WO2012102526A2 - 미립자 방식의 염료감응 태양전지용 차단층 및 이의 제조방법 - Google Patents
미립자 방식의 염료감응 태양전지용 차단층 및 이의 제조방법 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012102526A2 WO2012102526A2 PCT/KR2012/000531 KR2012000531W WO2012102526A2 WO 2012102526 A2 WO2012102526 A2 WO 2012102526A2 KR 2012000531 W KR2012000531 W KR 2012000531W WO 2012102526 A2 WO2012102526 A2 WO 2012102526A2
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- oxide
- blocking layer
- dye
- sensitized solar
- solar cell
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a blocking layer (blocking layer) for dye-sensitized solar cells using crystalline metal oxide nanoparticles and a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising the same, and more particularly to the blocking layer on a conductive transparent substrate (FTO) It is formed and dried and then fired together with the coated photoelectrode (TiO2) layer to reduce the number of firings, and also increases the adhesion between the conductive transparent substrate (FTO) and the blocking layer, affecting the electron transfer speed between two interfaces.
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a barrier layer for a dye-sensitized solar cell and to a dye-sensitized solar cell including the same, which improves efficiency and reduces manufacturing costs.
- Dye-sensitized solar cells have been invented as photoelectric conversion devices that are inexpensive and have high theoretical conversion efficiency of about 30% as next-generation solar cells because there is no resource limitation of input materials.
- the semiconductor electrode and a counter electrode such as a conductive glass plate provided with a platinum sputter are bonded to each other, and an electrolyte solution containing redox species such as urea and iodide ions is filled between both electrodes so as to serve as a charge transfer layer.
- the dye adsorbed on the surface of the semiconductor absorbs the light to excite electrons in the dye molecule, and the excitation electrons are injected into the photoelectrode.
- the injected electrons work through the external circuit and move to the counter electrode.
- the electrons moved to the counter electrode are transported in the form of holes or ions in the carrier transport layer, the electrons are combined with the dye in the excited state (oxidized state) and are reduced to the dye in the base state.
- Dye-sensitized solar cells are electrochemical-based solar cells that can adsorb a large amount of dye because the semiconductor layer is porous and has a large internal surface area, which can convert light in a large part of the visible light wavelength region into electricity. The conversion efficiency is obtained, and since the cheap titanium oxide can be used without complicated processing, it is possible to reduce the cost.
- the finished product can have a transparent or translucent and bends well, so it can be widely used in various fields that overcome the efficiency falling compared to silicon-based solar cells and require aesthetic effects It is expected to be possible.
- a technique of forming a blocking layer between a conductive transparent substrate and a semiconductor oxide electrode is used in an effort to increase photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- the blocking layer facilitates contact between the semiconductor oxide electrode and the conductive transparent substrate, facilitates the transfer of electrons, and provides an effect of preventing leakage of electrons transferred from the conductive transparent substrate.
- the barrier layer forming method uses Ti polymerization by an alkoxide sol-gel process, or forms an amorphous Ti particle dispersion by hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4 ) and heat-treats TiO 2.
- TiCl 4 titanium tetrachloride
- Precursor use methods for inducing crystallization, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma deposition methods such as plasma, e-beam, and heat deposition, and electro-deposition methods have been used.
- a method of forming a barrier layer using a precursor requires a high temperature process for crystallization of nanoparticles, and has a high risk of forming a defect preventing anti-electron layer such as amorphous or pinhole, and the vacuum deposition method requires expensive vacuum equipment. Since it has to be used, there is a problem that a large amount of equipment investment costs in mass production, the electrodeposition method has been proposed a problem that is a harmful process to the environment and the person who proceeds the process.
- the present inventors have made diligent efforts to solve the above problems.
- the crystalline metal oxide nanoparticles are dispersed or pasted in a solvent and coated and dried on a conductive substrate, the baking process is unnecessary and the efficiency of the battery is improved. It was confirmed that it has the effect of cost reduction, and completed the present invention.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a blocking layer (blocking layer) for a dye-sensitized solar cell using crystalline metal oxide nanoparticles and a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising the same, and more particularly, to a blocking layer on a conductive transparent substrate After forming and drying, it can be fired together with the photoelectrode (TiO2) layer on the top to reduce the number of firings, and the adhesion between the conductive transparent substrate (FTO) and the blocking layer is strengthened to affect the electron transfer speed between two interfaces. Is being improved
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a barrier layer for dye-sensitized solar cells, and a dye-sensitized solar cell including the same, which reduce manufacturing costs.
- the blocking layer for dye-sensitized solar cells uses a method of spraying, coating and drying crystalline nanoparticles rather than a precursor method, so that the firing process is not performed separately from the photoelectrode (TiO 2) layer. After drying the layer at low temperature, the layer is fired together with the photoelectrode (TiO2) layer. It can significantly reduce, reduce manufacturing costs and simplify the process. In addition, the phenomenon that amorphous or pinholes are formed in the blocking layer can be prevented, so that the efficiency is improved and the large area of the dye-sensitized solar cell is possible.
- 1 is a three-dimensional image of the degree of warpage of the substrate fired three times 20 minutes at 350 °C according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- Example 2 is a three-dimensional image of the degree of warpage of the substrate fired three times 20 minutes at 450 °C according to Example 1 of the present invention.
- 3 is a three-dimensional image of the degree of warpage of the substrate fired three times 20 minutes at 520 °C according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 4 shows the I-V Curve for measuring the efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell according to Example 2 and Comparative Examples.
- Figure 5 shows a graph for measuring the efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell and the formula for calculating the filling factor (F.F.).
- the present invention provides a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising a conductive transparent substrate (FTO), a blocking layer, a photoelectrode (TiO 2) layer, an electrolyte layer, and a counter electrode (TCO),
- FTO conductive transparent substrate
- TiO 2 photoelectrode
- TCO counter electrode
- the blocking layer for dye-sensitized solar cells has a function of maintaining a constant flow of electrons and is also used as a reverse electron blocking layer.
- the blocking layer of the present invention is a photoelectrode (TiO2) layer and a low temperature drying method using crystalline nanoparticles. It is possible to reduce the number of firings by firing all at once, as well as to enhance the adhesion between the conductive transparent substrate (FTO) and the barrier layer.
- the crystalline means a particle having a structure without defects because the cations and anions are regularly arranged at regular intervals and are bonded to each other. Since there is no defect, in the reverse electron blocking layer using such particles, The electron trap is reduced to allow photoexcited electrons to move to the transparent conductive electrode (TCO) without loss.
- the metal oxide that can be used as the crystalline nanoparticles of the blocking layer is titanium (Ti) oxide, zirconium (Zr) oxide, strontium (Sr) oxide, zinc (Zn) oxide, indium (In) oxide, lanthanum ( La) oxide, vanadium (V) oxide, molybdenum (Mo) oxide, tungsten (W) oxide, tin (Sn) oxide, niobium (Nb) oxide, magnesium (Mg) oxide, aluminum (Al) oxide,
- Y thorium
- Sc scandium
- Sm samarium
- Ga gallium
- strontium titanium oxide SrTi
- titanium oxide It may be more preferably characterized in that the titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ).
- the size of the crystalline metal oxide nanoparticles of the blocking layer may be characterized in that 5nm or less.
- nanoparticles are evenly dispersed in a solvent to form a dispersion or paste, so that the dispersion or paste can be uniformly applied by screen printing. It was. Conventional spray or spin coating methods do not cause significant problems when coating on small areas, but when applied to large areas, the thickness tends to be uneven, so in the present invention, particles of 5 nm or less are used for screen printing. It was apply
- the solvent in which the crystalline nanoparticles of the barrier layer are dispersed may be benzene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylformamide (DMF), terpinol, toluene, Selected from the group consisting of 1,4-dioxane, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), methylenechloride, cyclohexane, chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene It may be characterized in that, it is preferable to disperse to 0.1 to 25 parts by weight of crystalline nanoparticles with respect to 100 parts by weight of solvent. More preferably, the use of terpinol as a solvent can keep the paste stable.
- a paste may be formed by additionally including a binder polymer in addition to the crystalline metal oxide nanoparticles in the solvent.
- the binder polymer for forming a paste may use n-Butyl (n-Butyl methacrylate) or EMA (Ethyl methacrylate).
- the binder polymer preferably has a molecular weight of 50,000 to 500,000, more preferably 80,000 to 90,000. In the case of forming the crystalline metal oxide nanoparticles into a paste, it is possible to use a screen printing method for applying on a conductive substrate.
- the thickness of the barrier layer applied on the conductive substrate is preferably formed to 50nm or less.
- the thickness of the blocking layer exceeds 50 nm, there may occur a problem that cracks are generated when the metal oxide porous film is formed and the transmittance of the photoelectrode decreases, thereby degrading the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- TCO can act as an insulator that prevents injection into the TCO, and in this case, the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be reduced by increasing the series resistance.
- the blocking layer is manufactured to have a thickness of 50 nm or less, thereby preventing the reverse electron transfer from the TCO to the electrolyte by blocking direct contact between the substrate and the electrolyte, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- the method for producing a barrier layer according to the present invention does not require a crystallization step by high temperature heat treatment because the crystallized metal oxide nanoparticles are applied as a dispersion or paste.
- the drying may be characterized in that it is carried out for 10 to 30 minutes at 150 °C to 250 °C, when drying at a temperature lower than 150 °C remaining solvent is not formed on the upper barrier layer is formed
- the film may float while evaporating at the same time with the photoelectrode (TIO2) layer, thereby reducing the adhesion between the blocking layer and the conductive transparent substrate (FTO).
- the drying temperature exceeds 250 ° C.
- the firing proceeds and the binder component carbonizes, thereby similarly reducing the adhesion between the blocking layer and the photoelectrode (TIO2) layer formed on the blocking layer.
- TIO2 photoelectrode
- the phenomenon of liver peeling occurs. like this
- the adhesive force can be secured only by drying at a temperature of 250 ° C. or less, the phenomenon in which the substrate is generated in the process of baking at a temperature of about 500 ° C. in the prior art can be effectively prevented.
- it was confirmed that the distortion of the substrate can be effectively prevented when the firing temperature is low.
- the present invention also includes a blocking layer (blocking layer) prepared by the manufacturing method according to the present invention, the dye is adsorbed (photo electrode); A counter electrode disposed to face the photoelectrode; And it relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising an electrolyte filled between the photoelectrode and the counter electrode.
- a blocking layer prepared by the manufacturing method according to the present invention, the dye is adsorbed (photo electrode); A counter electrode disposed to face the photoelectrode; And it relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising an electrolyte filled between the photoelectrode and the counter electrode.
- the counter electrode may be one in which a platinum layer or a carbon layer is stacked on one surface of the conductive substrate, but is not limited thereto and may include a conventional configuration in the art to which the present invention belongs.
- the electrolyte may be used as an iodide / triodide pair that can serve to receive electrons from the counter electrode by oxidation-reduction to the dye of the photoelectrode, but is not limited thereto.
- the dye is used to absorb visible light, including a ruthenium (Ru) -based complex, and is not particularly limited because it can be used a photosensitive dye commonly used in the art.
- the dye is adsorbed on the photoelectrode of the dye-sensitized solar cell to absorb light energy in the visible light region to convert the light into electrical energy, the dye in the present invention may be characterized in that the adsorbed to the blocking layer. have. Since the dye-sensitized solar cell according to the present invention has a blocking layer composed of a metal oxide, not only a role as a blocking layer including the function of a reverse electron blocking layer, but also a dye is adsorbed, it can play a role of generating electrons. have. That is, it can be utilized as a multifunctional reverse electron blocking layer.
- Example 1 the degree of warpage of the glass substrate according to the firing temperature was determined.
- the conductive transparent substrate (FTO) was fired using a Noritake belt type kiln under IR firing conditions.
- the temperature was adjusted to 350, 450 and 520 ° C., respectively, and the firing holding time at each temperature was carried out three times for 20 minutes each.
- substrate baked by the above conditions was confirmed the distortion degree using Shotmaster 400S.
- the degree of warpage of each substrate is shown in three-dimensional images in FIGS.
- Example 2 In this example, a dye-sensitized solar cell was manufactured by the manufacturing method according to the present invention, and compared with the dye-sensitized solar cell according to the prior art.
- TTIP Tianium (IV) Tetraisopropoxide
- the surface of the substrate was masked with an area of 1.5 cm 2 using an adhesive tape.
- FTO conductive transparent substrate
- the blocking layer paste (Blocking Paste) of 75mM concentration prepared in Example was coated on a substrate by a doctor blade method, and then dried at 250 ° C. for 20 minutes.
- Paste containing TiO 2 nanoparticles (20 nm) was coated on the barrier layer by a doctor blade method, and the substrate was dried at 150 ° C. for 20 minutes to form a photoelectrode.
- Paste containing TiO 2 nanoparticles 500 nm was applied on the layer (TiO 2 20 nm) (doctor blade method), the substrate was dried at 150 ° C. for 20 minutes to form a scattering layer, and then at 520 ° C. Fired.
- the substrate was immersed in an ethanol solution containing 0.5 nM of photosensitive dye (N-719) for 8 hours to adsorb the dye to the photoelectrode.
- a glass substrate coated with FTO was prepared as a counter electrode substrate, and then masked with an area of 1.5 cm 2 using an adhesive tape on the conductive side of the substrate, and then coated with H 2 PtCl 6 solution (0.7mM in Isopropylalcohol). It baked for 20 minutes at 500 degreeC.
- Titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) solution (solvent: Butanol) at a concentration of 0.15 M was coated on a substrate using a spin coater (2000 rpm), and then fired at 500 ° C. for 20 minutes.
- TTIP isopropoxide
- the substrate was dried at 150 ° C. for 20 minutes to form a photoelectrode.
- Paste containing TiO 2 nanoparticles 500 nm was coated on the layer (TiO 2 20 nm) (doctor blade method), and the substrate was dried at 150 ° C. for 20 minutes to form a scattering layer, and then fired at 520 ° C.
- the substrate was immersed in an ethanol solution containing 0.5 nM of photosensitive dye (N-719) for 8 hours to adsorb the dye to the photoelectrode.
- a glass substrate coated with a conductive transparent substrate (FTO) was prepared as a counter electrode substrate, and a masking area of 1.5 cm 2 using an adhesive tape on the conductive surface side of the substrate was placed thereon, followed by H 2 PtCl 6 solution (0.7mM). in Isopropylalcohol) was baked at 500 ° C. for 20 minutes after coating.
- FTO conductive transparent substrate
- the short circuit current density (J sc ), the open circuit voltage (V oc ), the fill factor (FF), the area (Area), and the conversion efficiency (Effi; ⁇ n ) for the solar cells manufactured in Examples 2 and Comparative Examples. ), Shunt resistance (R sh ) and series resistance (R s ) are shown in Table 1 below.
- Short circuit current density and open voltage were measured using a Keithley SMU2400.
- the dye-sensitized solar cell according to Example 2 of the present invention As a result, as shown in Table 1, the dye-sensitized solar cell according to Example 2 of the present invention, the short-circuit current density is 7.02% improved compared to the case of the dye-sensitized solar cell according to the prior art, the conversion efficiency is 3.45 A% improvement was possible. Such improvement is significant in the dye-sensitized solar cell market where the conversion efficiency is within 10%.
- the blocking layer for the dye-sensitized solar cell uses a method of spraying and coating crystalline nanoparticles rather than a precursor method, the firing process is not performed separately from the photoelectrode (TiO 2) layer, After drying at a low temperature, the photoelectrode (TiO 2) layer is fired all at once, and thus the degree of warping of the substrate due to several firings can be drastically reduced, and the manufacturing cost is reduced and the process is simplified. In addition, the phenomenon that amorphous or pinholes are formed in the blocking layer can be prevented, so that the efficiency is improved and the large area of the dye-sensitized solar cell is possible.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (12)
- 하기의 단계를 포함하는 염료감응 태양전지용 차단층(blocking layer)의 제조방법:(a) 결정질 금속산화물 나노입자를 용매에 분산시키는 단계;(b) 상기 결정질 금속산화물 나노입자가 분산된 용매를 전도성 기판 위에 도포하여 막을 형성시키는 단계; 및(c) 상기 막이 형성된 전도성 기판을 건조하여 용매를 제거하는 단계.(d) 상기 차단층과 광전극(TiO2)층을 동시에 소성하는 단계.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 금속산화물은 티타늄(Ti) 산화물, 지르코늄(Zr) 산화물, 스트론튬(Sr) 산화물, 아연(Zn) 산화물, 인듐(In) 산화물, 란타늄(La) 산화물, 바나듐(V) 산화물, 몰리브데넘(Mo) 산화물, 텅스텐(W) 산화물, 주석(Sn) 산화물, 나이오븀(Nb) 산화물, 마그네슘(Mg) 산화물, 알루미늄(Al) 산화물, 이트늄(Y) 산화물, 스칸듐(Sc) 산화물, 사마륨(Sm) 산화물, 갈륨(Ga) 산화물 및 스트론튬티타늄(SrTi) 산화물로 구성된 군에서 선택된 1종 이상인 것을 특징으로 하는 염료감응 태양전지용 차단층(blocking layer)의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 결정질 금속산화물 나노입자의 크기는 5nm 이하인 것을 특징으로 하는 염료감응 태양전지용 차단층(blocking layer)의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 용매는 벤젠(benzene), 테트라하이드로퓨란(tetrahydrofuran;THF), 디메틸포름아마이드(dimethylfor-mamide; DMF), 터피놀(terpinol), 톨루엔(toluene), 1,4-다이옥산(1,4-dioxane), 디메틸설폭사이드(dimethylsulfoxide;DMSO),메틸렌클로라이드(methylenechloride),사이클로헥산(cyclohexane),클로로벤젠(chlorobenzene) 및 니트로벤젠(nitro-benzene)으로 구성된 군에서 선택되는 것을 특징으로 하는 염료감응 태양전지용 차단층(blocking layer)의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 (b) 단계의 도포는 스크린 프린팅(screen printing) 방법으로 수행되는 것을 특징으로 하는 염료감응 태양전지용 차단층(blocking layer)의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 막의 두께는 50nm 이하로 형성되는 것을 특징으로 하는 염료감응 태양전지용 차단층(blocking layer)의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 건조는 150℃ 내지 250℃에서 수행되는 것을 특징으로 하는 염료감응 태양전지용 차단층(blocking layer)의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 (a) 단계는 결정질 금속산화물 나노입자, 바인더용 고분자 및 용매를 포함하는 결정질 금속산화물 나노입자 페이스트(paste)를 형성하는 것을 특징으로 하는 염료감응 태양전지용 차단층(blocking layer)의 제조방법.
- 제 8 항에 있어서, 상기 페이스트의 도포는 스크린 프린팅(screen printing) 방법으로 수행되는 것을 특징으로 하는 염료감응 태양전지용 차단층(blocking layer)의 제조방법.
- 제 8 항에 있어서, 상기 바인더용 고분자는 nBMA(n-Butyl methacrylate) 또는 EMA(Ethyl methacrylate)인 것을 특징으로 하는 염료감응 태양전지용 차단층(blocking layer)의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항 내지 제 10 항 중 어느 한 항의 방법으로 제조된 차단층(blocking layer)을 포함하며,염료가 흡착되는 광전극(photo electrode);상기 광전극과 대향하여 배치되는 상대전극(counter electrode); 및상기 광전극과 상대전극 사이에 충진되는 전해질을 포함하는 염료감응 태양전지.
- 제 11 항에 있어서, 상기 차단층에 염료가 흡착되는 것을 특징으로 하는 염료감응 태양전지.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR10-2011-0006704 | 2011-01-24 | ||
| KR20110006704 | 2011-01-24 | ||
| KR10-2012-0006552 | 2012-01-20 | ||
| KR1020120006552A KR20120085672A (ko) | 2011-01-24 | 2012-01-20 | 미립자 방식의 염료감응 태양전지용 차단층 및 이의 제조방법 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2012102526A2 true WO2012102526A2 (ko) | 2012-08-02 |
| WO2012102526A3 WO2012102526A3 (ko) | 2012-11-29 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| PCT/KR2012/000531 Ceased WO2012102526A2 (ko) | 2011-01-24 | 2012-01-20 | 미립자 방식의 염료감응 태양전지용 차단층 및 이의 제조방법 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112955992A (zh) * | 2018-09-21 | 2021-06-11 | 环境光子学公司 | 染料敏化的光伏电池 |
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| CN112955992A (zh) * | 2018-09-21 | 2021-06-11 | 环境光子学公司 | 染料敏化的光伏电池 |
| CN112955992B (zh) * | 2018-09-21 | 2024-04-02 | 环境光子学公司 | 染料敏化的光伏电池 |
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