller based system can be used. Any such controller or computer should be provided with a facility to connect and operate through a PC if desired by the user.
- a personal computer can be interfaced with a positioning subsystem to allow good positioning of the food during cooking.
- the power output of the laser emitter assembly and mode of operation of the laser can be used to control the power of the laser during the cooking process and can be controlled by the computer.
- the laser emitter assembly no can includes the laser driver 112, a laser source 111, and a lens assembly and delivery system 117.
- a laser gun alignment system 118 enables the laser beam from the laser source 111 to be aligned so as to fall precisely on the food to be cooked. Additional control inputs can be used to control the laser with a particular power, mode of operation, and, for example, beam focus or the like using the components illustrated as would be appreciated.
- a real-time image of the food is captured and displayed on the PC monitor and can be used for feedback and quality monitoring.
- the various subsystems were tested and further fine-tuning can be done if necessary.
- the above computer control can be taken a step further by developing control applications that can determine for a particular kind of food, what the optimum control parameters are, then implement those parameters.
- the computer can be connected to a network and thereby may retrieve various information such as cooking profiles or the like for specific food products that may then be used in connection with control of the apparatus.
- FIG. 1B-1G While the general relative configuration of for example the laser emitter 110, laser beam 115, platform 160 and food product 170, within, for example, enclosure 190, various details have been omitted for the sake of simplicity.
- embodiments may include laser emitter 110 emitting a laser beam 115 that impinges on a container 161 into which food product 170 is placed.
- Container 161 can be, for example, a container of a material or with a surface treatment to effect a heating based on a constant profile. In such a manner, there is negligible reliance on the absorptive properties associated with the type of food product, e.g. the material of the container interacts with the laser beam 115 in order for a plasma to be generated and for heating to occur.
- a food product 170 may be placed within an enclosure 190 and irradiated directly with a laser beam 115, whereupon heating may occur as described in greater detail hereinafter.
- two, or possibly more emitters such as emitter 110 and emitter 110" can generate laser beams 115 and 115', which can fall upon food product 170 resulting in heating and effect cooking as described herein.
- FIG. lE is illustrative of embodiments where an emitter 110 can be configured to rotate.
- the platform 160 can also be configured to rotate. It will be appreciated that by rotating one or more of the emitter 110 and platform 160, the energy from the laser beam 115 can be more evenly distributed over the surface of the food product 170.
- FIG. lE is illustrative of embodiments where an emitter 110 can be configured to rotate.
- the platform 160 can also be configured to rotate. It will be appreciated that by rotating one or more of the emitter 110 and platform 160, the energy from the laser beam 115 can be more evenly distributed over the surface of the food product 170.
- FIG. 1 As shown in FIG.
- the laser emitter unit itself can be stationary and the beam 115 itself can be directed through a beam alignment mechanism to rotate or to move in any specified pattern such as a lissajous pattern or the like as would be appreciated by one of skill in the art to effect coverage of an area larger than the spot size of beam 115.
- the beam 115 can be split into a beam 115 and beam 115' with a splitting mechanism 180 that can produce enhanced coverage of the food product 170.
- the laser energy can be reflected, for example, off of surfaces such as mirrors 181 and 181' or the like, or the inside of enclosure 190 can be configured to reflect the energy from laser beam 115.
- splitting mechanism 180 into the surface of the enclosure 190 such that the beam need only be directed toward a specific portion of the inside surface of the enclosure 190 in order to effect splitting.
- An exemplary process 200 can be drawn to cooking of food according to exemplary sub-processes or procedures.
- start at 201 which can include initial actions such as plugging into a power source, turning on a power switch, or the like, that can cause operative circuits including controller circuits to be energized
- a food product can be positioned, for example, inside an enclosure, such as enclosure 190 described above, at 202.
- the laser emitter can be energized and laser energy in the form of a beam can be applied to the food product in accordance with the loaded profile at 204 that is set so as to generate a plasma in and around the food product. While the laser energy is being applied, various feedback can be generated and detected including but not limited to temperature, light level, infrared level, wavelength, or any other such parameter capable of being generated by the interaction of the laser beam with the food product or a contained surrounding the food product at 205.
- the feedback can be used in connection with the profile parameters to sustain the plasma generation, and to confirm that cooking or at least application of energy in association with the parameters, is being conducted as expected. Either through the feedback, or through open loop control, a point can be reached whereupon the cooking is deemed to be completed. If the cooking is not completed, corresponding to a NO at 206, then laser energy can continue to be applied at 204. If the cooking is completed, corresponding to a YES at 206, then the laser emitter can be de- energized and the application of laser energy can be ceased at 207.
- ending can simply mean that an exemplary apparatus is configured to be ready for the next cooking cycle or can mean that power has been removed. In either case or in other cases, the process can begin again, upon re-energization or by restarting operation as would be appreciated.
- FIG. 3 shows an
- the laser beam 115 can have a wavelength ⁇ and a duty cycle shown in the figure as a factor of the pulse time or on time of the laser TON divided by the TTOTAL which can be expressed as a duty cycle percentage and can depend also on the frequency or duty period.
- a duty frequency is set forth in units of KHz. However it will be appreciated that depending on factors such as the laser wavelengths and power levels, other frequencies may be used with effectiveness.
- the laser energy can be applied through beam 115 to the surface of the food product 170, which can be resting on the platform 160.
- laser power can be applied through the laser emitter 110, such as by controlling the laser driver 112, so as to effect a plasma 310 that can develop in and around the surface on which the laser is impinging.
- absorption of the energy from laser 115 into the food product 170 can be enhanced and cooking can be effected by the continued and cumulative absorption of energy from the generated plasma. It can be appreciated that, because of the generation of resonance and harmonics associated with the plasma generation, cumulative energy effects can be realized that facilitate the rapid cooking of the food as has been previously unappreciated in the art.
Abstract
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN201180069223.8A CN103460795B (en) | 2011-03-11 | 2011-03-11 | For the method and apparatus that the plasmaassisted laser of food is cooked |
US14/004,290 US9107434B2 (en) | 2011-03-11 | 2011-03-11 | Method and apparatus for plasma assisted laser cooking of food products |
EP11861134.2A EP2684420B1 (en) | 2011-03-11 | 2011-03-11 | A method and apparatus for plasma assisted laser cooking of food products |
JP2013558820A JP2014510896A (en) | 2011-03-11 | 2011-03-11 | Method and apparatus for plasma assisted laser cooking of food products |
PCT/SG2011/000099 WO2012125118A1 (en) | 2011-03-11 | 2011-03-11 | A method and apparatus for plasma assisted laser cooking of food products |
TW101108057A TWI566726B (en) | 2011-03-11 | 2012-03-09 | A method and apparatus for plasma assisted laser cooking of food products |
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PCT/SG2011/000099 WO2012125118A1 (en) | 2011-03-11 | 2011-03-11 | A method and apparatus for plasma assisted laser cooking of food products |
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PCT/SG2011/000099 WO2012125118A1 (en) | 2011-03-11 | 2011-03-11 | A method and apparatus for plasma assisted laser cooking of food products |
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US (1) | US9107434B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2684420B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2014510896A (en) |
CN (1) | CN103460795B (en) |
TW (1) | TWI566726B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012125118A1 (en) |
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US10687391B2 (en) | 2004-12-03 | 2020-06-16 | Pressco Ip Llc | Method and system for digital narrowband, wavelength specific cooking, curing, food preparation, and processing |
US10857722B2 (en) | 2004-12-03 | 2020-12-08 | Pressco Ip Llc | Method and system for laser-based, wavelength specific infrared irradiation treatment |
US11072094B2 (en) | 2004-12-03 | 2021-07-27 | Pressco Ip Llc | Method and system for wavelength specific thermal irradiation and treatment |
KR20150124993A (en) * | 2013-03-05 | 2015-11-06 | 로렌스 리버모어 내쇼날 시큐리티, 엘엘시 | System and method for high power diode based additive manufacturing |
JP2016518516A (en) * | 2013-03-05 | 2016-06-23 | ローレンス リバモア ナショナル セキュリティー, エルエルシー | System and method for additive manufacturing based on high power diodes |
US9855625B2 (en) | 2013-03-05 | 2018-01-02 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | System and method for high power diode based additive manufacturing |
US10569363B2 (en) | 2013-03-05 | 2020-02-25 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | System and method for high power diode based additive manufacturing |
KR102325267B1 (en) | 2013-03-05 | 2021-11-11 | 로렌스 리버모어 내쇼날 시큐리티, 엘엘시 | System and method for high power diode based additive manufacturing |
US11534865B2 (en) | 2013-03-05 | 2022-12-27 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | System and method for high power diode based additive manufacturing |
US10747033B2 (en) | 2016-01-29 | 2020-08-18 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | Cooler for optics transmitting high intensity light |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2684420A4 (en) | 2014-09-10 |
CN103460795A (en) | 2013-12-18 |
US9107434B2 (en) | 2015-08-18 |
US20130344208A1 (en) | 2013-12-26 |
CN103460795B (en) | 2016-04-20 |
EP2684420B1 (en) | 2016-08-03 |
JP2014510896A (en) | 2014-05-01 |
TW201242558A (en) | 2012-11-01 |
TWI566726B (en) | 2017-01-21 |
EP2684420A1 (en) | 2014-01-15 |
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