WO2012115695A1 - Conjugués de bis-acides gras et leurs utilisations - Google Patents

Conjugués de bis-acides gras et leurs utilisations Download PDF

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WO2012115695A1
WO2012115695A1 PCT/US2011/061886 US2011061886W WO2012115695A1 WO 2012115695 A1 WO2012115695 A1 WO 2012115695A1 US 2011061886 W US2011061886 W US 2011061886W WO 2012115695 A1 WO2012115695 A1 WO 2012115695A1
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alkyl
docosa
acid
disease
independently
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PCT/US2011/061886
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English (en)
Inventor
Jill C. Milne
Michael R. Jirousek
Jean E. Bemis
Chi B. Vu
Amal Ting
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Catabasis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
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Priority claimed from PCT/US2011/026305 external-priority patent/WO2011106688A1/fr
Application filed by Catabasis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. filed Critical Catabasis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Publication of WO2012115695A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012115695A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D339/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having two sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D339/02—Five-membered rings
    • C07D339/04—Five-membered rings having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 2, e.g. lipoic acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
    • C07C233/01—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C233/34—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by amino groups
    • C07C233/35—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by amino groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom
    • C07C233/38—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by amino groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom having the carbon atom of the carboxamide group bound to a carbon atom of an acyclic unsaturated carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
    • C07C233/01—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C233/45—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by carboxyl groups
    • C07C233/46—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by carboxyl groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom
    • C07C233/49—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by carboxyl groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom having the carbon atom of the carboxamide group bound to a carbon atom of an acyclic unsaturated carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C323/00—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups
    • C07C323/23—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C323/39—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton at least one of the nitrogen atoms being part of any of the groups, X being a hetero atom, Y being any atom
    • C07C323/40—Y being a hydrogen or a carbon atom
    • C07C323/41—Y being a hydrogen or an acyclic carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
    • C07D295/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms acylated on ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D295/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms acylated on ring nitrogen atoms by radicals derived from carboxylic acids, or sulfur or nitrogen analogues thereof
    • C07D295/182—Radicals derived from carboxylic acids
    • C07D295/185—Radicals derived from carboxylic acids from aliphatic carboxylic acids

Definitions

  • the invention relates to bis-fatty acid conjugates; compositions comprising an effective amount of a bis-fatty acid conjugate; and methods for treating or preventing a given type of cancer, a metabolic, autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder comprising the administration of an effective amount of a bis-fatty acid conjugate.
  • Oily cold water fish such as salmon, trout, herring, and tuna are the source of dietary marine omega-3 fatty acids, with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) being the key marine derived omega-3 fatty acids.
  • Omega-3 fatty acids have previously been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in normoglycemic men and in obese individuals. Omega-3 fatty acids have also been shown to improve insulin resistance in obese and non-obese patients with an inflammatory phenotype. Lipid, glucose, and insulin metabolism have been shown to improve in overweight hypertensive subjects through treatment with omega-3 fatty acids.
  • Omega-3 fatty acids have also been shown to decrease triglycerides and to reduce the risk for sudden death caused by cardiac arrhythmias in addition to improve mortality in patients at risk of a cardiovascular event. Omega-3 fatty acids have also been taken as dietary supplements part of therapy used to treat dyslipidemia, and anti-inflammatory properties. A higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids lower levels of circulating TNF-a and IL-6, two of the cytokines that are markedly increased during inflammation processes (Chapkin et al, Prostaglandins, Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009, 81, p. 187-191; Duda et al, Cardiovasc Res 2009, 84, p. 33-41).
  • DHA has also been shown to prevent breast cancer cell metastasis to bone in a mouse model utilizing MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells (Mandal et al, Biochem. & Biophys. Res. Communications 2010, 402, p. 602-607).
  • Both DHA and EPA are characterized as long chain fatty acids (aliphatic portion between 12-22 carbons).
  • Medium chain fatty acids are characterized as those having the aliphatic portion between 6-12 carbons.
  • Lipoic acid is a medium chain fatty acid found naturally in the body. It plays many important roles such as free radical scavenger, chelator to heavy metals and signal transduction mediator in various inflammatory and metabolic pathways, including the NF- ⁇ pathway (Shay, K. P. et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2009, 1790, 1149-1160). Lipoic acid has been found to be useful in a number of chronic diseases that are associated with oxidative stress (for a review see Smith, A. R. et al Curr. Med. Chem.
  • Lipoic acid has now been evaluated in the clinic for the treatment of diabetes (Morcos, M. et al Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2001, 52, p. 175-183) and diabetic neuropathy (Mijnhout, G. S. et al Neth. J. Med. 2010, 110, p. 158-162). Lipoic acid has also been found to be potentially useful in treating cardiovascular diseases (Ghibu, S. et al, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2009, 54, p. 391-8), Alzheimer's disease (Maczurek, A. et al, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2008, 60, p. 1463-70) and multiple sclerosis (Yadav, V. Multiple Sclerosis
  • Nrf2 small molecule activators of Nrf2 have now been shown to be effective in the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity mouse model (Aleksunes et al, J. Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics 2010, 335, p. 2-12), the transgenic Tgl9959 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (Dumont et al, J. Neurochem. 2009, 109, p. 502-12), the mouse model for COPD (Sussan, T. E. et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, p. 250-5), and the murine 4T1 breast tumor model (Ling, X. et al Cancer Res. 2007, 67, p. 4210-8).
  • the invention is based in part on the discovery of bis-fatty acid conjugates and their demonstrated effects in achieving improved treatment that cannot be achieved by administering fatty acids alone or in combination.
  • These conjugates are stable in plasma, but can be hydrolyzed enzymatically to the individual fatty acids inside target cells.
  • These novel conjugates are useful in the treatment and prevention of diseases and disorders associated with inflammation.
  • the conjugates described herein are useful in the treatment or prevention of metabolic disorders including atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterimia, Type 2 diabetes, elevated cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, chronic kidney disease (CKD), nephropathic cystinosis and cardiovascular disease.
  • autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel diseases such as, but not limited to colitis and Crohn's disease, respiratory diseases such as, but not limited to, asthma, cystic fibrosis, COPD, and neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and muscular dystrophy.
  • Still other diseases that can be treated with bis-fatty acid conjugates include fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis).
  • the compounds described herein are also useful in treating a variety of cancer such as carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma, mesothelioma, multiople myeloma, seminoma, and cancer of the bladder, blood, bone, brain, breast, central nervous system, colon, endometrium, esophagus, genitourinary tract, head, larynx, liver, lung, neck, ovary, pancreas, prostate, testicle, spleen, small intestine, large intestine or stomach.
  • cancer such as carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma, mesothelioma, multiople myeloma, seminoma
  • cancer of the bladder blood, bone, brain, breast, central nervous system, colon, endometrium, esophagus, genitourinary tract, head, larynx, liver, lung, neck, ovary
  • a molecular conjugate which comprises two or more fatty acids covalently linked wherein the linker comprises at least one amide, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of omega-3 fatty acids, fatty acids that are metabolized in vivo to omega-3 fatty acids, and lipoic acid, and the conjugate is capable of hydrolysis to produce free fatty acids, with the proviso that the molecular conjugate is not (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid ⁇ 2-[2- ((4Z,7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)-docosa-4,7, 10,13,16,19-hexaenoylamino)-ethylamino]-ethyl ⁇ - amide (A); (5Z,8Z,1 lZ,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,
  • the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of all-cis- 7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid, a-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), tetracosapentaenoic acid, tetracosahexaenoic acid and lipoic acid.
  • the fatty acid is selected from eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and lipoic acid.
  • the hydrolysis is enzymatic.
  • a pharmaceutical composition is described comprising a covalently linked molecular conjugate described herein and a pharmaceuictally accetable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least one compound selected from (4Z,7Z, 1 OZ, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)-docosa-4,7, 10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid ⁇ 2-[2-
  • Wi and W 2 are each independently O, S, NH, NR, or Wi and W 2 can be taken together can form an imidazolidine or piperazine group; with the proviso that Wi and W 2 can not simultaneously be O and one of WI and W2 is NH or NR; each a, b, c, and d is independently -H, -D, -CH 3 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -C(0)OR, -O-Z, or benzyl, or two of a, b, c, and d can be taken together, along with the single carbon to which they are bound, to form a cycloalkyl or heterocycle; each n, o, p, and q is independently 0, 1 or 2;
  • L is independently null, -0-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(0) 2 -, -S-S-, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl)-, -(C 3 - C 6 cycloalkyl)-, a heterocycle, a heteroaryl,
  • Re is independently -H, -D, -C 1 -C4 alkyl, -halogen, cyano, oxo, thiooxo, -OH, -C(0)Ci-C 4 alkyl, -O-aryl, -O-benzyl, -OC(0)C C 4 alkyl, -C C 3 alkene, -C C 3 alkyne, -C(0)Ci-C 4 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -N(Ci-C 3 alkyl) 2 , -NH(C(0)Ci-C 3 alkyl), -N(C(0)Ci-C 3 alkyl) 2 , -SH, -S(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -S(0)Ci-C 3 alkyl, -S(0) 2 Ci-C 3 alkyl; each g is independently 2, 3 or 4; each h is independently 1 , 2, 3 or 4;
  • Ri and R 2 are independently -H, -D, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -halogen, -OH, -C(0)Ci-C 4 alkyl, -O-aryl, -O-benzyl, -OC(0)Ci-C 4 alkyl, -C1-C3 alkene, -C1-C3 alkyne, -C(0)Ci-C 4 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -N(Ci-C 3 alkyl) 2 , -NH(C(0)Ci-C 3 alkyl), -N(C(0)Ci-C 3 alkyl) 2 , -SH, -S(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -S(0)Ci-C 3 alkyl, -S(0) 2 Ci-C 3 alkyl; and each R is independently -H, -Ci-C 3 alkyl, or straight or branched C 1 -C
  • compositions comprising at least one bis-fatty acid conjugate of the Formula ⁇
  • Wi and W 2 are each independently O, S, NH, NR, or Wi and W 2 can be taken together can form an imidazolidine or piperazine group; with the proviso that Wi and W 2 can not simultaneously be O and one of WI and W2 is NH or NR; each a, b, c, and d is independently -H, -D, -CH 3 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -C(0)OR, -O-Z, or benzyl, or two of a, b, c, and d can be taken together, along with the single carbon to which they are bound, to form a cycloalkyl or heterocycle; each n, o, p, and q is independently 0, 1 or 2; L is independently null, -0-, -S-, -S(0)-, -S(0) 2 -, -S-S-, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl)-, -(C 3 -
  • L is not limited directionally left to right as is depicted, rather either the left side or the right side of L can be bound to the Wi side of the compound of Formula ⁇ ;
  • Re is independently -H, -D, -C 1 -C4 alkyl, -halogen, cyano, oxo, thiooxo, -OH, -C(0)Ci-C 4 alkyl, -O-aryl, -O-benzyl, -OC(0)Ci-C 4 alkyl, -C1-C3 alkene, -C1-C3 alkyne, -C(0)Ci-C 4 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -N(Ci-C 3 alkyl) 2 , -NH(C(0)Ci-C 3 alkyl), -N(C(0)Ci-C 3 alkyl) 2 , -SH, -S(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -S(0)Ci-C 3 alkyl, -S(0) 2 Ci-C 3 alkyl; each g is independently 2, 3 or 4; each h is independently 1, 2, 3
  • each Z and Z' is independently -H
  • Ri and R 2 are independently -H, -D, -C 1 -C4 alkyl, -halogen, -OH, -C(0)Ci-C 4 alkyl, -O-aryl, -O-benzyl, -OC(0)Ci-C 4 alkyl, -C1-C3 alkene, -C1-C3 alkyne, -C(0)Ci-C 4 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -N(Ci-C 3 alkyl) 2 , -NH(C(0)Ci-C 3 alkyl), -N(C(0)Ci-C 3 alkyl) 2 , -SH, -S(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -S(0)C C 3 alkyl, -S(0) 2 C C 3 alkyl; and each R is independently -H, -Ci-C 3 alkyl, or straight or branched Ci-C 4 alkyl optional
  • Wi and W 2 are each independently NH or NR; each a, b, c, and d is H;
  • each m, n, o, p, q is 1; L is -S-S-;
  • each Z and Z' is independently
  • any one or more of H may be substituted with a deuterium. It is also understood in Formula I, I', and II that a methyl substituent can be substituted with a Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • the invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions that comprise an effective amount of a bis-fatty acid conjugate of Formula II and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)- docosa-4,7, 10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid ⁇ 2-[2-((5Z,8Z, 11 Z, 14Z, 17Z)-icosa-5 ,8, 11,14,17- pentaenoylamino)-ethyldisulfanyl]-ethyl ⁇ -amide and pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)- Docosa-4,7, 10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid ⁇ 2-[2-((4Z,7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)-docosa- 4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoylamino)-ethyldisulfanyl]-ethyl ⁇ -amide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is provided.
  • compositions comprising (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z, 17Z)-icosa-5, 8,11,14, 17-pentaenoic acid ⁇ 2-[2- ((5Z,8Z, 11 Z, 14Z, 17Z)-icosa-5 ,8, 11,14,17-pentaenoylamino)-ethyldisulfanyl]-ethyl ⁇ -amide and pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the compositions comprising compounds of Formula I, the compositions comprising compounds of Formula ⁇ , and compositions comprising compounds of Formula II are useful for treating or preventing a metabolic disease.
  • the invention includes a bis-fatty acid conjugate provided as a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, a hydrate, a salt, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer, stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa- 4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid ⁇ 2-[2-((5Z,8Z, 11 Z, 14Z, 17Z)-icosa-5 ,8, 11,14,17- pentaenoylamino)-ethyldisulfanyl]-ethyl ⁇ -amide and pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is useful for inhibiting, preventing, or treating inflammation or an inflammatory disease in a subject.
  • the disease is nephropathic cystinosis.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-Docosa- 4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid ⁇ 2-[2-((4Z,7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)-docosa-4,7, 10,13,16,19- hexaenoylamino)-ethyldisulfanyl]-ethyl ⁇ -amide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is useful for inhibiting, preventing, or treating inflammation or an inflammatory disease in a subject.
  • the disease is nephropathic cystinosis.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising (5Z,8Z,1 lZ,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5, 8,11,14, 17- pentaenoic acid ⁇ 2-[2-((5Z,8Z,l lZ,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5, 8,11,14, 17-pentaenoylamino)- ethyldisulfanyl] -ethyl ⁇ -amide and pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is useful for inhibiting, preventing, or treating inflammation or an inflammatory disease in a subject.
  • the disease is nephropathic cystinosis.
  • FIG. 1 depicts the effects of compound 1-66 in the ApoB secretion assay.
  • FIG. 2 depicts the effect of compound 1-98 on IL- ⁇ .
  • FIG. 3 depicts the effect of compound 1-37 on Hmox-1.
  • FIG. 4 depicts the effect of compound 1-67 on Hmox-1.
  • FIG. 5 A depicts the hydrolysis of compound 1-41 in a Rat Liver Lysate Assay.
  • FIG. 5B depicts the time dependent formation of cysteamine when compound 1-41 was treated with rat liver lysate.
  • FIG. 6 depicts the effect of compound 1-41 on Hmox-1.
  • FIG. 7 depicts the effect of compound 1-41 on cystinotic fibroblasts.
  • Metabolic disorders are a wide variety of medical disorders that interfere with a subject's metabolism. Metabolism is the process a subject's body uses to transform food into energy. Metabolism in a subject with a metabolic disorder is disrupted in some way. Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against tissues normally present in the body. Neurodegenerative diseases result from the deterioration of neurons or their myelin sheaths, which would eventually lead to a variety of CNS-related dysfunctions.
  • the bis-fatty acid conjugates possess the ability to treat or prevent metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, respiratory diseases, or neurodegenerative diseases.
  • the bis-fatty acid conjugates can also be used to treat a variety of cancer such as such as carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma, mesothelioma, multiople myeloma, seminoma, and cancer of the bladder, blood, bone, brain, breast, central nervous system, colon, endometrium, esophagus, genitourinary tract, head, larynx, liver, lung, neck, ovary, pancreas, prostate, testicle, spleen, small intestine, large intestine or stomach.
  • cancer such as such as carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma, mesothelioma, multiople myeloma, seminoma, and cancer of the bladder, blood, bone, brain, breast, central nervous system, colon, endometrium, esophagus, genitourinary tract, head, larynx, liver
  • the bis-fatty acid conjugates have been designed to bring together fatty acids into a single covalently linked molecular conjugate.
  • the activity of the bis-fatty acid conjugates is substantially greater than the sum of the individual components of the molecular conjugate, suggesting that the activity induced by the bis-fatty acid conjugates is synergistic.
  • bis-fatty acid conjugates includes any and all possible isomers, stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, and prodrugs of the bis-fatty acid conjugates described herein.
  • aryl refers to cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon groups that have 1 to 2 aromatic rings, including monocyclic or bicyclic groups such as phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl. Where containing two aromatic rings (bicyclic, etc.), the aromatic rings of the aryl group may be joined at a single point (e.g., biphenyl), or fused (e.g., naphthyl).
  • the aryl group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents, e.g., 1 to 5 substituents, at any point of attachment. The substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.
  • C 1 -C 3 alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon containing 1-3 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of a C 1 -C 3 alkyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl and isopropyl.
  • C 1 -C 4 alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon containing 1-4 carbon atoms. Examples of a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl.
  • C 1 -C 5 alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon containing 1-5 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of a C 1 -C 5 alkyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl, isopentyl and neopentyl.
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon containing 1-6 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of a Ci-C 6 alkyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, and neopentyl.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a cyclic hydrocarbon containing 3-6 carbon atoms.
  • examples of a cycloalkyl group include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. It is understood that any of the substitutable hydrogens on a cycloalkyl can be substituted with halogen, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy and cyano groups.
  • heterocycle refers to a cyclic hydrocarbon containing 3-6 atoms wherein at least one of the atoms is an O, N, or S.
  • heterocycles include, but are not limited to, aziridine, oxirane, thiirane, azetidine, oxetane, thietane, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, piperidine, tetrahydropyran, thiane, imidazolidine, oxazolidine, thiazolidine, dioxolane, dithiolane, piperazine, oxazine, dithiane and dioxane.
  • heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic or bicyclic ring structure having 5 to 12 ring atoms wherein one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom, e.g. N, O or S and wherein one or more rings of the bicyclic ring structure is aromatic.
  • heteroaryl are pyridyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, tetrazolyl, benzo furyl, xanthenes and dihydroindole. It is understood that any of the substitutable hydrogens on a heteroaryl can be substituted with halogen, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy and cyano groups.
  • any one of the side chains of the naturally occurring amino acids means a side chain of any one of the following amino acids: Isoleucine, Alanine, Leucine, Asparagine, Lysine, Aspartate, Methionine, Cysteine, Phenylalanine, Glutamate, Threonine, Glutamine, Tryptophan, Glycine, Valine, Proline, Arginine, Serine, Histidine and Tyrosine.
  • fatty acid as used herein means an omega-3 fatty acid and fatty acids that are metabolized in vivo to omega-3 fatty acids.
  • Non- limiting examples of fatty acids are all- cz ' s-7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid, a-linolenic acid (ALA or a//-cz ' s-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid), stearidonic acid (STD or a//-cz ' s-6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid), eicosatrienoic acid (ETE or all-cis- 11,14, 17-eicosatrienoic acid), eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA or all-cis- 8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or all-cis-5,%,11,14,17- e
  • a "subject” is a mammal, e.g., a human, mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or non-human primate, such as a monkey, chimpanzee, baboon or rhesus, and the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein.
  • the invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a bis-fatty acid conjugate and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention includes a bis-fatty acid conjugate provided as a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, hydrate, salt, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomers, stereoisomers, or mixtures thereof.
  • Representative "pharmaceutically acceptable salts” include, e.g., water-soluble and water-insoluble salts, such as the acetate, amsonate (4,4-diaminostilbene-2, 2 -disulfonate), benzenesulfonate, benzonate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, butyrate, calcium, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, clavulariate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fiunarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexafluorophosphate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate,
  • An "effective amount" when used in connection with a bis-fatty acid conjugate is an amount effective for treating or preventing a metabolic disease.
  • carrier encompasses carriers, excipients, and diluents and means a material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting a pharmaceutical agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
  • treating refers to improving at least one symptom of the subject's disorder. Treating can be curing, improving, or at least partially ameliorating the disorder.
  • disorder is used in this disclosure to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the terms disease, condition, or illness, unless otherwise indicated.
  • administer refers to either directly administering a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or a composition to a subject, or administering a prodrug derivative or analog of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or composition to the subject, which can form an equivalent amount of active compound within the subject's body.
  • prodrug means a compound which is convertible in vivo by metabolic means ⁇ e.g., by hydrolysis) to a bis-fatty acid conjugate.
  • Boc and BOC are tert- butoxycarbonyl
  • Boc 2 0 is di-tert-butyl dicarbonate
  • CDI is 1
  • ⁇ -carbonyldiimidazole DCC is N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
  • DIEA is N,N-diisopropylethylamine
  • DMAP is 4- dimethylaminopyridine
  • DOSS is sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate
  • EDC and EDCI are 1-ethyl- 3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride
  • EtOAc is ethyl acetate
  • h hour
  • HATU is 2-(7-aza-lH-benzotriazole-l-yl)-l,l,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
  • HPMC is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
  • a molecular conjugate which comprises two or more fatty acids covalently linked, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of omega-3 fatty acids, fatty acids that are metabolized in vivo to omega-3 fatty acids and lipoic acid, and the conjugate is capable of hydrolysis to produce free fatty acids, with the proviso that the molecular conjugate does not encompass, (4Z,7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)-docosa-4,7, 10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid ⁇ 2-[2-
  • the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of all-cis- 7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid, a-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), tetracosapentaenoic acid, tetracosahexaenoic acid, and lipoic acid.
  • the fatty acid is selected from eicosapentaenoic acid,docosahexaenoic acid, and lipoic acid. In other embodiments, the fatty acid is selected from eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, In some embodiments, the hydrolysis is enzymatic. [0055] In another aspect, the present invention provides bis-fatty acid conjugates according to Formula I:
  • Wi, W 2 , a, c, b, d, e, k, m, ml , n, o, p, q, L, Z, Z', r, s, t, v, z, R l s R 2 , R3, R4, R and R 6 are as defined above for Formula I, with the proviso that there is at least two of
  • one Z is
  • one Z is
  • one Z is
  • one Z is and s is 3.
  • one Z is and s is 5.
  • one Z is and s is 6.
  • one Z is and v is 1.
  • one Z is and v is 2.
  • one Z is and v is 6.
  • one Z is and s is 3.
  • one Z is and s is 5. [0067] In other embodiments,
  • Z is and t is 1.
  • Z is and t is 1.
  • Wi is NH.
  • W 2 is NH
  • Wi is O.
  • W 2 is O.
  • Wi is null.
  • W 2 is null.
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH.
  • Wi and W 2 are each null.
  • Wi is O and W 2 is NH.
  • Wi and W 2 are each NR, and R is CH 3 .
  • m is 0.
  • m is 1.
  • n is 2.
  • L is -S- or -S-S-.
  • L is -0-.
  • L is -C(O)-.
  • L is heteroaryl
  • L is heterocycle
  • L is N
  • L is N
  • L is N
  • L is N
  • L is N
  • L is N
  • L is N
  • L is N
  • L is N
  • L is [0098] In some embodiments, L is
  • one of n, o, p, and q is 1.
  • two of n, o, p, and q are each 1.
  • n, o, p, and q are each 1.
  • n, o, p, and q are each 1.
  • one d is C(0)OR.
  • r is 2 and s is 6.
  • r is 3 and s is 5.
  • t is 1.
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 0, n, and o are each 1, and p and q are each 0.
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 1, and L is O.
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 1, and L is [0110] In some embodiments, Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 1, and L is -S-S-.
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, n and o are each 0, p and q are each 1 , and L is
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, k is O, n and o are each 0, p and q are each 1 , and L is
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, n and o are each 1, p and q are each 0, and L is
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, k is 0, n is 1 , o, p and q are each 0, and L is
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1 , n, o, and p are each 0, and q is 1 , and L is
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, k is 1, n, o, and p are each 0, and q is 1 , and L is
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, n is 1, and o, p, and q are each 0, and L is
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, k is 1, o, p, and q are each 0, and L is [0119] In some embodiments, Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1 , n, o, p, and q are each 1 , and L is
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 1, and
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 0, k is 1, o and p are each 1 , and q is 0.
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 0, n, o, p, and q are each 1.
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 0, n and o are each 1, p and q are each 0, and each a is CH 3 .
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 0, n and o are each 1 , p and q are each 0, and each b is CH 3 .
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1 , n, o, p, and q are each 1, R 3 is H, and L is
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1 , n, p and q are each 1 , and o is 2, R 3 is H, and L is [0127] In some embodiments, Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p are each 1, and q is 2, and L is
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 1, and L is
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, n and p are each 1, and o and q are each 0, and L is -C(O)-.
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, n and p are each 1, and o, and q are each 0, and L is
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, q are each 1, and L is
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p , and q are each 1, h is 1 , and L is
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p , and q are each 1, and L is-S-.
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p are each 0, q is 1, one d is -CH 3 , and L is
  • Wi and W 2 are each NH, m is 2, n, o, p, and q are each 0, one L is
  • m is 0, n, o, p, and q are each 0, and Wi and W 2 are taken together to form an optionally substituted piperazine group.
  • m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 0, Wi and W 2 are each null, and L is
  • m is 1, n and p are each 1, o and q are each 0, Wi and W 2 are each NH, and L is C3-C6 cycloalkyl.
  • m is 1, n is 1, o, p, and q are each 0, Wi and W 2 are each NH, and L is C -C6 cycloalkyl.
  • m is 1, n, o, p, are each 0, q is 1 , Wi and W 2 are each NH, and L is C3-C6 cycloalkyl.
  • m is 1 , n, o, p, and q are each 0, Wi is NH, W 2 is null, and L is [0142] In some embodiments, m is 1 , n o, p, and q are each 0, Wi is null, W 2 is NH, and L is
  • m is 1 , n o, p, and q are each 0, Wi is NH, W 2 is null, and L is
  • m is 1 , n o, p, and q are each 0, Wi is null, W 2 is NH, and L is
  • m is 1
  • n is 1, o, p, and q are each 0, Wi is NH
  • W 2 is null
  • L is
  • m is 1, n, o, p, are each 0, q is 1, Wi is null, W 2 is NH, and L is
  • m is 1 , n, o, p, and q are each 0, Wi is NH, W 2 is null, and L is
  • m is 1 , n, o, p, and q are each 0, Wi is null, W 2 is NH, and L is
  • m is 1
  • n is 1, o, p, and q are each 0, Wi is NH
  • W 2 is null
  • L is
  • m is 1, n, o, p, are each 0, q is 1, Wi is null, W 2 is NH, and L is
  • m is 1
  • n is 1, o, p, and q are each 0, Wi is NH
  • W 2 is null, and
  • m is 1, n, o, p, are each 0, q is 1, Wi is null, W 2 is NH, and L is
  • m is 1, n, o, p, q are each 0, Wi and W 2 is null, and L is
  • m is 1, n, o, p, q are each 0, Wi and W 2 is null, and L is
  • m is 1, n, o, p, q are each 0, Wi is NH, W 2 is null, and L
  • m is 1, n, o, p, q are each 0, Wi is null, W 2 is NH, and L is
  • m is 1 , n, o, p, are each 0, q is 1, Wi and W 2 are each and NH, is null, L is
  • m is 1, n, o, p, are each 0, q is 1, Wi and W 2 are each NH, is null, and L is a heteroaryl.
  • r is 2
  • s is 6
  • t is 1.
  • r is 3, s is 5 and t is 1.
  • Z is t is 1.
  • any one or more of H may be substituted with a deuterium. It is also understood in Formula I, I', and II that a methyl substituent can be substituted with a Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • non-limiting exemplary compounds of the present invention are as set forth below:
  • Also provided in the invention is a method for inhibiting, preventing, or treating inflammation or an inflammatory disease in a subject.
  • the inflammation can be associated with an inflammatory disease or a disease where inflammation contributes to the disease.
  • Inflammatory diseases can arise where there is an inflammation of the body tissue. These include local inflammatory responses and systemic inflammation. Examples of such diseases include, but are not limited to: organ transplant rejection; reoxygenation injury resulting from organ transplantation (see Grupp et ah, J. Mol. Cell Cardiol.
  • inflammatory diseases of the joints including arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and bone diseases associated with increased bone resorption; inflammatory bowel diseases such as ileitis, ulcerative colitis, Barrett's syndrome, and Crohn's disease; inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive airway disease, and cystic fibrosis; inflammatory diseases of the eye including corneal dystrophy, trachoma, onchocerciasis, uveitis, sympathetic ophthalmitis and endophthalmitis; chronic inflammatory diseases of the gum, including gingivitis and periodontitis; chronic kidney disease (CKD) including focal segmented glomerulosclerosis, nephrotic syndrome, reflux uropathy or polycystic kidney disease; IgA nephropathy; nephropathic cystinosis and other ailments that
  • Metabolic disease such as type II diabetes mellitus; the prevention of type I diabetes; dyslipedemia; hypertriglyceridemia; diabetic complications, including, but not limited to glaucoma, retinopathy, macula edema, nephropathy, such as microalbuminuria and progressive diabetic nephropathy, polyneuropathy, diabetic neuropathy, atherosclerotic coronary arterial disease, peripheral arterial disease, nonketotic hyperglycemichyperosmolar coma, mononeuropathies, autonomic neuropathy, joint problems, and a skin or mucous membrane complication, such as an infection, a shin spot, a candidal infection or necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum; immune-complex vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus; inflammatory diseases of the heart such as cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease hypercholesterolemia, and atherosclerosis; as well as various other diseases that can have significant inflammatory
  • the inflammatory disease can also be a systemic inflammation of the body, exemplified by gram-positive or gram negative shock, hemorrhagic or anaphylactic shock, or shock induced by cancer chemotherapy in response to proinflammatory cytokines, e.g., shock associated with proinflammatory cytokines.
  • shock can be induced, e.g., by a chemotherapeutic agent that is administered as a treatment for cancer.
  • Other disorders include depression, obesity, allergic diseases, acute cardiovascular events, arrhythmia, prevention of sudden death.
  • muscle wasting diseases such as Muscular Dystrophy including but not limited to Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy, Becker Muscular Dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy, Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy, Myotonic Dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy, Distal Muscular Dystrophy, Congential Muscular Dystrophy, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, and Spinal Bulbar Muscular Dystrophy.
  • Muscular Dystrophy including but not limited to Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy, Becker Muscular Dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy, Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy, Myotonic Dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy, Distal Muscular Dystrophy
  • Other diseases that can be treated with bis-fatty acid conjugate include inflammatory myopathies such as dermatomositis, inclusion body myositis, and polymyositis, and cancer cachexia. Also inflammation that results from surgery and trauma can be treated with a bis-fatty acid conjugate.
  • the compounds described herein are also useful in treating a variety of cancer such as carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma, mesothelioma, multiople myeloma, seminoma, and cancer of the bladder, blood, bone, brain, breast, central nervous system, colon, endometrium, esophagus, genitourinary tract, head, larynx, liver, lung, neck, ovary, pancreas, prostate, testicle, spleen, small intestine, large intestine or stomach.
  • cancer such as carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma, mesothelioma, multiople myeloma, seminoma
  • cancer of the bladder blood, bone, brain, breast, central nervous system, colon, endometrium, esophagus, genitourinary tract, head, larynx, liver, lung, neck, ovary
  • Still other diseases that can be treated with bis-fatty acid conjugates include fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), Sarcopenia, Sjogren syndrome, Myasthenia gravis, and xerophthalmia.
  • the subject is administered an effective amount of a bis-fatty acid conjugate.
  • the invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions useful for treating or preventing a metabolic disease, or for inhibiting a metabolic disease.
  • the compositions can be suitable for internal use and comprise an effective amount of a bis-fatty acid conjugate of Formula ⁇ and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the bis-fatty acid conjugates are especially useful in that they demonstrate very low peripheral toxicity or no peripheral toxicity.
  • compositions can be prepared according to conventional mixing, granulating or coating methods, respectively, and the present pharmaceutical compositions can contain from about 0.1 % to about 90 %, from about 10 % to about 90 %, or from about 30 % to about 90 % of the bis-fatty acid conjugate by weight or volume.
  • the bis-fatty acid conjugates can each be administered in amounts that are sufficient to treat or prevent a metabolic disease or prevent the development thereof in subjects.
  • Administration of the bis-fatty acid conjugates can be accomplished via any mode of administration for therapeutic agents. These modes include systemic or local administration such as oral, nasal, parenteral, transdermal, subcutaneous, vaginal, buccal, rectal or topical administration modes.
  • compositions can be in solid, semi-solid or liquid dosage form, such as, for example, injectables, tablets, suppositories, pills, time -release capsules, elixirs, tinctures, emulsions, syrups, powders, liquids, suspensions, or the like, sometimes in unit dosages and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.
  • injectables tablets, suppositories, pills, time -release capsules, elixirs, tinctures, emulsions, syrups, powders, liquids, suspensions, or the like, sometimes in unit dosages and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.
  • they can also be administered in intravenous (both bolus and infusion), intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or intramuscular form, all using forms well known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical arts.
  • Illustrative pharmaceutical compositions are tablets and gelatin capsules comprising a bis-fatty acid conjugate and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as: a) a diluent, e.g., purified water, triglyceride oils, such as hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, or mixtures thereof, corn oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, fish oils, such as EPA or DHA, or their esters or triglycerides or mixtures thereof, omega-3 fatty acids or derivatives thereof, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose, sodium, saccharin, glucose and/or glycine; b) a lubricant, e.g., silica, talcum, stearic acid, its magnesium or calcium salt, sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and/or polyethylene glycol;
  • Liquid, particularly injectable, compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolution, dispersion, etc.
  • the bis-fatty acid conjugate is dissolved in or mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form an injectable isotonic solution or suspension.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and the like.
  • Proteins such as albumin, chylomicron particles, or serum proteins can be used to solubilize the bis-fatty acid conjugates.
  • the bis-fatty acid conjugates can be also formulated as a suppository that can be prepared from fatty emulsions or suspensions; using polyalkylene glycols such as propylene glycol, as the carrier.
  • the bis-fatty acid conjugates can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles.
  • Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, containing cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines.
  • a film of lipid components is hydrated with an aqueous solution of drug to a form lipid layer encapsulating the drug, as described in United States Patent No. 5,262,564, the contents of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety.
  • Bis-fatty acid conjugates can also be delivered by the use of monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the bis-fatty acid conjugates are coupled.
  • the bis-fatty acid conjugates can also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers.
  • Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxyethylaspanamidephenol, or polyethyleneoxidepolylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues.
  • the bis-fatty acid conjugates can be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and cross-linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
  • bis-fatty acid conjugates are not covalently bound to a polymer, e.g., a polycarboxylic acid polymer, or a polyacrylate.
  • Parenteral injectable administration is generally used for subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injections and infusions.
  • Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions or solid forms suitable for dissolving in liquid prior to injection.
  • the dosage regimen utilizing the bis-fatty acid conjugate is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition to be treated; the route of administration; the renal or hepatic function of the patient; and the particular bis-fatty acid conjugate employed.
  • a physician or veterinarian of ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter or arrest the progress of the condition.
  • Effective dosage amounts of the present invention when used for the indicated effects, range from about 20 mg to about 5,000 mg of the bis-fatty acid conjugate per day.
  • Compositions for in vivo or in vitro use can contain about 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, 1,250, 2,500, 3,500, or 5,000 mg of the bis-fatty acid conjugate.
  • the compositions are in the form of a tablet that can be scored.
  • Effective plasma levels of the bis-fatty acid conjugate can range from about 5 ng/mL to 5000 ng/mL.
  • Appropriate dosages of the bis-fatty acid conjugates can be determined as set forth in Goodman, L. S.; Gilman, A. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 5th ed.; MacMillan: New York, 1975, pp. 201- 226.
  • Bis-fatty acid conjugates can be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage can be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily. Furthermore, bis-fatty acid conjugates can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in that art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration can be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.
  • Topical preparations include creams, ointments, lotions, aerosol sprays and gels, wherein the concentration of the bis-fatty acid conjugate ranges from about 0.1 % to about 15 %, w/w or w/v.
  • Bis-fatty acid conjugates may also be administered with other therapeutic agents such as cholesterol-lowering agents, fibrates and hypolipidemic agents, DPP-IV inhibitors as antidiabetic agents, anti-diabetic agents, antiepileptic agents, antiglaucoma agents, antihypertensive agents, anti-inflammatory agents, TNF-a inhibitors, anti-depressant agents, anti-cancer agents, immunosuppressant agents, agents to treat osteoporosis, and agents to treat multiple sclerosis.
  • the bis-fatty acid conjuagte can be coadministered with the other therapeutic agent.
  • the bis-fatty acid conjugate can be administered before the other therapeutic agent.
  • the bis-fatty acid conjugate can be administered after the other therapeutic agent.
  • the other therapeutic agent is a cholesterol-lowering agent.
  • cholesterol-lowering agents are atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, ezetimibe, and the combination of ezetimibe/simvastatin (Vytorin®).
  • the other therapeutic agent is a fibrate or hypolipidemic agent.
  • fibrates or hypolipidemic agents are acifran, acipimox, beclobrate, bezafibrate, binifibrate, ciprofibrate, clofibrate, colesevelam, gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, melinamide, niacin, and ronafibrate.
  • the other therapeutic agent is a DPP-IV inhibitor as antidiabetic agent.
  • DPP-IV inhibitors as anti-diabetic agents are sitagliptin, saxagliptin, vildagliptin, linagliptin, dutogliptin, gemigliptin and alogliptin.
  • the other therapeutic agent is an anti-diabetic agent.
  • anti-diabetic agents are acarbose, epalrestat, exenatide, glimepiride, liraglutide, metformin, miglitol, mitiglinide, nateglinide, pioglitazone, pramlintide, repaglinide, rosiglitazone, tolrestat, troglitazone, and voglibose.
  • the other therapeutic agent is an antiepileptic agent.
  • antiepileptic agents include Gabapentin, pregabalin.
  • the other therapeutic agent is an antiglaucoma agent.
  • antiglaucoma agents include apraclonidine, befunolol, bimatroprost, brimonidine, brinzolamide, dapiprazole, dorzolamide, latanoprost, levobunolol, tafluprost, travoprost, and unoprostone isopropyl ester.
  • the other therapeutic agent is an antihypertensive agent.
  • antihypertensive agents include alacepril, alfuzosin, aliskiren, amlodipine besylate, amosulalol, aranidipine, arotinolol HCl, azelnidipine, barnidipine hydrochloride, benazepril hydrochloride, benidipine hydrochloride, betaxolol HCl, bevantolol HCl, bisoprolol fumarate, bopindolol, bosentan, budralazine, bunazosin HCl, candesartan cilexetil, captopril, carvedilol, celiprolol HCl, cicletanine, cilazapril, cinildipine, clevidipine, delapril, dilevalol, doxazos
  • the other therapeutic agent is an anti-inflammatory agent.
  • anti-inflammatory agents include celecoxib, rofecoxib, ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, salicylic acid, salsalate, 5 -aminosalicylic acid, dimethylfumarate, monomethyl fumarate, methotrexate, predisone, prednisolone, abatecept, aceclofenac, AF- 2259, alefacept, amfenac sodium, ampiroxicam, amtolmetin guacil, arformoterol, bambuterol, bardoxolone methyl, butibufen, cankinumab, ciclesonide, deflazacort, doxofylline, dexibuprofen, droxicam, etodolac, flunoxaprofen, fluticasone propionate, fomoterol fumarate, golimumab,
  • the other therapeutic agent is a TNF-a inhibitor.
  • TNF-a inhibitors include infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab, golimumab, and etanercept.
  • the other therapeutic agent is an anti-depressant agent.
  • anti-depressant agents include bupropion HC1, citalopram, desvenlafaxine, fluoxetine HC1, fluvoxamine maleate, metapramine, milnacipran, mirtazapine, moclobemide, nefazodone, paroxetine, pivagabine, reboxetine, setiptiline, sertraline HC1, tianeptine sodium, toloxatone and venlafaxine.
  • the other therapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent.
  • anti-cancer agents include abarelix, alemtuzumab, alitretinoin,amrubicin HC1, amsacrine, anastrozole, arglabin, azacitidine, belotecan, bevacizumab, bexarotene, bicalutamide, bisantrene HC1, bortezomib, camostat mesylate, capecitabine, catumaxomab, cetuximab, cladribine, clofarabine, cytarabine ocfosfate, dasatinib, degarelix acetate, denileukin diftitox, doxetaxel, doxifluridine, enocitabine, epirubicin HC1, erlotinib, exemestane, fludarabine phosphate, flutamide
  • the other therapeutic agent is an immunosuppressant agent.
  • immunosuppressant agents include cyclosporine, everolimus, gusperimus, mizoribine, muromonab-CD3, mycophenolate sodium, mycophenolate mofeti, pimecrolimus, tacrolimus.
  • the other therapeutic agent is an agents to treat osteoporosis.
  • agents to treat osteoporosis include alendronate sodium, ibandronic acid, incadronic acid, raloxifene HC1, risdronate sodium, strontium ranelate.
  • the other therapeutic agent is an agent to treat multiple sclerosis.
  • agents to treat multiple sclerosis include dimethyl fumarate, mono methyl fumarate, fmgolimod, teriflunomide, laquinimod, cladribine, interferon beta- la, betaseron, glatimer acetate, natalizumab.
  • the other therapeutic agent is an agent to treat ALS.
  • agents to treat ALS include riluzole, baclofen and diazepam.
  • the mono-BOC protected amine of the formula B can be obtained from commercial sources.
  • a fatty acid of formula A can be amidated with the amine B using a coupling reagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC, or optionally with a tertiary amine base and/or catalyst, e.g., DMAP, followed by deprotection of the BOC group with acids such as TFA or HCI in a solvent such as CH 2 C1 2 or dioxane to produce the coupled compound C.
  • a coupling reagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC, or optionally with a tertiary amine base and/or catalyst, e.g., DMAP, followed by deprotection of the BOC group with acids such as TFA or HCI in a solvent such as CH 2 C1 2 or dioxane to produce the coupled compound C.
  • the fatty acid A can also be substituted with lipoic acid in this scheme and in the subsequent schemes.
  • M is C(0)R 3 or R 3 , and R 3 , r, and s are as defined above, except that for compounds of formulas E, F, and G, R 3 is not H.
  • the mono-BOC protected amine of the formula E can be obtained from commercial sources or prepared according to the procedures outlined in Krapcho et al. Synthetic Commun. 1990, 20, 2559-2564 and Andruszkiewicz et al. Synthetic Commun. 2008, 38, 905- 913.
  • a fatty acid of formula A can be amidated with the amine E using a coupling reagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC, or optionally with a tertiary amine base and/or catalyst, e.g., DMAP, followed by deprotection of the BOC group with acids such as TFA or HC1 in a solvent such as CH 2 C1 2 or dioxane to produce the coupled compound F.
  • Activation of compound F with a coupling agent such as HATU in the presence of an amine such as DIEA followed by addition of a fatty acid of formula A affords compounds of the formula G.
  • Activation of compound I with a coupling agent such as HATU in the presence of an amine such as DIEA followed by addition of a fatty acid of formula A affords compounds of the formula J.
  • Hydrolysis of the ester under basic conditions such as NaOH or LiOH produces the corresponding acid, which can be coupled with glycidol to afford compounds of the formula K.
  • the amine L can be obtained from commercial sources or prepared according to the procedures outlined in Dahan et al. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 2289-2296 and Jacobson, K. et al. Bioconjugate Chem. 1995, 6, 255-263.
  • a fatty acid of formula A can be coupled with the amine L using a coupling reagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC, or optionally with a tertiary amine base and/or catalyst, e.g., DMAP, followed by deprotection of the BOC group with acids such as TFA or HC1 in a solvent such as CH 2 CI 2 or dioxane to produce the coupled compound M.
  • a coupling reagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC
  • a tertiary amine base and/or catalyst e.g., DMAP
  • R 3 , r, and s are as defined above.
  • the amine O can be prepared from the commercially available diamine according to the procedures outlined in Dahan et al. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 2289-2296.
  • Fatty acids of the formula A can be amidated with the amine O using a coupling reagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC, or optionally with a tertiary amine base and/or catalyst, e.g., DMAP, to afford compound P.
  • the BOC group of compound P can be removed with acids such as TFA or HC1 in a solvent such as CH 2 CI 2 or dioxane and the resulting amine can be coupled with a fatty acid of formula A using HATU in the presence of an amine such as DIEA to afford compounds of the formula Q.
  • the hydroxyl group in compound P can be further acylated or converted to an amino group by standard mesylation chemistry followed by displacement with sodium azide and reduction with an agent such as triphenylphosphine.
  • the amine can be further acylated or alkylated, followed by the removal of the BOC group.
  • the resulting amine can be coupled with a fatty acid of the formula A to afford compounds of the formula R.
  • a fatty acid of formula A can be amidated with the commercially available amine S using a coupling reagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC, optionally with a tertiary amine base and/or catalyst, e.g., DMAP.
  • the BOC group of the resulting coupled product can be removed with acids such as TFA or HCl in a solvent such as CH 2 CI 2 or dioxane to afford compound T.
  • the resulting amine can be coupled with a fatty acid of the formula A using a coupling agent such as HATU in the presence of an amine such as DIEA to afford compounds of the formula U.
  • a fatty acid of formula A can be amidated with the commercially available cysteine methyl ester using a coupling reagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC, or optionally with a tertiary amine base and/or catalyst, e.g., DMAP, to afford compound V.
  • the commercially available maleimide derivative W can be coupled with a fatty acid of the formula A using a coupling agent such as HATU or EDCI to afford compounds of the formula X.
  • Compound V can be coupled to compounds of the formula X in a solvent such as acetonitrile to afford compounds of the formula Y.
  • R4, a, r, and s are as defined above.
  • amino acid esters AA can be coupled with a fatty acid of the formula A using a coupling agent such as EDCI or HATU, followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the methyl ester to afford compounds of the formula BB.
  • Compounds of the formula BB can be coupled with the commercially available BOC-amino acid derivatives CC using a coupling agent such as EDCI or HATU.
  • the BOC group can be removed by treatment with acids such as TFA or HCl to afford compounds of the formula DD which can then be coupled with a fatty acid of formula A to afford compounds of the formula EE.
  • a fatty acid of formula A can be coupled with a BOC-protected diamine of the general formula DA to obtain the BOC-protected amide derivative.
  • the resulting amine FF can be coupled with a fatty acid of the formula A in order to obtain compounds of the formula GG.
  • BOC-protected diamines are commercially available. The following diamines can be prepared according to the procedures outlined in the corresponding references:
  • HepG2 cells are seeded at 25,000 cells per well in collagen-coated 96-well plates in growth media (DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum). The following day, bis-fatty acid conjugates are complexed to lipoprotein-deficient fetal bovine serum at the appropriate concentration. Growth media is then removed from and the HepG2 cells are washed once with PBS. The lipoprotein-deficient FBS with the complexed bis-fatty acid conjugates is added to DMEM for a final 10% concentration. Each concentration of bis-fatty acid is tested in triplicate. Cells are incubated for 16 hours with the bis-fatty acid.
  • Alamar Blue® (Invitrogen) is then added to the media to determine cell viability per the manufacturer's instructions. Two hours after Alamar Blue® addition, the media is removed and placed in a black 96-well plate. The plate is then read at 550nm/590nm to determine cell viability. The media is then used to determine ApoB concentrations using ELISA kits (Mabtech AB). Percent inhibition of ApoB secretion is determined by normalizing data to vehicle treated wells. For a given compound, an IC 50 (concentration at which 50%> of ApoB secretion is inhibited) can also be determined by using a 4 parameter-fit inhibition curve model (Graph Pad Prism®). As an illustrative example, Figure 1 shows the effects of compound 1-66 in the ApoB assay. The IC50 was determined to be 9.5 ⁇ .
  • HepG2 cells are seeded at 20,000 cells per well in 96 well plates. After adhering overnight, growth media (10% FBS in DMEM) is removed and cells are serum starved for 24 hours in DMEM containing 1% fatty acid free bovine serum albumin (BSA, Sigma). Cells are then treated with the bis-fatty acid conjugates at a final concentration of 50 ⁇ in 1% BSA or 0.1 oleate complexed to fatty acid free BSA in a 5: 1 molar ratio. Cells are incubated for 6 hours and then washed with PBS. RNA was reverse-transcribed using the cells II cDNA reagents according to standard protocols (outlined in Applied Biosystem StepOne Real-time PCR protocols).
  • Real time PCR of transcripts can be performed with Tagman assays for the three specific genes FASN (fatty acid synthase), SCD (steroyl CoA desaturase) and ApoAl(apolipoprotein Al). In all three cases, 18S-VIC® is used as a normalization control.
  • FASN fatty acid synthase
  • SCD steroyl CoA desaturase
  • ApoAl apolipoprotein Al
  • mice Male Zucker rats (HsdHlr:ZUCKER-Lepr A fa) between 8- 10 weeks of age are purchased from Harlan.
  • Zucker rats are maintained on Teklad Global Rodent Diet (2018S) during the acclimation period and for the duration of study.
  • Inclusion criteria for the study include body weight >300 grams and fed TG levels in plasma >800 mg/dL. Rats are randomized into treatment arms based on pre-dose (day -1) body weights and plasma levels (fed) of triglycerides. Dosing is initiated on day 1 and continue through day 5.
  • Dosing is daily (qd) by oral gavage (po) for all treatment arms. Body weights are measured for all rats on days 1 through 5. On day 4, a blood sample (fed) are collected from each rat, processed for plasma and stored at -80°C. At 8pm on day 4 food are removed from all rats to initiate fasting state. On day 5 rats are dosed at 8am according to treatment arm. Two hours later (10am) two blood draws from each rat are collected and processed for plasma. Triglyceride levels are then analyzed by standard protocols using commercially available kits.
  • Dosing will be daily (qd) by oral gavage (po) for all treatment arms. On day 27, hamsters will be fasted at the beginning of the dark cycle. Hamsters will be dosed at 8am on day 28 according to the treatment arm. Two hours later (10am) a blood sample will be collected from each hamster, processed to plasma and stored at -80oC. Triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels will be determined using standard protocols and the commercially available kits from Abeam, Cayman or Sigma- Aldrich.
  • RAW 264.7 cells stably expressing a 3x NFkB response elemement-drive luciferase reporter were seeded into 96 well plates in sera- free medium (Optimem) 18 hours prior to compound application.
  • Compounds of the invention were prepared by first making 100 mM stock solutions in EtOH. Stock solutions were then diluted 1 : 100 in low LPS FBS (Gemini BenchMark 100-106), mixed vigorously and allowed to incubate at room temperature for 30 minutes.
  • Table 1 summarizes the IC50 values for a number of bis- fatty acid conjugates in this NF- ⁇ luciferase reporter assay.
  • a (-) indicates that the compound showed no inhibitory activity up to 200 ⁇ .
  • a (+) indicates that the compound showed inhibitory activity of less than 200 ⁇ .
  • a (+ +) indicates that the compound showed inhibitory activity of less than 50 ⁇ .
  • Nephropathic cystinosis is an orphan lysosomal storage disorder characterized by an excessive accumulation of crystalline cystine within cells. Patients with this disorder often develop end-stage renal failure, if not treated. Cysteamine is the standard of care for this disorder since it can allow for depletion of the crystalline cystine from various tissues. However, cysteamine does not adequately address the long-term complications that are associated with cystinosis. Patients with cystinosis have been reported to have varying degree of inflammatory vasculopathy/vasculitis and inflammatory bowel disease and these symptoms can be alleviated with anti-inflammatory corticosteroids (Berger, J. R. J. Neurological Sciences 2009, 284, p. 182-5; Treem, W. R.
  • Compounds 1-3, 1-41, 1-83 are bis-fatty acid conjugate containing cystamine, the disulfide version of cysteamine. As shown in Table 1 (above), all three conjugates have been shown to have significantly greater anti-inflammatory activity than the individual components DHA, EPA, cysteamine or cystamine. The greater anti-inflammatory property of the bis-fatty acid conjugates 1-3, 1-41, 1-83 could potentially address other long-term complications that often accompany nephropathic cystinosis
  • the rat liver lysate hydrolysis experiment was performed in Eppendorf tubes, by adding the necessary amount of water for the assay first.
  • a lOx buffer solution with final concentrations of HEPES and EDTA of 50 mM and 1 mM respectively was prepared from 500 mM HEPES and 10 mM EDTA in water.
  • Rat liver lysate was removed from -80 °C storage, thawed and centrifuged at 4000g for 5 min. A volume of the supernatant was transferred to the Eppendorf tube yielding a final concentration in the assay of 3 mg/mL. The tube was gently inverted to mix the components. The reactions are then place in a 37 °C incubator for 20 min allowing the reaction mixture to reach 37 °C before the reaction was initiated.
  • the bis-fatty acid cystamine conjugate 1-41 was assessed in this rat liver lysate assay.
  • the individual components would be DHA, EPA, (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-N-(2- mercaptoethyl)docosa-4,7, 10,13,16,19-hexaenamide, (5Z,8Z, 1 1 Z, 14Z, 17Z)-N-(2- mercaptoethyl)icosa-5,8,l l,14,17-pentaenamide, cystamine and cysteamine.
  • the disulfide bond found in 1-41 can be reduced to the active thiol derivatives (4Z,7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)-N-(2-mercaptoethyl)docosa-4,7, 10,13,16,19-hexaenamide and (5Z,8Z,l lZ,14Z,17Z)-N-(2-mercaptoethyl)icosa-5,8,l l,14,17-pentaenamide via the action of lysosomal thiol reductase (Arunachalam, B. et al, PNAS, 2000, 97, p. 745-750).
  • a saturated solution of Ellmans reagent (lOmM) was prepared first by dissolving 39.6mg of reagent (5,5' dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)) in 10ml of HEPES buffer (0.01M, pH7). 50 ⁇ of the tissue lysate reaction mixture was transferred to a 1.5 mL eppendorf tube and derivatization of cysteamine was performed with 50 ⁇ lOmM Ellman's reagent (5,5' dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Samples were incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes, vortex for 1 minute followed by protein precipitation by addition of 300 ⁇ of acetonitrile containing IS and 0.2% butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA).
  • BHA butylated hydroxyanisole
  • Mobile phase A contained Acetonitrile/Water/ Ammonium acetate (20mM) with 0.1% Formic acid and mobile phase B contained Acetonitrile/ Ammonium acetate (20mM) with 0.1% formic acid.
  • the column eluate was directly injected into a Agilent triple quad, which was maintained in electrospray positive mode.
  • the retention times for cysteamine-Ellmans adduct was 1.76 min.
  • Derivatized cysteamine was monitored via the transition m/z 274.8-229.9 with a fragmentor of 62 and collision energy of lOeV.
  • the column was maintained at 25°C.
  • RAW264.7 macrophages were seeded at a density of 100,000 cells/well in a 96-well plate in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and Penn/strep. 16 hours later, medium was aspirated and replaced with 90 ⁇ 11 of serum-free DMEM.
  • Bis-fatty acid conjugates were brought up in 100% EtOH to a concentration of lOOmM and then diluted 1 : 100 in 100% FBS for a stock solution consisting of ImM compound and 1% EtOH. These stock solutions were then diluted 1 : 10 in FBS supplemented with 1% EtOH to generate a 100 ⁇ of the bis-fatty acid conjugate.
  • ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ was then added to the RAW246.7 cells to generate final concentrations 10 ⁇ of the bis-fatty acid conjugate, along with vehicle only control.
  • the compounds were allowed to pre-incubate for 2 hours before stimulation of lOOng/ml LPS ( ⁇ ⁇ of ⁇ g/ml LPS was added to each well). Following 3 hours of LPS stimulation, cells were washed once in lx PBS, aspirated dry, and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. R A was then isolated and converted to cDNA using the Cells to cDNA kit (Ambion) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
  • IL- ⁇ ⁇ transcript levels were then measured using Taqman primer/probe assay sets (Applied Biosystems), normalized to GAPDH using the deltaCt method, and the data expressed relative to vehicle only control.
  • Figure 2 shows the decrease in IL- ⁇ ⁇ gene expression when compound 1-98 was dosed at 0, 50 and 100 ⁇ .
  • RAW264.7 macrophages were seeded at a density of 100,000 cells/well in a 96-well plate in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and Penn/strep. 16 hours later, medium was aspirated and replaced with 90uL/well of serum- free DMEM.
  • Bis-fatty acid conjugates were brought up in 100% EtOH to a concentration of lOOmM and then diluted 1 : 100 in 100% FBS for a 20x stock solution consisting of ImM compound and 1% EtOH.
  • the bis-fatty acid conjugate 20x stock solutions were diluted 1 :2 in FBS supplemented with 1% EtOH for a 500uM lOx stock solution.
  • the lOx stock solutions were then serially diluted 1 :2 in FBS supplemented with 1% EtOH and ⁇ , of each dilution was added to the RAW246.7 cells to generate final concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.12 and 1.6 ⁇ .
  • the compounds were allowed to pre-incubate for 2 hours before stimulation of lOOng/ml LPS ( ⁇ of ⁇ g/ml LPS is added to each well). Following 3 hours of LPS stimulation, cells were washed once in lx PBS, aspirated dry, and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. R A was then isolated and converted to cDNA using the Cells to cDNA kit (Ambion) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
  • the fatty acid cystamine conjugate 1-41 showed significant upregulation of the HMOX-1 mRNA expression when compared to cysteamine.
  • compound 1-41 showed a 15-fold increase in HMOX-1 mRNA expression; whereas cysteamine was essentially ineffective in upregulating HMOX-1 mRNA up to 200 ⁇ .
  • mice Female Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks old, with an average weight of 150 g) are used for the study. Diabetes is induced by a single tail vein injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in 0.1 mol/L sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.5. Diabetes is then confirmed by measuring blood glucose levels at two and three days after the STZ treatment. Diabetic animals are classified as those with plasma glucose higher than 16 nmol/L. The diabetic animals are then divided into the vehicle control group and the treatment group (each group having 12 animals). All animals are housed individually with a light dark cycle of 12 hours each, with animals having free access to food and water.
  • STZ streptozotocin
  • diabetic animals are treated with 3 IU of ultralente insulin three times per week in the afternoon (at approximately 3 to 4 pm).
  • the dose of insulin is increased to 5 IU at week 15.
  • Animals are dosed with the vehicle or the bis-fatty acid conjugate over a 28 week period (Examples of vehicles that can be used include combinations of solvents such as polyethylene glycol and propyleneglycol, lipids such as glycerol monooleate and soybean oil, and surfactants such as polysorbate 80 and cremophor EL).
  • solvents such as polyethylene glycol and propyleneglycol
  • lipids such as glycerol monooleate and soybean oil
  • surfactants such as polysorbate 80 and cremophor EL.
  • Progression of renal disease can be assessed by monthly measurements of urinary albumin and plasma creatinine concentrations.
  • Urinary albumin can be quantified by a competitive ELISA assay according to the protocols outlined in Degenhardt et al, Kidney International 2002, 61, p. 939-950.
  • Plasma creatinine concentrations can be measured by the Jaffe picric acid procedure, using the standard kit from Sigma (Sigma cat # 555-A).
  • Statistical analyses can be performed using SigmaStat for Windows VI .00.
  • P values can be calculated by non- parametric Mann- Whitney Rank Sum analysis.
  • dyslipidemia can also be assessed by measuring plasma triglycerides and total cholesterol.
  • Plasma lipids can be measured by enzymatic, colorimetric, end-point assays using standardized, commercially available kits.
  • Total cholesterol can be analyzed using the Sigma kit (cat # 352) and triglycerides can be analyzed by the Sigma kit (cat # 37, GOP Grinder).
  • mice 10 to 12-week old male C57BL/6 mice of approximately 30 g in body weight are used. After the normal acclimation period, the animals are maintained on a standard diet and water is freely available. Mice are then given a single intraperitoneal injection of either the vehicle or cisp latin (20 mg/kg, at a concentration of 1 mg/mL in saline). Ten animals are used per treatment group.
  • a bis-fatty acid conjugate formulated in combinations of solvents such as polyethylene glycol and propyleneglycol, lipids such as glycerol monooleate and soybean oil, and surfactants such as polysorbate 80 and cremophor EL). Dosing is then continued over a period of 72 hours. At this point, animals are sacrificed and blood and kidney tissues are collected. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine are measured. Levels of TNF-a in serum can be determined using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tissues are processed for histology and RNA isolation. Tubular injury can be assessed in PAS-stained sections using a semi-quantitative scale described in "G. Ramesh and W. B. Reeves, Kidney International, 2004, 65, p. 490-498".
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • Nephropathic cystinosis is an orphan genetic lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a massive accumulation of crystalline cystine within cells. Affected individuals develop a proximal renal tubulopathy and progress, if untreated, to end-stage renal failure.
  • Omran et al (Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2011, p, 3492) described a convenient in vitro system to quickly evaluate compounds that could deplete levels of cystine in cultured fibroblasts. Cystinotic fibroblasts (cell line GM00008, Coriell Cell Repository) were seeded in a 6-well plate and grown in DMEM/15% FBS until confluent.
  • CAT5018 was formulated in 100% ethanol at a concentration of 50 mM; prior to addition to cells, drugs were further diluted in 100% FBS and sonicated for one hour. Cells were incubated with drug for 24 hours, then harvested via trypsinization. Cells were subsequently washed in PBS and suspended in a 3: 1 solution of 5.2 mM N-ethylmaleimide (Sigma) to 12% sulfosalicylic acid (Sigma) in order to derivatize free cysteine and precipitate protein respectively. To lyse cells, samples were then frozen at - 80 degrees Celsius, thawed, and sonicated twice for 1 minute. Lysates were cleared of precipitated protein via centrifugation and samples were subsequently processed for LC- MS/MS analysis.
  • Protein quantification was accomplished by dissolving precipitated protein in 0.25 M NaOH and 1 M Tris (pH 7.5), and spectrophotometric measurement using the Bradford method.
  • Compound 1-41 was evaluated in this cystinotic fibroblast assay.
  • the level of cystine in this cystinotic cell line was quantitated by LC-MS/MS.
  • a depletion of cystine was observed when cystinotic fibroblasts were treated with 50 ⁇ of compound I- 41.
  • the level of cystine was expressed as the percentage of control (POC).
  • POC percentage of control
  • the cystine level was determined as follows: To the 50 of supernatant, acetonitrile (400 ⁇ ) containing 200ng/ml Internal standard (deuterated cystine) was added and mixture was vortexed for 1 min followed by centrifugation for 10 minutes. Supernatant was transferred to a clean LC vials and 10 ⁇ of the sample was injected on LC-MS/MS for the measurement of Cystine. LC-MS analysis
  • Cystine was measured by LC-MS/MS. ⁇ of the sample was injected into the column (Luna, HILIC, 150X4.60mm, 3 ⁇ Phenomenex). Cystine and deuterated cystine was eluted from the column by a stepwise gradient of 10% mobile phase B at 0 min, 10% B at 2.5 min, 50% B at 2.7 min and 10% B at 3 min. Mobile phase A contained Acetonitrile/Water/ Ammonium acetate (20mM) with 0.1% Formic acid and mobile phase B contained Acetonitrile/ Ammonium acetate (20mM) with 0.1% formic acid. The column elute was directly injected into a Agilent triple quad, which was maintained in electrospray positive mode.
  • Cystine and the internal standard was 2.25 min. Cystine was monitored via the transition m/z 241.3-152 with a fragmentor of 75 and collision energy of 7Ev and duterated cystine was monitored via the transition m/z 247.3- 124.1 with a fragmentor 126 and collision energy of 9eV. The column was maintained at 25°C.
  • cystinosin is an orphan genetic lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a massive accumulation of crystalline cystine within cells. The accumulation of cysteine is due to a defective lysosomal cystine transporter called cystinosin.
  • a genetic mouse model lacking cystinosin has recently been described (Cherqui et al Molecular and Cellular Biology 2002, 22, p. 7622-7632). Mice lacking cystinosin have been shown to have a substantial increase in cystine level in numerous tissues including liver, kidney, spleen, muscle, brain and heart.
  • mice lacking cystinosin with cysteamine at 200 or 400 mg/kg orally for 7, 30 or 60 days has been shown to reduce cystine levels of all tissues tested, with the greatest effect observed in the liver and kidney, after 60 days
  • Compounds described herein for example, 1-3, 1-41 and 1-83
  • YAC1228 and their wild type littermates can be used to assess the effect of bis-fatty acid conjugates containing cystamine on transglutamine levels.
  • Three-month old YAC mice are treated with the desired conjugate for a period of two weeks before being sacrificed. Mice are asphyxiated with carbon dioxide and the brains are immediately removed, separated into forebrain and hindbrain, frozen in isopentane on dry ice and stored at -80 °C. Tissues are then processed to measure transglutaminase activity as well as to assess striatal neuropathology according to the detailed procedure outlined in Van Raamsdock, J. M. et al, J. Neurochemistry 2005, 95, p. 210-220. Transgenic animals that are 7 months of age can also be used to assess for motor functions (such as time on rotarod) when administered with compounds of this invention over a period of 4 months.
  • Nl-(2-Aminoethyl)-Nl-methylethane-l,2-diamine (5.0 g, 42.7 mmol) was dissolved in 100 mL of CH 2 C1 2 and cooled to 0 °C.
  • a solution of di-tert-butylcarbonate (0.93 g, 4.27 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (10 mL) was then added dropwise at 0 °C over a period of 15 min.
  • the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min and then warmed to room temperature. After stirring at room temperature for 2 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with CH 2 CI 2 (100 mL).
  • tert-butyl 2-((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylcarbamate (430 mg, 1.98 mmol) was taken up in 10 mL of CH 3 CN along with (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19- hexaenoic acid (DHA, 650 mg, 1.98 mmol), HATU (750 mg, 2.2 mmol) and DIEA (0.550 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then diluted with EtOAc (40 mL).
  • 1-carboxylate was prepared using the same experimental procedure detailed above in the preparation of tert-butyl 2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19- hexaenamidoethylcarbamate.
  • the mono-BOC- protected cystamine was prepared as follows: Cystamine dihydrochloride (1.0 g, 4.44 mmol) was dissolved in 50 mL of MeOH. Triethylamine (1.85 mL, 3 eq) was added at room temperature, followed by dropwise addition of Boc 2 0 (0.97 g, 4.44 mmol) as a solution in 5 mL of MeOH The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. It was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was taken up in 20 mL of 1M NaH 2 P0 4 .
  • aqueous layer was washed with 10 mL of a 1 : 1 solution of pentane/EtOAc, basified to pH 9 with 1 M NaOH, and extracted with EtOAc.
  • the combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 500 mg of tert-butyl 2-(2-(2- aminoethyl)disulfanyl)ethylcarbamate (44 % yield).

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des conjugués de bis-acides gras, des compositions comprenant une quantité efficace d'un conjugué de bis-acide gras et des procédés pour traiter ou prévenir un cancer, une maladie métabolique ou une maladie neurodégénérative comprenant l'administration d'une quantité efficace d'un conjugué de bis-acide gras.
PCT/US2011/061886 2011-02-25 2011-11-22 Conjugués de bis-acides gras et leurs utilisations WO2012115695A1 (fr)

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