WO2012062925A2 - Compounds and methods for treating pain - Google Patents

Compounds and methods for treating pain Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2012062925A2
WO2012062925A2 PCT/EP2011/069986 EP2011069986W WO2012062925A2 WO 2012062925 A2 WO2012062925 A2 WO 2012062925A2 EP 2011069986 W EP2011069986 W EP 2011069986W WO 2012062925 A2 WO2012062925 A2 WO 2012062925A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pain
treatment
cyp3a4
nfkb1
inhibitor
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2011/069986
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2012062925A3 (en
Inventor
Josef Penninger
Graham Gregory Neely
Shane Mcmanus
Original Assignee
Akron Molecules Gmbh
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=44936283&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=WO2012062925(A2) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority to EP11781808.8A priority Critical patent/EP2637649B1/en
Priority to MX2013005361A priority patent/MX2013005361A/en
Priority to CN2011800646314A priority patent/CN103415286A/en
Priority to JP2013538217A priority patent/JP2013542242A/en
Priority to EA201300558A priority patent/EA201300558A1/en
Priority to BR112013011874A priority patent/BR112013011874A2/en
Priority to US13/884,920 priority patent/US20130252924A1/en
Priority to AU2011328009A priority patent/AU2011328009A1/en
Priority to CA2817290A priority patent/CA2817290A1/en
Priority to KR1020137014995A priority patent/KR20140009244A/en
Application filed by Akron Molecules Gmbh filed Critical Akron Molecules Gmbh
Priority to SG2013035795A priority patent/SG190224A1/en
Publication of WO2012062925A2 publication Critical patent/WO2012062925A2/en
Publication of WO2012062925A3 publication Critical patent/WO2012062925A3/en
Priority to IL226307A priority patent/IL226307A0/en
Priority to ZA2013/03605A priority patent/ZA201303605B/en
Priority to US14/273,081 priority patent/US20140349969A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
    • A61K31/675—Phosphorus compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pyridoxal phosphate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid 
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/275—Nitriles; Isonitriles
    • A61K31/277—Nitriles; Isonitriles having a ring, e.g. verapamil
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/415—1,2-Diazoles
    • A61K31/4155—1,2-Diazoles non condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/50—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/517—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic ring systems, e.g. quinazoline, perimidine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/02—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for peripheral neuropathies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/08—Antiepileptics; Anticonvulsants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A61P29/02—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID] without antiinflammatory effect
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of method of treatment of pain and the provision of pharmaceutical compounds suitable for such treatments.
  • Nociception the detection of noxious or damaging stimuli serves a crucial biological purpose: it alerts living organisms to environmental dangers, inducing the sensation of pain, reflex withdrawal and complex behavioural and emotional responses, which protect the organism from further damage.
  • Noxious stimuli are detected by specialized high thresh ⁇ old primary sensory neurons (nociceptors), which transfer sig ⁇ nals to the spinal cord and then transmit them to the brain for higher level processing that results in the conscious awareness of the sensation called pain.
  • the functional importance of pain perception is exemplified by individuals with defects in noci ⁇ ception; patients with congenital insensitivity to pain do not survive past their twenties.
  • Acute or nociceptive pain is generally self-limiting and serves a protective biological function by warning of on ⁇ going tissue damage caused by noxious chemical, thermal and me ⁇ chanical stimuli.
  • nociceptive pain include: post ⁇ operative pain, pain associated with trauma, and the pain asso ⁇ ciated with arthritis.
  • Chronic pain serves no protective biological function, and reflects either poor res ⁇ olution of the painful stimuli, or is itself a disease process. Chronic pain is unrelenting and not self-limiting and can persist for years and even decades after the initial injury.
  • Chron ⁇ ic pain is predominantly neuropathic in nature and may involve damage either to the peripheral or central nervous systems.
  • the present invention therefore provides the use of new classes of compounds for the treatment, prevention or reduction of pain.
  • These compounds are given in the claims, and especially include Tenofovir (PMPA) , dasatinib, AMG-706 ( motesanib ) , BIRB 796 ( Doramapimod ) , EKB-569 ( Pelitinib ) , sorafenib , Vandetanib, CI-1033 ( Canertinib ), NSC161613, N6- Benzyladenosine-5 ' -phosphate, p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid,
  • PMPA Tenofovir
  • dasatinib dasatinib
  • AMG-706 motesanib
  • BIRB 796 Doramapimod
  • EKB-569 Pelitinib
  • sorafenib Vandetanib
  • CI-1033 Canertinib
  • NSC161613 N6- Benzyladenosine
  • NSC47091 cilomilast , Nicotinamide ( Nicotinamide ), IBMX, Roflumilast, Filaminast, Piclamilast, V11294, CC-10004 ( Apre- milast ) , LAS31025 ( Arofylline ) , CP80633 ( Atizoram ) , Ca- tramilast/Atopik ( Catramilast ) , BRL-61063 ( Cimpyfylline ) , Daxalipram/mesopram ( Daxalipram ) , Doxofylline, Drotaverine, Efloxate, Etamiphylline, Etazolate, Etofylline, Glaucine Hydro- bromide ( Broncholytine ), GRC3886 ( oglemilast ), oxtriphyllin
  • a further compound is imatinib (STI-571), which is preferably used in the treatment on non-inflammatory pain, espe ⁇ cially in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
  • STI-571 imatinib
  • Alternative names or identification of the compounds are given in brackets. Chemical structures of some of these compounds are given as follows:
  • the inventive compound is an inhib ⁇ itor (i.e. an antagonist) or modulator of any one of FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D, CSNK1G3 or FM03.
  • Inhibitors or ligands i.e.
  • binders) or modulators of FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D, CSNK1G3 or FM03 can be used in the treatment of pain in a subject.
  • the FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D, CSNK1G3 or FM03 modulator is a selective FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMKID, CSNK1G3 or FM03 modulator.
  • the affinity for one of FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D or FM03 is at least 10- fold, preferably 25-fold, more preferred 100-fold, still pre ⁇ ferred 150-fold higher than the affinity of the other targets selected from FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D or FM03.
  • FRK, FM03, LPAR3 can be both activated, e.g. by an agonist, or inhibited (e.g. by an inhibitor or antagonist) for an anti-pain effect in a patient.
  • the group of agonists and antago ⁇ nists is refered to herein as "modulators".
  • modulators Although in most cases an inhibitor is preferred for greater effect, it seems that modulation of activity of these targets in any direction reduces the pain or sensation of pain.
  • the modulator is a strong binder to these targets, especially with a Kd of ⁇ or less or an IC50 of 1000 nM or less.
  • Preferred lower values for Kd and IC50 are 800 nM or less, 600 nM or less, 500 nM or less, 400 nM or less, 300 nM or less, 200 nM or less, 100 nM or less, 50 nM or less or even 30 nM or less.
  • FM03 modulators or inhibitors for use in the treatment of pain are e.g.
  • FRK modulators or inhibitors for use in the treatment of pain.
  • Such compounds are e.g. dasatinib, motesanib, Doramapimod, Pelitinib, sorafenib, Vandetanib and Canertinib .
  • the inhibitor is selected from compounds with a Kd of lower than 3000 nM, preferably lower than 2000 nM, especially preferred lower than 1000 nM.
  • these compounds can be selected from dasatinib (Kd 0.31 nM) , motesanib (Kd 99 nM) , Doramapimod (Kd 360 nM) , Pelitinib (Kd 190 nM) , so ⁇ rafenib (Kd 440 nM) and Vandetanib (Kd 480 nM) .
  • the Kd may also be up to 750 nM or up to 500 nM.
  • Kd, Ki or IC50 values of course relate to the binding or in ⁇ hibiting capability of a given compound on a given target, such as one of FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMKID, CSNK1G3 or FM03, as associated herein.
  • the FRK modulator is selected from compounds comprising a substituted pyridine, quinoline, isoquin- oline or pyridine group.
  • the FRK modulator is an FRK inhibitor.
  • An inhibitor or antagonist is a compound that lowers or inhibits the activity of a given target here FRK. This can be achieved by binding to the target, e.g. but not neces ⁇ sarily to the catalytic center, and preventing the catalytic ac ⁇ tivity of the target.
  • an inhibitor or modulator in particular of FRK, is selected from compounds comprising a substituted pyrimidine, quinoline, isoquinoline or pyridine group, such as from
  • an inhibitor or modulator in particular of FRK, is selected from compounds comprising a substituted aniline group with a Kd value less than 1000 nM, such as dasatinib ( da- satinib ) , motesanib ( AMG-706 ) , Doramapimod ( BIRB 796 ) , Pe ⁇ litinib ( EKB-569 ) , sorafenib ( sorafenib ) , Vandetanib (
  • an inhibitor or modulator in particular of FRK, is selected from compounds comprising a chlorine, fluorine or chlorine and fluorine substituted aniline group.
  • Such compounds are e.g. dasatinib, Pelitinib, sorafenib, Vandetanib and caner ⁇ tinib .
  • neuropathic pain such as trigeminal neuralgi
  • the aniline group is preferably a substituted aniline group and is e.g. selected from a chloride and/or fluoride substituted aniline group or a carbonyl substi ⁇ tuted aniline.
  • the aniline group is a carbonyl sub ⁇ stitution, such as in dasatinib ( dasatinib ) , motesanib ( AMG- 706 ) , doramapimod ( BIRB 796 ) , pelitinib ( EKB-569 ) , soraf ⁇ enib ( sorafenib ) , canertinib ( CI-1033 ) and imatinib ( STI- 571 ), and can be used in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
  • dasatinib dasatinib
  • motesanib AMG- 706
  • doramapimod BIRB 796
  • pelitinib EKB-569
  • soraf ⁇ enib sor
  • the FRK inhibitor is a selective FRK inbibitor.
  • selective it is meant that the affinity for FRK is at least 10-fold, preferably 25-fold, more preferred 100- fold, still preferred 150-fold higher than the affinity for oth ⁇ er tyrosine kinase receptors, especially one or both of FLT3 or c-Kit .
  • an LPAR3 inhibitor or modulator for use in the treatment of pain.
  • a compound is e.g. selected from NSC161613, NSC47091, N6-Benzyladenosine- 5 ' -phosphate, p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid.
  • the LPAR3 modulator is selected from compounds comprising N6-Benzyladenosine-5 ' -phosphate, p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid, NSC161613 and NSC47091.
  • the LPAR3 modulator is an LPAR3 inhibitor.
  • Such an inhibitor is e.g. p- Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid, NSC161613 or NSC47091.
  • a PDE4D inhibitor or modulator for use in the treatment of pain.
  • a compound may be selected from cilomilast, Roflumilast, Filaminast, Picla- milast, V11294, Luteolin, Apremilast, Arofylline, Atizoram, Ca- tramilast, Cimpyfylline, Daxalipram, Doxofylline, drotaverin, Efloxate, Etamiphylline, Etazolate, Etofylline, Broncholytine, Irimilast, oglemilast, Choline theophyllinate, Pumafentrine, Re- vamilast, Ronomilast, Tofimilast, Tolafentrine, Trapidil, GW 842470 (AWD 12-281), CDP-840, YM-976, CI-1018, D-4418, Lirimi- last, SCH-351591, RPL-554, IPL-455903 (HT
  • the PDE4D inhibitor is selected from a compound comprising a 1 , 2-dioxy-aryl group with an IC 50 value of 1100 nM or less, preferably 1050 nM or less, preferably 1000 nM or less, preferably 950 nM or less, preferably 950 nM or less, preferably 900 nM or less.
  • Such a PDE4D inhibitor is preferably selected from cilomilast ( cilomilast, IC 50 of 11 nM) , Roflumilast ( Roflumilast, IC 50 of 0.68 nM) , Filaminast ( Filaminast, IC 50 of 1000 nM ), Piclamilast ( Piclamilast, IC 50 of 0.02 nM ), ( V11294, IC 50 of 200 nM ), Apremilast ( CC-10004 ), Atizoram ( CP80633 ) , Catramilast ( Catramilast ) , Daxalipram ( Dax- alipram/mesopram, , IC 50 of 1100 nM ) , drotaverin ( Drotaverine ), ( Glaucine Hydrobromide ), oglemilast ( GRC3886, IC 50 of 166 nM ) , Pumafentrine ( Pumafent
  • the PDE4D inhibitor or modulator comprises a 1 , 2-dioxy-aryl group substituted with an alkyl or flour-alkyl group, or 1 , 2-dioxy-aryl group condensed in a furan ring containing oxygen.
  • a compound is e.g.
  • PDE4D inhibitors or modulators comprising a 3,5- dichlor-pyridine group or a pyridine group that is not condensed in a 2 ring structure.
  • Such compounds may be selected from
  • Roflumilast Roflumilast
  • Piclamilast Piclamilast
  • ogle ⁇ milast GRC3886
  • Revamilast Revamilast
  • GW 842470 ASD 12-281
  • D-4418 D-4418
  • a PDE4D inhibitor or modulator comprising a quinoline, isoquinoline or pyrimidine group.
  • a compound can be selected from drotaverine ( Drotaverine ) , Pumafentrine ( Pu ⁇ mafentrine ) , Tolafentrine ( Tolafentrine ) , Trapidil ( Seoanin ), D-4418, SCH-351591, RPL-554, SK256066, T-2585, Ronomilast ( ELB353 ) .
  • the PDE4D inhibitor or modulator is selected from compounds comprising an aniline group, in particu ⁇ lar preferred a carbonyl- or chlorine-substituted aniline.
  • Such compounds are e.g. Apremilast ( CC-10004 ), Arofylline (
  • the PDE4D inhibitor or modulator for use according to the invention may comprise a purine ring.
  • Such a compound can be se ⁇ lected from ( IBMX ) , ( V11294 ) , Arofylline ( LAS31025 ) ,
  • Cimpyfylline BRL-61063
  • Doxofylline Doxofylline
  • Etam- iphylline Etamiphylline
  • Etofylline Etofylline
  • Choline theophyllinate oxtriphyllin
  • Theophylline Theophylline
  • the PDE4D inhibitor or modulator for use according to the invention is essentially the only active pharmaceutical ingredient of the composition or medicament ac ⁇ cording to the invention, such as the only active pharmaceutical ingredient, in particular the only anti-pain compound, of the composition or medicament according to the invention.
  • the PDE4D inhibitor or modulator for use according to the invention is not combined with or used in combination with a phospho- lipase inhibitor.
  • CI-1018 is not combined with or used in combination with a phospholipase inhibitor when used according to the invention.
  • a CAMK1D inhibitor or modulator for use in the treatment of pain.
  • a compound may be selected from Bosutinib, Pelitinib, EKB-568, SU-14813, Ruboxistaurin, CGP-52421.
  • the CAMK1D inhibitor or modulator preferably comprises a chlorine-substituted aniline group.
  • Such compounds can be se ⁇ lected from Bosutinib ( SKI-606 ) and Pelitinib ( EKB-569 ) .
  • the CAMK1D inhibitor is selected from the group of bosutinib ( SKI-606 ) , pelitinib ( EKB-569 ) , EKB-568 and CGP-52421 for use in the treatment of pain.
  • the CAMK1D modulator is a selective CAMK1D modulator.
  • selective it is meant that the affinity for CAMK1D is at least 10-fold, preferably 25-fold, more pre ⁇ ferred 100-fold, still preferred 150-fold higher than the affin ⁇ ity for other tyrosine kinase receptors, especially one or both of FLT3 or c-Kit.
  • a CSNK1G3 inhibitor or modulator for use in the treatment of pain can be roscovitine.
  • the CSNK1G3 inhibitor or modulator preferably comprises a purine ring. Such compound can be roscovitine.
  • the CSNK1G3 inhibitor is a selec ⁇ tive CSNK1G3 inbibitor.
  • selective it is meant that the af ⁇ finity for CSNK1G3 is at least 10-fold, preferably 25-fold, more preferred 100-fold, still preferred 150-fold higher than the af ⁇ finity for other tyrosine kinase receptors, especially one or both of FLT3 or c-Kit.
  • the compound for use in the treatment of pain comprises a quinoline or isoquino- line group.
  • a quinoline or isoquino- line group e.g. Bosutinib, Pelitinib ( EKB- 569 ) , drotaverin ( Drotaverine ) , Pumafentrine ( Pumafentrine ), Tolafentrine ( Tolafentrine ), D-4418, SCH-351591, RPL-554, ( GSK256066 ) , T-2585, Ronomilast ( ELB353 ) , preferably the compound being an inhibitor of FRK, PDE4D or CAMKID .
  • These compounds are preferably for use in the treatment of neuropathic pain, preferably non-inflammatory neuropathic pain.
  • the compound for use in the treatment of pain comprises a chlorine-substituted aniline group.
  • Such compounds are e.g. selected from dasatinib ( dasatinib ) , bosutinib (SKI-606) , sorafenib ( sorafenib ) , Can- ertinib ( CI-1033 ) , Arofylline ( LAS31025 ) , T-2585, Pelitinib ( EKB-569 ) , preferably the compound being an inhibitor of FRK, PDE4D or CAMK1D.
  • These compounds are preferably for use in the treatment of neuropathic pain, preferably non-inflammatory neu ⁇ ropathic pain.
  • inventive compound can be used in combination with other active analgesic/anti-pain compounds, preferably only with those described herein or above or in the claims, or used as single active analgesic/anti-pain compound.
  • the compound for use according to the invention comprises a 1 , 2-Dioxyaryl group.
  • the compound comprises a 1 , 2-Dioxyaryl group substituted with a basic residue, such as Vandetanib ( Vandetanib ) , SKI-606 ( Bosutinib ) .
  • the compound may comprise a 1 , 2-Dioxyaryl group substituted with a cycloaliphatic residue, such as cilomilast ( cilomilast ) , Roflumilast ( Roflumilast ) , Filaminast ( Filami- nast ), Piclamilast ( Piclamilast ), V11294, CP80633 ( Atizoram ) , Catramilast/Atopik ( Catramilast ) , CDP-840 , IPL-455903 (HT- 0712) .
  • a cycloaliphatic residue such as cilomilast ( cilomilast ) , Roflumilast ( Roflumilast ) , Filaminast ( Filami- nast ), Piclamilast ( Piclamilast ), V11294, CP80633 ( Atizoram ) , Catramilast/Atopik ( Catramilast ) , CDP-840
  • the compound may comprise a 1 , 2-dioxy-aryl substituted with an alkyl residue, such as CC-10004 ( Apremilast ) , Dax- alipram/mesopram ( Daxalipram ) , Drotaverine ( drotaverin ) , Glaucine Hydrobromide ( Broncholytine ) , Pumafentrine ( Pumafen- trine ), Tolafentrine ( Tolafentrine ), RPL-554, Zardaverine ( Zardaverine ) , OPC-6535 ( Tetomilast ) , Tofisopam ( Tofisopam ) .
  • CC-10004 Apremilast
  • Dax- alipram/mesopram Daxalipram
  • Drotaverine drotaverin
  • Glaucine Hydrobromide Broncholytine
  • Pumafentrine Pumafen- t
  • the compound may comprise a 1 , 2-dioxy-aryl substituted with a fluor-alkyl group, such as GRC3886 ( oglemilast ), Revamilast ( Revamilast ), Zardaverine ( Zardaverine ), L-826,141, ELB353 ( Ronomilast ) .
  • the compound may comprise a 1 , 2-dioxy-aryl in a condensed furan ring with an oxygen, such as GRC3886 ( oglemilast ) , Revamilast ( Revamilast ) .
  • the compound for use according to the invention comprises an indole group, especially an indole group as part of a ringsystem, such as CGP-52421, midostaurin ( PKC-412 ) .
  • the compound for use according to the invention comprises a substituted indole, such as GW 842470 (AWD 12-281), AMG-706 ( motesanib ), SU-14813 , LY-333531 ( Rub- oxistaurin ) , SKI-606 ( Bosutinib ) .
  • GW 842470 AMG 12-281
  • AMG-706 motesanib
  • SU-14813 SU-14813
  • LY-333531 Rub- oxistaurin
  • SKI-606 Bosutinib
  • the compound for use according to the invention comprises a purine ring, such as N6- Benzyladenosine-5 ' -phosphate, V11294, LAS31025 ( Arofylline ), BRL-61063 ( Cimpyfylline ) , Doxofylline ( Doxofylline ) , Etam- iphylline ( Etamiphylline ) , Etofylline ( Etofylline ) , ox- triphyllin ( Choline theophyllinate ) , Roscovitine ( Roscovitine ) , Tenofovir (PMPA) ( Tenofovir ) , Remofovir (Pradefovir) , Ade- fovir dipivoxil (Bis-POM PMEA) ( Adefovir ) .
  • a purine ring such as N6- Benzyladenosine-5 ' -phosphate, V11294, LAS31025 ( Arofylline
  • the compound for use according to the invention comprises a sulfone or sulfonic acid or sulfona ⁇ mide group, especially a methyl-suflone, such as Lirimilast ( Lirimilast ) .
  • the compound may comprise a siaryl-sulfone, such as GSK256066, Vardenafil ( Vardenafil) .
  • the compound may com ⁇ prise a sulfonic acid group, such as p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid.
  • the compound may comprise a Sulfonamide group, such as Tolafen ⁇ trine ( Tolafentrine ) , Acetazolamide ( Acetazolamide ) .
  • the compound for use according to the invention comprises a pyridine group.
  • the com ⁇ pound comprises an unsubstituted pyridine radical, such as Nico ⁇ tinamide ( Nicotinamide ), or CI-1044.
  • the compound may comprise a 3,5 -Dichlorpyridine group, such as Roflumilast ( Roflumilast ), Piclamilast ( Piclamilast ), GRC3886 ( oglemilast ), Revami ⁇ last ( Revamilast ), GW 842470 (AWD 12-281), D-4418, SCH- 351591.
  • the compound may comprise a substituted pyridine group, such as AMG-706 ( motesanib ) , sorafenib ( sorafenib ) , Etazo- late ( Etazolate ) , Tofimilast ( Tofimilast ) , GSK256066, MK- 0873.
  • AMG-706 motesanib
  • sorafenib sorafenib
  • Etazo- late Etazolate
  • Tofimilast Tofimilast
  • GSK256066 MK- 0873.
  • the compound for use according to the invention comprises a quinolone or isoquinoline or condensed isoquinoline group.
  • the compound may comprise a quinolone group such as EKB-569 ( Pelitinib ), D-4418, SCH-351591, GSK256066, MK-0873 , SKI-606 ( Bosutinib ) .
  • the compound may comprise a isoquinoline or condensed isoquinoline group, such as Drotaver- ine ( drotaverin ) , Pumafentrine ( Pumafentrine ) , Tolafentrine ( Tolafentrine ), RPL-554, ELB353 ( Ronomilast ) .
  • the compound for use according to the invention comprises a pyrimidine group, such as Vandetanib ( Vandetanib ) , CI-1033 ( Canertinib ) , Seoanin ( Trapidil ) , to- zasertib ( MK-0457, VX 680 ) .
  • Vandetanib Vandetanib
  • CI-1033 Canertinib
  • Seoanin Trapidil
  • to- zasertib MK-0457, VX 680
  • the compound for use according to the invention is a compound with 3 nitrogens in a ring struc ⁇ tures, such as YM-976.
  • the compound for use according to the invention comprises a carbonic or phosphoric acid group.
  • the compound may comprise a carbonic acid group, such as OPC-6535 ( Tetomilast ) .
  • the compound may comprise a phosphoric acid group, such as N6-Benzyladenosine-5 ' -phosphate, Tenofovir (PMPA) ( Tenofovir ) .
  • the compound for use according to the invention comprises an esther group, such as Remofovir
  • the compound for use according to the invention comprises a aniline group, especially preferred a chloride and/or fluoride substituted aniline group.
  • the compound may comprise a Chlor-fluor-aniline, such as EKB-569 ( Pelitinib ) , CI-1033 ( Canertinib ) .
  • the compound may comprise a Chlor- aniline or dichlor-aniline, such as dasatinib ( dasatinib ) , so ⁇ rafenib ( sorafenib ) , LAS31025 ( Arofylline ) , T-2585 , SKI-606 ( Bosutinib ) .
  • the compound may comprise a Fluor-aniline, such as Vandetanib ( Vandetanib ), SU-14813.
  • the compound for use according to the invention comprises a carbonyl-substituted aniline, such as dasatinib ( dasatinib ) , AMG-706 ( motesanib ) , BIRB 796 ( Doramapimod ) , EKB-569 ( Pelitinib ) , sorafenib ( sorafenib ) , CI-1033 ( Canertinib ) , p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid, CC-10004 ( Apremilast ), CI-1044 , NSC47091.
  • a carbonyl-substituted aniline such as dasatinib ( dasatinib ) , AMG-706 ( motesanib ) , BIRB 796 ( Doramapimod ) , EKB-569 ( Pelitinib ) , sorafenib ( sorafenib ) , CI-1033 ( Canert
  • the compound for use according to the invention comprises a diaryl-thioether group, such as to- zasertib ( MK-0457, VX 680 ) .
  • the compound for use according to the invention comprises a 1 , 3-Dioxyaryl group, such as Efloxate ( Efloxate ) .
  • the compound for use according to the invention is selected from Methimazole, AN2728, NSC161613, especially a compound without one or more or all of the above mentioned groups.
  • the present invention also provides a method of treating pain in a subject comprising the administration of a therapeutic compound selected from the compounds of table 1.
  • the present invention provides the use of a compound of table 1 for the manufacture of an analgesic or a medicament for the treatment of pain in a subject.
  • the invention is further de ⁇ fined by the subject matter of the claims.
  • the inventive compounds have been identified by a thorough screening system based on genetic analysis, starting from dro- sophila hits.
  • Drosophila fruit flies
  • Drosophila fruit flies
  • respond to noxious stimu ⁇ li and have become a powerful model organism for studying ge ⁇ netics, including the genetics of nociception.
  • the TRP channel PAINLESS was previously identified as a heat- responsive channel mediating thermal-based nociception in fly larvae.
  • the present invention provides a global screen for an innate behav ⁇ ior and identify hundreds of novel genes implicated in nocicep ⁇ tion in the fly, including the 25-family calcium channel subu- nit straightjacket or the phospholipid kinase PI3Kgamma.
  • the in ⁇ itial drosophila screen yielded targets having homologous tar ⁇ gets in various organisms, including humans. For example, obser ⁇ vation of the mammalian straightj acket ortholog, 2 ⁇ 3, and
  • PI3Kgamma in nociception was confirmed in knock-out mice that exhibit significantly impaired basal pain sensitivity and de ⁇ layed thermal hyperalgesia after inflammation.
  • SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms
  • PIK3CG single nucleotide polymorphisms
  • several compounds have been identified which modulate or antagonize or inhibit, that is lower the targets activity in vivo or as can be determined in an in vitro assay as described herein or known in the art (e.g.
  • Enzyme activity assay to determine IC 50 values which are active in the treatment or reduction of pain in a sub ⁇ ject.
  • the compounds to be used in any form of treatment according to the present invention are selected from any one of ( IS , 2S ) -2- ( 2- (N- ( ( 3-benzimidazol-2-yl ) propyl ) -N- methylamino) ethyl) -6-fluoro-l, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-l-isopropyl-2- naphtyl cyclopropanecarboxylate dihydrochloride, ( 5- ( 2-methoxy- 5-chloro-5-phenyl ) furan-2-ylcarbonyl ) guanidine, (6S)-5, 6,7,8- tetrahydrofolic acid, (T,G)-A-L, 1 alpha-hydroxyergocalciferol, 1- ( 1-cyclohexylethylamino ) -4-phenylphthala
  • Adofeed Adrenor, Adrin, AEBSF, Aeromax, afloqualone, AGMATINE, AIDSVAX, ajoene, ajulemic acid, alachlor, Aladerm, alaninate, Alat, Alcolo, Alcuronium, Aldara, ALDO, Aldrich, alemtuzumab, Alfarol, Alfentanil, ALIMTA, aliskiren, Alii, ALLN, alloxazine, allyl isothiocyanate, almokalant, aloesin, Alprenolol, Alvesco, AM 1387, AM 251, Am 80, AMD 070, Amiloride, Aminacrine, Amine BB, amino-polyethyleneoxide-sulfonate, aminoflavone, Amiodarone, Amlodipine, Amphotericin B, amprenavir, Amrinone, amsonic acid, Amygdalin, AN 207, Anaboleen, an
  • furafylline Furamon, Furylfuramide, Gabexate, gadolinium, Gado ⁇ linium DTPA, galactocerebroside, galactomannan, galangin, gala- turonate, gallic acid, Gallogen, gambierol, Gambogic acid, gam ⁇ ma-butyric-acid, Ganciclovir, gastrin 17, gatifloxacin, ge- fitinib, Geldanamycin, Gemfibrozil, gemtuzumab, Gentamicins, gepirone, geraniol, geranylcoumarin, Gestodene, GF 120918, GGTI 298, GI 129471, gingerol, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rf, gin- senoside Rgl, ginsenoside Rh2, Ginsenosides , GLCa, Gliclazide, Glumin, Glyoxal, Gnidimacrin
  • tanshinone taurocholic acid, Taurodeoxycholic Acid, taurour- sodeoxycholic acid, tautomycetin, TAXOTERE, TBDZ , TBHQ, TCAT, technetium, Tegafur, Teleocidin, telithromycin, Temazepam, te- mozolomide, temsirolimus , terbinafine, terephthalic acid, Ter- fenadine, teriflunomide, terrein, territrem A, territrem B, ter- ritrem C, tertiapin, tetra-mu3-sulfido-tetrairon, tetrachloroe- thene, tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate, Tetrahydrocannabinol, tet- ramethylrhodamine, tetramethylsilane, tetraphene, Tetrapren
  • SFLLRNP thrombin Tokushima, Thromboxane A2, thromboxane B2, Thyminose, thymol, thymoquinone, Thyrotropin, Ticlopidine, Ti- lidine, tipranavir, tirilazad, titanium alloy (TiA16V4), TMC- 95A, Tmndga, TMSI, Tobrex, tocotrienols , tofisopam, tolrestat, Tolterodine, toluene, TOLUENE-DITHIOL, topiramate, Topotecan, Toremifene, Tosylarginine Methyl Ester, Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone, Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone, TPN+, Tracer, Tramadol, trans-resveratrol , trastuzumab, Trazodone, Tremode, Tremorine, Tretinoin
  • RVR RVR, WLN: ZSWR, xanthohumol, Xaxa, Xylit, Y 27632, yristate, Z 338, zafirlukast, Zalcitabine, zardaverine, ZD 9331, Zeara- lenone, Zeldox, zerumbone, Zidovudine, zileuton, Zocor, zopi- clone, Zymosan, Trospium chloride, Valproic Acid. These com ⁇ pounds interact with newly identified key regulators of pain sensation and nociception.
  • the inventive treat ⁇ ments involve the modulation of the genes and gene function or interaction with the gene products, in particular proteins, of the genes listed in table 1 or the human orthologues of the Dro ⁇ sophila genes described in Neely et al . , 2010, or preferably the human genes listed in table 1.
  • these compounds modify at least one gene or gene product thereof selected from the CACNA2D3 (gene for calcium channel subunit alpha-2-delta-3 ) , PIK3CG, or any one of the human genes of table 1, column 2, or any of the human orthologues of the Drosophila genes described in Neely et al .
  • CG3604 CG3613, CG3619, CG3619, CG3619, CG3707, CG3711, CG3717, CG3735, CG3905, CG3943, CG3949, CG3955, CG3981, CG4013, CG4040, CG4083, CG4094, CG4109, CG4217, CG42250, CG4247, CG4247, CG4260, CG4279 CG4351 CG4365 CG4396 CG4459 CG4477 CG4502 CG4560 CG4584 CG4587 CG4612 CG4633 CG4633 CG4648 CG4673 CG4692 CG4698 CG4742 CG4775 CG4795 CG4798 CG4806 CG4807 CG4830 CG4875 CG4875 CG4887 CG4946 CG4977 CG5003 CG5012 CG5012 CG5013 CG5014
  • CG12035 CG12079, CG12082, CG12082, CG12083, CG12131, CG12135,
  • Preferred genes are selected from CG10095, CG10096, CG10098, CG10158, CG10481, CG11033, CG11456, CG11577, CG11586, CG11590, CG11592, CG11820, CG11967, CG12004, CG12334, CG12785, CG12797, CG13096, CG13162, CG13623, CG1371, CG14351, CG14442, CG14514, CG14980, CG16725, CG16854, CG1804, CG18088, CG18130, CG18213, CG18249, CG18480, CG1968, CG2052, CG2747, CG30005, CG31103, CG31267, CG31955, CG3213, CG32150, CG3224, CG32792, CG33346, CG3996, CG4110, CG4351, CG4477, CG4946
  • genes as well as their orthologue counterparts, in particular human orthologs (Neely et al . , 2010), or their respective gene products are preferred targets for therapy according to the present invention.
  • function of at least one of these genes is modified by the inventive compounds, in particular the small molecules given in table 1.
  • the com ⁇ pound modulates at least two, three, four, five or six or more of these genes (or orthologues) .
  • Further compounds suitable to modulate gene function include the administration of therapeutic proteins or nucleic acids, such as transgenes or inhibitory nu ⁇ cleic acids (RNAi molecules, siRNA, antisense RNA or DNA) . Such interfering nucleic acids bind messages of the genes leading to degradation and reduced gene expression.
  • Preferred therapeutic proteins include the gene products of these genes (as agonists) or antibodies which specifically bind these proteins (as antago ⁇ nists, but also as agonists if protein activity is increased - such as by binding and blocking an inhibitor binding site) .
  • the inventive compounds can act as either agonist by increasing the gene function (via mRNA regulation or interaction with the protein) of a protein in the enzymatic pathway of any one of the above listed genes or an antagonist in said pathways.
  • the antag ⁇ onizing or activating (agonist) activity of the compounds acts preferably on the identified pain genes (including their gene product) themselves or on a binding partner thereof. With the inventive methods it is possible to suppress pain or, alterna ⁇ tively to increase pain, e.g. to treat hyposensitivities . De ⁇ pending on the goal an antagonist or agonist of the gene targets may be used. In preferred embodiments antagonists of the pain genes are used.
  • the subject to be treated according to the present invention can be any non-human animal or a human.
  • the subject is a mammal, in particular preferred embodiments a human.
  • pain and conditions asso ⁇ ciated with pain can be treated or prevented, in particular in the meaning of a prophylactic admin ⁇ istration.
  • Preventing or “prevention” herein does not require absolute success in the sense of an absolute prevention of pain but indicates a reduced risk of developing a disease or painful condition, or developing pain with reduced severity.
  • treatment shall not be construed as an absolute cure, but may also relate to amelioration or suppression of pain or pain associated conditions.
  • Pain and pain associated conditions and diseases to be treated according to the present invention can include acute pain, chronic pain, somatogenic pain, neuropathic pain, psycho ⁇ genic pain, heat induced pain, physical pain and nociception in general, or hyperalgesia.
  • the pain is selected from neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, nociceptive pain, rheumatic pain, headache, low back pain, pelvic pain, myo ⁇ fascial pain, vascular pain, migraine, wound associated pain, inflammatory pain, arthritic pain, diabetic pain, pain from cancer or somatic visceral pain, all in both acute and chronic forms.
  • the pain can also be related to phantom pain, pain from a part of the body that has been lost or from which the brain no longer receives physical signals.
  • Pain can be generally classified to two broad categories, acute and chronic.
  • the treatment of any acute or chronic pain is subject matter of the present invention.
  • Acute pain is usually associated with a specific cause such as a specific injury and is often sharp and severe. Acute pain begins suddenly and is not persistent.
  • Chronic pain is long-term pain, with a typical dura ⁇ tion of more than three months leading to significant psycholog ⁇ ical and emotional problems.
  • Chronic pain is generally associat ⁇ ed with clinical conditions characterised by chronic and/or de ⁇ generative lesions.
  • Common examples of chronic pain are neuro ⁇ pathic pain (e.g.
  • Pain can also be divided into a num ⁇ ber of different subtypes according to differing pathophysiolo ⁇ gy, including nociceptive, inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Also some types of pain can be classified in multiple catego ⁇ ries, for example pain associated with cancer can have a noci ⁇ ceptive and neuropathic component.
  • Nociceptive pain consists of somatic pain (musculo-skeletal pain) and visceral pain (pain as ⁇ sociated with the viscera, which encompass the organs of the ab ⁇ dominal cavity) .
  • somatic pain include cancer metastasis such as to the bone and postsurgical pain from a sur ⁇ gical incision in addition to musculo-skeletal disorders such as dystrophinopathy, myalgia and polymyositis.
  • Nociceptive pain al ⁇ so includes tissue in ury-induced pain and inflammatory pain such as that associated with arthritis.
  • visceral pain which includes pain associated with gastrointestinal disorders (GI) such as functional bowel disor ⁇ der (FBD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) .
  • GI gastrointestinal disorders
  • BFD functional bowel disor ⁇ der
  • IBD inflammatory bowel disease
  • Further examples of visceral pain include the pain associated with dysmenorrhea, cystitis and pancreatis and pelvic pain.
  • Additional pain types include dysfunctional pain such as fibromyalgia, Temporomandibu ⁇ lar Joint Disorder (TMJ) , Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and musculo-skeletal pain) .
  • Neuropathic pain is caused by damage to the peripheral or central nervous system. Examples of central neuropathic pain include pain from spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, strokes and fibromyalgia.
  • Diabetes and related meta ⁇ bolic disorders are a common cause of peripheral neuropathic pain (diabetic neuropathy) .
  • Some of the human conditions and pa ⁇ thologies characterised by the presence of neuropathic pain in ⁇ clude, but are not limited to, cancer (cancer neuropathy) , HIV neuropathy, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, immunodeficiency, post-herpetic syndromes, trauma, ischaemia, sciatica, multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia, back pain, phantom limb pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, central post- stroke pain and pain associated with chronic alcoholism, hypo ⁇ thyroidism, uraemia, spinal cord injury, and vitamin deficiency.
  • cancer cancer neuropathy
  • HIV neuropathy HIV neuropathy
  • Parkinson's disease epilepsy
  • immunodeficiency post-herpetic syndromes
  • trauma ischaemia
  • sciatica multiple sclerosis
  • peripheral neuropathy trigeminal neuralgia
  • the pain is neuropathic pain, such as trigeminal neu ⁇ ralgia, such as post-herpetic neuralgia, such as painful diabet ⁇ ic neuropathy, such as painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, such as diabetic polyneuropathy, such as sciatic pain, such as radiculopathy, such as radicular pain or such as noninflammatory neuropathic pain.
  • Pain may be selected from fibromyalgia, postoperative pain, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, painful diabetic periph ⁇ eral neuropathy, diabetic polyneuropathy, sciatic pain, radiculopathy, radicular pain, lumbar pain.
  • the pain is caused by the conditions as mentioned above related to the given pain type.
  • the pain type can be the only pain type in a subject.
  • a neuropathic pain is caused by affected nerves but not caused by inflammation, i.e. neuropathic pain is the only pain in the subject and is non-inflammatory.
  • “About” is used to refer to certain dosages that can vary from a given value, nevertheless with the same effects as the indicated dose. In some embodiments "about” may refer to +/- 20% or 10% of a given value.
  • the compound is administered in a dosage suffi ⁇ cient to treat or prevent pain or associated conditions and dis ⁇ eases.
  • Administration can e.g. be a singe dose administration or a successive or repeated administration, e.g. twice a day, daily or in an interval of at least 1 day, at least 2 days, at least 3 days, at least 1 week, preferably at least 2 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 8 weeks or even more preferred at least 12 weeks.
  • Preventive administrations are usually a short time be ⁇ fore expected pain, if controllable or foreseeable - such as in scheduled surgery - e.g. up to lhour (h) , 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, lOh, 12h or up to 24h or even up to 48h beforehand, as well as any interval in between.
  • the compound is provided in a pharmaceutical composi ⁇ tion or a medicament, in particular an analgesics.
  • the composi ⁇ tion or medicament may comprise a pharmaceutical carrier.
  • Phar ⁇ maceutical carrier substances serve for a better tolerance of the medicament and allow for a better solubility as well as a better bioavailability of the active substances contained in the medicament. Examples of this are emulsifiers, thickening agents, redox components, starch, alcohol solutions, polyethylene glycol or lipids.
  • the choice of a suitable pharmaceutical carrier is highly dependent on the manner of administration. For oral administrations, liquid or solid carriers may be used, for injec ⁇ tions, liquid final compositions are required. For cellular tar- geting, such as for inhibitory nucleic acids, suitable vehicles can be included such as liposomes or microsomes.
  • the medicament or the compound to be used ac ⁇ cording to the invention comprises buffer substances or tonic substances.
  • a buffer By means of a buffer, the pH of the medicament can be adjusted to physiological conditions, and moreover, pH fluc ⁇ tuations can be attenuated, or buffered, respectively.
  • An exam ⁇ ple thereof is a phosphate buffer.
  • Tonic substances serve for adjusting the osmolarity and may comprise ionic substances, such as, e.g., inorganic salts, such as NaCl, or also non-ionic sub ⁇ stances, such as, e.g. glycerol or carbohydrates.
  • the inventive compound or medicament can be administered topical, enteral or parenteral, in particular preferred oral or rectal, intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal or intraperitoneal, transdermal, transmucosal or in- halational.
  • Preferred routes of administration of the inventive agent according to the present invention are parenteral routes, preferably intraperitoneal or intravenous administration, intra ⁇ venous administration being specifically preferred.
  • Intravenous administration can be performed e.g. via bolus injection or by continuous intravenous delivery over a longer time period (e.g. 30 min to 6 h, especially 1 to 3 h) .
  • Further routes include oral or transdermal or subcutaneous routes. In particular preferred is oral administration.
  • parenteral routes are preferred for digestible agents, such as active proteins, peptides or siRNA.
  • the medicament or the compound to be used according to the invention can be prepared to be suitable for oral or intranasal administration.
  • These administration forms of the medicament of the present invention allow for a rapid an uncomplicated uptake of the active substances via the mucous membranes.
  • nose drops or nose sprays are suitable.
  • solid or liquid medicaments may, e.g., be taken directly or in a dissolved or diluted state, respectively.
  • the medicament or compound to be used according to the in ⁇ vention can be prepared for an intravenous, intra-arterial , in ⁇ tramuscular, intravascular, systemic, intraperitoneal or subcu ⁇ taneous administration.
  • intravenous, intra-arterial , in ⁇ tramuscular, intravascular, systemic, intraperitoneal or subcu ⁇ taneous administration e.g., injections or transfusions are suitable.
  • Administrations directly into the bloodstream have the advantage that the active substances of the medicament will be distributed in the entire body and will quickly reach the target tissue or cells, in particular the pe ⁇ ripheral nerves, spinal cord cells or brain cells.
  • the compound may be administered in a effective therapeutic dose.
  • Effective doses are in the range of dosages known for the compounds for other, non-pain related administrations. In par ⁇ ticular, for a specific use a dosage can be determined by a sim ⁇ ple test using drosophila or mouse test systems. Further possi ⁇ ble therapeutic doses of the compounds for the inventive treat ⁇ ment can be the same dosage disclosed or approved for other therapeutic uses for each of these compounds.
  • Example dosages are at least 0.01 mg/kg, at least 0.1 mg/kg, at least 1 mg/kg, at least 10 mg/kg and/or up to 1 mg/kg, up to 10 mg/kg, up to 100 mg/kg, up to 1 g/kg, and any dosages in between.
  • Preferred dosage ranges are between 0.01 mg/kg and 1 g/kg, preferably be ⁇ tween 0.1 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg.
  • the present invention also relates to a method of modulating the gene expression or gene function in a cell, wherein the gene is selected from one or more of the genes listed in table 1, in particular selected from the genes above, or an ortholog coun ⁇ terpart thereof, comprising administering a compound of table 1 to said cell.
  • the cell can be a nerve cell, including pain or thermosensitive nerve cells, and/or preferably selected from spinal cord cells, brain cells or peripheral nerve cells.
  • the cell can be of the "pain matrix" such as the thalamus, the SI and S2 somatosensory cortex, the cingulum, amygdala, hypothala ⁇ mus, or the motor cortex.
  • the inventive administration be be for treatment, alleviation or prevention of pain or hyperalgesia in a subject.
  • the present invention relates to method of screening active compounds suitable for the treatment of pain comprising testing for modulation, including suppression or activation, preferably suppression, of gene activity of any one of the genes listed above or given in table 1.
  • the test may com- prise recombinantly expressing the gene product in a suitable host cell or cell lines, such as mammal cell lines, in particu ⁇ lar CHO cells, contacting said cell or cell line with a candi ⁇ date compound and detecting a deviation in gene function when compared to normal levels without contacting with the compound. Further tests compromising binding of the compound to the gene product (the expressed protein) and detecting binding events. Other tests include the use of animal models and testing the compounds for behavioural changes when exposed to pain, such tests are disclosed in the examples. Additional, information on optimal dosages can be obtained with these tests.
  • Table 1 List of therapeutic compounds: Small Molecule: name of compound (see list of synonyms below), Interacting Gene Symbol: human gene name of therapeutic target, Interacting GenelD: uman gene ID, Drosophila ID: ortholog Drosophila gene ID;
  • Adalin ECD 11319, CG5714,
  • Astragaloside A NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
  • Atorel LPAR2 9170, CG12796,
  • NFKB1,CYP3A4,GPR1 CG11992,CG2060,CG6 bisindolylmaleimide 1 77, 4790,1576,79971, 210,
  • VDAC1,UGT1A3,UGT1 7416,54659,54657 CG17137,CG4772,CG4
  • cetuximab CHM 1121, CG8432,
  • Cilomilast PDE4B 5142, CG14940, cilostazol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
  • CVT 3146 ADORA2A, 135, CG9753, cyanidin 3-rutinoside NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, cyanidin-3-glucoside NFKB1.CCNB1, 4790,891, CG11992,CG5940, cyanoginosin-LA PPP2CA, 5515, CG7109,
  • DHLA NFKB1 4790, CG11992, di-(l-isoquinolinyl)-di-(pyridyl- 2')butane CCNB1, 891, CG5940,
  • Dipalmitoyl LPAR2,PDE4A 9170,5141, CG12796,CG14940, diphenylalanine UGT1A1, 54658, CG4772,

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
  • Neurology (AREA)
  • Rheumatology (AREA)
  • Neurosurgery (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Dermatology (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to new therapies to treat pain and related diseases, as well as pharmaceutical compounds for use in said therapies.

Description

Compounds and methods for treating pain
The present invention relates to the field of method of treatment of pain and the provision of pharmaceutical compounds suitable for such treatments.
Acute and chronic pain affects millions of people after in¬ jury or surgery and those suffering from diseases like arthritis, cancer, and diabetes. Nociception (the detection of noxious or damaging stimuli) serves a crucial biological purpose: it alerts living organisms to environmental dangers, inducing the sensation of pain, reflex withdrawal and complex behavioural and emotional responses, which protect the organism from further damage. Noxious stimuli are detected by specialized high thresh¬ old primary sensory neurons (nociceptors), which transfer sig¬ nals to the spinal cord and then transmit them to the brain for higher level processing that results in the conscious awareness of the sensation called pain. The functional importance of pain perception is exemplified by individuals with defects in noci¬ ception; patients with congenital insensitivity to pain do not survive past their twenties.
Two basic types of pain can be distinguished - acute and chronic. Acute or nociceptive pain is generally self-limiting and serves a protective biological function by warning of on¬ going tissue damage caused by noxious chemical, thermal and me¬ chanical stimuli. Examples of nociceptive pain include: post¬ operative pain, pain associated with trauma, and the pain asso¬ ciated with arthritis. Chronic pain, on the other hand, serves no protective biological function, and reflects either poor res¬ olution of the painful stimuli, or is itself a disease process. Chronic pain is unrelenting and not self-limiting and can persist for years and even decades after the initial injury. Chron¬ ic pain is predominantly neuropathic in nature and may involve damage either to the peripheral or central nervous systems.
It is a goal of the present invention to provide methods of treating, ameliorating or suppressing pain, in particular by the use of novel compounds for this purpose.
The present invention therefore provides the use of new classes of compounds for the treatment, prevention or reduction of pain. These compounds are given in the claims, and especially include Tenofovir (PMPA) , dasatinib, AMG-706 ( motesanib ) , BIRB 796 ( Doramapimod ) , EKB-569 ( Pelitinib ) , sorafenib , Vandetanib, CI-1033 ( Canertinib ), NSC161613, N6- Benzyladenosine-5 ' -phosphate, p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid,
NSC47091, cilomilast , Nicotinamide ( Nicotinamide ), IBMX, Roflumilast, Filaminast, Piclamilast, V11294, CC-10004 ( Apre- milast ) , LAS31025 ( Arofylline ) , CP80633 ( Atizoram ) , Ca- tramilast/Atopik ( Catramilast ) , BRL-61063 ( Cimpyfylline ) , Daxalipram/mesopram ( Daxalipram ) , Doxofylline, Drotaverine, Efloxate, Etamiphylline, Etazolate, Etofylline, Glaucine Hydro- bromide ( Broncholytine ), GRC3886 ( oglemilast ), oxtriphyllin
( Choline theophyllinate ) , Pumafentrine, Revamilast, Tofimi- last, Tolafentrine, Seoanin ( Trapidil ) , GW 842470 (AWD 12- 281), CDP-840, YM-976, CI-1018, D-4418, Lirimilast, SCH-351591, RPL-554, IPL-455903 (HT-0712), GSK256066, Zardaverine, Varden- afil, OPC-6535 ( Tetomilast ), IC485, L-826,141, ONO-6126, CI- 1044, MK-0873, T-2585, R1533 (MEM-1414), Ronomilast ( ELB-353 ), UK-500,001, AN2728 , DE-103, Tofisopam, (R) -Tofisopam ( Dex- tofisopam ), ( S ) -Tofisopam ( Levotofisopam (USAN) ), EKB-568, SU-14813, LY-333531 ( Ruboxistaurin ), CGP-52421, SKI-606 ( Bo- sutinib ) , Roscovitine, Tenofovir (PMPA) , Methimazole, Adefovir dipivoxil (Bis-POM PMEA) ( Adefovir ) , Acetazolamide, midostau- rin ( PKC-412 ), tozasertib ( MK-0457, VX 680 ) or lestaurtinib
( CEP-701 ) . A further compound is imatinib (STI-571), which is preferably used in the treatment on non-inflammatory pain, espe¬ cially in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Alternative names or identification of the compounds are given in brackets. Chemical structures of some of these compounds are given as follows:
V11294 - [ ( 3-cyclopentyloxy-4- methoxyphenyl ) methyl ] -
N-ethyl-8-propan-2- ylpurin- 6-amine :
Figure imgf000003_0001
Figure imgf000004_0001
Figure imgf000005_0001
Figure imgf000006_0001
Figure imgf000007_0001
In preferred embodiments the inventive compound is an inhib¬ itor (i.e. an antagonist) or modulator of any one of FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D, CSNK1G3 or FM03. Inhibitors or ligands (i.e.
binders) or modulators of FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D, CSNK1G3 or FM03 can be used in the treatment of pain in a subject. In pre¬ ferred embodiments the FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D, CSNK1G3 or FM03 modulator is a selective FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMKID, CSNK1G3 or FM03 modulator. By "selective" it is meant that the affinity for one of FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D or FM03 is at least 10- fold, preferably 25-fold, more preferred 100-fold, still pre¬ ferred 150-fold higher than the affinity of the other targets selected from FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D or FM03.
Surprisingly it has been shown that some of these targets, such as FRK, FM03, LPAR3 can be both activated, e.g. by an agonist, or inhibited (e.g. by an inhibitor or antagonist) for an anti-pain effect in a patient. The group of agonists and antago¬ nists is refered to herein as "modulators". Although in most cases an inhibitor is preferred for greater effect, it seems that modulation of activity of these targets in any direction reduces the pain or sensation of pain. Preferably the modulator is a strong binder to these targets, especially with a Kd of ΙΟΟΟηΜ or less or an IC50 of 1000 nM or less. Preferred lower values for Kd and IC50 are 800 nM or less, 600 nM or less, 500 nM or less, 400 nM or less, 300 nM or less, 200 nM or less, 100 nM or less, 50 nM or less or even 30 nM or less.
In particular preferred are FM03 modulators or inhibitors for use in the treatment of pain. Such compounds are e.g.
Tenofovir and Methimazole.
In particular preferred are FRK modulators or inhibitors for use in the treatment of pain. Such compounds are e.g. dasatinib, motesanib, Doramapimod, Pelitinib, sorafenib, Vandetanib and Canertinib .
Preferably the inhibitor is selected from compounds with a Kd of lower than 3000 nM, preferably lower than 2000 nM, especially preferred lower than 1000 nM. In particular, these compounds can be selected from dasatinib (Kd 0.31 nM) , motesanib (Kd 99 nM) , Doramapimod (Kd 360 nM) , Pelitinib (Kd 190 nM) , so¬ rafenib (Kd 440 nM) and Vandetanib (Kd 480 nM) . The Kd may also be up to 750 nM or up to 500 nM.
Kd, Ki or IC50 values of course relate to the binding or in¬ hibiting capability of a given compound on a given target, such as one of FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMKID, CSNK1G3 or FM03, as associated herein.
In preferred embodiments the FRK modulator is selected from compounds comprising a substituted pyridine, quinoline, isoquin- oline or pyridine group. In especially preferred embodiments the FRK modulator is an FRK inhibitor. An inhibitor or antagonist is a compound that lowers or inhibits the activity of a given target here FRK. This can be achieved by binding to the target, e.g. but not neces¬ sarily to the catalytic center, and preventing the catalytic ac¬ tivity of the target.
Preferably an inhibitor or modulator, in particular of FRK, is selected from compounds comprising a substituted pyrimidine, quinoline, isoquinoline or pyridine group, such as from
motesanib (AMG-706) , Pelitinib (EKB-569) , sorafenib (sorafenib), Vandetanib (Vandetanib) , canertinib ( CI-1033 ) .
Preferably an inhibitor or modulator, in particular of FRK, is selected from compounds comprising a substituted aniline group with a Kd value less than 1000 nM, such as dasatinib ( da- satinib ) , motesanib ( AMG-706 ) , Doramapimod ( BIRB 796 ) , Pe¬ litinib ( EKB-569 ) , sorafenib ( sorafenib ) , Vandetanib (
Vandetanib ) .
Preferably an inhibitor or modulator, in particular of FRK, is selected from compounds comprising a chlorine, fluorine or chlorine and fluorine substituted aniline group. Such compounds are e.g. dasatinib, Pelitinib, sorafenib, Vandetanib and caner¬ tinib .
In preferred embodiments an FRK inhibitor selected from com¬ pounds comprising an aniline group, selected from dasatinib ( dasatinib ) , motesanib ( AMG-706 ) , doramapimod ( BIRB 796 ) , pelitinib ( EKB-569 ) , sorafenib ( sorafenib ) , vandetanib ( vandetanib ) , canertinib ( CI-1033 ) and imatinib ( STI-571 ) is for use in the treatment of neuropathic pain, such as trigeminal neuralgia, such as post-herpetic neuralgia, such as painful dia¬ betic neuropathy, such as painful diabetic peripheral neuropa¬ thy, such as diabetic polyneuropathy, such as sciatic pain, such as radiculopathy, such as radicular pain or such as noninflammatory neuropathic pain. The aniline group is preferably a substituted aniline group and is e.g. selected from a chloride and/or fluoride substituted aniline group or a carbonyl substi¬ tuted aniline. Preferably the aniline group is a carbonyl sub¬ stitution, such as in dasatinib ( dasatinib ) , motesanib ( AMG- 706 ) , doramapimod ( BIRB 796 ) , pelitinib ( EKB-569 ) , soraf¬ enib ( sorafenib ) , canertinib ( CI-1033 ) and imatinib ( STI- 571 ), and can be used in the treatment of neuropathic pain. In preferred embodiments the FRK inhibitor is a selective FRK inbibitor. By "selective" it is meant that the affinity for FRK is at least 10-fold, preferably 25-fold, more preferred 100- fold, still preferred 150-fold higher than the affinity for oth¬ er tyrosine kinase receptors, especially one or both of FLT3 or c-Kit .
In further embodiments there is provided an LPAR3 inhibitor or modulator for use in the treatment of pain. Such a compound is e.g. selected from NSC161613, NSC47091, N6-Benzyladenosine- 5 ' -phosphate, p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid.
Surprisingly it could be shown that in case of LPAR3 both activators or agonists and inhibitors or antagonsits can be ef¬ fective in the treatment of pain. Thus any artificial change in the expression or activity of LPAR3 can ameliorate pain. Preferably the LPAR3 modulator is selected from compounds comprising N6-Benzyladenosine-5 ' -phosphate, p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid, NSC161613 and NSC47091. In particular preferred cases the LPAR3 modulator is an LPAR3 inhibitor. Such an inhibitor is e.g. p- Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid, NSC161613 or NSC47091.
In further embodiments there is provided a PDE4D inhibitor or modulator for use in the treatment of pain. Such a compound may be selected from cilomilast, Roflumilast, Filaminast, Picla- milast, V11294, Luteolin, Apremilast, Arofylline, Atizoram, Ca- tramilast, Cimpyfylline, Daxalipram, Doxofylline, drotaverin, Efloxate, Etamiphylline, Etazolate, Etofylline, Broncholytine, Irimilast, oglemilast, Choline theophyllinate, Pumafentrine, Re- vamilast, Ronomilast, Tofimilast, Tolafentrine, Trapidil, GW 842470 (AWD 12-281), CDP-840, YM-976, CI-1018, D-4418, Lirimi- last, SCH-351591, RPL-554, IPL-455903 (HT-0712), GSK256066, Zardaverine, Vardenafil, Tetomilast, IC485, L-826,141, ONO-6126, CI-1044, MK-0873, T-2585, R1533 (MEM-1414), UK-500,001, AN2728, DE-103, Tofisopam, Dextofisopam, Levotofisopam (USAN) .
Preferably the PDE4D inhibitor is selected from a compound comprising a 1 , 2-dioxy-aryl group with an IC50 value of 1100 nM or less, preferably 1050 nM or less, preferably 1000 nM or less, preferably 950 nM or less, preferably 950 nM or less, preferably 900 nM or less. Such a PDE4D inhibitor is preferably selected from cilomilast ( cilomilast, IC50 of 11 nM) , Roflumilast ( Roflumilast, IC50 of 0.68 nM) , Filaminast ( Filaminast, IC50 of 1000 nM ), Piclamilast ( Piclamilast, IC50 of 0.02 nM ), ( V11294, IC50 of 200 nM ), Apremilast ( CC-10004 ), Atizoram ( CP80633 ) , Catramilast ( Catramilast ) , Daxalipram ( Dax- alipram/mesopram, , IC50 of 1100 nM ) , drotaverin ( Drotaverine ), ( Glaucine Hydrobromide ), oglemilast ( GRC3886, IC50 of 166 nM ) , Pumafentrine ( Pumafentrine ) , Revamilast ( Revamilast, IC50 of 2.7 nM ), Tolafentrine ( Tolafentrine, IC50 of 30 nM ) , ( CDP-840, IC50 of 2.1 nM ) , ( RPL-554 ), ( IPL-455903 (HT-0712) ), Zardaverine ( Zardaverine, IC50 of 390 nM ) , Tetomilast ( OPC- 6535, IC50 of 70 nM ) , ( L-826, 141, IC50 of 2.4 nM ), Ronomilast ( ELB353 , IC50 of 3.5 nM) , Tofisopam ( Tofisopam, IC50 of 900 nM ) .
In a further preferred embodiment the PDE4D inhibitor or modulator comprises a 1 , 2-dioxy-aryl group substituted with an alkyl or flour-alkyl group, or 1 , 2-dioxy-aryl group condensed in a furan ring containing oxygen. Such a compound is e.g. selected from cilomilast ( cilomilast ) , Roflumilast ( Roflumilast ) , Filaminast ( Filaminast ) , Piclamilast ( Piclamilast ) , ( V11294 ) , Apremilast ( CC-10004 ) , Daxalipram ( Daxalipram/mesopram ) , drotaverin ( Drotaverine ) , broncholytine ( Glaucine Hydrobro¬ mide ), oglemilast ( GRC3886 ), Pumafentrine ( Pumafentrine ), Revamilast ( Revamilast ) , Tolafentrine ( Tolafentrine ) , ( RPL- 554 ) , Zardaverine ( Zardaverine ) , Tetomilast ( OPC-6535 ) , ( L-826,141 ), Ronomilast ( ELB353 ), Tofisopam ( Tofisopam ) .
In another aspect of PDE4D inhibitors or modulators there is provided a PDE4D inhibitor or modulator comprising a 3,5- dichlor-pyridine group or a pyridine group that is not condensed in a 2 ring structure. Such compounds may be selected from
Roflumilast ( Roflumilast ) , Piclamilast ( Piclamilast ) , ogle¬ milast ( GRC3886 ), Revamilast ( Revamilast ), GW 842470 (AWD 12-281), D-4418, SCH-351591.
Also provided is a PDE4D inhibitor or modulator comprising a quinoline, isoquinoline or pyrimidine group. Such a compound can be selected from drotaverine ( Drotaverine ) , Pumafentrine ( Pu¬ mafentrine ) , Tolafentrine ( Tolafentrine ) , Trapidil ( Seoanin ), D-4418, SCH-351591, RPL-554, SK256066, T-2585, Ronomilast ( ELB353 ) .
In a further embodiment the PDE4D inhibitor or modulator is selected from compounds comprising an aniline group, in particu¬ lar preferred a carbonyl- or chlorine-substituted aniline. Such compounds are e.g. Apremilast ( CC-10004 ), Arofylline (
LAS31025 ), CI-1044, T-2585. The PDE4D inhibitor or modulator for use according to the invention may comprise a purine ring. Such a compound can be se¬ lected from ( IBMX ) , ( V11294 ) , Arofylline ( LAS31025 ) ,
Cimpyfylline ( BRL-61063 ) , Doxofylline ( Doxofylline ) , Etam- iphylline ( Etamiphylline ) , Etofylline ( Etofylline ) , Choline theophyllinate ( oxtriphyllin ) , Theophylline ( Theophylline ) . These compounds are preferably used for the treatment of neuro¬ pathic pain, especially non-inflammatory neuropathic pain.
In a further embodiment the PDE4D inhibitor or modulator for use according to the invention is essentially the only active pharmaceutical ingredient of the composition or medicament ac¬ cording to the invention, such as the only active pharmaceutical ingredient, in particular the only anti-pain compound, of the composition or medicament according to the invention. Preferably the PDE4D inhibitor or modulator for use according to the invention is not combined with or used in combination with a phospho- lipase inhibitor. Especially preferred, CI-1018 is not combined with or used in combination with a phospholipase inhibitor when used according to the invention.
In further embodiments there is provided a CAMK1D inhibitor or modulator for use in the treatment of pain. Such a compound may be selected from Bosutinib, Pelitinib, EKB-568, SU-14813, Ruboxistaurin, CGP-52421.
The CAMK1D inhibitor or modulator preferably comprises a chlorine-substituted aniline group. Such compounds can be se¬ lected from Bosutinib ( SKI-606 ) and Pelitinib ( EKB-569 ) .
Preferably the CAMK1D inhibitor is selected from the group of bosutinib ( SKI-606 ) , pelitinib ( EKB-569 ) , EKB-568 and CGP-52421 for use in the treatment of pain.
In preferred embodiments the CAMK1D modulator is a selective CAMK1D modulator. By "selective" it is meant that the affinity for CAMK1D is at least 10-fold, preferably 25-fold, more pre¬ ferred 100-fold, still preferred 150-fold higher than the affin¬ ity for other tyrosine kinase receptors, especially one or both of FLT3 or c-Kit.
In further embodiments there is provided a CSNK1G3 inhibitor or modulator for use in the treatment of pain. Such compound can be roscovitine.
The CSNK1G3 inhibitor or modulator preferably comprises a purine ring. Such compound can be roscovitine. In preferred embodiments the CSNK1G3 inhibitor is a selec¬ tive CSNK1G3 inbibitor. By "selective" it is meant that the af¬ finity for CSNK1G3 is at least 10-fold, preferably 25-fold, more preferred 100-fold, still preferred 150-fold higher than the af¬ finity for other tyrosine kinase receptors, especially one or both of FLT3 or c-Kit.
In preferred embodiments of the invention the compound for use in the treatment of pain comprises a quinoline or isoquino- line group. Such compounds are e.g. Bosutinib, Pelitinib ( EKB- 569 ) , drotaverin ( Drotaverine ) , Pumafentrine ( Pumafentrine ), Tolafentrine ( Tolafentrine ), D-4418, SCH-351591, RPL-554, ( GSK256066 ) , T-2585, Ronomilast ( ELB353 ) , preferably the compound being an inhibitor of FRK, PDE4D or CAMKID . These compounds are preferably for use in the treatment of neuropathic pain, preferably non-inflammatory neuropathic pain.
In preferred embodiments of the invention the compound for use in the treatment of pain comprises a chlorine-substituted aniline group. Such compounds are e.g. selected from dasatinib ( dasatinib ) , bosutinib (SKI-606) , sorafenib ( sorafenib ) , Can- ertinib ( CI-1033 ) , Arofylline ( LAS31025 ) , T-2585, Pelitinib ( EKB-569 ) , preferably the compound being an inhibitor of FRK, PDE4D or CAMK1D. These compounds are preferably for use in the treatment of neuropathic pain, preferably non-inflammatory neu¬ ropathic pain.
The inventive compound can be used in combination with other active analgesic/anti-pain compounds, preferably only with those described herein or above or in the claims, or used as single active analgesic/anti-pain compound.
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a 1 , 2-Dioxyaryl group. Especially pre¬ ferred the compound comprises a 1 , 2-Dioxyaryl group substituted with a basic residue, such as Vandetanib ( Vandetanib ) , SKI-606 ( Bosutinib ) . The compound may comprise a 1 , 2-Dioxyaryl group substituted with a cycloaliphatic residue, such as cilomilast ( cilomilast ) , Roflumilast ( Roflumilast ) , Filaminast ( Filami- nast ), Piclamilast ( Piclamilast ), V11294, CP80633 ( Atizoram ) , Catramilast/Atopik ( Catramilast ) , CDP-840 , IPL-455903 (HT- 0712) . The compound may comprise a 1 , 2-dioxy-aryl substituted with an alkyl residue, such as CC-10004 ( Apremilast ) , Dax- alipram/mesopram ( Daxalipram ) , Drotaverine ( drotaverin ) , Glaucine Hydrobromide ( Broncholytine ) , Pumafentrine ( Pumafen- trine ), Tolafentrine ( Tolafentrine ), RPL-554, Zardaverine ( Zardaverine ) , OPC-6535 ( Tetomilast ) , Tofisopam ( Tofisopam ) . The compound may comprise a 1 , 2-dioxy-aryl substituted with a fluor-alkyl group, such as GRC3886 ( oglemilast ), Revamilast ( Revamilast ), Zardaverine ( Zardaverine ), L-826,141, ELB353 ( Ronomilast ) . The compound may comprise a 1 , 2-dioxy-aryl in a condensed furan ring with an oxygen, such as GRC3886 ( oglemilast ) , Revamilast ( Revamilast ) .
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises an indole group, especially an indole group as part of a ringsystem, such as CGP-52421, midostaurin ( PKC-412 ) .
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a substituted indole, such as GW 842470 (AWD 12-281), AMG-706 ( motesanib ), SU-14813 , LY-333531 ( Rub- oxistaurin ) , SKI-606 ( Bosutinib ) .
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a purine ring, such as N6- Benzyladenosine-5 ' -phosphate, V11294, LAS31025 ( Arofylline ), BRL-61063 ( Cimpyfylline ) , Doxofylline ( Doxofylline ) , Etam- iphylline ( Etamiphylline ) , Etofylline ( Etofylline ) , ox- triphyllin ( Choline theophyllinate ) , Roscovitine ( Roscovitine ) , Tenofovir (PMPA) ( Tenofovir ) , Remofovir (Pradefovir) , Ade- fovir dipivoxil (Bis-POM PMEA) ( Adefovir ) .
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a sulfone or sulfonic acid or sulfona¬ mide group, especially a methyl-suflone, such as Lirimilast ( Lirimilast ) . The compound may comprise a siaryl-sulfone, such as GSK256066, Vardenafil ( Vardenafil) . The compound may com¬ prise a sulfonic acid group, such as p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid. The compound may comprise a Sulfonamide group, such as Tolafen¬ trine ( Tolafentrine ) , Acetazolamide ( Acetazolamide ) .
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a pyridine group. Preferably the com¬ pound comprises an unsubstituted pyridine radical, such as Nico¬ tinamide ( Nicotinamide ), or CI-1044. The compound may comprise a 3,5 -Dichlorpyridine group, such as Roflumilast ( Roflumilast ), Piclamilast ( Piclamilast ), GRC3886 ( oglemilast ), Revami¬ last ( Revamilast ), GW 842470 (AWD 12-281), D-4418, SCH- 351591. The compound may comprise a substituted pyridine group, such as AMG-706 ( motesanib ) , sorafenib ( sorafenib ) , Etazo- late ( Etazolate ) , Tofimilast ( Tofimilast ) , GSK256066, MK- 0873.
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a quinolone or isoquinoline or condensed isoquinoline group. The compound may comprise a quinolone group such as EKB-569 ( Pelitinib ), D-4418, SCH-351591, GSK256066, MK-0873 , SKI-606 ( Bosutinib ) . The compound may comprise a isoquinoline or condensed isoquinoline group, such as Drotaver- ine ( drotaverin ) , Pumafentrine ( Pumafentrine ) , Tolafentrine ( Tolafentrine ), RPL-554, ELB353 ( Ronomilast ) .
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a pyrimidine group, such as Vandetanib ( Vandetanib ) , CI-1033 ( Canertinib ) , Seoanin ( Trapidil ) , to- zasertib ( MK-0457, VX 680 ) .
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention is a compound with 3 nitrogens in a ring struc¬ tures, such as YM-976.
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a carbonic or phosphoric acid group. The compound may comprise a carbonic acid group, such as OPC-6535 ( Tetomilast ) . The compound may comprise a phosphoric acid group, such as N6-Benzyladenosine-5 ' -phosphate, Tenofovir (PMPA) ( Tenofovir ) .
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises an esther group, such as Remofovir
(Pradefovir) ( Pradefovir ) , Adefovir dipivoxil (Bis-POM PMEA) ( Adefovir ) .
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a aniline group, especially preferred a chloride and/or fluoride substituted aniline group. The compound may comprise a Chlor-fluor-aniline, auch as EKB-569 ( Pelitinib ) , CI-1033 ( Canertinib ) . The compound may comprise a Chlor- aniline or dichlor-aniline, such as dasatinib ( dasatinib ) , so¬ rafenib ( sorafenib ) , LAS31025 ( Arofylline ) , T-2585 , SKI-606 ( Bosutinib ) . The compound may comprise a Fluor-aniline, such as Vandetanib ( Vandetanib ), SU-14813.
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a carbonyl-substituted aniline, such as dasatinib ( dasatinib ) , AMG-706 ( motesanib ) , BIRB 796 ( Doramapimod ) , EKB-569 ( Pelitinib ) , sorafenib ( sorafenib ) , CI-1033 ( Canertinib ) , p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid, CC-10004 ( Apremilast ), CI-1044 , NSC47091.
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a diaryl-thioether group, such as to- zasertib ( MK-0457, VX 680 ) .
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a 1 , 3-Dioxyaryl group, such as Efloxate ( Efloxate ) .
In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention is selected from Methimazole, AN2728, NSC161613, especially a compound without one or more or all of the above mentioned groups.
The present invention also provides a method of treating pain in a subject comprising the administration of a therapeutic compound selected from the compounds of table 1. In a related aspect the present invention provides the use of a compound of table 1 for the manufacture of an analgesic or a medicament for the treatment of pain in a subject. The invention is further de¬ fined by the subject matter of the claims.
The inventive compounds have been identified by a thorough screening system based on genetic analysis, starting from dro- sophila hits. Drosophila (fruit flies) respond to noxious stimu¬ li, and have become a powerful model organism for studying ge¬ netics, including the genetics of nociception. For instance, the TRP channel PAINLESS was previously identified as a heat- responsive channel mediating thermal-based nociception in fly larvae. Using genome-wide neuronal-specific RNAi knock-down, the present invention provides a global screen for an innate behav¬ ior and identify hundreds of novel genes implicated in nocicep¬ tion in the fly, including the 25-family calcium channel subu- nit straightjacket or the phospholipid kinase PI3Kgamma. The in¬ itial drosophila screen yielded targets having homologous tar¬ gets in various organisms, including humans. For example, obser¬ vation of the mammalian straightj acket ortholog, 2δ3, and
PI3Kgamma in nociception was confirmed in knock-out mice that exhibit significantly impaired basal pain sensitivity and de¬ layed thermal hyperalgesia after inflammation. In humans, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 2δ3 or PIK3CG were found that are associated with reduced acute pain sensitivity in healthy volunteers and chronic postsurgical back pain. Based on the validated genetic data various compounds have been identi¬ fied that are capable of treating or suppressing pain in various organisms, in particular in humans. In a further screening, several compounds have been identified which modulate or antagonize or inhibit, that is lower the targets activity in vivo or as can be determined in an in vitro assay as described herein or known in the art (e.g. Enzyme activity assay to determine IC50 values), which are active in the treatment or reduction of pain in a sub¬ ject. In particular the compounds to be used in any form of treatment according to the present invention are selected from any one of ( IS , 2S ) -2- ( 2- (N- ( ( 3-benzimidazol-2-yl ) propyl ) -N- methylamino) ethyl) -6-fluoro-l, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-l-isopropyl-2- naphtyl cyclopropanecarboxylate dihydrochloride, ( 5- ( 2-methoxy- 5-chloro-5-phenyl ) furan-2-ylcarbonyl ) guanidine, (6S)-5, 6,7,8- tetrahydrofolic acid, (T,G)-A-L, 1 alpha-hydroxyergocalciferol, 1- ( 1-cyclohexylethylamino ) -4-phenylphthalazine, 1- (2-methyl-4- methoxyphenyl ) -4- ( ( 2-hydroxyethyl ) amino) -6-trifluoromethoxy-2, 3- dihydropyrrolo (3, 2-c) quinoline, 1- (2, 3-dichlorobenzoyl ) -5- methoxy-2-methyl- (2- (mopholin-4-yl ) ethyl) -lH-indole, 1- (2, 3- dihydro-1, 4-benzodioxin-5-yl ) -4- ( (5- ( 4-fluorophenyl ) -3- pyridinyl ) methyl )piperazine, 1- ( 6- ( ( 3-methoxyestra-l , 3,5(10)- trien-17-yl) amino) hexyl) -lH-pyrrole-2, 5-dione, 1-adamantyl pro- pargyl ether, 1-aminobenzotriazole, l-aminooxy-3-aminopropane, l-hydrazino-4- (3, 5-dimethyl) -l-pyrazolyl-5H-pyridazino (4,5- b) indole, 1-hydroxymethylmidazolam, 1-hydroxypyrene, l-Methyl-4- phenylpyridinium, l-Nitropyren-8-ol, 1-phosphatidyl-lD-myo- inositol 3-phosphates , l-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine, 1 , 1-bis ( 3 ' -indolyl ) -1- ( 4-t-butylphenyl ) methane, 1, 1-dimethylbutyl-l-deoxy-Delta (9) -THC, 1, 1, l-trichloro-2- (4- hydroxyphenyl ) -2- ( 4-methoxyphenyl ) ethane, 1, 2- bis (diphenylphosphino) ethane, 1, 2-di- ( 4-sulfamidophenyl ) -4- butylpyrazolidine-3 , 5-dione, 1, 2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholines , 1 , 2-ethanedithiol , 1,2- oleoylphosphatidylcholine, 1 , 2 , 4-triazines , 1, 25-dihydroxy-21- ( 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl ) -23-yne-26, 27- hexafluorocholecalciferol, 1, 25-dihydroxyergocalciferol, 1, 25D3, 1, 3-Dcg, 1, 3-dihydroxy-4 , 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-2- (4- carboxyphenyl ) tetrahydroimidazole, 1, 3-dipropyl-8- (3- noradamantyl ) xanthine, 1, 3, 5-trimethylbenzene, 1 , 7-dioxa-2 , 6- diaza-4, 4-dioxide-4, 7a-dithia-3H, 5H-benzo (cd) pentalene, 10- deoxymethynolide, 10-propargyl-lO-deazaaminopterin, 10- undecynoic acid, 10 , 10-bis ( 4-pyridinylmethyl ) -9 ( 1 OH) - anthracenone, 11-cis-retinal , 11-hydroxycannabinol , 12-Hht, 13- Lox, 13-oxo-9, 11-octadecadienoic acid, 15 hete, 15-Hydroxy-ll alpha, 9 alpha- (epoxymethano) prosta-5, 13-dienoic Acid, 17-
( allylamino ) -17-demethoxygeldanamycin, 17alpha-ethynylestradiol , 1843U89, lD-myo-inositol 1, 3, 4, 5-tetrakisphosphate, lH-indole, lH-pyrazole, lH-pyrazolo (3, 4-b) pyridine, 2 APB, 2-(l-(3- dimethylaminopropyl ) -5-methoxyindol-3-yl ) -3- (lH-indol-3- yl ) maleimide, 2- ( l-methyl-4-piperidinyl ) -6- (2- phenylpyrazolo (1, 5-a)pyridin-3-yl) -3 (2H) -pyridazinone, 2- ( 2- hydroxyethylsulfanyl ) -3-methyl-l, 4-naphthoquinone, 2- (3, 4- dimethoxyphenyl ) -5-amino-2-isopropylvaleronitrile, 2- (4-amino-3- methylphenyl ) -5-fluorobenzothiazole, 2- ( 4-morpholinoanilino ) -6- cyclohexylaminopurine, 2- ( 4-morpholinyl ) -8-phenyl-4H-l- benzopyran-4-one, 2- ( 4-toluidino) -6-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 2-
( cyclohexylmethylidenehydrazino ) adenosine, 2-AAF, 2- acetylthiomethyl-3- ( 4-methylbenzoyl ) propionic acid, 2-AG, 2- amino-l-methyl-6-phenylimidazo (4, 5-b) pyridine, 2-amino-3, 4- dimethylimidazo ( 4 , 5-f ) quinoline, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, 2-AP, 2-CADO, 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide, 2-cyano-3-hydroxy-N-
(4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) -2-hepten-6-ynamide, 2- cyanomethylthiopyridine-4-carbonitrile, 2-cyclopentyl-5- (5- isoquinolylsulfonyl ) -6-nitro-lH-benzo (D) imidazole, 2-DG, 2- hydroxy-4- ( 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3-pentafluoropropoxy) benzoic acid, 2- hydroxyamino-l-methyl-6-phenylimidazo (4, 5-b) pyridine, 2- hydroxyamino-3-methylimidazolo ( 4 , 5-f ) quinoline, 2-ME, 2- methoxyacetic acid [ 2- [ 2- [ 3- ( lH-benzoimidazol-2-yl ) propyl- methyl-amino ] ethyl] -6-fluoro-l-isopropyl-tetralin-2-yl] ester, 2-methyl-l- ( ( 4-methyl-5-isoquinolinyl ) sulfonyl) homopiperazine, 2-N- ( 4- ( 1-azitrifluoroethyl )benzoyl) -1, 3-bis- (mannos-4-yloxy) -2- propylamine, 2-Naftol, 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, 2- phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline, 2,2, 2-trichloroethane-l , 1-diol, 2,2'- (hydroxynitrosohydrazono) bis-ethanamine, 2,2' -azobis (2,4- dimethylvaleronitrile ) , 2 , 2 ' -bipyridine, 2, 2', 4,4'- tetrachlorobiphenyl , 2, 3-bis (3 ' -hydroxybenzyl ) butane-1, 4-diol, 2, 3-dihydroxyterephthalamide, 2, 3, 4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate, 2 , 4-diaminoquinazoline, 2 , 4-thiazolidinedione, 21-hydroxy-9beta, 10alpha-pregna-5, 7-diene-3-ol-20-one, 25- desacetylrifabutin, 25-Hydroxycholesterol, 25(OH)D3, 3- ((4- (4- chlorophenyl ) piperazin-l-yl ) methyl) -lH-pyrrolo (2, 3-b) pyridine, 3- ( 2-hydroxy-4- ( 1 , 1-dimethylheptyl ) phenyl ) -4- ( 3- hydroxypropyl ) cyclohexanol , 3- (2h) -pyridazinone, 3- ( cyclopentyloxy) -N- (3, 5-dichloro-4-pyridyl ) -4-methoxybenzamide,
3-aminopyrazole, 3-beta- (2- (diethylamino) ethoxy) androst-5-en-17- one, 3-BHA, 3-hydroxybutanal , 3-hydroxyflunitrazepam, 3- Hydroxyquinine, 3-isobutyl-l-methyl-Xanthine, 3-keto- desogestrel, 3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene, 3-Methoxymorphinan, 3- Methoxyoestradiol , 3-methylcholanthrene, 3-MI, 3, 3', 4,5'- tetrahydroxystilbene, 3,4-DCI, 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime, 4- (3-3, 4-p-menthadien- (1,8) -yl) olivetol, 4- (3-Butoxy-4- methoxybenzyl ) -2-imidazolidinone, 4- (4- ( 4-chlorophenyl ) -4- hydroxy-l-piperidinyl ) -1- ( 4-fluorophenyl ) -1-butanol, 4- (4- (N- benzoylamino ) anilino) - 6-methoxy-7- (3- (1- morpholino) propoxy) quinazoline, 4- ( 4-fluorophenyl ) -2- (4- hydroxyphenyl ) -5- (4-pyridyl) imidazole, 4- (5-benzo (1, 3) dioxol-5- yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-lH-imidazol-2-yl ) benzamide, 4- (benzodioxan-5- yl) -1- (indan-2-yl) piperazine, 4- (N-methyl-N-nitrosamino ) -1- (3- pyridyl ) -1-butanone, 4-AP, 4-azidosalicylic acid, 4- dimethylamino-3 ' , 4 ' -dimethoxychalcone, 4-hydroxy-N- desmethyltamoxifen, 4-hydroxyacetophenone, 4-hydroxycoumarin, 4- hydroxyestradiol-17 beta, 4-hydroxynon-2-enal , 4- hydroxytriazolam, 4-methyl-N- (3- ( 4-methylimidazol-l-yl ) -5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) -3- ( ( 4-pyridin-3-ylpyrimidin-2- yl) amino) benzamide, 4-phenylbutyric acid, 4-S-cysteaminylphenol ,
4-sulfophenylmethallyl ether, 4, 4 '-DDE, 4 , 4 ' -dipyridyl disul¬ fide, 4, 8-dimethoxy-7-hydroxyfuro (2, 3-b) quinoline, 4'- epidoxorubicin, 4 ' -N-benzoylstaurosporine, 4(2'- aminoethyl ) amino- 1 , 8-dimethylimidazo ( 1 , 2-a) quinoxaline, 4alpha- phorbol 12 , 13-didecanone, 4alphaPDD, 5- ( ( 1 , 2-dihydro-2-oxo-3H- indol-3-ylidene ) methyl) -2, 4-dimethyl-lH-pyrrole-3-propanoic ac¬ id, 5- (4 ' - (N-piperidinyl) phenylazo) indazole, 5-7-oxo-zeaenol, 5- AC, 5-acetylneuraminyl- (2-3) -galactosyl- (1-4) - ( fucopyranosyl- (1- 3 ) ) -N-acetylglucosamine, 5-azido-lH-indole-3-acetic acid, 5-HT,
5-methoxy-N, N-diisopropyltryptamine, 5-Mop, 5,10- methylenetetrahydrofolate, 5, 6-dimethylxanthenoneacetic acid, 5 ' -0- ( ( ( 2-decanoylamino-3- phenylpropyloxycarbonyl) amino) sulfonyl) uridine, 6 beta- hydroxycortisol , 6-Aminochrysene-l, 2-dihydrodiol, 6-chloro-2- pyridylmethyl nitrate, 6-deoxy- 6-bromoascorbic acid, 6- hydroxydexamethasone, 6-Mercaptopurine, 6, 6 ' -oxybis (2, 2- dimethylhexanoic acid), 64Gd, 7- ( 1 , 1-dimethylethyl ) - 6- ( 2-ethyl- 2H-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-ylmethoxy) -3- (2-fluorophenyl) -1,2,4- triazolo (4, 3-b) pyridazine, 7-benzylamino- 6-chloro-2-piperazino- 4-pyrrolidinopteridine, 7-benzyloxyquinoline, 7-CDL, 7- hydroxystaurosporine, 7-ketocholesterol , 7,8-BF, 7,8- dihydroneopterin, 7 ' -Isothiocyanato-ll-hydroxy-1 ' , 1 ' - dimethylheptylhexahydrocannabinol , 7C3MT, 7H-Pyrrolo ( 2 , 3- d) pyrimidine, 8- (( 4-bromo-2 , 3-dioxobutyl ) thio ) -adenosine 3 ',5'- cyclic monophosphate, 8- (2, 6-dichlorophenyl) -10-methyl-3- ( (4- morpholin-4-ylphenyl ) amino ) -2, 4, 10-triazabicyclo (4.4.0) deca- 1, 3, 5, 7-tetraen-9-one, 8- ( 3-chlorostyryl ) caffeine, 8- anilinonaphthalene-l-sulfonic acid, 8-Hydroxy-2- (di-n- propylamino ) tetralin, 8-Isoprostane, 8, 10-bis ( (2, 2-dimethyl-l- oxopropyl) oxy) -ll-methyl-1234-tetrahydro-6H- benzo (beta) quinolizin-6-one, 9- (4 ' -aminophenyl ) -9H-pyrido (3,4- b) indole, 9-anthroic acid, 9-CRA, 9-hydroxy-risperidone, 9,10- anthraquinone, 9H-xanthene, A 71915, A-300-I, a-ADP, A73025, Ab¬ bott, abciximab, Absele, ABT-737, acetamide 45, Aceton, acetoni- trile, acetyl-ll-ketoboswellic acid, acetylcholine, acetyl- valerenolic acid, Aclarubicin, Acolen, ACON, ACT D, actinium, Actosin, adalimumab, Adalin, Adanon, Adfeed, adinazolam,
Adofeed, Adrenor, Adrin, AEBSF, Aeromax, afloqualone, AGMATINE, AIDSVAX, ajoene, ajulemic acid, alachlor, Aladerm, alaninate, Alat, Alcolo, Alcuronium, Aldara, ALDO, Aldrich, alemtuzumab, Alfarol, Alfentanil, ALIMTA, aliskiren, Alii, ALLN, alloxazine, allyl isothiocyanate, almokalant, aloesin, Alprenolol, Alvesco, AM 1387, AM 251, Am 80, AMD 070, Amiloride, Aminacrine, Amine BB, amino-polyethyleneoxide-sulfonate, aminoflavone, Amiodarone, Amlodipine, Amphotericin B, amprenavir, Amrinone, amsonic acid, Amygdalin, AN 207, Anaboleen, anacardic acid, Anandamide, Anco, Andrographis , Androtine, Aneol, Ang II, Anisomycin, Anon, Antho- cyanins, anthra ( 1 , 9-cd) pyrazol- 6 ( 2H) -one, anthracene, anthralin, Anthricin, anthrone, antibiotic G 418, antibiotic H107, Antimy- cin A, Anyvim, APAP, APDC, Aphidicolin, Aphloiol, apicidin, Apigenin, apocynin, Apotransferrin, aprepitant, APRL, AQ4N, arabinogalactan, Arac, Aralen, Arasine, Areca, Arecoline,
Areether, argatroban, aripiprazole, Aron, Artein, Artra, arvan- il, asiatic acid, asiaticoside, Asmax, Asmol, ASTA, astatine, Astemizole, Astragaloside A, atazanavir, ATL 146e, Atorel, atorvastatin, Atovaquone, ATRA, Atropine, Auranofin, AuTM, auxin, avasimibe, AVE 0118, avicularin, Avid, Axert, Axsain, Aza- dC, Aza-deoxycytidine, azacyclonol, Azadc, azamulin, azaspirane, azelaic acid, azelastine, azelnidipine, azido ruthenium, Azine, Azithromycin, Azobisisobutyramidinium dichloride, Azole, Azoles, Azolidine, Azophen, Azor, BA (VAN) , Ba 0108E, bacitracin, Baclofen, bacterial lysate, bafilomycin Al, Bagren, baicalein, Barbiturate, Barnidipine, BAY 11-7085, BB-K8, BCNU, Beflavin, Belt, benazepril, bendamustine, Benidipine, benzamidine, benzimidaz- olide, Benzodiazepines, Benzodioxoles , Benzphetamine, benzyda- mine N-oxide, benzylamine, benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl- leucine aldehyde, benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoro- methyl ketone, beractant, berberine, bergamottin, bergaptol, be- ta-glycerophosphoric acid, beta-lapachone, beta-Naphthoflavone, beta-propiolactone, Bethanechol, betulinic acid, bexarotene, Bezafibrate, BG 9928, BGC945, biapigenin, BIBX 1382BS, biphenyl- 4-ol, BIRB 796, bisindolylmaleimide I, bisindolylmaleimide III, Bisoprolol, bisperoxovanadium, Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacry- late, bizelesin, BL1521, Bla-S, Blow, BM 41.440, BML 241, BMS 310705, BMS204352, BMS453, Bo-Xan, Boltin, Bonopen, boron, Bor- relia-burgdorferi , bortezomib, bosentan, bosutinib, botrocetin, BPDE, BR-II, Brake, bredinin, Brefeldin A, Bromazepam, bromo- cis-stilbene, brucine, bryostatin 1, Budesonide, bufalin, bufuralol, Bumetanide, BuOH, Bupivacaine, Buprenorphine, BU¬ PROPION, Buspirone, Busulfan, Buthionine Sulfoximine, Butyrate, butyrolactone I, C 1027, C 76, CACP, Calcijex, Calcimycin, cal- phostin C, Calyculin, Camptothecin, Canef, cangrelor, Canna- binoids, Cannabis, Cantharidin, CAPE, Capsaicin, capsaicinoids , capsazepine, Carbachol, Carbamazepine, carbapenem, Carbapenems, carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal , Carbolines , Carboxyethyl- phenethy1amino-ethyIcarboxamidoadenosine, Cardiolipins , carebas- tine, CARNOSOL, carrageenans , carvacrol, carvedilol, Casodex, caspofungin, casticin, catechins, CB 3717, Cbdca, CCPA, CD 437, CDP 840, Cefoxitin, celecoxib, cephalomannine, cephalosporins, cepharanthine, cerebrolysin, cerivastatin, Cetomacrogol , ce- trorelix, cetuximab, CGP 12177, CGS 15943A, CGS 21680, CH-THF, CH2CHO, Chalcone, CHAPS, Chinine, Chitosan, Chloramphenicol, chlorophenyl-ethane, chlorophyllin, chlorophyllypt , chlorproma- zine, Chlorpropham, Chlorzoxazone, Cholestanol, CHOLINE, Chon- surid, chromophore, Chrysin, chymostatin, CI1033, cicaprost, cifostodine, ciglitazone, Cilazapril, Cilomilast, cilostazol, Cimetidine, cinacalcet, cinitapride, cinnamic aldehyde, cionin, Cipol N, Ciprofloxacin, Ciprol, cis-9, trans-ll-conjugated lino- leic acid, Cisapride, Citalopram, Citox, CITRULLINE, clebopride, clevidipine, clobazam, Clodronic Acid, clofarabine, Clofibric Acid, Clomipramine, Clonazepam, Clonidine, clopidogrel, clotiaz- epam, Clozapine, clozapine N-oxide, CNI 1493, Co 2-1970, Coagu- lin, Colchicine, compactin, CONT, Cotinine, Cotrim, coumarin, CPA 024781, CPA 026440, Crestor, Crodacid, Crypt-2,2,2, cryptdin 3, cryptotanshinone, cryptoxanthin, CUBE, CVT 3146, cyanidin 3- rutinoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanoginosin-LA, Cyclandelate, cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3 ' -carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester, cyclo- hexyl-methyl , cyclopamine, Cyclopentenone, cyclopiazonic acid, Cyproheptadine, Cyproterone Acetate, cystathionine, cysteamine, cysteinyl-leukotriene, Cytarabine, cytochalasin B, Cytochalasin D, cytochalasin E, D 22888, D 23129, DA 8159, Dacarbazine, DAD- SO, daidzein, danaproid, Dapsone, Daral, Darifenacin, darunavir, dasatinib, Daunorubicin, Dayfen, DBPC, DDB, DDE, Debrisoquin, decursin, Deethylamiodarone, deferiprone, Deferoxamine, deguel- in, dehydroaripiprazole, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, dehy- droxymethylepoxyquinomicin, Delavirdine, delta8-THC, Denagard, denbinobin, denileukin diftitox, denopamine, Depas, de- ramciclane, desethylchloroquine, desflurane, desisobutyrylci- clesonide, desmethylazelastine, Desmethyldeprenyl , Devazepide, Dexfenfluramine, dexloxiglumide, Dextropropoxyphene, dFdC, DFMO, DHEA, DHLA, di- ( 1-isoquinolinyl ) -di- (pyridyl-2 ') butane, Diaben, Diacomit, diadenosine tetraphosphate, Dial, Diamide, DIAN, di- arsenic trioxide, Dibenzanthracene, Dicid, Diclofenac, Dicyclo- hexylcarbodiimide, diethyl maleate, Diethyl-benzoquinone-imine, Digicor, Digitin, Digoxin, Dihydroqinghaosu, Dihydroxycholecal- ciferols, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, dillapiol, Diltiazem, Di- methadione, dimethyl fumarate, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, dimethyl- hydrazide, dimethylamino-purine, dimuonium, dinitrophenol , Dino- prostone, dioxirane, Dipalmitoyl, diphenylalanine, Diphenyla- mine, diphenyleneiodonium, Dipyridamole, Dipyrone, discoder- molide, Diterpenes, Dithionite, diuretic, Diuron, divinyl ben¬ zene, dl-Ipr, DMGG, DMPX, DMSO, Dobutamine, Doca, Doconexent, dodecyl-phosphocholine, dodecyloctaethyleneglycol monoether, Domperidone, DOTA, Doxazosin, Doxorubicin, Doxycycline, DPC 681, DPCPX, Droxia, DTMC, dulcin, Durapatite, DX 9065a, Dxms, Dyna- tra, E 10, E 3330, E-MIX 80, E.O., EACA, ebastine, ebrotidine, Echinomycin, Econ, econazole, ecteinascidin 743, Edetic Acid, Edex, efavirenz, EGCg, EGTA, eletriptan, Elicide, Empecid, Enal- april, Endocannabinoids , endomorphin 1, Enediynes, enflurane, enone, Enoximone, entacapone, Entex, enzastaurin, EOS, EPC-K(l), EPEG, EPIB, epibatidine, Epicar, Epoprostenol , epoxybergamottin, epsilon-viniferin, erastin, ergosterol-5, 8-peroxide, Eril, erlo- tinib, erucin, Eryc, erythritol anhydride, esterbut-3, Estriol, ET18-Ome, Etfc cpd, Ethacrynic Acid, Ethan, Ethinyl-oestradiol , Ethylmorphine, Ethynodiol Diacetate, Eticol, Etidronic Acid, Etodolac, Etoposide, etoricoxib, etravirine, Eufor, Eugenol, eu- patilin, everolimus, Evex, Evodin, exenatide, Exosurf, Expecto¬ rants, Extina, Ezerin, ezetimib, Facet, Facid, facile, Factor Ila, FAMP, Fanchinine, Farnesyl-PP, farnesylthiosalicylic acid, febuxostat, felbamate, Felodipine, Fenfluramine, fenitrothion, fenofibric acid, Fenretinide, Fentanyl, ferulic acid, Filipin, fingolimod, fipronil, fisetin, Flanin F, Flavon, flavonols, fla- vopiridol, Flavyl, FLCZ, Flecainide, Floxacillin, flufenamic ac¬ id, Flunitrazepam, fluorexon, Fluorouracil , fluvoxamine, FOLATE- ANALOG, fondaparinux, Fonofos, Format, Formyl-Tetrahydrofolate, Forskolin, fosamprenavir, Foscarnet, FR 120480, FR 235222, frax- in, FTY 720P, fucoidan, fulvestrant, fumagillin, Fura-2,
furafylline, Furamon, Furylfuramide, Gabexate, gadolinium, Gado¬ linium DTPA, galactocerebroside, galactomannan, galangin, gala- turonate, gallic acid, Gallogen, gambierol, Gambogic acid, gam¬ ma-butyric-acid, Ganciclovir, gastrin 17, gatifloxacin, ge- fitinib, Geldanamycin, Gemfibrozil, gemtuzumab, Gentamicins, gepirone, geraniol, geranylcoumarin, Gestodene, GF 120918, GGTI 298, GI 129471, gingerol, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rf, gin- senoside Rgl, ginsenoside Rh2, Ginsenosides , GLCa, Gliclazide, Glumin, Glyoxal, Gnidimacrin, GnRH, Go 6976, gossypol, GR
79236X, gramicidin S, Granisetron, Gravistat, Grofo, Guggul- sterone, GW 4064, GW 501516, H 89, Halan, halofuginone, harmine, Harzol, hassium, HDMTX, Hecogenin, Hectorol, Heet, helenalin, Hemicholinium 3, herbimycin, hesperadin, HESPERETIN, Hexadime- thrine, hexarelin, Hgln, himbacine, Hk, Hocus, HOE 33342, honokiol, Horner, HS 1200, HU 211, HyateC, Hydoxin, hydride, Hy- dromorphone, Hydroxychloroquine, hydroxycotinine, hydroxylamine, Hydroxytryptophol , Hyhorin, Hypaque, hyperforin, hypericin, Hypericum-perforatum, hypochlorous acid, iberin, IBMX, ibopamine, ibudilast, IC 831423, icariin, icaritin, icilin, ICRF 193, IDS 23, Ifosfamide, Ikarugamycin, ilimaquinone, Iloprost, Imadyl, imatinib, imidafenacin, imidazo-pyridine, imidazolidin-2-one, imidazolidin-one, imidazolidine, Imidazoline, imidazolyl- disulfide, Imipenem, Imizin, Immulina, Immunoferon, Impulsin, Imrecoxib, Imutex, Indinavir, indiplon, indirubin, indole-3- acetic acid, indole-3-methanol , indolin-2-one, indolin-one, in¬ fliximab, inhibin B, INOmax, inositol-1, 3, 4, 5-tetrakisphosphate, inulin, Iodoacetamide, iodomethane, iodoresiniferatoxin, Ionomy- cin, ionophore, Iopanoic Acid, Iophendylate, IPADE, IPOMEANOL, Iressa, irinotecan, irisolidone, Isatin, isaxonine, isoamylol, isobutyl-methyl-Xanthine, Isodonol, isoflavone, isoflurane, Isol, Isoliquiritigenin, isometronidazole, isoprenoids, Isopro- pyl Thiogalactoside, Isoprostanes, Isorhamnetin, isosilybin A, Isosorbide Dinitrate, isothiocyanates , Isotretinoin, Isradipine, istradefylline, Itraconazole, ivabradine, Ivermectin, ixabepilo- ne, jadomycin B, Jexin, JHW 015, JTE 013, K 252, K-PAM, K-SR, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O- (2, 3, 4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-l- rhamnopyranoside) , KAFA, Kaken, Kamalin, Kaolin, Kathon 886, KB 141, Kemi, kenpaullone, Ketamine, Keto-desogestrel , Keto- pgflalpha, ketoglutarate, Kipca, KMD 3213, KMTB, Kojic acid, KR- 31543, KRM 1648, L 365260, L 740,093, L-454,560, L-696,474, L- T3, LAAM, lacidipine, lactacystin, lactisole, lamotrigine,
Lanol, lansoprazole, lapatinib, laquinimod, latrunculin A, latrunculin B, lavendustin A, LBH589, leflunomide, lenalidomide, Lendorm, Lentinan, leptomycin B, Leucovorin, Leukotriene C4, Leukotriene D4, leukotrienes , Leupeptin, Levamisole, Levitra, levobupivacaine, Levonorgestrel , levugen, liarozole, Lidocaine, lilopristone, Lipoate, Lipofectamine, lipoteichoic acid, Lipox- ins, lissamine rhodamine B, lithocholic acid, LMWH, LNAC, lo- nafarnib, Loperamide, lopinavir, Loratadine, Lorazepam, Lorex, lorglumide, Losartan, Lovan, loxiglumide, LUF 5831, lupeol, lu- teolin, LY 117018, LY 293111, LY231514, LYCOPENE, lysophospha- tidic acid, Lysophosphatidylcholines , Lysophosphatidylglycerol , lysyl-arginyl-alanyl-lysyl-alanyl-lysyl-threonyl-threonyl-lysyl- lysyl-arginine, M&B22948, Malix, manidipine, manumycin, mara- viroc, Matrine, MCYST-LR, Me-nle-asp-phe-NH2 , mead ethanolamide, MeAsO (OH) 2 , Mebumal, Mechlorethamine, Medroxyprogesterone 17- Acetate, Mefenamic Acid, Megalomicin, Melarsoprol, Melatol, me- letin, melitten, meloxicam, Melphalan, Memantine, menadiol, Men haden oil, menthofuran, Meperidine, Mephenytoin, mesalamine, Me saton, Meth, methanandamide, methanethiosulfonate ethylammonium Methimazole, methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, Methorphan, Methox salen, Methoxy-psoralen, methoxyamine, methoxychlor, methoxy- morphinan, methyl chloroformate, Methyl glycine, Methyl paraben methyl salicylate, methyl tryptophan, methyl-dopa, methyl- phosphorothioate, methyl-Pyridinium, methylamine, Methyla- mylnitrosamine, Methylene-tetrahydrofolate, methylenetetrahydro folates, methylglyoxal , methylnaltrexone, methyloxidanyl , methylparaben, methylphosphate, Methylprednisolone, methylxan- thines, Metoclopramide, Metopiron, Metribolone, mevalonic acid, micafungin, miconazole, Mictonorm, Midazolam, Mifepristone, Mill, Milrinone, Mimosine, mirtazapine, Mit-C, mithramycin, Mi- toTracker-Red, Mitoxantrone, mizolastine, MLN8054, mofarotene, Monensin, mono-N-demethyladinazolam, mono ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate, monoethylglycinexylidide, monomethylarsonic acid, monoterpenes , monuron, MORIN, morpholine, morusin, motexafin gadolinium, Motuporin, moxifloxacin, MPEG, Muraglitazar, mutali pocin II, mycophenolic acid, Mycose, Myocol, myricetin, myxothi azol, N- ( 2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl ) methanesulfonamide, N- (2 hydroxypropyl ) methacrylamide, N- (3- ( 4-chlorophenyl ) -2- (3- cyanophenyl) -1-methylpropyl ) -2-methyl-2- ( (5- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl ) oxy) propanamide, N- (3- methoxyphenyl ) -4-chlorocinnamanilide, N- (3- oxododecanoyl ) homoserine lactone, N- ( 4- ( 6- ( 4- ( 1- ( 4- fluorophenyl ) ethyl ) piperazin-l-yl ) pyrimidin-4- yloxy)benzo (d) thiazol-2-yl) acetamide, N- (4- (6- ( 4- trifluoromethylphenyl ) pyrimidin-4-yloxy) benzothiazol-2- yl) acetamide, N- ( 4-cyano-benzo (b) thiophene-2-carbonyl ) guanidine N- (5- ( ( (5- (1, 1-dimethylethyl) -2-oxazolyl ) methyl ) thio) -2- thiazolyl ) -4-piperidinecarboxamide, N-acetylcysteine lysinate, n-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine, N-acetylneuraminic ac¬ id, N-desmethylclobazam, N-ethylmaleimide, N-methyl-N- ( trimethylsilyl ) trifluoroacetamide, N-methylsulfonyl-6- (2- propargyloxyphenyl ) hexanamide, N-oleoyldopamine, N-phenyl-1- naphthylamine, N, N, N' , N' -tetramethylethylenediamine, N(6)- cyclohexyl-2-O-methyladenosine, N ( 6) -cyclopentyladenosine, N3- IQ, Nadroparin, naftifine, nal-NH2, NALS, nanchangmycin, Naprox en, naratriptan, narbonolide, NARIGENIN, Narkotil, Nasol, na- talizumab, nateglinide, Naxy, nebivolol, Nefazodone, nefirace- tam, Nelfinavir, Neomycin, Neopterin, Neostigmine, Neut, Nevi- rapine, NFBA, Nialk, Nicardipine, Niflumic Acid, nimesulide, ni¬ obium, nitecapone, nitroanilide, nitroaspirin, Nitrofurans, NI- TROPYRENE, nitrosamines , Nitrosoanabasine, Nitrosocysteine, ni- trosulindac, Nizatidine, NK 104, NK314, NMDA, NN 703, Noan, No- biletin, NOC 18, Nocodazole, nodularin, Nodularin v, nolatrexed, Nonoxynol, noralfentanil, norbuprenorphine, Norclozapine, Nordi- hydroguaiaretic Acid, Norethindrone, noreximide, norfluoxetine, Norgestrel, norharman, norketobemidone, norlaudanosoline, normeperidine, Nortilidine, norverapamil , novobiocin, NS-187, NSC 23766, NSC 366140, NSC 663284, NSC-134754, NU2058, number- one, nutlin 3, NVP-AEW541 , Nylon, 0-
( chloroacetylcarbamoyl ) fumagillol , O-desethylreboxetine, O-Due, o-quinone, obovatol, OCDD, octanediol, Octoxynol, Octreotide, Okadaic Acid, olanzapine, olefins, oleoylethanolamide, olmelin, olmesartan, olomoucine, olomoucine II, Oltipraz, omalizumab, omega-agatoxin, omega-Conotoxin GVIA, omega-N-Methylarginine, Omeprazole, omeprazole sulfone, onapristone, ONCB, Ondansetron, ON04819, Optef, OR 1246, oroxylin A, Orphenadrine, Osten, oste- um, OSU 03012, Ouabain, OVEX, Ovex, oxaliplatin, Oxarol, oxaspi- rodion, oxatomide, Oxazepam, oxcarbazepine, Oxotremorine, oxo- tremorine M, Oxymorphone, Oxyntomodulin, Oxytrol, p-ABA, p-XSC, p-Xylol, Paclitaxel, paeonol, palladium, palmitoleate, PALMITO- YL, Palmitoylcarnitine, pamidronate, panaxadiol, panepoxydone, pantoprazole, Papaverine, Papite, PAPP, parecoxib, Paroxetine, Parsal, Parthenolide, PC 314, PCA 4230, PCSO, PD 134308, PD 144795, PD 180988, PD 98059, pectin, Pemetrexed, Penicillins, Penite, Pentagastrin, Pentoxifylline, Peplomycin, peppermint oil, Pepstatin A, Perazine, Pergolide, Perillol, Perilymph, pe- riodate, perospirone, perovskite, PFPA, Phebestin, phen, pheno- late, Phenols, phenoxodiol, Phenprocoumon, Phentermine, phenyl- propionamide, phenyl-Pyridinium, Phenytoin, pheophorbide a, phloretin, PHOB, phorate, phorbol, phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13- acetate 20-homovanillate, phosphatidylethanolamines , Phosphati- dylinositol 4 , 5-Diphosphate, phosphatidylinositol phosphate, Ptdlns ( 4 , 5 ) P2 , phytanic acid, Picibanil, picric acid, pifithrin, Pilot, pimecrolimus , pioglitazone, pipecoloxylidide, piperidine, piperine, Pira, pirinixic acid, Piroxicam, PKC412, plumbagin, Pluronic p 85, PMDT, PMPA, PMSF, PNPP, Podophyllotoxin, polido- canol, poly-gamma-glutamate, ponicidin, poractant alfa, posacon- azole, potassium tellurate ( IV) , PQQ Cofactor, pranlukast,
Pravastatin, Prazosin, PRDL, Precursor mrna, Prednisone, pregnane, Pregnanes, Pregnanolone, pregnenolone 16alpha- carbonitrile, Pregnyl, preussin, Primidone, Proadifen, Proantho- cyanidins, Probenecid, Probucol, Procasil, Procetofen, procya- nidin B2, Prodix, prolactin, polymeric, Propafenone, Propanesul- fonate, Propofol, propyl pyrazole triol, propyne, prostratin, protopanaxadiol , protopanaxatriol , PS 15, Pseudohypericin, Pseu- domonas-exotoxin, Psoralens, psychosine-3 ' -sulfate ester, PTBP, pteridine, Pterostilbene, PURAC, Puromycin, putrescine, Pyocya- nine, Pyra, pyranones, pyrazole, Pyrethrins, pyridazine, Py¬ rimethamine, pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside, Pyro, pyrogal- lol sulfonphthalein, pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, pyrrolidine di- thiocarbamic acid, pyrroloazepinone, Qingkailing, quercitrin, quetiapine, Quicifal, quinazoline, Quinolinium, Quinpirole, qui- nuclidin-3 ' -yl-l-phenyl-1 , 2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2- carboxylate monosuccinate, quinupristin-dalfopristin, R-138727, R-99224, Raloxifene, raltitrexed, Ramipril, ramiprilat, RAMP, Ranitidine, RAPA, rasagiline, rebamipide, reboxetine, remifen- tanil, renzapride, repaglinide, Resiniferotoxin, resiquimod, Re- tardex, Riacon, Ribavirin, Riboflavin, Rifabutin, rifamycins, Rifocin, rimonabant, risedronic acid, risperidone, Ristocetin, Ritonavir, rituximab, Ro 13-8996, Ro 23-7553, Ro 23-7637, Ro 24- 7429, Ro 31-6233, Ro 31-7549, Ro 31-8220, R04383596, Robitet, rofecoxib, roflumilast, rokitamycin, Rolipram, romidepsin, roop- erol, ropivacaine, roscovitine, rosiglitazone, rosmarinic acid, rosuvastatin, Roxithromycin, Rozevin, RPR 121056, RU 58668, rub- oxistaurin, rugosin E, rutecarpine, Rutin, S- (beta-p- methoxypropiophenone ) thiamine, S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenici11amine, S-Nitrosothiols , S-phenyl-N-acetylcysteine, sabarubicin, sab- comeline, Safingol, Safrole, SAGA, SAHA, saikosaponin, Salicin, salvin, samarium, SAMe, sanguinarine, sapogenins, Saquinavir, Sarasar, Sarna, sauchinone, saxatilin, SB 218078, SB 225002, SB 415286, SB-705498, scandium, SCH 66712, schizandrer A, scopa- rone, Scopoletin, Score, SDX 308, Selegiline, seocalcitol, Sep- Pak, Serad, sertindole, sevoflurane, SEW2871, shikonin, sidero- phore, Sildenafil, silvestrol, silybin, Sincalide, Sizofiran, SK-7041, SK&F 106528, SM 7368, Sodium pentosan poly sulfate, So- dium Salicylate, sorafenib, sorbinil, Sorbo, Sorbose, spiroglu- mide, Spironolactone, squamocin, SR 144528, SR 27897, SR 48692, SR 80327A, SR 90107A-ORG 31540, ST 638, stallimycin, Stanozolol, staurosporine, Stearin, Stereoisomerism, Steviol, Stevioside, STIL, stilbene-disulphonate, Stilbenes, Stim, Streptomycin, Sty- rene, styrene-methylmethacrylate copolymer, SU 5416, SU 6668, SU 9516, suberate, suberosin, succinic semialdehyde, Sufentanil, Suldox, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, Sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxa¬ zole hydroxylamine, Sulfaphenazole, Sulfasalazine, sulfate cel- lufine, sulfate-sulfate, sulfidonitrogen ( . ) , Sulfinpyrazone, sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate, sulfo-succinimidyl-oleate, sulfoga- lactosylglycerolipid, sulfones, sulfonic acid, sulfonyl-phenyl- ethyl, Sulforafan, Sulindac, sulindac sulfone, sultopride, sunitinib, Synthos, T 0070907, T 0901317, Tacrine, Tacrolimus, tadalafil, Tamogel, Tamoxifen, tandospirone, Tangeretin,
tanshinone, taurocholic acid, Taurodeoxycholic Acid, taurour- sodeoxycholic acid, tautomycetin, TAXOTERE, TBDZ , TBHQ, TCAT, technetium, Tegafur, Teleocidin, telithromycin, Temazepam, te- mozolomide, temsirolimus , terbinafine, terephthalic acid, Ter- fenadine, teriflunomide, terrein, territrem A, territrem B, ter- ritrem C, tertiapin, tetra-mu3-sulfido-tetrairon, tetrachloroe- thene, tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate, Tetrahydrocannabinol, tet- ramethylrhodamine, tetramethylsilane, tetraphene, Tetraprenol, tetrasulfanide, Thalidomide, Thapsigargin, thiamine disulfide, thiazole, Thiazolidinediones , thioacetamide, Thioacetazone, thi- obenzamide, thiocoraline, Thiole, Thiopental, thioredoxin dithi- ol, thioridazine, Thiostrepton, thrombin receptor peptide
SFLLRNP, thrombin Tokushima, Thromboxane A2, thromboxane B2, Thyminose, thymol, thymoquinone, Thyrotropin, Ticlopidine, Ti- lidine, tipranavir, tirilazad, titanium alloy (TiA16V4), TMC- 95A, Tmndga, TMSI, Tobrex, tocotrienols , tofisopam, tolrestat, Tolterodine, toluene, TOLUENE-DITHIOL, topiramate, Topotecan, Toremifene, Tosylarginine Methyl Ester, Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone, Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone, TPN+, Tracer, Tramadol, trans-resveratrol , trastuzumab, Trazodone, Tremode, Tremorine, Tretinoin, Triad, Triamcinolone, triazolam, tria- zoles, tributylstannane, trichostatins , Triclosan, triethyla- mine, Trifluoperazine, trimethylaminocarboxyldihydroboran, trioctyl phosphine oxide, Triolein, tripterine, triptolide, triterpenoids , troglitazone, Troleandomycin, TTNPB, tubocap- sanolide A, Tunicamycin, tyrphostin AG 1478, tyrphostin AG-490, tyrphostin AG17, U 0126, Ubizol, Ufur, UK 157147, Uprima, uranyl acetate, urethane, Urex, urinastatin, Urso, USAN, valerenic ac¬ id, valspodar, venlafaxine, Verapamil, verlukast, vesnarinone, Viagra, Vigil, vincristine, vinflunine, vinorelbine, vinpoce¬ tine, violacein, Vira-A, voriconazole, vorozole, VX680, Warfa¬ rin, WAY-169916, Win 55212-2, withaferin A, WLN: QR BG, WLN:
RVR, WLN: ZSWR, xanthohumol, Xaxa, Xylit, Y 27632, yristate, Z 338, zafirlukast, Zalcitabine, zardaverine, ZD 9331, Zeara- lenone, Zeldox, zerumbone, Zidovudine, zileuton, Zocor, zopi- clone, Zymosan, Trospium chloride, Valproic Acid. These com¬ pounds interact with newly identified key regulators of pain sensation and nociception. Mechanistically the inventive treat¬ ments involve the modulation of the genes and gene function or interaction with the gene products, in particular proteins, of the genes listed in table 1 or the human orthologues of the Dro¬ sophila genes described in Neely et al . , 2010, or preferably the human genes listed in table 1.
According to the investigation described herein it was found that these compounds modify at least one gene or gene product thereof selected from the CACNA2D3 (gene for calcium channel subunit alpha-2-delta-3 ) , PIK3CG, or any one of the human genes of table 1, column 2, or any of the human orthologues of the Drosophila genes described in Neely et al . , 2010, or any dro¬ sophila gene of table 1 column 3, in particular preferred any one of CG10033, CG10095, CG10142, CG10153, CG10158, CG10186, CG10186, CG10228, CG10265, CG1031, CG10332, CG10332, CG10481, CG10537, CG10550, CG1058, CG10583, CG10603, CG10603, CG10612, CG10641, CG10667, CG10686, CG10689, CG10689, CG10691, CG10706, CG10711, CG10728, CG10746, CG10800, CG10823, CG1086, CG10882, CG10932, CG10936, CG10954, CG10988, CGllOO, CGllOO, CG1101, CG11033, CG11081, CG11183, CG1119, CG11280, CG1130, CG11352, CG11456, CG11508, CG1152, CG11555, CG11577, CG11586, CG11590, CG11592, CG11594, CG11637, CG11637, CG11638, CG11642, CG11715, CG1180, CG1180, CG11820, CG11857, CG11865, CG11878, CG11893, CG11895, CG1193, CG11930, CG11942, CG11967, CG11992, CG12004, CG12030, CG12035, CG12052, CG12079, CG12082, CG12093, CG12131, CG12135, CG12199, CG12209, CG12235, CG12269, CG12290, CG12334, CG12373, CG12559, CG12637, CG1264, CG12641, CG12641, CG12645, CG12663, CG12749, CG12796, CG12797, CG12831, CG12878, CG12932, CG12938, CG12954, CG12975, CG13035, CG13047, CG13061, CG13069,
CG13074, CG13096, CG13110, CG13130, CG13130, CG13162, CG13194,
CG13196, CG13196, CG13243, CG13308, CG13319, CG13403, CG13559,
CG13575, CG13623, CG1371, CG1387, CG13998, CG14028, CG1406,
CG14065, CG14086, CG14214, CG14217, CG14240, CG14252, CG14274,
CG14351, CG14362, CG14374, CG14374, CG14376, CG14506, CG14514,
CG14590, CG14659, CG14710, CG14750, CG14755, CG14804, CG14818,
CG14940, CG14952, CG14980, CG15059, CG15120, CG15153, CG15167,
CG15254, CG15307, CG15321, CG15324, CG15427, CG15570, CG15604,
CG15604, CG15884, CG16778, CG1683, CG16840, CG16852, CG16854,
CG16873, CG16899, CG16932, CG16975, CG17003, CG17027, CG1709,
CG17137, CG17146, CG17150, CG17189, CG17234, CG1725, CG17255,
CG17266, CG17293, CG17295, CG17521, CG1759, CG17612, CG17673,
CG17697, CG17943, CG1800, CG1804, CG18069, CG18088, CG18130,
CG18249, CG18332, CG18332, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350,
CG18372, CG1845, CG18480, CG18624, CG18624, CG18666, CG1915,
CG1921, CG1921, CG1966, CG1968, CG1982, CG2038, CG2060, CG2079, CG2100, CG2109, CG2128, CG2158, CG2161, CG2257, CG2257, CG2286, CG2346, CG2371, CG2371, CG2503, CG2522, CG2747, CG2848, CG2848, CG2872, CG2872, CG2901, CG3000, CG30004, CG30004, CG30005,
CG30039, CG30050, CG30073, CG30291, CG30342, CG30383, CG30384, CG30404, CG3083, CG3105, CG31065, CG31068, CG31110, CG31267, CG31299, CG31300, CG31623, CG31713, CG31716, CG31718, CG3181, CG3184, CG31841, CG31842, CG31876, CG31886, CG31908, CG31936, CG31955, CG31962, CG32016, CG32025, CG32045, CG32057, CG32121, CG3213, CG32148, CG32150, CG32176, CG32193, CG32219, CG32227, CG3224, CG32278, CG32296, CG32296, CG32313, CG32333, CG32346, CG3241, CG32531, CG32533, CG32540, CG32604, CG32614, CG32678, CG32678, CG32678, CG32678, CG3269, CG32698, CG3270, CG32703, CG32736, CG32779, CG32779, CG32779, CG32792, CG3291, CG3295, CG3298, CG33002, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33128, CG33135, CG33147, CG33149, CG33166, CG33202, CG33261, CG33275, CG33275, CG3330, CG33346, CG33350, CG3344, CG33484, CG33500, CG33500, CG3351, CG33512, CG33512, CG33530, CG33547, CG33547, CG33653, CG33980, CG34059, CG34140, CG34140, CG34159, CG3421, CG34339, CG34341, CG34364, CG34383, CG34400, CG34401, CG34401, CG34416, CG3474, CG3520, CG3569, CG3581,
CG3604, CG3613, CG3619, CG3619, CG3619, CG3707, CG3711, CG3717, CG3735, CG3905, CG3943, CG3949, CG3955, CG3981, CG4013, CG4040, CG4083, CG4094, CG4109, CG4217, CG42250, CG4247, CG4247, CG4260, CG4279 CG4351 CG4365 CG4396 CG4459 CG4477 CG4502 CG4560 CG4584 CG4587 CG4612 CG4633 CG4633 CG4648 CG4673 CG4692 CG4698 CG4742 CG4775 CG4795 CG4798 CG4806 CG4807 CG4830 CG4875 CG4875 CG4887 CG4946 CG4977 CG5003 CG5012 CG5012 CG5013 CG5014 CG5014 CG5134 CG5160 CG5179 CG5183 CG5198 CG5201 CG5219 CG5261 CG5287 CG5330 CG5405 CG5411 CG5473 CG5499 CG5519 CG5565 CG5580 CG5611 CG5643 CG5644 CG5703 CG5725 CG5725 CG5727 CG5757 CG5788 CG5800 CG5818 CG5821 CG5842 CG5884 CG5889 CG5890 CG5902 CG5934 CG5949 CG5969 CG5977 CG5986 CG6006 CG6098 CG6136 CG6177 CG6210 CG6249 CG6340 CG6395 CG6457 CG6496 CG6549 CG6553 CG6571 CG6575 CG6582 CG6583 CG6605 CG6637 CG6673 CG6703 CG6721 CG6724 CG6822 CG6824 CG6930 CG6946 CG6948 CG6963 CG6971 CG6971 CG6972 CG6998 CG7006 CG7007 CG7007 CG7010 CG7015 CG7025 CG7081 CG7099 CG7100 CG7109 CG7129 CG7145 CG7160 CG7175 CG7187 CG7194 CG7211 CG7223 CG7225 CG7292 CG7342 CG7358 CG7371 CG7376 CG7422 CG7430 CG7443 CG7494 CG7494 CG7497 CG7507 CG7556 CG7583 CG7636 CG7708 CG7708 CG7712 CG7728 CG7730 CG7800 CG7800 CG7816 CG7856 CG7873 CG7946 CG7957 CG8005 CG8008 CG8014 CG8014 CG8029 CG8039 CG8048 CG8107 CG8110 CG8203 CG8233 CG8288 CG8325 CG8326 CG8394 CG8432 CG8440 CG8487 CG8520 CG8625 CG8631 CG8651 CG8732 CG8849 CG8912 CG8914 CG8985 CG8985 CG9022 CG9022 CG9067 CG9102 CG9160 CG9172 CG9231 CG9280 CG9311 CG9350 CG9388 CG9447 CG9453 CG9460 CG9519 CG9537 CG9603 CG9636 CG9636 CG9650 CG9696 CG9739 CG9742 CG9753 CG9825 CG9825 CG9901 CG9901 CG9948 as well as their orthologues, in particular human orthologues Further- more preferred genes (or gene targets) for the inventive treat¬ ment are selected from CG10882, CG10033, CG10095, CG10096, CG10096, CG10098, CG10142, CG10153, CG10158, CG10186, CG10186, CG10200, CG10228, CG1031, CG10315, CG10332, CG10332, CG10481, CG10540, CG10550, CG1058, CG10583, CG10603, CG10603, CG10612, CG10641, CG10667, CG10689, CG10691, CG10711, CG10728, CG10746, CG10754, CG10800, CG10823, CG1086, CG10872, CG10932, CG10936, CG10954, CG10988, CG10992, CGllOO, CGllOO, CG1101, CG11033, CG11081, CG11081, CG11183, CG1119, CG11280, CG11339, CG11419, CG11456, CG11508, CG11512, CG1152, CG11555, CG11577, CG11586,
CG11590, CG11592, CG11637, CG11637, CG11638, CG11715, CG1180,
CG1180, CG11820, CG11857, CG11865, CG11878, CG11893, CG11895,
CG1193, CG11942, CG11953, CG11967, CG11992, CG12004, CG12030,
CG12035 CG12079, CG12082, CG12082, CG12083, CG12131, CG12135,
CG12209 CG12235, CG12334, CG12373, CG12532, CG12637, CG12645,
CG12663 CG12785, CG12796, CG12797, CG12831, CG12915, CG12927,
CG12932 CG12938, CG12954, CG12975, CG13035, CG13047, CG13069,
CG13074 CG13096, CG13110, CG13162, CG13196, CG13243, CG13308,
CG13319 CG13388, CG13403, CG13534, CG13548, CG13623, CG1371,
CG1375, CG13777, CG13788, CG13802, CG13802, CG1387, CG13922,
CG13998 CG14028, CG1406, CG14075, CG14086, CG14198, CG14214,
CG14217 CG14240, CG14252, CG14255, CG14274, CG14351, CG14353,
CG14365 CG14374, CG14374, CG14376, CG14429, CG14442, CG14506,
CG14514 CG14707, CG14707, CG14750, CG14804, CG14818, CG14940,
CG14980 CG15071, CG15120, CG15167, CG15238, CG15241, CG15254,
CG15321 CG15324, CG15427, CG15433, CG15570, CG15604, CG15604,
CG15884 CG16725, CG16775, CG16778, CG16852, CG16854, CG16873,
CG16899 CG16932, CG17003, CG17027, CG1709, CG17137, CG17146,
CG17150 CG17189, CG17203, CG17234, CG1725, CG17266, CG17293,
CG17295 CG17386, CG17521, CG17650, CG17673, CG17697, CG17943,
CG1800, CG18026, CG1804, CG18069, CG18088, CG18130, CG18213,
CG18249 CG18332, CG18332, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350,
CG18372 CG1847, CG18480, CG18557, CG18624, CG18624, CG18666,
CG18671 CG18671, CG18771, CG18816, CG18816, CG18833, CG1915,
CG1922, CG1966, CG1968, CG1982, CG2038, CG2052, CG2060, CG2100,
CG2109, CG2128, CG2151, CG2158, CG2161, CG2257, CG2257, CG2286,
CG2309, CG2346, CG2371, CG2371, CG2503, CG2522, CG2685, CG2698,
CG2713, CG2747, CG2848, CG2848, CG2848, CG2872, CG2872, CG3000,
CG30005 CG30025, CG30025,
CG30073 CG30113, CG30186,
CG30404 CG30427, CG30474,
CG31067 CG31068, CG31103,
CG31299 CG31300, CG31309,
CG31713 CG31718, CG3181,
CG31893 CG31908, CG31936,
CG32025 CG32057, CG3213,
CG32219 CG32227, CG3224,
CG32381 CG3240, CG3240, C
CG32614 CG32678, CG32678, CG32792, CG3291, CG3298, CG33002, CG3330, CG33346, CG3344,
CG33530, CG3421, CG3520, CG3581 , CG3604, CG3612, CG3613, CG3619
CG3619, CG3707, CG3711, CG3717, CG3717, CG3733, CG3735, CG3905,
CG3943, CG3949, CG3955, CG3955, CG3981, CG3996, CG4073, CG4083,
CG4109, CG4110, CG4217, CG4247, CG4247, CG4279, CG4279, CG4351,
CG4365, CG4396, CG4453, CG4459, CG4477, CG4550, CG4560, CG4581,
CG4584, CG4587, CG4609, CG4612, CG4633, CG4633, CG4648, CG4655,
CG4673, CG4698, CG4742, CG4772, CG4775, CG4795, CG4798, CG4799,
CG4806, CG4830, CG4863, CG4875, CG4887, CG4946, CG4975, CG4977,
CG4994, CG5003, CG5012, CG5012, CG5013, CG5014, CG5014, CG5121,
CG5160, CG5179, CG5183, CG5198, CG5201, CG5219, CG5219, CG5254,
CG5261, CG5287, CG5330, CG5380, CG5411, CG5473, CG5499, CG5507,
CG5516, CG5519, CG5541, CG5565, CG5580, CG5611, CG5625, CG5643,
CG5644, CG5703, CG5711, CG5714, CG5723, CG5725, CG5725, CG5727,
CG5751, CG5757, CG5788, CG5818, CG5819, CG5820, CG5821, CG5842,
CG5884, CG5889, CG5890, CG5902, CG5934, CG5940, CG5949, CG5969,
CG5977, CG5986, CG5989, CG6006, CG6006, CG6027, CG6066, CG6098,
CG6136, CG6143, CG6177, CG6210, CG6249, CG6294, CG6340, CG6375,
CG6457, CG6496, CG6553, CG6571, CG6582, CG6583, CG6605, CG6620,
CG6637, CG6673, CG6703, CG6721, CG6724, CG6822, CG6852, CG6881,
CG6901, CG6930, CG6930, CG6946, CG6948, CG6963, CG6971, CG6971,
CG6972, CG6987, CG6998, CG7006, CG7007, CG7007, CG7010, CG7015,
CG7042, CG7042, CG7059, CG7100, CG7109, CG7129, CG7145, CG7160,
CG7172, CG7175, CG7175, CG7187, CG7194, CG7211, CG7223, CG7225,
CG7307, CG7311, CG7342, CG7358, CG7371, CG7376, CG7422, CG7430,
CG7436, CG7443, CG7462, CG7467, CG7494, CG7494, CG7513, CG7520,
CG7556, CG7580, CG7583, CG7636, CG7664, CG7693, CG7708, CG7708,
CG7712, CG7726, CG7728, CG7730, CG7778, CG7800, CG7800, CG7811,
CG7816, CG7856, CG7873, CG7946, CG7957, CG8005, CG8008, CG8009,
CG8014, CG8014, CG8029, CG8039, CG8039, CG8048, CG8107, CG8110,
CG8114, CG8137, CG8203, CG8233, CG8288, CG8325, CG8326, CG8394,
CG8432, CG8436, CG8440, CG8487, CG8520, CG8625, CG8631, CG8651,
CG8663, CG8732, CG8764, CG8771, CG8849, CG8912, CG8914, CG9022,
CG9022, CG9032, CG9067, CG9102, CG9160, CG9172, CG9231, CG9280,
CG9288, CG9305, CG9311, CG9323, CG9343, CG9350, CG9388, CG9447,
CG9453, CG9460, CG9519, CG9548, CG9588, CG9603, CG9633, CG9636,
CG9636, CG9650, CG9678, CG9696, CG9696, CG9720, CG9742, CG9753,
CG9753, CG9825, CG9825, CG9901, CG9901, CG9948, CG9948, CG9983, as well as their orthologues, in particular human orthologues (such as described in Neely et al . , 2010, incorporated herein by reference) . These genes are referred herein as "pain genes". Preferred genes are selected from CG10095, CG10096, CG10098, CG10158, CG10481, CG11033, CG11456, CG11577, CG11586, CG11590, CG11592, CG11820, CG11967, CG12004, CG12334, CG12785, CG12797, CG13096, CG13162, CG13623, CG1371, CG14351, CG14442, CG14514, CG14980, CG16725, CG16854, CG1804, CG18088, CG18130, CG18213, CG18249, CG18480, CG1968, CG2052, CG2747, CG30005, CG31103, CG31267, CG31955, CG3213, CG32150, CG3224, CG32792, CG33346, CG3996, CG4110, CG4351, CG4477, CG4946, CG5516, CG5565, CG5819, CG5969, CG5986, CG6136, CG6294, CG6340, CG6553, CG6583, CG6637, CG6724, CG6852, CG6901, CG7006, CG7042, CG7175, CG7358, CG7376, CG7556, CG7728, CG7800, CG8233, CG8325, CG8436, CG8771, CG9067, CG9288, CG9636, CG9650. These genes, as well as their orthologue counterparts, in particular human orthologs (Neely et al . , 2010), or their respective gene products are preferred targets for therapy according to the present invention. According to the present invention function of at least one of these genes is modified by the inventive compounds, in particular the small molecules given in table 1. In preferred embodiments the com¬ pound modulates at least two, three, four, five or six or more of these genes (or orthologues) . Further compounds suitable to modulate gene function include the administration of therapeutic proteins or nucleic acids, such as transgenes or inhibitory nu¬ cleic acids (RNAi molecules, siRNA, antisense RNA or DNA) . Such interfering nucleic acids bind messages of the genes leading to degradation and reduced gene expression. Preferred therapeutic proteins include the gene products of these genes (as agonists) or antibodies which specifically bind these proteins (as antago¬ nists, but also as agonists if protein activity is increased - such as by binding and blocking an inhibitor binding site) . The inventive compounds can act as either agonist by increasing the gene function (via mRNA regulation or interaction with the protein) of a protein in the enzymatic pathway of any one of the above listed genes or an antagonist in said pathways. The antag¬ onizing or activating (agonist) activity of the compounds acts preferably on the identified pain genes (including their gene product) themselves or on a binding partner thereof. With the inventive methods it is possible to suppress pain or, alterna¬ tively to increase pain, e.g. to treat hyposensitivities . De¬ pending on the goal an antagonist or agonist of the gene targets may be used. In preferred embodiments antagonists of the pain genes are used.
The subject to be treated according to the present invention can be any non-human animal or a human. Preferably the subject is a mammal, in particular preferred embodiments a human.
According to the present invention pain and conditions asso¬ ciated with pain, e.g. itching or depression, can be treated or prevented, in particular in the meaning of a prophylactic admin¬ istration. "Preventing" or "prevention" herein does not require absolute success in the sense of an absolute prevention of pain but indicates a reduced risk of developing a disease or painful condition, or developing pain with reduced severity. Likewise, "treatment" shall not be construed as an absolute cure, but may also relate to amelioration or suppression of pain or pain associated conditions.
Pain and pain associated conditions and diseases to be treated according to the present invention can include acute pain, chronic pain, somatogenic pain, neuropathic pain, psycho¬ genic pain, heat induced pain, physical pain and nociception in general, or hyperalgesia. In particular embodiments the pain is selected from neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, nociceptive pain, rheumatic pain, headache, low back pain, pelvic pain, myo¬ fascial pain, vascular pain, migraine, wound associated pain, inflammatory pain, arthritic pain, diabetic pain, pain from cancer or somatic visceral pain, all in both acute and chronic forms. The pain can also be related to phantom pain, pain from a part of the body that has been lost or from which the brain no longer receives physical signals.
Pain can be generally classified to two broad categories, acute and chronic. The treatment of any acute or chronic pain is subject matter of the present invention. Acute pain is usually associated with a specific cause such as a specific injury and is often sharp and severe. Acute pain begins suddenly and is not persistent. Chronic pain is long-term pain, with a typical dura¬ tion of more than three months leading to significant psycholog¬ ical and emotional problems. Chronic pain is generally associat¬ ed with clinical conditions characterised by chronic and/or de¬ generative lesions. Common examples of chronic pain are neuro¬ pathic pain (e.g. painful diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia) , rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, back pain, headache, carpal tunnel syndrome, cancer pain, and chronic post-surgical pain. Pain can also be divided into a num¬ ber of different subtypes according to differing pathophysiolo¬ gy, including nociceptive, inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Also some types of pain can be classified in multiple catego¬ ries, for example pain associated with cancer can have a noci¬ ceptive and neuropathic component. Nociceptive pain consists of somatic pain (musculo-skeletal pain) and visceral pain (pain as¬ sociated with the viscera, which encompass the organs of the ab¬ dominal cavity) . Common causes of somatic pain include cancer metastasis such as to the bone and postsurgical pain from a sur¬ gical incision in addition to musculo-skeletal disorders such as dystrophinopathy, myalgia and polymyositis. Nociceptive pain al¬ so includes tissue in ury-induced pain and inflammatory pain such as that associated with arthritis. Another type of inflam¬ matory pain is visceral pain which includes pain associated with gastrointestinal disorders (GI) such as functional bowel disor¬ der (FBD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) . Further examples of visceral pain include the pain associated with dysmenorrhea, cystitis and pancreatis and pelvic pain. Additional pain types include dysfunctional pain such as fibromyalgia, Temporomandibu¬ lar Joint Disorder (TMJ) , Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and musculo-skeletal pain) . Neuropathic pain is caused by damage to the peripheral or central nervous system. Examples of central neuropathic pain include pain from spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, strokes and fibromyalgia. Diabetes and related meta¬ bolic disorders are a common cause of peripheral neuropathic pain (diabetic neuropathy) . Some of the human conditions and pa¬ thologies characterised by the presence of neuropathic pain in¬ clude, but are not limited to, cancer (cancer neuropathy) , HIV neuropathy, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, immunodeficiency, post-herpetic syndromes, trauma, ischaemia, sciatica, multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia, back pain, phantom limb pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, central post- stroke pain and pain associated with chronic alcoholism, hypo¬ thyroidism, uraemia, spinal cord injury, and vitamin deficiency. Preferably the pain is neuropathic pain, such as trigeminal neu¬ ralgia, such as post-herpetic neuralgia, such as painful diabet¬ ic neuropathy, such as painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, such as diabetic polyneuropathy, such as sciatic pain, such as radiculopathy, such as radicular pain or such as noninflammatory neuropathic pain. Pain may be selected from fibromyalgia, postoperative pain, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, painful diabetic periph¬ eral neuropathy, diabetic polyneuropathy, sciatic pain, radiculopathy, radicular pain, lumbar pain. Preferably the pain is caused by the conditions as mentioned above related to the given pain type. In particular the pain type can be the only pain type in a subject. E.g. preferably a neuropathic pain is caused by affected nerves but not caused by inflammation, i.e. neuropathic pain is the only pain in the subject and is non-inflammatory.
"About" is used to refer to certain dosages that can vary from a given value, nevertheless with the same effects as the indicated dose. In some embodiments "about" may refer to +/- 20% or 10% of a given value.
Preferably the compound is administered in a dosage suffi¬ cient to treat or prevent pain or associated conditions and dis¬ eases. Administration can e.g. be a singe dose administration or a successive or repeated administration, e.g. twice a day, daily or in an interval of at least 1 day, at least 2 days, at least 3 days, at least 1 week, preferably at least 2 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 8 weeks or even more preferred at least 12 weeks. Preventive administrations are usually a short time be¬ fore expected pain, if controllable or foreseeable - such as in scheduled surgery - e.g. up to lhour (h) , 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, lOh, 12h or up to 24h or even up to 48h beforehand, as well as any interval in between.
According to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the compound is provided in a pharmaceutical composi¬ tion or a medicament, in particular an analgesics. The composi¬ tion or medicament may comprise a pharmaceutical carrier. Phar¬ maceutical carrier substances serve for a better tolerance of the medicament and allow for a better solubility as well as a better bioavailability of the active substances contained in the medicament. Examples of this are emulsifiers, thickening agents, redox components, starch, alcohol solutions, polyethylene glycol or lipids. The choice of a suitable pharmaceutical carrier is highly dependent on the manner of administration. For oral administrations, liquid or solid carriers may be used, for injec¬ tions, liquid final compositions are required. For cellular tar- geting, such as for inhibitory nucleic acids, suitable vehicles can be included such as liposomes or microsomes.
Preferably, the medicament or the compound to be used ac¬ cording to the invention comprises buffer substances or tonic substances. By means of a buffer, the pH of the medicament can be adjusted to physiological conditions, and moreover, pH fluc¬ tuations can be attenuated, or buffered, respectively. An exam¬ ple thereof is a phosphate buffer. Tonic substances serve for adjusting the osmolarity and may comprise ionic substances, such as, e.g., inorganic salts, such as NaCl, or also non-ionic sub¬ stances, such as, e.g. glycerol or carbohydrates.
The inventive compound or medicament can be administered topical, enteral or parenteral, in particular preferred oral or rectal, intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal or intraperitoneal, transdermal, transmucosal or in- halational. Preferred routes of administration of the inventive agent according to the present invention are parenteral routes, preferably intraperitoneal or intravenous administration, intra¬ venous administration being specifically preferred. Intravenous administration can be performed e.g. via bolus injection or by continuous intravenous delivery over a longer time period (e.g. 30 min to 6 h, especially 1 to 3 h) . Further routes include oral or transdermal or subcutaneous routes. In particular preferred is oral administration. For digestible agents, such as active proteins, peptides or siRNA, parenteral routes are preferred.
The medicament or the compound to be used according to the invention can be prepared to be suitable for oral or intranasal administration. These administration forms of the medicament of the present invention allow for a rapid an uncomplicated uptake of the active substances via the mucous membranes. For a nasal intake, nose drops or nose sprays are suitable. For an oral ad¬ ministration, solid or liquid medicaments may, e.g., be taken directly or in a dissolved or diluted state, respectively.
The medicament or compound to be used according to the in¬ vention can be prepared for an intravenous, intra-arterial , in¬ tramuscular, intravascular, systemic, intraperitoneal or subcu¬ taneous administration. For this purpose, e.g., injections or transfusions are suitable. Administrations directly into the bloodstream have the advantage that the active substances of the medicament will be distributed in the entire body and will quickly reach the target tissue or cells, in particular the pe¬ ripheral nerves, spinal cord cells or brain cells.
The compound may be administered in a effective therapeutic dose. Effective doses are in the range of dosages known for the compounds for other, non-pain related administrations. In par¬ ticular, for a specific use a dosage can be determined by a sim¬ ple test using drosophila or mouse test systems. Further possi¬ ble therapeutic doses of the compounds for the inventive treat¬ ment can be the same dosage disclosed or approved for other therapeutic uses for each of these compounds. Example dosages are at least 0.01 mg/kg, at least 0.1 mg/kg, at least 1 mg/kg, at least 10 mg/kg and/or up to 1 mg/kg, up to 10 mg/kg, up to 100 mg/kg, up to 1 g/kg, and any dosages in between. Preferred dosage ranges are between 0.01 mg/kg and 1 g/kg, preferably be¬ tween 0.1 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg.
The examples show that the inventive pain tests revealed pharmaceutical compounds that are well known to be therapeuti¬ cally applicable for the treatment of human conditions and dis¬ eases. The compounds may now also be used for the treatment of pain and pain associated secondary diseases. Of course the full list of compounds according to table 1 provides new therapeutic concepts .
The present invention also relates to a method of modulating the gene expression or gene function in a cell, wherein the gene is selected from one or more of the genes listed in table 1, in particular selected from the genes above, or an ortholog coun¬ terpart thereof, comprising administering a compound of table 1 to said cell. The cell can be a nerve cell, including pain or thermosensitive nerve cells, and/or preferably selected from spinal cord cells, brain cells or peripheral nerve cells. The cell can be of the "pain matrix" such as the thalamus, the SI and S2 somatosensory cortex, the cingulum, amygdala, hypothala¬ mus, or the motor cortex. The inventive administration be be for treatment, alleviation or prevention of pain or hyperalgesia in a subject.
In a further aspect the present invention relates to method of screening active compounds suitable for the treatment of pain comprising testing for modulation, including suppression or activation, preferably suppression, of gene activity of any one of the genes listed above or given in table 1. The test may com- prise recombinantly expressing the gene product in a suitable host cell or cell lines, such as mammal cell lines, in particu¬ lar CHO cells, contacting said cell or cell line with a candi¬ date compound and detecting a deviation in gene function when compared to normal levels without contacting with the compound. Further tests compromising binding of the compound to the gene product (the expressed protein) and detecting binding events. Other tests include the use of animal models and testing the compounds for behavioural changes when exposed to pain, such tests are disclosed in the examples. Additional, information on optimal dosages can be obtained with these tests.
Table 1: List of therapeutic compounds: Small Molecule: name of compound (see list of synonyms below), Interacting Gene Symbol: human gene name of therapeutic target, Interacting GenelD: uman gene ID, Drosophila ID: ortholog Drosophila gene ID;
Interacting
Gene Interacting
Small Molecule Symbol GenelD Drosophila Id
(lS,2S)-2-(2-(N-((3- benzimidazol-2-yl)propyl)-N- methylamino)ethyl)-6-fluoro- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-l-isopropyl- 2-naphtyl cyclopropanecar- boxylate dihydrochloride CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
(5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro-5- phenyl)furan-2- ylcarbonyl)guanidine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
(65)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic
acid TYMS, 7298, CG3181,
(T,G)-A-L FOXP3, 50943, CG16899,
1 alpha-hydroxyergocalciferol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
l-(l-cyclohexylethylamino)-4- phenylphthalazine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
l-(2-methyl-4- methoxyphenyl)-4-((2- hydroxyethyl)amino)-6- trifluoromethoxy-2,3- dihydropyrrolo(3,2-c)quinoline CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
l-(2,3-dichlorobenzoyl)-5- methoxy-2-methyl-(2- (mopholin-4-yl)ethyl)-lH- indole CNR2, 1269, CG12796, l-(2,3-dihydro-l,4- benzodioxin-5-yl)-4-((5-(4- fluorophenyl)-3- pyridinyl)methyl)piperazine HDAC3, 8841, CG2128,
l-(6-((3-methoxyestra- l,3,5(10)-trien-17- yl)amino)hexyl)-lH-pyrrole- NFKB1,51PR1,AD0RA CG11992,CG12796,CG 2,5-dione 1, 4790,1901,134, 9753, 1-adamantyl propargyl ether NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CYP4F3,CYP4A11,CYP CG2060,CG2060,CG20
1-aminobenzotriazole 3A5, 4051,1579,1577, 60,
l-aminooxy-3-aminopropane 5LC25A21, 89874, CG5254,
l-hydrazino-4-(3,5-dimethyl)- l-pyrazolyl-5H-pyridazino(4,5- b)indole PDE4A, 5141, CG14940,
1-hydroxymethylmidazolam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
1-hydroxypyrene Gsm, 2952, CG30005, l-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, l-Nitropyren-8-ol CYP3A5,CYP4F3, 1577,4051, CG2060,CG2060,
1-phosphatidyl-lD-myo- CG3613,CG5821,CG71 inositol 3-phosphates KHDRB51,NCF4, 10657,4689, 29,
l-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero- 3-phosphocholine NCF4, 4689, CG7129,
l,l-bis(3'-indolyl)-l-(4-t- butylphenyl)methane P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
1,1-dimethylbutyl-l-deoxy- Delta(9)-THC CNR2, 1269, CG12796, l,l,l-trichloro-2-(4- hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4- methoxyphenyl)ethane CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
1,2- bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane ME1, 4199, CG5889,
l,2-di-(4-sulfamidophenyl)-4- butylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788,
l,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholines DLD, 1738, CG7430,
1,2-ethanedithiol ME3, 10873, CG5889,
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine TXNRD1,TXNRD2, 7296,10587, CG2151,CG2151,
1,2,4-triazines FGFR1, 2260, CG7223,
l,25-dihydroxy-21-(3-hydroxy-
3-methylbutyl)-23-yne-26,27- hexafluorocholecalciferol 5MAD6, 4091, CG5201,
1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol TRPV6, 55503, CG5842,
5LC2A1,TH0C4,NFKB CG1086,CG1101,CG11
1, LARP6,CYP3A7,CYP 6513,10189,4790, 992,CG17386,CG2060 3A4,UGT1A4,UGT1A3 55323,1551,1576, ,CG2060,CG4772,CG4 ,UGT2B15,UGT2B17, 54657,54659,7366 772,CG4772,CG4772, TRPV5,TRPV6,GPR17 ,7367,56302,5550 CG5842,CG5842,CG62 7,PPP2CA,CDC2,CDK 3,79971,5515,983, 10,CG7109,CG8203,C
1,25D3 2, P5MD9, 1017,5715, G8203,CG9588,
1,3-Dcg PRDX6, 9588, CG3083,
l,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-2-(4- carboxy- phenyl)tetrahydroimidazole CCRN4L, 25819, CG31299, l,3-dipropyl-8-(3- noradamantyl)xanthine ADORA1, 134, CG9753,
1,3,5-trimethylbenzene CEL5R1,ME2, 9620,4200, CG11895,CG5889, l,7-dioxa-2,6-diaza-4,4- dioxide-4,7a-dithia-3H,5H- benzo(cd)pentalene LPAR3,LPAR2, 23566,9170, CG12796,CG12796,
10-deoxymethynolide NDUFAB1, 4706, CG9160,
10-propargyl-lO- deazaaminopterin RFC1, 5981, CG1119,
10-undecynoic acid CYP4A11, 1579, CG2060, 10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)- 9(10H)-anthracenone KCNQ5, 56479, CG12915,
11-cis-retinal SAG, 6295, CG5711,
11-hydroxycannabinol CNR2,CNR1, 1269,1268, CG12796,CG12796,
12-Hht LPAR2, 9170, CG12796,
13-Lox CD36, 948, CG7422,
13-0X0-9, 11-octadecadienoic
acid UGT2B7, 7364, CG4772,
15 hete TXNRD1,TXNRD2, 7296,10587, CG2151,CG2151,
15-Hydroxy-ll alpha, 9 alpha- (epoxymethano)prosta-5,13- dienoic Acid P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
17-(allylamino)-17- CG11992,CG2060,CG5 demethoxygeldanamycin NFKB1,CYP3A5,ECD, 4790,1577,11319, 714,
17alpha-ethynylestradiol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
1843U89 TYM5, 7298, CG3181,
lD-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5- tetrakisphosphate INPP5A, 3632, CG31110,
GABA- CG12334,CG12796,CG lH-indole RAP,CNR2,5FR51, 11337,1269,6426, 6987,
lH-pyrazole HNRNPA1, 3178, CG9983,
lH-pyrazolo(3,4-b)pyridine CDC2,CDK2, 983,1017, CG8203,CG8203,
TRPV1,TRPV6,TRPV2, 7442,55503,51393 CG5842,CG5842,CG58
2 APB TRPV3, ,162514, 42,CG5842,
2-(l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-
5-methoxyindol-3-yl)-3-(lH- indol-3-yl)maleimide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
2-(l-methyl-4-piperidinyl)-6- (2-phenylpyrazolo(l,5- a)pyridin-3-yl)-3(2H)- pyridazinone AD0RA1, 134, CG9753,
2-(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-3- methyl-l,4-naphthoquinone CDC2, 983, CG8203,
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5- amino-2-isopropylvaleronitrile CYP3A5,CYP3A4, 1577,1576, CG2060,CG2060,
2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5- fluorobenzothiazole NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6- cyclohexylaminopurine AURKA, 6790, CG6620,
NFKB1,51PR1,CCNA2, 4790,1901,890,25 CG11992,CG12796,CG
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H- LETMD1,CD36,FYN,P5 875,948,2534,571 5940,CG5989,CG7422 l-benzopyran-4-one MD9, 5, ,CG7873,CG9588,
2-(4-toluidino)-6- naphthalenesulfonic acid CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
2-
(cyclohexylmethylidenehydra- zino)adenosine AD0RA2A, 135, CG9753,
2-AAF CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
2-acetylthiomethyl-3-(4- methylbenzoyl)propionic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
2 -AG CNR2,CNR1, 1269,1268, CG12796,CG12796,
2-amino-l-methyl-6- phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine UGT1A1,UGT1A7, 54658,54577, CG4772,CG4772,
2-amino-3,4- dimethylimidazo(4,5- f)quinoline CYP3A4,CYP3A5, 1576,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
TRPV1,TRPV3,TRPV6, 7442,162514,5550 CG5842,CG5842,CG58
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate TRPV2, 3,51393, 42,CG5842, 2-AP NFKBl.SE PINCl, 4790,462, CG11992,CG8137,
2-CADO NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
2-cyano-3-hydroxy-N-(4-
(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2- hepten-6-ynamide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
2-cyanomethylthiopyridine-4- carbonitrile CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CG11895,CG11992,CG
2-cyclopentyl-5-(5- CELSR1,NFKB1,GPR1 9620,4790,2835,1 12796,CG12796,CG58 isoquinolylsulfonyl)-6-nitro-lH- 2,CNR2,TRPV1,ME2,M 269,7442,4200,10 42,CG5889,CG5889,C benzo(D)imidazole E3,P5MD9, 873,5715, G9588,
5LC2A1,CCNB1,GLRX 6513,891,51022,8 CG1086,CG5940,CG68
2-DG 2.GBF1, 729, 52,CG8487,
2-hydroxy-4-(2,2, 3,3,3- pentafluoropropoxy)benzoic
acid P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
2-hydroxyamino-l-methyl-6- phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine UGT1A1, 54658, CG4772,
2-hydroxyamino-3- methylimidazolo(4,5- f)quinoline PLXNB1, 5364, CG11081,
CG11992,CG16725,CG
NFKB1,SMN1,LARP6,T 4790,6606,55323, 17386,CG3181,CG594
2-ME YMS,CCNB1,PSMD9, 7298,891,5715, 0,CG9588,
2-methoxyacetic acid [2-[2-[3- (lH-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl- methyl-amino]ethyl]-6-fluoro- l-isopropyl-tetralin-2-yl] ester CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
2-methyl-l-((4-methyl-5- isoquino- linyl)sulfonyl)homopiperazine SMN1, 6606, CG16725,
2-N-(4-(l- azitrifluoroethyl)benzoyl)-l,3- bis-(mannos-4-yloxy)-2- propylamine 5LC2A1, 6513, CG1086,
2-Naftol GSTT1, 2952, CG30005,
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic
acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline CDC2, 983, CG8203,
2,2,2-trichloroethane-l,l-diol 5LC2A1, 6513, CG1086,
2,2'-
(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis- ethanamine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
2,2'-azobis(2,4- dimethylvaleronitrile) CDK9, 1025, CG5179,
2,2'-bipyridine ME1, 4199, CG5889,
2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
2,3-bis(3'- hydroxybenzyl)butane-l,4-diol CCNA2, 890, CG5940,
CG11895,CG5889,CG5
2,3-dihydroxyterephthalamide CEL5R1,ME3,ME2, 9620,10873,4200, 889,
2,3,4-tri-O- acetylarabinopyranosyl isothi- ocyanate TRPA1, 8989, CG5751,
2,4-diaminoquinazoline 5MN2, 6607, CG16725,
2,4-thiazolidinedione 5LC2A4, 6517, CG1086,
21-hydroxy-9beta,10alpha- UGT2B7, 7364, CG4772, pregna-5,7-diene-3-ol-20-one
25-desacetylrifabutin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
25-Hydroxycholesterol CYP4F2, 8529, CG2060,
25(OH)D3 TRPV6, 55503, CG5842,
3-((4-(4- chlorophenyl)piperazin-l- yl)methyl)-lH-pyrrolo(2,3- b)pyridine HDAC3, 8841, CG2128,
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(l,l- dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3- hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol CN 1.CN 2, 1268,1269, CG12796,CG12796,
3-(2h)-pyridazinone ADORA1, 134, CG9753,
3-(cyclopentyloxy)-N-(3,5- dichloro-4-pyridyl)-4- methoxybenzamide PDE4A, 5141, CG14940,
3-aminopyrazole CCNA2,CDK2, 890,1017, CG5940,CG8203,
3-beta-(2-
(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst- 5-en-17-one IGF2R, 3482, CG14255,
3-BHA UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772,
3-hydroxybutanal TFAP4, 7023, CG7664,
3-hydroxyflunitrazepam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
3-Hydroxyquinine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
3-isobutyl-l-methyl-Xanthine CADP5, 8618, CG18026,
3-keto-desogestrel CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
3-methoxy-4- aminoazobenzene CYP4B1, 1580, CG2060,
3-Methoxymorphinan CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
3-Methoxyoestradiol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
PLXNB1,CYP3A7,CYP CG11081,CG2060,CG2
3A4,CYP3A5,CYP4F3, 5364,1551,1576,1 060,CG2060,CG2060,
UGT1A1,5ERPINB3,P5 577,4051,54658,6 CG4772,CG8137,CG94
3-methylcholanthrene MD9, 317,5715, 53,CG9460,CG9588,
3-MI CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene NFKB1,FGFR4, 4790,2264, CG11992,CG7223,
3,4-DCI NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
3,4,5- trihydroxybenzamidoxime NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
4-(3-3,4-p-menthadien-(l,8)- yl)olivetol CNR1,CNR2, 1268,1269, CG12796,CG12796,
4-(3-Butoxy-4- methoxybenzyl)-2- imidazolidinone PDE4A, 5141, CG14940,
4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4- hydroxy-l-piperidinyl)-l-(4- fluorophenyl)-l-butanol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
4-(4-(N-benzoylamino)anilino)- 6-methoxy-7-(3-(l- morpholino)propoxy)quinazoli
ne AURKA, 6790, CG6620,
4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4- hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4- pyridyl)imidazole POLD1.CDC2, 5424,983, CG5949,CG8203,
4-(5-benzo(l,3)dioxol-5-yl-4- pyridin-2-yl-lH-imidazol-2- yl)benzamide SMN1.SMAD7, 6606,4092, CG16725.CG5201,
4-(benzodioxan-5-yl)-l-(indan- HDAC3, 8841, CG2128, 2-yl)piperazine
4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-l- (3-pyridyl)-l-butanone CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
4-AP PLXNB2,FGFR3, 23654,2261, CG11081,CG7223,
4-azidosalicylic acid UGT1A3,UGT1A4, 54659,54657, CG4772,CG4772,
4-dimethylamino-3',4'- dimethoxychalcone LARP6, 55323, CG17386,
4-hydroxy-N- desmethyltamoxifen UGT1A4,UGT1A3, 54657,54659, CG4772,CG4772,
4-hydroxyacetophenone ECD, 11319, CG5714,
4-hydroxycoumarin UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772,
4-hydroxyestradiol-17 beta PLXNB2, 23654, CG11081,
4-hydroxynon-2-enal PDHXJRPAl, 8050,8989, CG5261,CG5751,
4-hydroxytriazolam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
4-methyl-N-(3-(4- methylimidazol-l-yl)-5-
(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-((4- pyridin-3-ylpyrimidin-2- yl)amino)benzamide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
4-phenylbutyric acid 5MN2, 6607, CG16725,
CG8137,CG9453,CG94
4-5-cysteaminylphenol 5ERPINB6, 5269, 60,
4-sulfophenylmethallyl ether ECD, 11319, CG5714,
4,4'-DDE CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
4,4'-dipyridyl disulfide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
4,8-dimethoxy-7- hydroxyfuro(2,3-b)quinoline SMN1, 6606, CG16725,
4'-epidoxorubicin GPR177, 79971, CG6210,
CG5949,CG8203,CG82
4'-N-benzoylstaurosporine P0LD1,CDK2,CDC2, 5424,1017,983, 03,
4(2'-aminoethyl)amino-l,8- dimethylimidazo(l,2- CG5940,CG6620,CG82 a)quinoxaline CCNB1,AURKA,CDC2, 891,6790,983, 03,
4alpha-phorbol 12,13- didecanone TRPV4, 59341, CG5842,
4alphaPDD TRPV4, 59341, CG5842,
5-((l,2-dihydro-2-oxo-3H- indol-3-ylidene)methyl)-2,4- dimethyl-lH-pyrrole-3- propanoic acid FGFR1, 2260, CG7223,
5-(4'-(N- piperidinyl)phenylazo)indazole CCNA2,CDK2, 890,1017, CG5940,CG8203,
5-7-oxo-zeaenol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
5-AC GALR1, 2587, CG2872,
5-acetylneuraminyl-(2-3)- galactosyl-(l-4)- (fucopyranosyl-(l-3))-N- acetylglucosamine 5LC2A1, 6513, CG1086,
5-azido-lH-indole-3-acetic acid KDELR1, 10945, CG5183,
5-HT SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
5-methoxy-N,N- diisopropyltryptamine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
5-Mop CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
5,10- methylenetetrahydrofolate TYM5, 7298, CG3181,
5,6-dimethylxanthenoneacetic
acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, 5'-0-(((2-decanoylamino-3- phenylpropyloxycarbon- yl)amino)sulfonyl)uridine FYN, 2534, CG7873,
6 beta-hydroxycortisol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
6-Aminochrysene-l,2- dihydrodiol CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
6-chloro-2-pyridylmethyl nitrate COG6, 57511, CG1968,
6-deoxy-6-bromoascorbic acid 5LC2A1, 6513, CG1086,
6-hydroxydexamethasone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
6-Mercaptopurine TXNRD2, 10587, CG2151,
6,6'-oxybis(2,2- UGT2B7,UGT2B17,UG CG4772,CG4772,CG47 dimethylhexanoic acid) T1A3, 7364,7367,54659, 72,
TXNRD2,TXNRD1,TRP 10587,7296,8989, CG2151,CG2151,CG57
64Gd A1,TRPV1,CD36, 7442,948, 51,CG5842,CG7422,
7-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-6-(2- ethyl-2H-l,2,4-triazol-3- ylmethoxy)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)- l,2,4-triazolo(4,3-b)pyridazine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
7-benzylamino-6-chloro-2- piperazino-4- pyrrolidinopteridine PDE4A, 5141, CG14940,
7-benzyloxyquinoline CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
7-CDL UGT8, 7368, CG4772,
NFKB1,TYMS,CCNA2, CG11992,CG3181,CG5 P0LD1,CDC2,CDK2,P 4790,7298,890,54 940,CG5949,CG8203,
7-hydroxystaurosporine 5MD9, 24,983,1017,5715, CG8203,CG9588,
7-ketocholesterol DYNLL1, 8655, CG6998,
CYP3A4,CYP3A5,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
7,8-BF A7, 1576,1577,1551, 60,
7,8-dihydroneopterin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
7'-lsothiocyanato-ll-hydroxy- Γ,Γ- dimethylheptylhexahydrocan- nabinol CNR1, 1268, CG12796,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,CCNB 4790,1576,891,57 CG11992,CG2060,CG5
7C3MT 1.PSMD9, 15, 940,CG9588,
7H-Pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine TYM5, 7298, CG3181,
8-((4-bromo-2,3- dioxobutyl)thio)-adenosine
3',5'-cyclic monophosphate PDE4A, 5141, CG14940,
8-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-10- methyl-3-((4-morpholin-4- ylphenyl)amino)-2,4,10- triazabicyclo(4.4.0)deca- l,3,5,7-tetraen-9-one LPAR2, 9170, CG12796,
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine ADORA2A, 135, CG9753,
8-anilinonaphthalene-l- sulfonic acid SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n- propylamino)tetralin FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
8-lsoprostane CADP5, 8618, CG18026,
8,10-bis((2,2-dimethyl-l- oxopropyl)oxy)-ll-methyl- 1234-tetrahydro-6H- benzo(beta)quinolizin-6-one CNR2, 1269, CG12796,
9-(4'-aminophenyl)-9H- pyrido(3,4-b)indole CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 9-anthroic acid VDAC1.0PN4, 7416,94233, CG17137,CG4550,
9-C A UGT2B15,CD36, 7366,948, CG4772,CG7422,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
9-hydroxy-risperidone A4, 4051,1577,1576, 60,
9,10-anthraquinone CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
9H-xanthene CYP3A4,UGT1A6, 1576,54578, CG2060,CG4772,
A 71915 NPR1, 4881, CG31183,
CG1086,CG11992,CG1
2796,CG16725,CG168
5LC2A4,NFKB1,51PR 6517,4790,1901,6 99,CG2128,CG2872,C l,SMN2,FOXP3,HDAC 607,50943,8841,2 G31364,CG6930,CG31
3,GAL 1,PEG3,TYMS, 587,5178,7298,73 81,CG5788,CG6620,C
UBE2L3,AURKB,CDC2 32,9212,983,4297, G8203,CG8651,CG866
A-300-1 ,MLL,ATP1B2, 482, 3,
a-ADP 5ERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
A73025 5ERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
Abbott P5MD12, 5718, CGllOO,
abciximab SAG.SERPINCl, 6295,462, CG5711,CG8137,
Absele 5LC2A1, 6513, CG1086,
ABT-737 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, acetamide 45 PDE4A, 5141, CG14940,
Aceton CD36, 948, CG7422,
acetonitrile CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
acetyl-ll-ketoboswellic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, acetylcholine PLXNA2,DLD, 5362,1738, CG11081,CG7430, acetylvalerenolic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Aclarubicin SMN2.SMN1, 6607,6606, CG16725,CG16725,
Acolen CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CYP3A5,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
A7,TXNRD1,DLL1,5A 1577,1576,1551,7 60,CG2151,CG3619,C
ACON G, 296,28514,6295, G5711,
5LC2A3,MRPL41,BRD CG1086,CG12954,CG1 8,CYP3A4,TXNRD1,TX 6515,64975,10902 4514,CG2060,CG2151 NRD2,KHDRBS1,SNR ,1576,7296,10587, ,CG2151,CG3613,CG5
ACT D PG, 10657,6637, 821.CG9742, actinium VDAC1, 7416, CG17137,
5LC2A4,NFKB1,LPAR1 6517,4790,1902,5 CG1086,CG11992,CG1 ,PDE1B,PDE4A,SMN1, 153,5141,6606,57 2796,CG14940,CG149
Actosin P5MD9, 15, 40,CG16725,CG9588, adalimumab P5MD12,CD36, 5718,948, CG1100,CG7422,
Adalin ECD, 11319, CG5714,
CYP3A4,CYP3A5,FGF CG2060,CG2060,CG72
Adanon R3, 1576,1577,2261, 23,
Adfeed PSIP1, 11168, CG7946,
adinazolam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Adofeed UGT2B7,CD36, 7364,948, CG4772,CG7422,
CG1086,CG11992,CG1
SLC2A4,NFKB1,CNR1, 6517,4790,1268,9 2796,CG12796,CG206 LPAR2,TBXAS1,TYMS, 170,6916,7298,11 0,CG3181,CG5714,CG ECD,FGFR4,FGFR3,FY 319,2264,2261,25 7223,CG7223,CG7873
Adrenor N, 34,
KCNQ5,PDE4A,CYP4F CG12915,CG14940,CG 2,CYP4A11,UBE2L3,F 56479,5141,8529, 2060,CG2060,CG5788
Adrin GFR3, 1579,7332,2261, ,CG7223,
AEB5F CT5B, 1508, CG10992,
Aeromax DHX8,DHX34, 1659,9704, CG10689,CG1375,CG1 4198, afloqualone UGT1A3,UGT1A4, 54659,54657, CG4772,CG4772,
AGMATINE CCNA2, 890, CG5940,
AID5VAX SF S1, 6426, CG6987,
ajoene CCNB1, 891, CG5940,
ajulemic acid CNR1, 1268, CG12796, alachlor CYP3A4,CYP3A7, 1576,1551, CG2060,CG2060,
Aladerm CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
alaninate FGFR1, 2260, CG7223,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,CYP3 4790,1576,1577,2 CG11992,CG2060,CG2
Alat A5,FGFR3, 261, 060,CG7223,
Alcolo TXNRD2, 10587, CG2151,
Alcuronium FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
Aldara NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CYP3A4,HDAC3,TMBI 1576,8841,51643, CG2060,CG2128,CG69
ALDO M4.GAD1, 2571, 01.CG7811,
Aldrich ACTR2, 10097, CG9901,
alemtuzumab CADP5, 8618, CG18026,
Alfarol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
ANKHD1,CYP3A4,CYP 54882,1576,1577, CG18671,CG2060,CG2
Alfentanil 3A5,FGFR3, 2261, 060,CG7223,
ALIMTA TBXASl.TYMS, 6916,7298, CG2060,CG3181, aliskiren CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Alii CNR1, 1268, CG12796,
ALLN NFKB1.CD36, 4790,948, CG11992,CG7422, alloxazine ADORA2B, 136, CG9753,
allyl isothiocyanate TRPA1, 8989, CG5751,
almokalant UGT2B7, 7364, CG4772,
aloesin CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
Alprenolol GSTOl.DNALIl, 9446,7802, CG6673,CG6971,
Alvesco CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
AM 1387 CNR1, 1268, CG12796,
AM 251 CNR1, 1268, CG12796,
Am 80 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
AMD 070 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CG1058,CG5254,CG59
ACCN1,SLC25A21,CC 40,89874,891,631 40,CG8137,CG9453,C
Amiloride NB1.SERPINB3, 7, G9460,
Aminacrine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG8137,CG9453,CG94
Amine BB SERPINB1, 1992, 60,
amino-polyethyleneoxide- sulfonate SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
aminoflavone CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
Amiodarone CYP3A4,FGFR3, 1576,2261, CG2060,CG7223,
Amlodipine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Amphotericin B UGT8, 7368, CG4772,
amprenavir CYP3A7,CYP3A4, 1551,1576, CG2060,CG2060,
Amrinone 5MARCA1, 6594, CG8625,
amsonic acid CDC2, 983, CG8203,
Amygdalin LPAR2, 9170, CG12796,
AN 207 LARP6, 55323, CG17386,
5LC2A1,NFKB1,UGT2 6513,4790,7366,5 CG1086,CG11992,CG4
Anaboleen B15,UGT1A4,UGT1A3 4657,54659,7367, 772,CG4772,CG4772, ,UGT2B17,UGT1A9,U 54600,7332,890, CG4772,CG4772,CG57
BE2L3,CCNA2, 88,CG5940, anacardic acid AU KA, 6790, CG6620,
CG11992,CG12796,CG
NFKB1,CNR1,CNR2,T 4790,1268,1269,7 12796,CG5842,CG742
Anandamide RPV1,CD36,CDK2, 442,948,1017, 2,CG8203,
Anco NFKB1,P5IP1, 4790,11168, CG11992,CG7946,
Andrographis TRPV4, 59341, CG5842,
Androtine UGT2B17, 7367, CG4772,
CG5940,CG5949,CG82
Aneol CCNB1,P0LD1,CDC2, 891,5424,983, 03,
LPAR2,TXNRD3,5ERPI CG12796,CG2151,CG8
Ang II NCI, 9170,114112,462, 137,
PSMD12,NFKB1,TXNR CG1100,CG11992,CG2
Anisomycin D2, 5718,4790,10587, 151,
Anon TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
Anthocyanins CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
5LC2A4,NFKB1,5MN1 CG1086,CG11992,CG1 anthra(l,9-cd)pyrazol-6(2H)- ,CYP3A4,CCNB1,CDC 6517,4790,6606,1 6725,CG2060,CG5940 one 2,P5MD9, 576,891,983,5715, ,CG8203,CG9588,
CD226,CYP3A5,CYP4 10666,1577,4051, CG13162,CG2060,CG2 anthracene F3,FYN,P5IP1, 2534,11168, 060,CG7873,CG7946,
NFKB1,CYP3A5,CYP3 CG11992,CG2060,CG2 anthralin A7, 4790,1577,1551, 060,
Anthricin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
anthrone KCNQ5, 56479, CG12915, antibiotic G 418 CCNA2, 890, CG5940,
antibiotic H107 P5MD12, 5718, CGllOO,
TXNRD2,CCNA2,POL 10587,890,5424,9 CG2151,CG5940,CG59
Antimycin A D1,CDC2,P5MD9, 83,5715, 49,CG8203,CG9588,
Anyvim CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CYP3A4,UGT1A4,UGT 1576,54657,54659 CG2060,CG4772,CG47
APAP 1A3,UGT1A1, ,54658, 72,CG4772,
TH0C4,NFKB1,LARP6, 10189,4790,55323 CG1101,CG11992,CG1
APDC 5MAD7, ,4092, 7386,CG5201,
Aphidicolin NFKB1,TYM5, 4790,7298, CG11992,CG3181,
Aphloiol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, apicidin NFKB1,CDK2, 4790,1017, CG11992,CG8203,
ACAT1,NFKB1,UGT1A CG10932,CG11992,CG
4,UGT1A1,UGT2B7,U 38,4790,54657,54 4772,CG4772,CG4772
GT1A3,UGT1A6,CCNB 658,7364,54659,5 ,CG4772,CG4772,CG5 l,CCNA2,POLDl,EXO 4578,891,890,542 940,CG5940,CG5949,
5C1,GADD45GIP1,CD 4,51013,90480,98 CG6249,CG7172,CG82
Apigenin C2,CDK2, 3,1017, 03,CG8203, apocynin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Apotransferrin P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
aprepitant CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CG1086,CG11992,CG1
2796,CG7129,CG7873
5LC2A4,NFKB1,LPAR2 6517,4790,9170,4 ,CG8137,CG9453,CG9
APRL ,NCF4,FYN,5ERPINB3, 689,2534,6317, 460,
AQ4N CYP3A5,CYP4F3, 1577,4051, CG2060,CG2060, arabinogalactan DHX9, 1660, CG9323,
Arac NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG11992,CG2698,CG8
Aralen NFKBl,C9orf5,DHP5, 4790,23731,1725, 005,
Arasine 5LC2A4, 6517, CG1086, Areca NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG5940,CG5949,CG82
Arecoline CCNB1,P0LD1,CDC2, 891,5424,983, 03,
Areether CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
argatroban CYP3A4.SE PINC1, 1576,462, CG2060,CG8137, aripiprazole CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Aron TXNRD1.TXNRD2, 7296,10587, CG2151,CG2151,
CG11992,CG16725,CG
NFKB1,SMN1,CYP4F2, 4790,6606,8529,1 2060,CG2060,CG2060
CYP3A5,CYP3A4,CD3 577,1576,948,101 ,CG7422,CG8203,CG9
Arte in 6,CDK2,P5MD9, 7,5715, 588,
CG11992,CG30005,CG
Artra NFKB1,GSTT1,CD36, 4790,2952,948, 7422,
arvanil TRPV1.CD36, 7442,948, CG5842,CG7422, asiatic acid POLD1.CDC2, 5424,983, CG5949,CG8203, asiaticoside 5MAD7, 4092, CG5201,
CG11081,CG11992,CG
PLXNB1,NFKB1,PDE4 14940,CG16725,CG20
A,SMN1,CYP4F3,CYP3 5364,4790,5141,6 60,CG2060,CG8137,C
A5,5ERPINB6,ADORA 606,4051,1577,52 G9453,CG9460,CG975
Asmax 2A, 69,135, 3,
NFKB1,LPAR2,PDE4A, 4790,9170,5141,6 CG11992,CG12796,CG
Asmol SMN1, 606, 14940,CG16725,
CG1119,CG16899,CG2
RFC1,F0XP3,CYP3A5, 060,CG2060,CG8137,
CYP4F3,5ERPINB6,PA 5981,50943,1577, CG9453,CG9460,CG84
A5TA FAH1B1, 4051,5269,5048, 40,
astatine LGIl.SERPINCl, 9211,462, CG12927,CG8137,
Astemizole CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Astragaloside A NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CYP3A4,UGT1A4,UGT 1576,54657,54658 CG2060,CG4772,CG47 atazanavir 1A1,UGT1A3, ,54659, 72,CG4772,
ATL 146e ADORA2A, 135, CG9753,
Atorel LPAR2, 9170, CG12796,
SLC2A4,NFKB1,CYP3 CG1086,CG11992,CG2
A5,CYP3A4,CD36,5CA 6517,4790,1577,1 060,CG2060,CG7422, atorvastatin RB2,SERPINC1, 576,948,950,462, CG7422,CG8137,
Atovaquone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CG1100,CG1101,CG11
992,CG14255,CG1672
P5MD12,THOC4,NFKB 5,CG16899,CG17203,
1,IGF2R,SMN1,F0XP3 5718,10189,4790, CG17203,CG18833,CG
,GFRA1,GFRA2,TRAM 3482,6606,50943, 2060,CG2060,CG2060
1,CYP4B1,CYP4A11,T 2674,2675,23471, ,CG2060,CG2151,CG3
BXAS1,CYP3A7,TXNR 1580,1579,6916,1 000,CG30113,CG3613
D2,FZR1,MED9,KHDR 551,10587,51343, ,CG5821,CG3735,CG4
BSl,Clorfl07,UGT2B 55090,10657,2704 772,CG5183,CG5261,
15,KDELR2,PDHX,UB 2,7366,11014,805 CG5788,CG5940,CG59
E2L3,CCNA1,CCNB1,P 0,7332,8900,891,5 40,CG5949,CG7422,C
0LD1,CD36,FGR,PSIP 424,948,2268,111 G7873,CG7946,CG813
1,SERPINC1,CDK2,CD 68,462,1017,983,1 7,CG8203,CG8203,CG
C2,CDK5,PAFAH1B1, 020,5048,4297,57 8203,CG8440,CG8651
ATRA MLL,P5MD9, 15, ,CG9588,
Atropine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
Auranofin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
AuTM PARD6A, 50855, CG5884,
auxin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, avasimibe CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
AVE 0118 FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
avicularin UGT1A9, 54600, CG4772,
Avid CNR2, 1269, CG12796,
Axert CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CN 1,T PV1,DLD,PSI 1268,7442,1738,1 CG12796,CG5842,CG7
Axsain PI, 1168, 430,CG7946,
Aza-dC S1PR1, 1901, CG12796,
Aza-deoxycytidine PEG3, 5178, CG31364,CG6930, azacyclonol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CG17386,CG3000,CG3
LARP6,FZR1,PEG3,DY 55323,51343,5178 1364,CG6930,CG6998
NLL1,FYN,PAFAH1B1, ,8655,2534,5048,4 ,CG7873,CG8440,CG8
Azadc ATP1B2, 82, 663,
azamulin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
azaspirane NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, azelaic acid TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151,
azelastine NFKB1.CYP3A4, 4790,1576, CG11992,CG2060, azelnidipine CYP3A4,CD36, 1576,948, CG2060,CG7422, azido ruthenium VDAC1, 7416, CG17137,
Azine TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151,
Azithromycin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Azobisisobutyramidinium di- chloride CDK9, 1025, CG5179,
Azole CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Azoles CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Azolidine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Azophen CYP3A7,CYP3A5, 1551,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
PLXNA2,CYP3A43,CY 5362,64816,1576, CG11081,CG2060,CG2
Azor P3A4,CYP3A5, 1577, 060,CG2060,
BA (VAN) CYP3A4,CYP3A7, 1576,1551, CG2060,CG2060,
Ba 0108E 5ERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
CG8137,CG9453,CG94 bacitracin 5ERPINB1, 1992, 60,
Baclofen FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
bacterial lysate NAP1L4, 4676, CG5330,
bafilomycin Al 5FR51, 6426, CG6987,
Bagren CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CG5940,CG5949,CG82 baicalein CCNB1,P0LD1,CDC2, 891,5424,983, 03,
Barbiturate DYNC1H1.SLC2A1, 1778,6513, CG17150,CG1086,
Barnidipine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
BAY 11-7085 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
BB-K8 SMN1, 6606, CG16725,
CG2151,CG5788,CG68
BCNU G5R,UBE2L3,GLRX, 2936,7332,2745, 52,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,G5R, 4051,1577,2936,3 CG2060,CG2060,CG21
Beflavin HADHB, 032, 51.CG4581,
Belt DDX18, 8886, CG6375,
benazepril RBM6, 10180, CG4887,
bendamustine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Benidipine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
benzamidine SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
UBE2L3,DYNLL2,DYN 7332,140735,8655 CG5788,CG6998,CG69 benzimidazolide LL1, 98, KCNQ2,PDE4A,CYP3A 3785,5141,1576,2 CG12915,CG14940,CG
Benzodiazepines 4,FGFR3, 261, 2060,CG7223,
Benzodioxoles CNR1, 1268, CG12796,
Benzphetamine CYP4F11,CYP3A4, 57834,1576, CG2060,CG2060, benzydamine N-oxide FM03, 2328, CG3006,
benzylamine 5LC2A4, 6517, CG1086,
NFKB1,51PR1,5MN1, CG11992,CG12796,CG
CYP3A4,KHDRB51,5M 16725,CG2060,CG361
AD6,CCNB1,P0LD1,A 4790,1901,6606,1 3,CG5821,CG5201,CG
UR- 576,10657,4091,8 5940,CG5949,CG6620 benzyloxycarbonylleucyl- KA,CDC2,CDK2,P5MD 91,5424,6790,983, ,CG8203,CG8203,CG9 leucyl-leucine aldehyde 9, 1017,5715, 588,
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl- aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone TYM5, 7298, CG3181,
beractant NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, berberine CYP3A4,CCNB1, 1576,891, CG2060,CG5940, bergamottin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
bergaptol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
beta-glycerophosphoric acid TXNRD2,TXNRD1, 10587,7296, CG2151,CG2151, beta-lapachone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
A5,UGT1A4,UGT1A1, 4051,1576,1577,5 60,CG4772,CG4772,C
UGT1A3,UGT1A9,UGT 4657,54658,54659 G4772,CG4772,CG477 beta-Naphthoflavone 1A6, ,54600,54578, 2,
beta-propiolactone 5FR51, 6426, CG6987,
Bethanechol FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
betulinic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, bexarotene P5MD12,P5IP1, 5718,11168, CG1100,CG7946,
NFKB1,LPAR3,CYP3A CG11992,CG12796,CG
Bezafibrate 4, 4790,23566,1576, 2060,
BG 9928 ADORA1, 134, CG9753,
BGC945 TYMS, 7298, CG3181,
biapigenin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
BIBX 1382B5 CHM, 1121, CG8432,
biphenyl-4-ol UGT1A4,UGT1A3, 54657,54659, CG4772,CG4772,
BIRB 796 DLG1, 1739, CG1725,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,GPR1 CG11992,CG2060,CG6 bisindolylmaleimide 1 77, 4790,1576,79971, 210,
bisindolylmaleimide III CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
Bisoprolol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
bisperoxovanadium NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacry- late CLTB, 1212, CG6948,
CG8137,CG9453,CG94 bizelesin 5ERPINB3, 6317, 60,
BL1521 P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
Bla-5 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Blow CCNA2,FRK, 890,2444, CG5940,CG7873,
CG5940,CG5949,CG82
BM 41.440 CCNB1,P0LD1,CDC2, 891,5424,983, 03,
BML 241 51PR3, 1903, CG12796,
BM5 310705 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
KCNQ4,KCNQ5,UGT2 CG12915,CG12915,CG
BM5204352 B7, 9132,56479,7364, 4772,
BM5453 CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
Bo-Xan CHM, 1121, CG8432, Boltin SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
Bonopen ME3, 10873, CG5889,
boron TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151,
Borrelia-burgdorferi CNR2, 1269, CG12796,
CG11992,CG2060,CG2
NFKB1,CYP4F3,CYP3A 4790,4051,1577,1 060,CG2060,CG3613,
5,CYP3A4,KHDRB51,P 576,10657,11168, CG5821,CG7946,CG95 bortezomib 5IP1,P5MD9, 5715, 88,
bosentan CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
bosutinib CDK2,P5MD9, 1017,5715, CG8203,CG9588, botrocetin ACTR2, 10097, CG9901,
BPDE NFKB1,G5TT1, 4790,2952, CG11992,CG30005,
BR-II TBXA51,TYM5, 6916,7298, CG2060,CG3181,
Brake LPAR3,CD36, 23566,948, CG12796,CG7422, bredinin CCNA2, 890, CG5940,
CG1086,CG12334,CG1
5LC2A4,GABARAPL2,I 6517,11345,3482, 4255,CG17386,CG518
GF2R,LARP6,KDELR2, 55323,11014,891, 3,CG5940,CG7583,CG
Brefeldin A CCNB1,CTBP1,GBF1, 1487,8729, 8487,
Bromazepam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
bromo-cis-stilbene CCNB1, 891, CG5940,
brucine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
CG8203,CG8203,CG95 bryostatin 1 CDK2,CDC2,P5MD9, 1017,983,5715, 88,
Budesonide CYP3A4,CYP3A5, 1576,1577, CG2060,CG2060, bufalin CCNA2, 890, CG5940,
bufuralol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Bumetanide FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
CG5889,CG7223,CG78
BuOH ME1,FGFR3,FGR, 4199,2261,2268, 73,
Bupivacaine KCNQ2, 3785, CG12915,
Buprenorphine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CYP3A4,CCKAR,GAD1 CG2060,CG6881,CG78
BUPROPION , 1576,886,2571, 11,
Buspirone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Busulfan Gsm, 2952, CG30005,
LARP6,G5R,5ERPINB6 CG17386,CG2151,CG8
Buthionine Sulfoximine , 55323,2936,5269, 137,CG9453,CG9460,
NFKB1,HDAC3,G5TT2 CG11992,CG2128,CG3
,CCNA2,CCNB1,CDC2 4790,8841,2953,8 0005,CG5940,CG5940
Butyrate ,CDK2, 90,891,983,1017, ,CG8203,CG8203,
CG5788,CG5940,CG59
UBE2L3,CCNB1,P0LD 7332,891,5424,98 49,CG8203,CG8203,C butyrolactone 1 1,CDC2,CDK2,CDK5, 3,1017,1020, G8203,
CG5940,CG5949,CG82
C 1027 CCNB1,P0LD1,CDC2, 891,5424,983, 03,
C 76 RPL11, 6135, CG7726,
CG11992,CG12796,CG
12954,CG17137,CG17
NFKB1,LPAR1,MRPL4 150,CG17386,CG2151
1,VDAC1,DNAH5,LAR ,CG31183,CG31364,C
P6,TXNRD3,NPR2,Z5 4790,1902,64975, G6930,CG3181,CG594
CAN1,TYM5,CCNA2,G 7416,1767,55323, 0,CG6210,CG6620,CG
PR177,AURKA,CA5K,5 114112,4882,2843 6703,CG8137,CG9453
ER- 12,7298,890,7997 ,CG9460,CG8137,CG9
PINB6,5ERPINB3,DDO 1,6790,8573,5269, 453,CG9460,CG9022,
CACP 5T,P5MD9, 6317,1650,5715, CG9588, Calcijex PSMD12JRPV6, 5718,55503, CG1100,CG5842,
PSMD12,NFKB1,DYNL 5718,4790,8655,2 CG1100,CG11992,CG6
Calcimycin Ll.FGR, 268, 998,CG7873,
NFKB1,UGT1A1,UGT1 4790,54658,54657 CG11992,CG4772,CG4 calphostin C A4,UGT1A3,FGFR4, ,54659,2264, 772,CG4772,CG7223,
SLC2A1,SLC2A4,NFK 6513,6517,4790,1 CG1086,CG1086,CG11
Calyculin B1,TXNRD2,TXNRD1, 0587,7296, 992,CG2151,CG2151,
CG10691,CG11992,CG
PHB,NFKB1,51PR1,BR 5245,4790,1901,1 12796,CG14514,CG59
Camptothecin D8,CCNA2,CCNB1, 0902,890,891, 40,CG5940,
Canef CYP3A4,CYP3A5, 1576,1577, CG2060,CG2060, cangrelor PRDX6,P5MD9, 9588,5715, CG3083,CG9588,
CNR1,CNR2,TRPA1,A 1268,1269,8989,2 CG12796,CG12796,CG
Cannabinoids NK1, 86, 5751.CG7462,
CNR1,CNR2,CYP3A4, 1268,1269,1576,2 CG12796,CG12796,CG
Cannabis GSR, 936, 2060.CG2151,
Cantharidin TYM5, 7298, CG3181,
CAPE NFKBl.SMNl, 4790,6606, CG11992,CG16725,
Capsaicin TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
capsaicinoids TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
capsazepine TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
CG11992,CG12796,CG
NFKB1,LPAR2,LPAR3, 4790,9170,23566, 12796,CG14217,CG14
Carbachol TA0K2,PDE1A,FGFR3, 9344,5136,2261, 940,CG7223,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 4051,1576,1577,8 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Carbamazepine A5,HDAC3, 841, 60,CG2128, carbapenem VDAC1, 7416, CG17137,
VDAC1,UGT1A3,UGT1 7416,54659,54657 CG17137,CG4772,CG4
Carbapenems A4, , 772,
carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl- norvalinal AURKA, 6790, CG6620,
Carbolines CDK5,CDK2, 1020,1017, CG8203,CG8203,
Carboxyethyl-phenethylamino- ethylcarboxamidoadenosine ADORA2A, 135, CG9753,
Cardiolipins GLRX2, 51022, CG6852,
carebastine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CARNOSOL CCNB1, 891, CG5940,
carrageenans SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
carvacrol TRPA1.TRPV3, 8989,162514, CG5751.CG5842,
UGT2B7,UGT2B4,UGT CG4772,CG4772,CG47 carvedilol 1A1, 7364,7363,54658, 72,
NFKB1,CYP4F3,CYP3A CG11992,CG2060,CG2
Casodex 5, 4790,4051,1577, 060,
caspofungin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
casticin CCNA2,CDC2, 890,983, CG5940,CG8203, catechins UGT1A1, 54658, CG4772,
CB 3717 TYM5, 7298, CG3181,
CG6620,CG8137,CG94
Cbdca AURKB,5ERPINB3, 9212,6317, 53,CG9460,
CCPA ADORA1, 134, CG9753,
CD 437 TXNRD2, 10587, CG2151,
CDP 840 PDE4A, 5141, CG14940,
Cefoxitin VDACl.DPAGTl, 7416,1798, CG17137,CG5287,
NFKB1,UBE2L3,CCNB 4790,7332,891,10 CG11992,CG5788,CG5 celecoxib 1,CDK2,PSMD9, 17,5715, 940,CG8203,CG9588, cephalomannine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, cephalosporins CAPZA1.VDAC1, 829,7416, CG10540,CG17137, cepharanthine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, cerebrolysin 5LC2A1, 6513, CG1086,
NFKB1,CYP3A5,CYP3 4790,1577,1576,1 CG11992,CG2060,CG2 cerivastatin A4,CDK2, 017, 060,CG8203,
Cetomacrogol UGT1A4,UGT1A3, 54657,54659, CG4772,CG4772, cetrorelix PSIP1, 11168, CG7946,
cetuximab CHM, 1121, CG8432,
CGP 12177 DYNLL1, 8655, CG6998,
CG5 15943A ADO A2A, 135, CG9753,
CG5 21680 TRPV1.ADORA2A, 7442,135, CG5842,CG9753,
CH-THF TYM5, 7298, CG3181,
DPAGT1,TRPA1,FGFR CG5287,CG5751,CG72
CH2CHO 3, 1798,8989,2261, 23,
CCNA2,CCNB1,P0LD1 890,891,5424,983, CG5940,CG5940,CG59
Chalcone ,CDC2,P5MD9, 5715, 49,CG8203,CG9588,
CHAPS NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 4051,1576,1577,1 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Chinine A5,CYP3A7,UGT2B7, 551,7364, 60,CG2060,CG4772,
Chitosan ME1, 4199, CG5889,
CYP3A4,UGT1A4,UGT 1576,54657,54659 CG2060,CG4772,CG47
Chloramphenicol 1A3,CLTB, ,1212, 72,CG6948, chlorophenyl-ethane CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
chlorophyllin NFKB1.CCNB1, 4790,891, CG11992,CG5940, chlorophyllypt RFC1, 5981, CG1119,
CYP4F11,GSR,UGT1A 57834,2936,54657 CG2060,CG2151,CG47 chlorpromazine 4,UGT1A3,TRPA1, ,54659,8989, 72,CG4772,CG5751,
Chlorpropham FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Chlorzoxazone A4, 4051,1577,1576, 60,
Cholestanol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
PLXNA2,CHDH,FGFR3 5362,55349,2261, CG11081,CG1152,CG9
CHOLINE ,5LC5A7, 60482, 519,CG7223,CG7708,
Chonsurid CA10, 56934, CG9678,
CG12796,CG4550,CG5 chromophore LPAR2,OPN4,5AG, 9170,94233,6295, 711,
Chrysin UGT1A1.UGT1A6, 54658,54578, CG4772,CG4772, chymostatin CAPN2.CAPNS1, 824,826, CG8107,CG8107,
CI1033 P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
cicaprost CCNA2, 890, CG5940,
CG8137,CG9453,CG94 cifostodine SERPINB1, 1992, 60,
CG11992,CG7422,CG9 ciglitazone NFKB1,CD36,PSMD9, 4790,948,5715, 588,
Cilazapril PGC, 5225, CG10872,
Cilomilast PDE4B, 5142, CG14940, cilostazol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,CYP3 4051,1577,1576,1 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Cimetidine A4,CYP3A7, 551, 60,CG2060,
LPAR2,LPAR3,CYP3A4 CG12796,CG12796,CG cinacalcet , 9170,23566,1576, 2060,
cinitapride CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
cinnamic aldehyde TRPA1, 8989, CG5751,
CG8137,CG9453,CG94 cionin 5ERPINB6, 5269, 60,
Cipol N PSMD12,NFKB1,F0XP 5718,4790,50943, CG1100,CG11992,CG1 3,DLG3,CYP3A5,CYP3 1741,1577,1576,7 6899,CG1725,CG2060
A4,TXNRD1,UGT2B7, 296,7364,891,799 ,CG2060,CG2151,CG4 CCNB1,GPR177,DYNL 71,8655,11168,46 772,CG5940,CG6210, L1,P5IP1,5ERPI NC1, 2, CG6998,CG7946,CG81
37,
Ciprofloxacin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Ciprol CYP4X1,UGT1A3, 260293,54659, CG2060,CG4772, cis-9, trans-ll-conjugated
linoleic acid CD36, 948, CG7422,
Cisapride CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Citalopram CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Citox CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CITRULLINE DYNLL1,FGFR3, 8655,2261, CG6998,CG7223, clebopride FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
clevidipine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
clobazam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Clodronic Acid DDOST, 1650, CG9022,
clofarabine PAFAH1B1, 5048, CG8440,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,UGT1 CG11992,CG2060,CG4
Clofibric Acid A3, 4790,1576,54659, 772,
Clomipramine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CYP3A5,CYP3A4,CYP4 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
F3,TYM5,UGT1A4,UG 1577,1576,4051,7 60,CG3181,CG4772,C
Clonazepam T1A3, 298,54657,54659, G4772,
CG12796,CG2060,CG3
Clonidine 51PR1,TBXA51,TYM5, 1901,6916,7298, 181,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20 A5,CDK9,ME1,5ERPIN 4051,1576,1577,1 60,CG5179,CG5889,C clopidogrel CI, 025,4199,462, G8137,
clotiazepam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
5LC2A1,P5MD12,CYP 6513,5718,1576,1 CG1086,CG1100,CG20 3A4,CYP3A5,CYP4F3, 577,4051,2571,11 60,CG2060,CG2060,C
Clozapine GAD1,P5IP1, 168, G7811,CG7946, clozapine N-oxide CYP3A4,FM03, 1576,2328, CG2060,CG3006,
CNI 1493 DHP5, 1725, CG8005,
Co 2-1970 G5T01,DNALI1, 9446,7802, CG6673,CG6971,
Coagulin NFKB1,51PR1, 4790,1901, CG11992,CG12796,
PLXNB2,CADP5,CYP3 CG11081,CG18026,CG
Colchicine A4, 23654,8618,1576, 2060,
compactin CDK2,P5MD9, 1017,5715, CG8203,CG9588,
CONT 5MN1,CYP3A4, 6606,1576, CG16725,CG2060,
G5TT1,FM01,UGT1A9 2952,2326,54600, CG30005,CG3006,CG4
Cotinine ,UGT1A1,UGT1A4, 54658,54657, 772,CG4772,CG4772,
Cotrim CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060, coumarin CYP3A4,5ERPINC1, 1576,462, CG2060,CG8137,
CRA 024781 HDAC3, 8841, CG2128,
CRA 026440 HDAC3, 8841, CG2128,
Crestor CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Crodacid P5MD12,CD36, 5718,948, CG1100,CG7422,
Crypt-2,2,2 COG6, 57511, CG1968,
cryptdin 3 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, cryptotanshinone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
cryptoxanthin TBXA51,TYM5, 6916,7298, CG2060,CG3181,
CUBE NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CVT 3146 ADORA2A, 135, CG9753, cyanidin 3-rutinoside NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, cyanidin-3-glucoside NFKB1.CCNB1, 4790,891, CG11992,CG5940, cyanoginosin-LA PPP2CA, 5515, CG7109,
Cyclandelate SE PINC1, 462, CG8137,
cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'- carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester TRPA1, 8989, CG5751,
cyclohexyl-methyl CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
cyclopamine CDK2,P5MD9, 1017,5715, CG8203,CG9588,
Cyclopentenone CCNA2, 890, CG5940,
cyclopiazonic acid NFKB1.CYP3A4, 4790,1576, CG11992,CG2060,
Cyproheptadine UGT1A3, 54659, CG4772,
Cyproterone Acetate SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
cystathionine ME1, 4199, CG5889,
cysteamine 5TK39, 27347, CG7693,
cysteinyl-leukotriene GPR177, 79971, CG6210,
CG11992,CG17150,CG
NFKB1,DNAH5,CYP3A 4790,1767,1576,7 2060,CG5842,CG8440
Cytarabine 4,TRPV1,PAFAH1B1, 442,5048,
CG1086,CG1086,CG16
SLC2A1,SLC2A4,SMN 6513,6517,6606,1 725,CG17150,CG7422 cytochalasin B 1,DNAH5,CD36, 767,948, ,
CG18026,CG7422,CG7
Cytochalasin D CADPS,CD36,PSIP1, 8618,948,11168, 946,
cytochalasin E 5LC2A1, 6513, CG1086,
D 22888 PDE4A, 5141, CG14940,
KCNQ2,KCNQ4,KCNQ CG12915,CG12915,CG
D 23129 3, 3785,9132,3786, 12915,
PLXNB1,CYP3A5,CYP CG11081,CG2060,CG2
DA 8159 3A4, 5364,1577,1576, 060,
Dacarbazine CYP3A5,CYP4F3, 1577,4051, CG2060,CG2060,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,TRPA 4790,1576,8989,7 CG11992,CG2060,CG5
DADSO l.TRPVl, 442, 751.CG5842, daidzein NFKB1.UGT1A8, 4790,54576, CG11992,CG4772, danaproid SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Dapsone A4, 4051,1577,1576, 60,
PLXNA2,CYP4B1,CYP CG11081,CG2060,CG2
3A4,TRPV6,KCNIP3,P 5362,1580,1576,5 060,CG5842,CG5890,
Daral 5MD9, 5503,30818,5715, CG9588,
Darifenacin CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060, darunavir CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
dasatinib CYP3A4,P5MD9, 1576,5715, CG2060,CG9588,
NFKB1,UGT8,GPR177 4790,7368,79971, CG11992,CG4772,CG6
Daunorubicin ,PSIP1, 11168, 210,CG7946,
CG11992,CG16899,CG
NFKB1,F0XP3,5ERPIN 8137,CG9453,CG9460
B6,5ERPINB4,ADORA 4790,50943,5269, ,CG8137,CG9453,CG9
Dayfen 2A, 6318,135, 460,CG9753,
DBPC UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772,
DDB UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788,
DDE P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
Debrisoquin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
decursin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Deethylamiodarone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
deferiprone UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772,
Deferoxamine SLC2A1,DPAGT1,CCN 6513,1798,890,54 CG1086,CG5287,CG59 A2,P0LD1,CDC2,CDK 24,983,1017, 40,CG5949,CG8203,C
2, G8203,
deguelin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, dehydroaripiprazole CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate CYP3A7, 1551, CG2060,
dehydroxymethylepoxyqui- nomicin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Delavirdine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CG12796,CG12796,CG
CNR1,CNR2,CADP5,T 1268,1269,8618,8 18026,CG5751,CG594 delta8-THC PA1,P0LD1,CDC2, 989,5424,983, 9,CG8203,
Denagard CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
denbinobin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, denileukin diftitox PSIP1, 11168, CG7946,
denopamine UGT2B7, 7364, CG4772,
Depas CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
deramciclane CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
desethylchloroquine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
desflurane TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
desisobutyrylciclesonide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
desmethylazelastine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Desmethyldeprenyl CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Devazepide CCKBR,CCKAR, 887,886, CG6881.CG6881,
Dexfenfluramine CD36, 948, CG7422,
CYP3A5,CYP4F3,CCK CG2060,CG2060,CG68 dexloxiglumide AR, 1577,4051,886, 81,
Dextropropoxyphene CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
NFKB1,LARP6,TXNRD 4790,55323,7296, CG11992,CG17386,CG
1,TXNRD2,UBE2L3,G 10587,7332,79971 2151,CG2151,CG5788 dFdC PR177, , ,CG6210,
NFKB1,SLC25A21,CC 4790,89874,891,1 CG11992,CG5254,CG5
DFMO NB1.CDK2, 017, 940,CG8203,
SLC2A1,SLC2A4,NFK CG1086,CG1086,CG11
Bl,FOXP3,CYP3A5,CY 6513,6517,4790,5 992,CG16899,CG2060
P4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3A7 0943,1577,4051,1 ,CG2060,CG2060,CG2
DHEA 576,1551, 060,
DHLA NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, di-(l-isoquinolinyl)-di-(pyridyl- 2')butane CCNB1, 891, CG5940,
Diaben CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Diacomit A5, 4051,1576,1577, 60,
diadenosine tetraphosphate CDC2, 983, CG8203,
NFKB1,SERPINB3,PAF CG11992,CG8137,CG9
Dial AH1B1, 4790,6317,5048, 453,CG9460,CG8440,
Diamide NFKBl.HNRNPAl, 4790,3178, CG11992,CG9983,
DIAN UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772,
CG1086,CG11992,CG5
5LC2A1,NFKB1,CCNA 6513,4790,890,89 940,CG5940,CG5949,
2,CCNB1,P0LD1,GPR 1,5424,79971,944 CG6210,CG6673,CG72
177,GST01,FGFR4,C 6,2264,1017,983,5 23,CG8203,CG8203,C diarsenic trioxide DK2,CDC2,P5MD9, 715, G9588,
Dibenzanthracene CYP3A5,CYP3A7, 1577,1551, CG2060,CG2060,
Dicid CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
Diclofenac CYP3A4,UGT2B7,UGT 1576,7364,54578, CG2060,CG4772,CG47 1A6, 72,
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide VDAC1, 7416, CG17137, diethyl maleate CD36, 948, CG7422,
Diethyl-benzoquinone-imine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Digicor NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Digitin VDAC1, 7416, CG17137,
Digoxin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Dihydroqinghaosu UGT1A9,UGT2B7, 54600,7364, CG4772,CG4772,
Dihydroxycholecalciferols FG , 2268, CG7873,
diisopropyl fluorophosphate ECD, 11319, CG5714,
dillapiol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CYP3A5,CYP3A4,CYP4 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Diltiazem F3, 1577,1576,4051, 60,
Dimethadione CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
dimethyl fumarate NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Dimethyl Sulfoxide PSMD12.PSIP1, 5718,11168, CG1100,CG7946, dimethyl-hydrazide PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, dimethylamino-purine P0LD1.CDC2, 5424,983, CG5949,CG8203, dimuonium LPAR2, 9170, CG12796, dinitrophenol SLC2A4.SLC2A1, 6517,6513, CG1086,CG1086,
PSMD12,NFKB1,LPA CG1100,CG11992,CG1
2,PDE4A,CADP5,ONE 5718,4790,9170,5 2796,CG14940,CG180
CUT2,TRPV1,CCKBR, 141,8618,9480,74 26,CG1922,CG5842,C
Dinoprostone ANK1, 42,887,286, G6881,CG7462, dioxirane TBXASl.TYMS, 6916,7298, CG2060,CG3181,
Dipalmitoyl LPAR2,PDE4A, 9170,5141, CG12796,CG14940, diphenylalanine UGT1A1, 54658, CG4772,
Diphenylamine UGT1A3, 54659, CG4772,
NFKB1,MRPL41,TXNR 4790,64975,7296, CG11992,CG12954,CG diphenyleneiodonium Dl.FGR, 2268, 2151,CG7873,
SLC2A1,SLC2A4,NFK 6513,6517,4790,1 CG1086,CG1086,CG11
Dipyridamole Bl.DLD, 738, 992,CG7430,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Dipyrone A5, 4051,1576,1577, 60,
discodermolide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Diterpenes NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Dithionite CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
diuretic TRPV5,FGFR3, 56302,2261, CG5842,CG7223,
Diuron CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
divinyl benzene SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
IGF2R,PDE4A,MFF,FG 3482,5141,56947, CG14255,CG14940,CG dl-lpr FR3, 2261, 30404,CG7223,
SLC2A1,SLC2A4,CYP3 6513,6517,1576,4 CG1086,CG1086,CG20
DMGG A4,SERPINC1, 62, 60,CG8137,
DMPX AD0RA2A, 135, CG9753,
CYP3A7,CYP3A4,UBE 1551,1576,7332,9 CG2060,CG2060,CG57
DM50 2L3,CD36, 48, 88,CG7422,
Dobutamine UGT1A3,UGT1A4, 54659,54657, CG4772,CG4772,
Doca UGT2B7, 7364, CG4772,
NFKB1,UGT1A4,UGT1 4790,54657,54659 CG11992,CG4772,CG4
Doconexent A3, 772,
dodecyl-phosphocholine ECD, 11319, CG5714,
dodecyloctaethyleneglycol
monoether 5LC2A1, 6513, CG1086,
Domperidone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, DOTA PLXNB2, 23654, CG11081,
ANAPC10,NFKB1,CCN CG11419,CG11992,CG
Doxazosin A2, 10393,4790,890, 5940,
CG11992,CG17386,CG
NFKB1,LARP6,TXNRD 4790,55323,7296, 2151,CG2151,CG2151
1,TXNRD2,G5R,TYM5, 10587,2936,7298, ,CG3181,CG4550,CG5
OPN4,5MAD7,UBE2L3 94233,4092,7332, 201,CG5788,CG5940,
,CCNA2,CCNB1,P0LD 890,891,5424,921 CG5940,CG5949,CG66
1,AU KB,DLD,CDC2,C 2,1738,983,1017,5 20,CG7430,CG8203,C
Doxorubicin DK2,P5MD9, 715, G8203,CG9588,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,PRDX 4790,1576,9588,1 CG11992,CG2060,CG3
Doxycycline 6.DPAGT1, 798, 083,CG5287,
DPC 681 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
DPCPX ADORA1, 134, CG9753,
CYP3A4,5MAD7,POLD 1576,4092,5424,9 CG2060,CG5201,CG59
Droxia 1.CDC2, 83, 49,CG8203,
DTMC DHX16, 8449, CG10689,CG1375, dulcin UGT1A9, 54600, CG4772,
CG7422,CG7462,CG89
Durapatite CD36,ANK1,CSNK2B, 948,286,1460, 14,
DX 9065a 5ERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
CG1086,CG1100,CG11
5LC2A5,P5MD12,NFK 992,CG14514,CG1494
B1,BRD8,PDE4B,PDE 6518,5718,4790,1 0,CG14940,CG16725,
4A,SMN1,CYP4A11,C 0902,5142,5141,6 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
YP4Z1,CYP4X1,CYP3A 606,1579,199974, 60,CG2060,CG2060,C
4,CYP3A5,CYP3A7,UG 260293,1576,1577 G2060,CG4772,CG533
T1A1,NAP1L1,TRPV6, ,1551,54658,4673, 0,CG5842,CG5940,CG
CCNB1,CD36,PSIP1,S 55503,891,948,11 7422,CG7946,CG8008
LC46A1,5ERPINC1,5E 168,113235,462,6 ,CG8137,CG8137,CG9
RPINB3,CDK2,CDC2,P 317,1017,983,571 453,CG9460,CG8203,
Dxms 5MD9, 5, CG8203,CG9588,
CG12796,CG12796,CG
16725,CG2060,CG318
CNR1,LPAR2,5MN1,T 1268,9170,6606,6 1,CG5711,CG6721,CG BXA51,TYM5,5AG,RA 916,7298,6295,22 6881,CG7223,CG7811 5A3,CCKBR,FGFR3,G 821,887,2261,257 ,CG7873,CG8137,CG9 AD2,FYN,5ERPINB1,A 2,2534,1992,135,1 453,CG9460,CG9753,
Dynatra DORA2A,ADORAl, 34, CG9753,
E 10 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
E 3330 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
E-MIX 80 CYP4F2,CYP3A4, 8529,1576, CG2060,CG2060,
E.O. GSTT1, 2952, CG30005,
EACA SFRSl.SERPINCl, 6426,462, CG6987,CG8137, ebastine CYP4F12,CYP4F3, 66002,4051, CG2060,CG2060, ebrotidine CYP3A4,CYP3A5, 1576,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
Echinomycin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
NFKB1,CYP4F2,CYP3A 4790,8529,1576,2 CG11992,CG2060,CG2
4,CCRN4L,UGT1A1,C 5819,54658,948,2 060,CG31299,CG4772
Econ D36,FYN, 534, ,CG7422,CG7873, econazole CYP3A4,CDK2, 1576,1017, CG2060,CG8203,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20 ecteinascidin 743 A5, 4051,1576,1577, 60,
SLC2A1,PLXNB2,CELS CG1086,CG11081,CG1 Rl,LYRM4,ME2,POLD 6513,23654,9620, 1895,CG3717,CG5889 1,CAPN2,CAPNS1,CD 57128,4200,5424, ,CG5949,CG8107,CG8
Edetic Acid C2, 824,826,983, 107,CG8203, Edex DYNC1H1.ATP1B1, 1778,481, CG17150,CG8663,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20 efavirenz A4, 4051,1577,1576, 60,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,CDK2, 4790,1576,1017,5 CG11992,CG2060,CG8
EGCg P5MD9, 715, 203,CG9588,
CD36,YES1,CAPN2,CA CG7422,CG7873,CG81
EGTA PN51, 948,7525,824,826, 07,CG8107, eletriptan CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Elicide TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
THOC4,CYP3A5,CYP3 CG1101,CG2060,CG20
A4,CYP3A7,T PA1,T 10189,1577,1576, 60,CG2060,CG5751,C
Empecid PV1, 1551,8989,7442, G5842,
Enalapril TXNRD2.TXNRD1, 10587,7296, CG2151.CG2151,
NFKB1,CNR2,CNR1,T 4790,1269,1268,7 CG11992,CG12796,CG
Endocannabinoids RPV1, 442, 12796,CG5842, endomorphin 1 OPN4, 94233, CG4550,
Enediynes CCNA2, 890, CG5940,
enflurane DYNC1H1,TRPV1, 1778,7442, CG17150,CG5842, enone ME3, 10873, CG5889,
Enoximone PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, entacapone UGT1A9, 54600, CG4772,
Entex FM03, 2328, CG3006,
enzastaurin TYM5,UBE2L3, 7298,7332, CG3181.CG5788,
EOS S1PR1, 1901, CG12796,
EPC-K(l) NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG11992,CG2060,CG2
NFKB1,CYP3A5,CYP3 060,CG4217,CG4772,
A4,TFAM,UGT1A1,CC 4790,1577,1576,7 CG5940,CG5940,CG59
NA2,CCNB1,P0LD1,G 019,54658,890,89 49,CG6210,CG8137,C
PR177,5ERPINB3,CDK 1,5424,79971,631 G9453,CG9460,CG820
EPEG 2,CDC2,MLL, 7,1017,983,4297, 3,CG8203,CG8651,
EPIB CYP4A11,CD36, 1579,948, CG2060,CG7422, epibatidine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
CG5977,CG8137,CG94
Epicar 5PA5T,5ERPINB3, 6683,6317, 53,CG9460,
NFKB1,TA0K2,DYNC1 CG11992,CG14217,CG
H1,CYP3A4,SERPINC1 4790,9344,1778,1 17150,CG2060,CG813
Epoprostenol , 576,462, 7,
epoxybergamottin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
epsilon-viniferin CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060, erastin VDAC2, 7417, CG17137, ergosterol-5,8-peroxide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Eril SMN1, 6606, CG16725,
CYP3A4,TYM5,UBE2L 1576,7298,7332,5 CG2060,CG3181,CG57 erlotinib 3,P5MD9, 715, 88,CG9588, erucin TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151,
CYP4F11,CYP3A4,CYP 57834,1576,1577, CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Eryc 3A5,5MAD7, 4092, 60.CG5201, erythritol anhydride GSTT1, 2952, CG30005, esterbut-3 TYM5, 7298, CG3181,
Estriol CYP3A7, 1551, CG2060,
ET18-Ome NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Etfc cpd CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Ethacrynic Acid NFKB1.GPR177, 4790,79971, CG11992,CG6210,
CG11895,CG5889,CG5
Ethan CELSR1,ME2,ME1, 9620,4200,4199, 889, Ethinyl-oestradiol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Ethylmorphine CYP4F11.0PN4, 57834,94233, CG2060,CG4550,
Ethynodiol Diacetate SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
Eticol 5H3D19, 152503, CG7129,
Etidronic Acid TFAP4, 7023, CG7664,
CG4772,CG5940,CG59
UGT1A9,CCNA2,CCN 40,CG5949,CG8137,C
B1,P0LD1,SE PINB3, 54600,890,891,54 G9453,CG9460,CG820
Etodolac CDK2,CDC2, 24,6317,1017,983, 3,CG8203,
NFKB1,CCNA2,PSIP1, 4790,890,11168,9 CG11992,CG5940,CG7
Etoposide CDC2,CDK2, 83,1017, 946,CG8203,CG8203, etoricoxib CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
etravirine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 4051,1576,1577,5 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Eufor A5,P5MD9, 715, 60,CG9588,
Eugenol UBE2L3JRPV3, 7332,162514, CG5788,CG5842,
UGT1A3,UGT1A4,CCN CG4772,CG4772,CG59
B1,P0LD1,CDC2,CDK 54659,54657,891, 40,CG5949,CG8203,C eupatilin 2, 5424,983,1017, G8203,
everolimus ACAT1.CYP3A4, 38,1576, CG10932,CG2060,
CG1086,CG1086,CG11
52,CG9519,CG11992,
SLC2A1,SLC2A4,CHD CG12334,CG12796,CG
H,NFKB1,GABARAPL1 14255,CG16725,CG16
,CNR1,IGF2R,SMN1,F 899,CG2060,CG2060,
0XP1,CYP3A5,CYP4F 6513,6517,55349, CG2060,CG2060,CG30
3,TBXAS1,CYP3A4,PR 4790,23710,1268, 83,CG3181,CG3619,C
DX6,TYM5,DLL4,OPN 3482,6606,27086, G4550,CG4698,CG469
4,WNT9A,WNT9B,UG 1577,4051,6916,1 8,CG4772,CG4772,CG
T1A4,UGT2B17,UGT2 576,9588,7298,54 4772,CG4772,CG4772
B15,UGT1A1,UGT1A3 567,94233,7483,7 ,CG4772,CG4772,CG5
,UGT1A10,UGT1A9,U 484,54657,7367,7 788,CG5842,CG5889,
BE2L3,TRPV6,ME3,CC 366,54658,54659, CG5940,CG5940,CG59
NA2,CCNB1,P0LD1,A 54575,54600,7332 49,CG6620,CG6620,C
URKB,AURKA,FGFR1, ,55503,10873,890, G7223,CG7422,CG742
SCARB2,CD36,YES1,S 891,5424,9212,67 2,CG7873,CG8137,CG
ER- 90,2260,950,948,7 8137,CG9453,CG9460
PINC1,5ERPINB3,CDK 525,462,6317,101 ,CG8203,CG8203,CG8
2,CDC2,SMARCA1,DH 7,983,6594,1660,5 625,CG9323,CG9588,
Evex X9,PSMD9,HNRNPA1, 715,3178, CG9983,
Evodin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
exenatide PDHX, 8050, CG5261,
Exosurf NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Expectorants NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CYP3A4,CYP4F3,CYP4 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
F2,CYP3A5,UGT1A3,U 1576,4051,8529,1 60,CG2060,CG4772,C
GT1A1,UGT1A9,UGT1 577,54659,54658, G4772,CG4772,CG477
Extina A4, 54600,54657, 2,
Ezerin FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
ezetimib CD36, 948, CG7422,
Facet FOXP3, 50943, CG16899,
CG1119,CG12796,CG3
RFC1,CNR2,TYMS,FG 5981,1269,7298,2 181,CG7223,CG8008,
Facid FR4,SLC46A1,KHSRP, 264,113235,8570, CG8912,
facile MRPL13,TYM5, 28998,7298, CG10603,CG3181,
Factor lla SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
FAMP NFKB1,5ERPINB6,P5 4790,5269,5715, CG11992,CG8137,CG9 MD9, 453,CG9460,CG9588,
CYP3A4,TYM5,5MAD7 1576,7298,4092,7 CG2060,CG3181,CG52
Fanchinine ,UBE2L3, 332, 01,CG5788,
Farnesyl-PP TXNRD2,TXNRD1, 10587,7296, CG2151,CG2151, farnesylthiosalicylic acid UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,UGT 4051,1577,54657, CG2060,CG2060,CG47 febuxostat 1A4,UGT1A3, 54659, 72,CG4772, felbamate CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Felodipine CYP3A4,CYP3A5, 1576,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
Fenfluramine CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060, fenitrothion TBXASl.TYMS, 6916,7298, CG2060,CG3181, fenofibric acid CYP4A11.CYP3A4, 1579,1576, CG2060,CG2060,
Fenretinide UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788,
PLXNB1,NFKB1,CYP3 5364,4790,1577,1 CG11081,CG11992,CG
Fentanyl A5,CYP3A4, 576, 2060,CG2060,
CG5940,CG5949,CG82 ferulic acid CCNB1,P0LD1,CDC2, 891,5424,983, 03,
Filipin CD36.YES1, 948,7525, CG7422,CG7873,
CG12796,CG12796,CG
S1PR2,CNR1,S1PR5,S 9294,1268,53637, 12796,CG12796,CG82 fingolimod 1PR1.CDK2, 1901,1017, 03,
fipronil CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
fisetin NFKB1.CD36, 4790,948, CG11992,CG7422,
Flanin F GSR, 2936, CG2151,
CYP3A5,CYP3A4,DYN 1577,1576,8655,1 CG2060,CG2060,CG69
Flavon LL1.CDK2, 017, 98,CG8203, flavonols CCNB1.CD36, 891,948, CG5940,CG7422,
CG11992,CG4772,CG5
NFKB1,UGT1A1,CDK9 4790,54658,1025, 179,CG5788,CG5940,
,UBE2L3,CCNB1,CDC 7332,891,983,101 CG8203,CG8203,CG82 flavopiridol 2,CDK2,CDK5, 7,1020, 03,
CG12915,CG12915,CG
KCNQ3,KCNQ2,CYP3A 3786,3785,1577,4 2060,CG2060,CG2060
Flavyl 5,CYP4F3,CYP3A4, 051,1576, ,
CYP3A4,TXNRD1,UGT CG2060,CG2151,CG47
FLCZ 2B7, 1576,7296,7364, 72,
Flecainide KCNIP2, 30819, CG5890,
Floxacillin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
flufenamic acid NFKB1JRPV1, 4790,7442, CG11992,CG5842,
CYP3A5,UGT1A3,UGT 1577,54659,54658 CG2060,CG4772,CG47
Flunitrazepam 1A1.UGT2B7, ,7364, 72,CG4772, fluorexon GPR177, 79971, CG6210,
CG1086,CG11992,CG1
SLC2A1,NFKB1,TA0K 4217,CG17386,CG206
2,I_ARP6,CYP3A4,TBX 6513,4790,9344,5 0,CG2060,CG3181,CG
AS1,TYMS,DTYMK,UB 5323,1576,6916,7 5757,CG5788,CG5940
E2L3,CCNA2,CCNB2, 298,1841,7332,89 ,CG5940,CG8137,CG9
Fluorouracil 5ERPINB6, 0,9133,5269, 453,CG9460, fluvoxamine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
FOLATE-ANALOG TYM5, 7298, CG3181,
fondaparinux SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
Fonofos CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Format CADP5,ELAVL2, 8618,1993, CG18026,CG4396,
Formyl-Tetrahydrofolate TYM5, 7298, CG3181,
5LC2A5,5LC2A4,5LC2 6518,6517,6514,6 CG1086,CG1086,CG10
Forskolin A2,SLC2A1,LYZ,NFKB 513,4069,4790,19 86,CG1086,CG1180,C 1,S1P 1,PDE4A,CYP3 01,5141,1576,744 G11992,CG12796,CG1
A4,TRPV1,FGFR4,TFA 2,2264,7023,481, 4940,CG2060,CG5842
P4.ATP1B1, ,CG7223,CG7664,CG8
663,
fosamprenavir CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Foscarnet NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
FR 120480 CCKAR, 886, CG6881,
FR 235222 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, fraxin API5, 8539, CG6582,
FTY 720P S1PR1, 1901, CG12796, fucoidan NFKBl.SERPINCl, 4790,462, CG11992,CG8137,
UGT2B15,UGT1A8,UG 7366,54576,54575 CG4772,CG4772,CG47 fulvestrant T1A10,CD36, ,948, 72,CG7422, fumagillin CYP4V2, 285440, CG2060,
Fura-2 FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
furafylline CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Furamon FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
Furylfuramide THOC4JXNRD2, 10189,10587, CG1101,CG2151,
Gabexate 5ERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
CG11895,CG5889,CG5 gadolinium CELSR1,ME2,ME3, 9620,4200,10873, 889,
TXNRD2,TXNRD1,CD CG2151,CG2151,CG74
Gadolinium DTPA 36, 10587,7296,948, 22,
galactocerebroside UGT8, 7368, CG4772,
galactomannan C5NK2B, 1460, CG8914,
galangin CDC2, 983, CG8203,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,UGT
1A3,UGT1A4,UGT1A1 4051,1577,54659, CG2060,CG2060,CG47 galaturonate 0, 54657,54575, 72,CG4772,CG4772, gallic acid POLD1.CDC2, 5424,983, CG5949,CG8203,
Gallogen CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
gambierol TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
CG11992,CG5949,CG8
Gambogic acid NFKB1,P0LD1,CDC2, 4790,5424,983, 203,
gamma-butyric-acid KCNIP3, 30818, CG5890,
Ganciclovir PDHX, 8050, CG5261,
gastrin 17 NFKBl.CCKBR, 4790,887, CG11992,CG6881, gatifloxacin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG8137,CG9453,CG94 gefitinib 5ERPINB3,P5MD9, 6317,5715, 60,CG9588,
CG11992,CG12796,CG
NFKB1,CNR2,CDK9,C 4790,1269,1025,8 5179,CG5940,CG5949
CNB1,P0LD1,CDK2,C 91,5424,1017,983, ,CG8203,CG8203,CG9
Geldanamycin DC2,FAM162A, 26355, 231,
Gemfibrozil CYP3A4,UGT2B7, 1576,7364, CG2060,CG4772, gemtuzumab NOMOl, 23420, CG1371,
Gentamicins UGT8,FGFR3, 7368,2261, CG4772,CG7223, gepirone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
geraniol CYP3A5, 1577, CG2060,
geranylcoumarin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Gestodene CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
GF 120918 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
GGTI 298 CDK2,P5MD9, 1017,5715, CG8203,CG9588,
Gl 129471 P5MD12, 5718, CGllOO,
gingerol NFKB1.CCNA2, 4790,890, CG11992,CG5940, ginsenoside d CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
ginsenoside Rf CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
ginsenoside Rgl CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
ginsenoside Rh2 CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
Ginsenosides NFKB1.FGFR4, 4790,2264, CG11992,CG7223,
GLCa SERPINC1.DHX9, 462,1660, CG8137,CG9323,
Gliclazide 5LC2A4,CD36, 6517,948, CG1086,CG7422,
THOC4,PQBPl,FOXP2 10189,10084,9398 CG1101,CG11820,CG1
Glumin ,PDHX, 6,8050, 6899,CG5261,
Glyoxal TRPV6, 55503, CG5842,
Gnidimacrin CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
LPAR2,5MAD7,FGFR1 9170,4092,2260,1 CG12796,CG5201,CG7
GnRH ,PSIP1, 1168, 223,CG7946,
Go 6976 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
TXNRD1,ME2,ME1,ME 7296,4200,4199,1 CG2151,CG5889,CG58 gossypol 3, 0873, 89,CG5889,
GR 79236X ADORA1, 134, CG9753,
gramicidin 5 HDHD1A, 8226, CG5565,
Granisetron CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Gravistat SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
CYP3A5,CYP3A4,CYP4 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Grofo F3, 1577,1576,4051, 60,
Guggulsterone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
GW 4064 UGT2B15, 7366, CG4772,
GW 501516 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
H 89 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
PLXNB1,CYP4F3,CYP3 5364,4051,1576,1 CG11081,CG2060,CG2
Halan A4,CYP3A5, 577, 060,CG2060, halofuginone RPL10,5MAD7, 6134,4092, CG17521.CG5201,
CCNA2,CDK5,CDC2,C 890,1020,983,101 CG5940,CG8203,CG82 harmine DK2, 7, 03,CG8203,
CG5940,CG5949,CG82
Harzol CCNB1,P0LD1,CDC2, 891,5424,983, 03,
CCNA2,FGFR2,ANK1, CG5940,CG7223,CG74 hassium CDC2, 890,2263,286,983, 62,CG8203,
RFC1,NFKB1,TXNRD2 5981,4790,10587, CG1119,CG11992,CG2 ,TXNRD1,TYM5,5LC4 7296,7298,113235 151,CG2151,CG3181,
HDMTX 6A1.SERPINC1, ,462, CG8008,CG8137,
Hecogenin UGT1A4, 54657, CG4772,
Hectorol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Heet CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060, helenalin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Hemicholinium 3 FGFR3,5LC5A7, 2261,60482, CG7223,CG7708, herbimycin NFKB1.PSMD9, 4790,5715, CG11992,CG9588, hesperadin AURKB, 9212, CG6620,
HE5PERETIN CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
Hexadimethrine SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
hexarelin CD36, 948, CG7422,
Hgln CCKBR, 887, CG6881,
himbacine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
SLC2A4,VDAC1,EX0S CG1086,CG17137,CG6
Hk CI, 6517,7416,51013, 249,
5LC26A6,NFKB1,51P 65010,4790,1903, CG11895,CG11992,CG
R3,CYP3A7,CYP3A4,C 1551,1576,25819, 12796,CG2060,CG206
Hocus CRN4L,UGT1A4,UGT1 54657,54659,5465 0,CG31299,CG4772,C A3,UGT1A1,UGT2B7, 8,7364,7442,2261, G4772,CG4772,CG477
TRPV1,FGFR3,5ERPIN 462, 2,CG5842,CG7223,CG
CI, 8137,
HOE 33342 UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788,
honokiol UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788,
Horner ODZ1, 10178, CG5723,
H5 1200 CCNA2,CDK2, 890,1017, CG5940,CG8203,
CG12796,CG12796,CG
HU 211 CNR1,CNR2,TRPV1, 1268,1269,7442, 5842,
HyateC LMAN1, 3998, CG6822,
Hydoxin DPAGT1.SE PINC1, 1798,462, CG5287,CG8137,
CG5889,CG5889,CG58 hydride ME1,ME2,ME3, 4199,4200,10873, 89,
Hydromorphone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Hydroxychloroquine UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788,
hydroxycotinine UGT1A4, 54657, CG4772,
hydroxylamine PLXNB2,SLC25A21, 23654,89874, CG11081,CG5254,
Hydroxytryptophol UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772,
Hyhorin SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
Hypaque CLTA, 1211, CG6948,
hyperforin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
hypericin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Hypericum-perforatum CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
hypochlorous acid NFKBl.ATPlBl, 4790,481, CG11992,CG8663, iberin TXNRD1.UGT1A1, 7296,54658, CG2151,CG4772,
CG14940,CG14940,CG
IBMX PDE1B,PDE1C,PDE4A, 5153,5137,5141, 14940,
ibopamine SMARCA1, 6594, CG8625,
ibudilast PDE4A, 5141, CG14940,
IC 831423 SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
icariin PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, icaritin FGFR4, 2264, CG7223,
icilin TRPAl.TRPVl, 8989,7442, CG5751,CG5842,
IC F 193 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
IDS 23 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Ifosfamide A5, 4051,1576,1577, 60,
Ikarugamycin 5FR51, 6426, CG6987,
ilimaquinone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, lloprost DYNC1H1.RBM6, 1778,10180, CG17150,CG4887,
Imadyl PSIP1, 11168, CG7946,
F0XP3,CYP3A4,FZR1, CG16899,CG2060,CG3
CCNA2,P0LD1,FGFR4 50943,1576,51343 000,CG5940,CG5949,
,CDC2,CDK5,CDK2,P5 ,890,5424,2264,98 CG7223,CG8203,CG82 imatinib MD9, 3,1020,1017,5715, 03,CG8203,CG9588, imidafenacin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
imidazo-pyridine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
imidazolidin-2-one PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, imidazolidin-one PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, imidazolidine TXNRD2.TXNRD1, 10587,7296, CG2151,CG2151,
Imidazoline NFKB1.ADORA1, 4790,134, CG11992,CG9753, imidazolyl-disulfide TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151,
Imipenem VDAC1, 7416, CG17137,
CYP4F11,CYP3A4,UG 57834,1576,54657 CG2060,CG2060,CG47
Imizin T1A4, , 72, Immulina NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Immunoferon NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Impulsin CNR1, 1268, CG12796,
Imrecoxib CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Imutex A7, 4051,1577,1551, 60,
5LC2A4,CYP3A4,CYP4 6517,1576,4051,1 CG1086,CG2060,CG20
F3,CYP3A7,CYP3A5,U 551,1577,54658,7 60,CG2060,CG2060,C
Indinavir GT1A1.GP 177, 9971, G4772,CG6210, indiplon CYP3A4,CYP3A5, 1576,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
NFKB1,CDK2,CDC2,C 4790,1017,983,10 CG11992,CG8203,CG8 indirubin DK5, 20, 203,CG8203, indole-3-acetic acid GAD2.GAD1, 2572,2571, CG7811,CG7811, indole-3-methanol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, indolin-2-one CCKBR, 887, CG6881,
indolin-one CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
CG1086,CG1100,CG11
5LC2A4,P5MD12,NFK 6517,5718,4790,5 992,CG16899,CG4396 infliximab B1,F0XP3,ELAVL1, 0943,1994, ,
inhibin B 5MAD7, 4092, CG5201,
CG11081,CG11992,CG
PLXNB2,NFKB1,LPAR 12796,CG17150,CG20
2,DNAH5,CYP4F3,CYP 23654,4790,9170, 60,CG2060,CG2060,C
3A5,CYP3A4,TXNRD1, 1767,4051,1577,1 G2151,CG5842,CG699
TRPV1,DYNLL1,FGFR 576,7296,7442,86 8,CG7223,CG7223,CG
3,FGFR1,GAD2,5ERPI 55,2261,2260,257 7811,CG8137,CG9453
INOmax NB3, 2,6317, ,CG9460,
inositol-1, 3,4,5- tetrakisphosphate RA5A3, 22821, CG6721,
inulin PSIP1, 11168, CG7946,
lodoacetamide TRPA1, 8989, CG5751,
iodomethane CHD2, 1106, CG3733,
iodoresiniferatoxin TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
NFKB1,FGFR3,CAPNS CG11992,CG7223,CG8 lonomycin 1, 4790,2261,826, 107,
NFKB1,DYNLL1,FGFR 4790,8655,2264,7 CG11992,CG6998,CG7 ionophore 4.YES1, 525, 223,CG7873, lopanoic Acid P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
lophendylate TXNRD2,TXNRD1, 10587,7296, CG2151,CG2151,
IPADE CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
CYP4F3,CYP4B1,CYP3 4051,1580,1576,1 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
IPOMEANOL A4,CYP3A5, 577, 60,CG2060,
CYP3A4,UBE2L3,5PA 1576,7332,9043,5 CG2060,CG5788,CG81
Iressa G9,P5MD9, 715, 10,CG9588,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,TYM5, CG11992,CG2060,CG3
UGT1A7,UGT1A1,UGT 4790,1576,7298,5 181,CG4772,CG4772,
1A4,UGT1A9,UGT1A3 4577,54658,54657 CG4772,CG4772,CG47 irinotecan ,CDC2, ,54600,54659,983, 72,CG8203, irisolidone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Isatin CNR2, 1269, CG12796, isaxonine CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060, isoamylol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
isobutyl-methyl-Xanthine CAMK2B, 816, CG18069,
Isodonol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, isoflavone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
isoflurane DYNC1H1,TRPV1, 1778,7442, CG17150,CG5842, Isol ME1, 4199, CG5889,
Isoliquiritigenin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, isometronidazole CHM, 1121, CG8432,
isoprenoids P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
Isopropyl Thiogalactoside LETMD1, 25875, CG5989,
Isoprostanes FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
Isorhamnetin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, isosilybin A NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Isosorbide Dinitrate SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
isothiocyanates NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CYP3A4,5FR51,PAFA CG2060,CG6987,CG84
Isotretinoin H1B1, 1576,6426,5048, 40,
Isradipine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
istradefylline ADORA2A, 135, CG9753,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Itraconazole A4, 4051,1577,1576, 60,
ivabradine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Ivermectin GPR177, 79971, CG6210,
ixabepilone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
jadomycin B AURKB, 9212, CG6620,
Jexin FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
JHW 015 CNR2, 1269, CG12796,
CG12796,CG12796,CG
JTE 013 51PR2,51PR1,51PR3, 9294,1901,1903, 12796,
K 252 POLD1.CDC2, 5424,983, CG5949,CG8203,
K-PAM LMANl.SERPINCl, 3998,462, CG6822,CG8137,
CG5711,CG7109,CG93
K-S SAG,PPP2CA,BDP1, 6295,5515,55814, 05,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,CD36, 4790,1576,948,42 CG11992,CG2060,CG7 kaempferol MLL, 97, 422.CG8651, kaempferol-3-0-(2,3,4-tri-0- acetyl-alpha-l- rhamnopyranoside) CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
KAFA CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
CG1101,CG11992,CG1
TH0C4,NFKB1,51PR1, 2796,CG14353,CG145
WDR92,BRD8,TXNRD 10189,4790,1901, 14,CG2151,CG2151,C
1,TXNRD2,TYM5,KHD 116143,10902,729 G3181,CG3613,CG582
RB51,UBE2L3,CCNA2, 6,10587,7298,106 1,CG5788,CG5940,CG
FGR,P5IP1,CDK2,5NR 57,7332,890,2268, 7873,CG7946,CG8203
Kaken PG, 11168,1017,6637, ,CG9742,
CG5940,CG5949,CG82
Kamalin CCNA2,P0LD1,CDC2, 890,5424,983, 03,
Kaolin 5ERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
Kathon 886 DLD, 1738, CG7430,
KB 141 TXNRD2, 10587, CG2151,
UGT2B4,UGT1A9,UGT CG4772,CG4772,CG47
2B7,GST01,DNALI1,D 7363,54600,7364, 72,CG6673,CG6971,C
Kemi YNLL1, 9446,7802,8655, G6998,
kenpaullone CDC2,CDK5, 983,1020, CG8203,CG8203,
Ketamine SLC2A1.FGFR3, 6513,2261, CG1086,CG7223,
Keto-desogestrel CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Keto-pgflalpha 5ERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
ketoglutarate CELSR1.ME2, 9620,4200, CG11895,CG5889,
NFKB1,5ERPI NC1,CD CG11992,CG8137,CG8
Kipca C2, 4790,462,983, 203, KMD 3213 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
KMTB CTBP1, 1487, CG7583,
Kojic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
KR-31543 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
KRM 1648 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
L 365260 CCKBR, 887, CG6881,
L 740,093 CCKBR, 887, CG6881,
L-454,560 PDE4A, 5141, CG14940,
L-696,474 5LC2A1, 6513, CG1086,
CYP3A4,TXNRD1,TXN CG2060,CG2151,CG21
L-T3 RD2, 1576,7296,10587, 51,
LAAM CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
lacidipine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
NFKB1,TXNRD2,TXNR 4790,10587,7296, CG11992,CG2151,CG2 lactacystin D1,5MAD7,P5MD9, 4092,5715, 151,CG5201,CG9588, lactisole TA51R2, 80834, CG7145,
lamotrigine UGT1A3,UGT1A4, 54659,54657, CG4772,CG4772,
ACAT2,ACAT1,PLXNB CG10932,CG10932,CG
2,PQBP1,NFKB1,CNR 11081,CG11820,CG11
1,LPAR2,VDAC1,DNA 992,CG12796,CG1279
H5,CYP3A4,CYP4F3,C 39,38,23654,1008 6,CG17137,CG17150,
YP3A5,TXNRD2,DLL1, 4,4790,1268,9170, CG2060,CG2060,CG20
COG2,5CARB2,CD36, 7416,1767,1576,4 60,CG2151,CG3619,C
5ER- 051,1577,10587,2 G6177,CG7422,CG742
PINC1,CDC2,PAFAH1 8514,22796,950,9 2,CG8137,CG8203,CG
Lanol Bl, 48,462,983,5048, 8440,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20 lansoprazole A5, 4051,1576,1577, 60,
lapatinib CYP3A4,P5MD9, 1576,5715, CG2060,CG9588, laquinimod CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
latrunculin A DNAH5, 1767, CG17150, latrunculin B 5MN1, 6606, CG16725, lavendustin A FGFR4, 2264, CG7223,
LBH589 P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
leflunomide FYN, 2534, CG7873,
lenalidomide PAFAH1B1, 5048, CG8440,
Lendorm CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Lentinan TAOK2, 9344, CG14217,
PHB,NFKB1,CCNB1,P 5245,4790,891,57 CG10691,CG11992,CG leptomycin B 5MD9, 15, 5940,CG9588,
CG11992,CG2060,CG3
Leucovorin NFKB1,TBXA51,TYM5, 4790,6916,7298, 181,
Leukotriene C4 NFKB1,GPR177, 4790,79971, CG11992,CG6210,
Leukotriene D4 NFKB1,LPAR2, 4790,9170, CG11992,CG12796,
LPAR2,CYP4F3,NAP1L CG12796,CG2060,CG5 leukotrienes 1, 9170,4051,4673, 330,
NFKB1,CAPN51,CAPN CG11992,CG8107,CG8
Leupeptin 2, 4790,826,824, 107,
Levamisole DPAGT1, 1798, CG5287,
Levitra CYP3A4,CYP3A5, 1576,1577, CG2060,CG2060, levobupivacaine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Levonorgestrel DLL1, 28514, CG3619,
5LC2A1,5LC2A5,5LC2 6513,6518,6515,6 CG1086,CG1086,CG10 levugen A3,5LC2A2,5LC2A4, 514,6517, 86,CG1086,CG1086, liarozole TBXA51, 6916, CG2060, Lidocaine CYP3A4.T PV1, 1576,7442, CG2060,CG5842, lilopristone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Lipoate NFKBl.DLAT, 4790,1737, CG11992,CG5261,
Lipofectamine GPR177, 79971, CG6210,
lipoteichoic acid NFKB1.CD36, 4790,948, CG11992,CG7422,
Lipoxins LPAR2, 9170, CG12796, lissamine rhodamine B CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,UGT2 CG11992,CG2060,CG4 lithocholic acid B7, 4790,1576,7364, 772,
CG14514,CG16725,CG
BRD8,SMN1,TBXAS1, 2060,CG3181,CG5261
TYM5,PDHX,NAP1L4, 10902,6606,6916, ,CG5330,CG5711,CG7
SAG,FGFR1,PSIP1,SE 7298,8050,4676,6 223,CG7946,CG8137,
RPINC1,SERPINB1,CD 295,2260,11168,4 CG8137,CG9453,CG94
LMWH K2, 62,1992,1017, 60,CG8203,
NFKB1,CD36,PSIP1,P 4790,948,11168,5 CG11992,CG7422,CG7
LNAC 5MD9, 715, 946,CG9588, lonafarnib NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Loperamide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
lopinavir CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Loratadine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Lorazepam PLXNA2,ECD, 5362,11319, CG11081,CG5714,
Lorex CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
lorglumide CCKBR,CCKAR, 887,886, CG6881,CG6881,
Losartan CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Lovan ME1, 4199, CG5889,
loxiglumide CCKAR, 886, CG6881,
LUF 5831 ADORA1, 134, CG9753,
lupeol POLD1.CDC2, 5424,983, CG5949,CG8203,
CYP3A4,CYP3A5,CCN 1576,1577,891,51 CG2060,CG2060,CG59 luteolin Bl.EXOSCl, 013, 40,CG6249,
LY 117018 FGFR1, 2260, CG7223,
CG5940,CG8203,CG95
LY 293111 CCNA2,CDK2,P5MD9, 890,1017,5715, 88,
LY231514 TBXASl.TYMS, 6916,7298, CG2060,CG3181,
LYCOPENE NFKB1.PSMD9, 4790,5715, CG11992,CG9588,
CG11992,CG12796,CG
12796,CG12796,CG12
NFKB1,S1PR4,S1PR1, 4790,8698,1901,9 796,CG12796,CG1279
LPAR2,LPAR1,S1PR5, 170,1902,53637,1 6,CG16725,CG5201,C
S1PR3,SMN1,SMAD7, 903,6606,4092,94 G7422,CG7462,CG787 lysophosphatidic acid CD36,ANK1,FYN, 8,286,2534, 3,
Lysophosphatidylcholines LPAR2, 9170, CG12796,
Lysophosphatidylglycerol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, lysyl-arginyl-alanyl-lysyl- alanyl-lysyl-threonyl-threonyl- NFKB1,KHDRBS1,PAR 4790,10657,50855 CG11992,CG3613,CG5 lysyl-lysyl-arginine D6A, 821,CG5884,
M&B22948 LPAR2, 9170, CG12796,
Malix CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
manidipine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
manumycin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, maraviroc CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Matrine UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788,
MCY5T-LR PPP2CA, 5515, CG7109,
Me-nle-asp-phe-NH2 CCKBR, 887, CG6881, mead ethanolamide CNR1, 1268, CG12796,
MeAsO(OH)2 G5T01, 9446, CG6673,
Mebumal 5LC2A1, 6513, CG1086,
NFKB1,CCNB1,P0LD1 4790,891,5424,98 CG11992,CG5940,CG5
Mechlorethamine ,CDC2, 3, 949,CG8203,
Medroxyprogesterone 17- CYP3A4,DLL4,5ERPIN 1576,54567,462,5 CG2060,CG3619,CG81 Acetate C1,P5MD9, 715, 37,CG9588,
Mefenamic Acid UGT1A9, 54600, CG4772,
Megalomicin CD36, 948, CG7422,
Melarsoprol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,G5R, 4051,1577,2936,4 CG2060,CG2060,CG21
Melatol ARR3, 07, 51,CG5711,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG11992,CG2060,CG2
A5,UGT1A6,UGT1A3, 4790,1576,1577,5 060,CG4772,CG4772,
UGT1A4,CCNB1,P0LD 4578,54659,54657 CG4772,CG5940,CG59
1,CDC2,CDK2,P5MD9 ,891,5424,983,101 49,CG8203,CG8203,C meletin , 7,5715, G9588,
melitten NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, meloxicam NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Melphalan CCNB1,PAFAH1B1, 891,5048, CG5940,CG8440,
Memantine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
UGT1A4,UGT1A3,UGT 54657,54659,5457 CG4772,CG4772,CG47 menadiol 1A6, 8, 72,
Menhaden oil CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060, menthofuran CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Meperidine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CYP3A4,CYP4F3,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Mephenytoin A5, 1576,4051,1577, 60,
mesalamine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Mesaton NFKB1,CCNA2, 4790,890, CG11992,CG5940,
Meth NFKB1,CYP3A4, 4790,1576, CG11992,CG2060, methanandamide CNR1,CADP5, 1268,8618, CG12796,CG18026, methanethiosulfonate
ethylammonium TRPA1, 8989, CG5751,
Methimazole FM03, 2328, CG3006,
methionyl-leucyl- phenylalanine LPAR2JRPV2, 9170,51393, CG12796,CG5842,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Methorphan A5, 4051,1576,1577, 60,
Methoxsalen CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Methoxy-psoralen PRPF19, 27339, CG5519,
methoxyamine SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
methoxychlor CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
methoxymorphinan CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
methyl chloroformate TYM5, 7298, CG3181,
Methyl glycine CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
Methyl paraben TRPA1, 8989, CG5751,
methyl salicylate UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772,
methyl tryptophan FOXP3, 50943, CG16899, methyl-dopa UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772,
methyl-phosphorothioate TYMS, 7298, CG3181,
methyl-Pyridinium CCKBR, 887, CG6881,
5LC2A4,CYP4F3,CYP3 CG1086,CG2060,CG20 methylamine A5, 6517,4051,1577, 60,
Methylamylnitrosamine CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060, Methylene-tetrahydrofolate TYMS, 7298, CG3181,
methylenetetrahydrofolates TYM5, 7298, CG3181,
CG11992,CG4365,CG5 methylglyoxal NFKB1,HAGH,TRPV6, 4790,3029,55503, 842,
methylnaltrexone 51PR3, 1903, CG12796, methyloxidanyl CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
methylparaben TRPA1, 8989, CG5751,
methylphosphate CDK9, 1025, CG5179,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,5ERPI CG11992,CG2060,CG8
Methylprednisolone NCI, 4790,1576,462, 137,
methylxanthines PDE1B, 5153, CG14940,
Metoclopramide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Metopiron A5, 4051,1576,1577, 60,
NFKB1,0PN4,CCNA1, 4790,94233,8900, CG11992,CG4550,CG5
Metribolone PSIP1, 11168, 940,CG7946, mevalonic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, micafungin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20 miconazole A5, 4051,1576,1577, 60,
Mictonorm CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
PLXNB1,CYP4F3,CYP3 5364,4051,1577,1 CG11081,CG2060,CG2
Midazolam A5,CYP3A4, 576, 060,CG2060,
CYP3A4,PRDX6,UBE2 1576,9588,7332,8 CG2060,CG3083,CG57
Mifepristone L3,CCNA2,CDK2, 90,1017, 88,CG5940,CG8203,
Mill FGFR1, 2260, CG7223,
Milrinone PDE4A, 5141, CG14940,
Mimosine CCNA2, 890, CG5940,
mirtazapine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Mit-C NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, mithramycin NDUFV2, 4729, CG5703,
MitoTracker-Red TFAM, 7019, CG4217,
Mitoxantrone UBE2L3,PAFAH1B1, 7332,5048, CG5788,CG8440, mizolastine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
MLN8054 AURKA, 6790, CG6620,
mofarotene P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
CG5940,CG5940,CG59
CCNA2,CCNB1,P0LD1 890,891,5424,983, 49,CG8203,CG8203,C
Monensin ,CDC2,CDK2,P5MD9, 1017,5715, G9588,
mono-N-demethyladinazolam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate CEL5R2, 1952, CG11895, monoethylglycinexylidide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
monomethylarsonic acid 5LC2A1, 6513, CG1086,
monoterpenes NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, monuron TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
MORIN 5MAD7,CD36, 4092,948, CG5201,CG7422, morpholine ME1, 4199, CG5889,
morusin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, motexafin gadolinium CYP3A4JXNRD1, 1576,7296, CG2060,CG2151,
Motuporin PPP2CA, 5515, CG7109,
moxifloxacin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
MPEG CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Muraglitazar UGT1A4,UGT1A3, 54657,54659, CG4772,CG4772, mutalipocin II MLL, 4297, CG8651,
mycophenolic acid UGT2B7,UGT1A9,UGT 7364,54600,54576 CG4772,CG4772,CG47 1A8,UGT1A4,UGT1A3 ,54657,54659,545 72,CG4772,CG4772,C
,UGT1A7, 77, G4772,
Mycose LPAR2, 9170, CG12796,
Myocol P5MD12, 5718, CGllOO,
myricetin NFKB1.CD36, 4790,948, CG11992,CG7422, myxothiazol TXNRD2, 10587, CG2151,
N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4- nitro- phenyl)methanesulfonamide NFKB1.UBE2L3, 4790,7332, CG11992,CG5788,
N-(2- hydroxypro- pyl)methacrylamide TXN D2.TXN D1, 10587,7296, CG2151.CG2151,
N-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3- cyanophenyl)-l-methylpropyl)-
2-methyl-2-((5-
(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl)oxy)propanamide CNR1, 1268, CG12796,
N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4- chlorocinnamanilide TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
N-(3- oxododecanoyl)homoserine
lactone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
N-(4-(6-(4-(l-(4- fluorophenyl)ethyl)piperazin-l- yl)pyrimidin-4- yloxy)benzo(d)thiazol-2- yl)acetamide TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
N-(4-(6-(4- trifluoro- methylphenyl)pyrimidin-4- yloxy)benzothiazol-2- yl)acetamide TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
N-(4-cyano- benzo(b)thiophene-2- carbonyl)guanidine CYP3A4,CYP3A7, 1576,1551, CG2060,CG2060,
N-(5-(((5-(l,l-dimethylethyl)- 2-oxazolyl)methyl)thio)-2- thiazolyl)-4- piperidinecarboxamide UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788,
N-acetylcysteine lysinate NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, n-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d- isoglutamine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG10872,CG12796,CG
PGC,CNR2,KHDRB51, 5225,1269,10657, 3613,CG5821,CG8137
N-acetylneuraminic acid 5ERPINC1, 462,
N-desmethylclobazam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
N-ethylmaleimide KCNQ2.HNRNPA1, 3785,3178, CG12915,CG9983,
N-methyl-N- (trimethylsi- lyl)trifluoroacetamide TYM5, 7298, CG3181,
N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2- propargyloxy- phenyl)hexanamide CYP3A5,CYP4F3, 1577,4051, CG2060,CG2060,
N-oleoyldopamine TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
N-phenyl-l-naphthylamine 5LC5A7, 60482, CG7708,
Ν,Ν,Ν',Ν'- tetramethylethylenediamine ME1, 4199, CG5889,
N(6)-cyclohexyl-2-0- ADORA1, 134, CG9753, methyladenosine
N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine ADORA1, 134, CG9753,
N3-IQ CYP3A5,CYP4F3, 1577,4051, CG2060,CG2060,
Nadroparin SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
naftifine CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060, nal-NH2 CCKBR, 887, CG6881,
NAL5 SMN1, 6606, CG16725, nanchangmycin NDUFAB1, 4706, CG9160,
Naproxen UGT2B7.UGT1A1, 7364,54658, CG4772,CG4772, naratriptan 5FR51, 6426, CG6987,
narbonolide NDUFAB1, 4706, CG9160,
5LC2A4,CYP3A4,UGT CG1086,CG2060,CG47
NARIGENIN 1A3, 6517,1576,54659, 72,
Narkotil 5TX8, 9482, CG4109,
Nasol TYMS, 7298, CG3181,
natalizumab FOXP3, 50943, CG16899, nateglinide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG11992,CG2060,CG2
Naxy A5, 4790,1576,1577, 060,
nebivolol NFKB1.CDK2, 4790,1017, CG11992,CG8203,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Nefazodone A5, 4051,1576,1577, 60,
nefiracetam FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Nelfinavir A5, 4051,1576,1577, 60,
CG8137,CG9453,CG94
Neomycin 5ERPINB1, 1992, 60,
Neopterin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Neostigmine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
Neut SLC25A21.UBE2L3, 89874,7332, CG5254,CG5788,
Nevirapine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
NFBA CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Nialk ECD, 11319, CG5714,
CYP3A5,CYP3A4,DLL1 1577,1576,28514, CG2060,CG2060,CG36
Nicardipine ,CD36, 948, 19,CG7422,
Niflumic Acid UGT1A9, 54600, CG4772,
CG8137,CG9453,CG94 nimesulide 5ERPINB3, 6317, 60,
niobium ME1, 4199, CG5889,
nitecapone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, nitroanilide SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
nitroaspirin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Nitrofurans G5R,DLD, 2936,1738, CG2151,CG7430,
CYP3A4,CYP4F3,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
NITROPYRENE A5, 1576,4051,1577, 60,
CYP3A5,CYP4F3,UGT CG2060,CG2060,CG47 nitrosamines 1A7, 1577,4051,54577, 72,
Nitrosoanabasine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Nitrosocysteine NFKB1,LPAR2, 4790,9170, CG11992,CG12796, nitrosulindac NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Nizatidine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
NK 104 NFKB1.CD36, 4790,948, CG11992,CG7422,
NK314 CDC2, 983, CG8203,
NMDA DLGl.FYN, 1739,2534, CG1725,CG7873,
NN 703 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, SLC2A1,PDE4A,CYP3 CG1086,CG14940,CG2
Noan A4, 6513,5141,1576, 060,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,GS ,U 4790,1576,2936,5 CG11992,CG2060,CG2 GT1A4,UGT1A1,UGT1 4657,54658,54659 151,CG4772,CG4772,
Nobiletin A3,CD36, ,948, CG4772,CG7422,
NOC 18 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CG11992,CG14217,CG
NFKB1,TA0K2,CCNB1 4790,9344,891,23 5940,CG6605,CG9603
Nocodazole ,BICD2,COX7A2L, 299,9167,
nodularin PPP2CA, 5515, CG7109,
Nodularin v PPP2CA, 5515, CG7109,
nolatrexed TYMS, 7298, CG3181,
Nonoxynol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, noralfentanil CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
norbuprenorphine UGT1A3, 54659, CG4772,
Norclozapine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Norethindrone CYP3A4,TYMS, 1576,7298, CG2060.CG3181, noreximide CDC2, 983, CG8203,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20 norfluoxetine A4, 4051,1577,1576, 60,
Norgestrel TYMS, 7298, CG3181,
norharman CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
norketobemidone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
norlaudanosoline NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, normeperidine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Nortilidine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
norverapamil CYP3A4,CYP3A5, 1576,1577, CG2060,CG2060, novobiocin GPR177, 79971, CG6210,
N5-187 YES1, 7525, CG7873,
NSC 23766 NFKB1,ACTR2, 4790,10097, CG11992.CG9901,
CYP3A4,CYP4F3,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
NSC 366140 A5, 1576,4051,1577, 60,
NSC 663284 CDC2, 983, CG8203,
NSC-134754 SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086,
NU2058 CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
number-one SMN1, 6606, CG16725,
NFKB1,MRPL41,UBE2 CG11992,CG12954,CG nutlin 3 L3, 4790,64975,7332, 5788,
NVP-AEW541 PSMD9, 5715, CG9588,
Nylon CADPS, 8618, CG18026,
0-
(chloroacetylcar- CYP4V2,CCNA2,POLD 285440,890,5424, CG2060,CG5940,CG59 bamoyl)fumagillol 1,CDC2,CDK2, 983,1017, 49,CG8203,CG8203,
O-desethylreboxetine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
LRRN2,CYP3A4,CYP4F 10446,1576,4051, CG11280,CG2060,CG2
O-Due 3,CYP3A5, 1577, 060,CG2060,
TXNRD2,TXNRD1,DL CG2151,CG2151,CG74 o-quinone D, 10587,7296,1738, 30,
obovatol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
OCDD CYP3A7,CYP3A5, 1551,1577, CG2060,CG2060, octanediol ME1, 4199, CG5889,
UGT1A6,UGT1A1,UGT 54578,54658,5465 CG4772,CG4772,CG47 1A3,UGT2B4,UGT2B1 9,7363,7366,7364, 72,CG4772,CG4772,C
Octoxynol 5,UGT2B7,UGT1A4, 54657, G4772,CG4772, PLXNA2,CD36,P5MD9 CG11081,CG7422,CG9
Octreotide , 5362,948,5715, 588,
5LC2A1,5LC2A4,CT5B CG1086,CG1086,CG10
,NFKB1,TXNRD2,P0L 6513,6517,1508,4 992,CG11992,CG2151
D1,AURKB,CDC2,AC5 790,10587,5424,9 ,CG5949,CG6620,CG8
Okadaic Acid L3, 212,983,2181, 203,CG8732,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,FMO 4051,1577,2328,5 CG2060,CG2060,CG30 olanzapine 3,UGT1A4, 4657, 06,CG4772, olefins ME1, 4199, CG5889,
oleoylethanolamide CNR1, 1268, CG12796, olmelin UGT1A3,UGT1A4, 54659,54657, CG4772,CG4772, olmesartan NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG5949,CG8203,CG82 olomoucine P0LD1,CDK2,CDC2, 5424,1017,983, 03,
olomoucine II CDK9, 1025, CG5179,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,UGT1 4790,1576,54657, CG11992,CG2060,CG4
A4,UGT1A6,UGT1A3, 54578,54659,5465 772,CG4772,CG4772,
Oltipraz UGT1A1, 8, CG4772,
omalizumab CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
omega-agatoxin FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
omega-Conotoxin GVIA FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
omega-N-Methylarginine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
PGC,CYP4F3,CYP3A4, 5225,4051,1576,1 CG10872,CG2060,CG2
Omeprazole CYP3A5, 577, 060,CG2060, omeprazole sulfone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
onapri stone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
ONCB PPP3R1, 5534, CG14353,
Ondansetron CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
ON04819 FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
CG1119,CG11992,CG1
RFC1,NFKB1,DNAH5, 5981,4790,1767,1 7150,CG2060,CG2060
CYP3A5,CYP3A7,CYP3 577,1551,1576,28 ,CG2060,CG3619,CG4
A4,DLL1,UGT1A1,ME 514,54658,4199,6 772,CG5889,CG6987,
Optef 1,5FR51,5ERPINC1, 426,462, CG8137,
OR 1246 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, oroxylin A POLD1.CDC2, 5424,983, CG5949,CG8203,
Orphenadrine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Osten CYP3A4.FGF 1, 1576,2260, CG2060,CG7223, osteum 5ERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
OSU 03012 CCNA2,CDK2, 890,1017, CG5940,CG8203,
CG11280,CG11992,CG
Ouabain LRRN2,NFKB1,ATP4B, 10446,4790,496, 8663,
OVEX CYP3A7,UGT1A3, 1551,54659, CG2060,CG4772,
CYP3A5,CYP3A4,UGT 1577,1576,54658, CG2060,CG2060,CG47
Ovex lAl.SERPINCl, 462, 72,CG8137,
NFKB1,TYM5,5LC25A CG11992,CG3181,CG5
21,P0LD1,CDC2,CDK 4790,7298,89874, 254,CG5949,CG8203, oxaliplatin 2, 5424,983,1017, CG8203,
Oxarol PLXNA2,P5MD9, 5362,5715, CG11081,CG9588, oxaspirodion NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, oxatomide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Oxazepam UGT2B7,UGT2B15, 7364,7366, CG4772,CG4772, oxcarbazepine CYP3A5,CYP3A4, 1577,1576, CG2060,CG2060,
Oxotremorine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
oxotremorine M FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
Oxymorphone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Oxyntomodulin CCKAR, 886, CG6881,
CYP3A5,CYP4F3,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Oxytrol A4, 1577,4051,1576, 60,
p-ABA SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
p-XSC NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, p-Xylol CEL5R1,ME2, 9620,4200, CG11895,CG5889,
NFKB1,TA0K2,CYP4F CG11992,CG14217,CG
3,CYP3A4,CYP3A5,TX 4790,9344,4051,1 2060,CG2060,CG2060
NRD2,TXNRD1,TYM5, 576,1577,10587,7 ,CG2151,CG2151,CG3
UBE2L3,CCNB1,P0LD 296,7298,7332,89 181,CG5788,CG5940,
1,AURKB,CDC2,CDK2, 1,5424,9212,983,1 CG5949,CG6620,CG82
CDK5,P5MD9,COX7A 017,1020,5715,91 03,CG8203,CG8203,C
Paclitaxel 2L, 67, G9588,CG9603, paeonol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG11895,CG17150,CG palladium CEL5R1,DNAH5,ME2, 9620,1767,4200, 5889,
CG5889,CG5889,CG58 palmitoleate ME2,ME1,ME3, 4200,4199,10873, 89,
PALMITOYL UGT1A4,UGT1A3, 54657,54659, CG4772,CG4772,
Palmitoylcarnitine PANK2, 80025, CG5725,
pamidronate DDOST, 1650, CG9022,
panaxadiol CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
panepoxydone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, pantoprazole CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Papaverine PDE4A,FGFR3, 5141,2261, CG14940,CG7223,
Papite NFKB1JRPA1, 4790,8989, CG11992,CG5751,
PAPP HDAC3, 8841, CG2128,
parecoxib CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Paroxetine CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
Parsal P5MD12,NFKB1, 5718,4790, CG1100,CG11992,
Parthenolide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
PC 314 NPFFR2, 10886, CG10823,
PCA 4230 UBE2L3,CCNA2, 7332,890, CG5788,CG5940,
PCSO CNR2, 1269, CG12796,
PD 134308 CCKBR, 887, CG6881,
PD 144795 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
PD 180988 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
5LC2A5,5LC2A4,NFK 6518,6517,4790,6 CG1086,CG1086,CG11
B1,5MN1,CYP3A4,UG 606,1576,54658,1 992,CG16725,CG2060
PD 98059 T1A1,CDK2, 017, ,CG4772,CG8203, pectin ACAT1, 38, CG10932,
TBX- 6916,7298,113235 CG2060,CG3181,CG80
Pemetrexed A51,TYM5,5LC46A1, , 08,
Penicillins VDAC1, 7416, CG17137,
Penite P5MD12,NFKB1, 5718,4790, CG1100,CG11992,
Pentagastrin CCKAR,CCKBR, 886,887, CG6881,CG6881,
Pentoxifylline NFKB1,CCNB1, 4790,891, CG11992,CG5940,
Peplomycin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, peppermint oil CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Pepstatin A CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Perazine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Pergolide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Perillol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG8137,CG9453,CG94
Perilymph 5ERPINB3, 6317, 60, periodate CLTA, 1211, CG6948,
perospirone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
perovskite TXNRD1,TXNRD2, 7296,10587, CG2151.CG2151,
PFPA ECD, 11319, CG5714,
Phebestin FOXP3, 50943, CG16899, phen NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, phenolate ME1, 4199, CG5889,
Phenols UGT1A3,UGT1A4, 54659,54657, CG4772,CG4772, phenoxodiol CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
Phenprocoumon CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Phentermine CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060, phenyl-propionamide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
phenyl-Pyridinium MPP1, 4354, CG6703,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 4051,1576,1577,5 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Phenytoin A5,UGT1A6,UGT1A1, 4578,54658, 60,CG4772,CG4772,
CG5940,CG5949,CG82 pheophorbide a CCNA1,P0LD1,CDC2, 8900,5424,983, 03,
phloretin SLC2A1.SLC2A2, 6513,6514, CG1086,CG1086,
CYP4B1,CYP4F3,CYP3 1580,4051,1576,2 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
A4,CYP4X1,CYP3A5,G 60293,1577,2952, 60,CG2060,CG2060,C
5TT1,UGT1A1,UGT1A 54658,54578,2261 G30005,CG4772,CG47
PHOB 6,FGFR3, , 72,CG7223, phorate CYP3A4.FM01, 1576,2326, CG2060,CG3006,
CADP5,TRPV1,TRPV4, 8618,7442,59341, CG18026,CG5842,CG5 phorbol CD36, 948, 842,CG7422, phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13- acetate 20-homovanillate TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
GABA-
RAP,GABARAPL2,GAB 11337,11345,2371 CG12334,CG12334,CG phosphatidylethanolamines ARAPL1,5ERPINC1, 0,462, 12334,CG8137,
CG12915,CG3613,CG5
KCNQ2,KHDRB52,KH 3785,202559,1065 821,CG3613,CG5821,
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5- DRB53,TRPV6,RA5A2, 6,55503,5922,111 CG5842,CG6721,CG79 Diphosphate PSIP1, 68, 46,
phosphatidylinositol phosphate, Ptdlns(4,5)P2 RA5A2, 5922, CG6721,
phytanic acid UGT1A4,UGT1A3, 54657,54659, CG4772,CG4772,
Picibanil TAOK2, 9344, CG14217, picric acid TRPA1, 8989, CG5751,
pifithrin NFKB1.CCNB1, 4790,891, CG11992,CG5940,
Pilot MLL, 4297, CG8651,
pimecrolimus NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG1086,CG10932,CG1
5LC2A5,ACAT1,NFKB 6518,38,4790,157 1992,CG2060,CG2060
1,CYP3A5,CYP3A4,CD 7,1576,948,462,57 ,CG7422,CG8137,CG9 pioglitazone 36,5ERPINC1,P5MD9, 15, 588,
pipecoloxylidide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
piperidine SMN1, 6606, CG16725,
CYP3A4,UGT1A3,UGT 1576,54659,54657 CG2060,CG4772,CG47 piperine 1A4JRPV1, ,7442, 72,CG5842,
Pira LYZ,CYP3A4, 4069,1576, CG1180,CG2060, pirinixic acid CYP4A11.CYP4X1, 1579,260293, CG2060,CG2060,
CG8137,CG9453,CG94
Piroxicam 5ERPINB3, 6317, 60,
PKC412 POLD1.CDC2, 5424,983, CG5949,CG8203, plumbagin NFKB1,P0LD1,CDC2, 4790,5424,983, CG11992,CG5949,CG8 203,
Pluronic p 85 5LC2A1, 6513, CG1086,
PMDT ME1, 4199, CG5889,
PMPA FM03, 2328, CG3006,
PM5F PSIP1, 11168, CG7946,
PNPP PPEF1, 5475, CG6571,
Podophyllotoxin CYP3A4.PAFAH1B1, 1576,5048, CG2060,CG8440, polidocanol UGT1A3,UGT1A4, 54659,54657, CG4772,CG4772, poly-gamma-glutamate TYMS, 7298, CG3181,
ponicidin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, poractant alfa CD36, 948, CG7422,
posaconazole CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
potassium tellurate(IV) UGT8, 7368, CG4772,
PQO Cofactor TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151,
pranlukast GPR177, 79971, CG6210,
NFKB1,CYP3A5,CYP4F 4790,1577,4051,1 CG11992,CG2060,CG2
Pravastatin 3,CYP3A4,CD36, 576,948, 060,CG2060,CG7422,
Prazosin CCNA2, 890, CG5940,
NFKB1,CYP3A5,CYP3 4790,1577,1576,1 CG11992,CG2060,CG2
PRDL A4.DPAGT1, 798, 060,CG5287,
Precursor mrna DHX16, 8449, CG10689,CG1375,
Prednisone SE PINC1, 462, CG8137,
pregnane CYP3A4,CYP3A7, 1576,1551, CG2060,CG2060,
Pregnanes UGT2B7.UGT2B11, 7364,10720, CG4772,CG4772,
Pregnanolone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
pregnenolone 16alpha- carbonitrile CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Pregnyl NFKB1.NDUFA6, 4790,4700, CG11992,CG7712, preussin CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
Primidone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CYP4F3,CYP3A7,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Proadifen A5, 4051,1551,1577, 60,
Proanthocyanidins NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Probenecid TRPV2,GPR177, 51393,79971, CG5842,CG6210,
Probucol NFKBl.FGR, 4790,2268, CG11992,CG7873,
Procasil P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
Procetofen CYP3A4,UBE2L3, 1576,7332, CG2060,CG5788, procyanidin B2 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Prodix CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
prolactin, polymeric ECD, 11319, CG5714,
Propafenone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Propanesulfonate UGT1A4,UGT1A3, 54657,54659, CG4772,CG4772,
SLC2A1,PLXNB1,CYP3 6513,5364,1576,5 CG1086,CG11081,CG2
Propofol A4,UGT1A1,UGT1A9, 4658,54600, 060,CG4772,CG4772, propyl pyrazole triol UGT2B15, 7366, CG4772,
propyne ME3, 10873, CG5889,
prostratin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, protopanaxadiol FGFR4, 2264, CG7223,
protopanaxatriol FGFR4, 2264, CG7223,
PS 15 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Pseudohypericin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Pseudomonas-exotoxin KDELR1,FGFR2, 10945,2263, CG5183,CG7223,
Psoralens CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
psychosine-3'-sulfate ester 51PR3, 1903, CG12796, PTBP UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772,
pteridine PDE4A, 5141, CG14940,
Pterostilbene P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
PU AC 5LC2A4, 6517, CG1086,
Puromycin KHDRB51, 10657, CG3613,CG5821, putrescine SLC25A21.T PV1, 89874,7442, CG5254,CG5842,
Pyocyanine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG12915,CG12915,CG
KCNQ2,KCNQ3,5ERPI 8137,CG9453,CG9460
Pyra NB3, 3785,3786,6317, ,
pyranones NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, pyrazole FYN, 2534, CG7873,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Pyrethrins A5, 4051,1576,1577, 60,
pyridazine ADORA1, 134, CG9753,
CG2060,CG3181,CG80
Pyrimethamine TBXAS1,TYMS,DHPS, 6916,7298,1725, 05,
pyrimidin-2-one beta- ribofuranoside POLD1.CDC2, 5424,983, CG5949,CG8203,
CCNA2,CCNB1,CDK2, 890,891,1017,571 CG5940,CG5940,CG82
Pyro P5MD9, 5, 03,CG9588, pyrogallol sulfonphthalein NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, pyrroloazepinone CDK5, 1020, CG8203,
Qingkailing NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, quercitrin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
quetiapine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Quicifal CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
quinazoline NFKBl.TYMS, 4790,7298, CG11992,CG3181,
Quinolinium CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Quinpirole FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
quinuclidin-3'-yl-l-phenyl- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline- CYP3A4,CYP4F3,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
2-carboxylate monosuccinate A5, 1576,4051,1577, 60,
quinupristin-dalfopristin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
R-138727 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
R-99224 ME1, 4199, CG5889,
Raloxifene CYP3A4.SERPINC1, 1576,462, CG2060,CG8137,
TBX- CG2060,CG3181,CG57 raltitrexed A51,TYM5,UBE2L3, 6916,7298,7332, 88,
Ramipril DYNC1H1, 1778, CG17150, ramiprilat NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
A5,CYP3A7,UGT1A1,U 4051,1576,1577,1 60,CG2060,CG4772,C
GT1A6,UGT2A3,GPR1 551,54658,54578, G4772,CG4772,CG621
RAMP 77, 79799,79971, 0,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,CYP3 4051,1577,1576,2 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Ranitidine A4,FGFR3, 261, 60,CG7223,
CG1086,CG12131,CG1
5LC2A1,EIF3J,GABAR 2334,CG12334,CG167
APL2,GABARAPL1,SM 6513,8669,11345, 25,CG2060,CG2060,C
N1,CYP3A4,CYP3A5,N 23710,6606,1576, G31183,CG5788,CG58
PR1,UBE2L3,TRPV6,T 1577,4881,7332,5 42,CG5842,CG5940,C
RPV5,CCNA2,CD36,C 5503,56302,890,9 G7422,CG8203,CG958
RAPA DK2,P5MD9, 48,1017,5715, 8, rasagiline NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, rebamipide AURKB, 9212, CG6620,
reboxetine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
remifentanil ELAVL1, 1994, CG4396,
renzapride CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060, repaglinide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Resiniferotoxin TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
resiquimod GSTOl.DNALIl, 9446,7802, CG6673,CG6971,
PDE4A,UGT1A4,UGT1 5141,54657,54659 CG14940,CG4772,CG4
Retardex A3.PSIP1, ,11168, 772,CG7946,
Riacon NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Ribavirin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Riboflavin GSR, 2936, CG2151,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 4051,1576,1577,5 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Rifabutin A5,P0LD1,CDC2, 424,983, 60,CG5949,CG8203, rifamycins GPR177, 79971, CG6210,
Rifocin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
rimonabant CNR1, 1268, CG12796, risedronic acid DDOST, 1650, CG9022,
risperidone LPAR3,CYP3A4, 23566,1576, CG12796,CG2060,
Ristocetin ACTR2, 10097, CG9901,
SLC2A4,NFKB1,CYP3 6517,4790,1551,1 CG1086,CG11992,CG2
Ritonavir A7,CYP3A4,CD36, 576,948, 060,CG2060,CG7422, rituximab NFKB1.DNAH5, 4790,1767, CG11992,CG17150,
Ro 13-8996 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Ro 23-7553 CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
Ro 23-7637 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Ro 24-7429 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Ro 31-6233 5LC2A4, 6517, CG1086,
Ro 31-7549 LPAR2, 9170, CG12796,
NFKB1,MAPK15,FGFR 4790,225689,2264 CG11992,CG2309,CG7
Ro 31-8220 4, 223,
R04383596 FGF 1.FGF 2, 2260,2263, CG7223,CG7223,
PHB,UGT1A1,UGT1A6 5245,54658,54578 CG10691,CG4772,CG4
Robitet ,DPAGT1,PSMD9, ,1798,5715, 772,CG5287,CG9588, rofecoxib NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
PDE4A,PDE4B,CYP3A CG14940,CG14940,CG roflumilast 4, 5141,5142,1576, 2060,
rokitamycin DPAGT1, 1798, CG5287,
CG11992,CG14940,CG
NFKB1,PDE4B,PDE4C, 4790,5142,5143,5 14940,CG14940,CG97
Rolipram PDE4A,ADORA2A, 141,135, 53,
romidepsin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, rooperol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
ropivacaine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CG5179,CG5788,CG59
CDK9,UBE2L3,CCNA2 1025,7332,890,54 40,CG5949,CG8203,C
,P0LD1,CDK5,CDC2,C 24,1020,983,1017, G8203,CG8203,CG958 roscovitine DK2,P5MD9, 5715, 8,
5LC2A4,CYP3A4,CD3 6517,1576,948,21 CG1086,CG2060,CG74 rosiglitazone 6,AC5L4, 82, 22,CG8732, rosmarinic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, rosuvastatin CYP3A4,CYP3A5, 1576,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
Roxithromycin NFKB1,CYP3A4, 4790,1576, CG11992,CG2060,
Rozevin GPR177,CDC2, 79971,983, CG6210,CG8203, RPR 121056 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
RU 58668 NFKB1.PSMD9, 4790,5715, CG11992,CG9588, ruboxistaurin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
rugosin E NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, rutecarpine CYP3A4.TRPV1, 1576,7442, CG2060,CG5842,
Rutin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
5-(beta-p- methoxypropiophe- none)thiamine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
S-Nitroso-N- CG11992,CG8137,CG9
Acetylpenicillamine NFKB1.SERPINB3, 4790,6317, 453,CG9460,
5-Nitrosothiols NFKB1.LPAR2, 4790,9170, CG11992,CG12796,
5-phenyl-N-acetylcysteine GSTT1, 2952, CG30005, sabarubicin GPR177, 79971, CG6210,
sabcomeline FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
Safingol TYMS, 7298, CG3181,
Safrole GSTT1, 2952, CG30005,
SAGA SMARCA1, 6594, CG8625,
NFKB1,HDAC3,KPNA2 4790,8841,3838,5 CG11992,CG2128,CG4
, POLD1.AU RKB.AURK 424,9212,6790,98 799,CG5949,CG6620,
5AHA A.CDC2, 3, CG6620,CG8203, saikosaponin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Salicin LPAR2, 9170, CG12796, salvin CCNA2,PSMD9, 890,5715, CG5940,CG9588,
DCP1B,EX0SC1,SNRP 196513,51013,663 CG11183,CG6249,CG9 samarium G, 7, 742,
SAMe ELP3, 55140, CG15433, sanguinarine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, sapogenins UGT1A4, 54657, CG4772,
CYP3A5,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Saquinavir A7, 1577,1576,1551, 60,
Sarasar CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,TRPA 4790,1576,8989,7 CG11992,CG2060,CG5
Sarna 1,TRPV1,TRPV4, 442,59341, 751,CG5842,CG5842, sauchinone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, saxatilin PSMD9, 5715, CG9588,
SB 218078 POLD1.CDC2, 5424,983, CG5949,CG8203,
SB 225002 LPAR2, 9170, CG12796,
SB 415286 ACTR2, 10097, CG9901,
SB-705498 TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
CELSR1,ME2,HNRNPH CG11895,CG5889,CG6 scandium 3, 9620,4200,3189, 946,
SCH 66712 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
schizandrer A NPFFR2, 10886, CG10823, scoparone PSIP1, 11168, CG7946,
Scopoletin UGT1A3, 54659, CG4772,
Score SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
SDX 308 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Selegiline KHDRBS1, 10657, CG3613.CG5821, seocalcitol PSMD9, 5715, CG9588,
Sep-Pak ECD, 11319, CG5714,
Serad CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
sertindole CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
sevoflurane NFKB1JRPV1, 4790,7442, CG11992,CG5842, 5EW2871 S1PR1, 1901, CG12796, shikonin NFKB1.FGFR4, 4790,2264, CG11992,CG7223, siderophore VDAC1, 7416, CG17137,
PLXNA3,PDE4A,CYP3 55558,5141,1577, CG11081,CG14940,CG
Sildenafil A5,CYP3A4, 1576, 2060,CG2060, silvestrol POLD1.CDC2, 5424,983, CG5949,CG8203,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,UGT1 4790,1576,54658, CG11992,CG2060,CG4
A1,UBE2L3,CCNB1,C 7332,891,1017,57 772,CG5788,CG5940, silybin DK2,PSMD9, 15, CG8203,CG9588,
Sincalide CCKAR, 886, CG6881,
Sizofiran TAOK2, 9344, CG14217,
5K-7041 CCNB1, 891, CG5940,
SK&F 106528 SFRS1, 6426, CG6987,
SM 7368 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Sodium pentosan poly sulfate SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
Sodium Salicylate NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG11992,CG2060,CG5
NFKB1,CYP3A4,CCNA 4790,1576,890,89 940,CG5940,CG5949,
2,CCNB1,P0LD1,CDC 1,5424,983,5048,5 CG8203,CG8440,CG95 sorafenib 2,PAFAH1B1,PSMD9, 715, 88,
sorbinil NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Sorbo NFKBl.SORD, 4790,6652, CG11992,CG1982,
Sorbose SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086,
spiroglumide CCKBR, 887, CG6881,
Spironolactone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, squamocin CDC2,PSMD9, 983,5715, CG8203,CG9588,
SR 144528 CNR1.CNR2, 1268,1269, CG12796,CG12796,
SR 27897 CCKAR, 886, CG6881,
CG8137,CG9453,CG94
SR 48692 SERPINB1, 1992, 60,
SR 80327A SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
SR 90107A-ORG 31540 SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
ST 638 FGFR4, 2264, CG7223,
stallimycin UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788,
Stanozolol SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
CG1086,CG11992,CG1
SLC2A4,NFKB1,LPAR3 6517,4790,23566, 2796,CG2060,CG2151
,CYP3A4,TXNRD2,CC 1576,10587,891,5 ,CG5940,CG5949,CG6
NB1, POLD1.AU RKA.F 424,6790,2534,98 620,CG7873,CG8203,
YN,CDC2,CDK2,PSMD 3,1017,5715,1009 CG8203,CG9588,CG99 staurosporine 9,ACTR2, 7, 01,
Stearin CD36, 948, CG7422,
Stereoisomerism CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
Steviol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Stevioside NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
STIL 0PN4,SERPINC1, 94233,462, CG4550,CG8137, stilbene-disulphonate VDAC1, 7416, CG17137,
Stilbenes CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
SLC2A4,CYP4F3,CYP3 CG1086,CG2060,CG20
A4,CYP3A5,CYP3A7,C 6517,4051,1576,1 60,CG2060,CG2060,C
CNB1,P0LD1,CDC2,A 577,1551,891,542 G5940,CG5949,CG820
Stim DORAl,ADORA2A, 4,983,134,135, 3,CG9753,CG9753,
Streptomycin VDAC1, 7416, CG17137,
PLXNB1,GSTT1,SERPI CG11081,CG30005,CG
Styrene NCI, 5364,2952,462, 8137, styrene-methylmethacrylate
copolymer POLD1.CDC2, 5424,983, CG5949,CG8203,
SU 5416 PSMD9, 5715, CG9588,
SU 6668 FGF 1, 2260, CG7223,
TYMS,CCNB1,CDC2,C 7298,891,983,101 CG3181,CG5940,CG82
SU 9516 DK2, 7, 03,CG8203, suberate NPR1, 4881, CG31183, suberosin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, succinic semialdehyde CCKBR, 887, CG6881,
Sufentanil CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Suldox DHPS, 1725, CG8005,
sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine DHPS, 1725, CG8005,
Sulfamethazine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
sulfamethoxazole hydroxyla- mine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CYP3 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Sulfaphenazole A5, 4051,1576,1577, 60,
Sulfasalazine NFKB1.SLC46A1, 4790,113235, CG11992,CG8008, sulfate cellufine LMAN1, 3998, CG6822,
sulfate-sulfate CYP3A7, 1551, CG2060,
CYP3A4,DLL1,FGFR3, 1576,28514,2261, CG2060,CG3619,CG72 sulfidonitrogen(.) CAPN3, 825, 23,CG8107,
CYP3A4,UGT1A9,UGT 1576,54600,54577 CG2060,CG4772,CG47
Sulfinpyrazone 1A7,UGT1A1,CLTB, ,54658,1212, 72,CG4772,CG6948, sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate CD36, 948, CG7422,
sulfo-succinimidyl-oleate CD36, 948, CG7422,
sulfogalactosylglycerolipid KHDRBS1, 10657, CG3613,CG5821, sulfones TYMS, 7298, CG3181,
sulfonic acid SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
sulfonyl-phenyl-ethyl CNR2, 1269, CG12796,
NFKB1,CYP3A4,TXNR 4790,1576,7296,5 CG11992,CG2060,CG2
Sulforafan D1,UGT1A1,CCNB1, 4658,891, 151,CG4772,CG5940,
Sulindac NFKB1.FM03, 4790,2328, CG11992,CG3006, sulindac sulfone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, sultopride CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060, sunitinib CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Synthos CADPS,CSNK2B, 8618,1460, CG18026,CG8914,
T 0070907 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CYP3A4,CD36,PSMD9 CG2060,CG7422,CG95
T 0901317 1576,948,5715, 88,
Tacrine CDK9, 1025, CG5179,
NFKB1,F0XP3,CYP3A CG11992,CG16899,CG
5,CYP3A4,UGT2B7,C 4790,50943,1577, 2060,CG2060,CG4772
Tacrolimus D36, 1576,7364,948, ,CG7422,
tadalafil CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CYP3A4,UBE2L3,PSM CG2060,CG5788,CG95
Tamogel D9, 1576,7332,5715, 88,
NFKB1,CYP4F3,CYP3A CG11992,CG2060,CG2
5,CYP3A4,TXNRD1,U 060,CG2060,CG2151,
GT1A4,UGT1A3,UBE2 4790,4051,1577,1 CG4772,CG4772,CG57
L3,TRPV6,CCNA2,CC 576,7296,54657,5 88,CG5842,CG5940,C
NB1,P0LD1,FGFR4,C 4659,7332,55503, G5940,CG5949,CG722
D36,PSIP1,SERPINC1, 890,891,5424,226 3,CG7422,CG7946,CG
SER- 4,948,11168,462,6 8137,CG8137,CG9453
PINB3,CDK2,CDC2,PS 317,1017,983,571 ,CG9460,CG8203,CG8
Tamoxifen MD9, 5, 203,CG9588, tandospirone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Tangeretin CYP3A4,P5MD9, 1576,5715, CG2060,CG9588, tanshinone NFKB1.CYP3A4, 4790,1576, CG11992,CG2060, taurocholic acid FGFR4, 2264, CG7223,
Taurodeoxycholic Acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, tauroursodeoxycholic acid UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788,
tautomycetin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG11992,CG14217,CG
NFKB1,TA0K2,CYP4F 2060,CG2060,CG2060
3,CYP3A5,CYP3A4,CC 4790,9344,4051,1 ,CG5940,CG5949,CG8
NB1,P0LD1,SERPINB 577,1576,891,542 137,CG9453,CG9460,
3,CDC2,PAFAH1B1,PS 4,6317,983,5048,5 CG8203,CG8440,CG95
TAXOTERE MD9, 715, 88,
CYP3A5,CYP3A4,CYP4 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
TBDZ F3, 1577,1576,4051, 60,
UGT1A4,UGT1A6,UGT
1A9,UGT2B7,UGT1A3 54657,54578,5460 CG4772,CG4772,CG47
TBHQ , 0,7364,54659, 72,CG4772,CG4772,
TCAT ZNF24, 7572, CG31364,CG6930, technetium ONECUT2, 9480, CG1922,
Tegafur TAOK2, 9344, CG14217,
Teleocidin P5MD12, 5718, CGllOO,
telithromycin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Temazepam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
TXNRD2,TXNRD1,P0L 10587,7296,5424, CG2151,CG2151,CG59 temozolomide D1.CDC2, 983, 49,CG8203, temsirolimus CYP3A4,P5MD9, 1576,5715, CG2060,CG9588,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,CCN CG2060,CG2060,CG59 terbinafine A2, 4051,1577,890, 40,
terephthalic acid HDHD1A, 8226, CG5565,
Terfenadine CYP3A5,CYP3A4, 1577,1576, CG2060,CG2060, teriflunomide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG5940,CG5949,CG82 terrein CCNB1,P0LD1,CDC2, 891,5424,983, 03,
territrem A CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
territrem B CYP3A5, 1577, CG2060,
territrem C CYP3A5, 1577, CG2060,
tertiapin FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
tetra-mu3-sulfido-tetrairon ELP3, 55140, CG15433, tetrachloroethene CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG12796,CG12796,CG
CNR2,CNR1,UBE2L3, 1269,1268,7332,5 5788,CG5842,CG5940
Tetrahydrocannabinol TRPV2,CCNA2,ANK1, 1393,890,286, ,CG7462,
tetramethylrhodamine ACTR2, 10097, CG9901,
tetramethylsilane CELSR1.ME2, 9620,4200, CG11895,CG5889, tetraphene CYP3A5,CYP3A7, 1577,1551, CG2060,CG2060,
Tetraprenol TBXASl.TYMS, 6916,7298, CG2060.CG3181, tetrasulfanide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Thalidomide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
LYZ,NFKB1,PDE1A,CD 4069,4790,5136,1 CG1180,CG11992,CG1
Thapsigargin K2, 017, 4940,CG8203, thiamine disulfide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, thiazole TRPV1, 7442, CG5842,
Thiazolidinediones NFKB1,CYP3A4,TFAM, 4790,1576,7019,5 CG11992,CG2060,CG4 P5MD9, 715, 217,CG9588, thioacetamide ADORA2A, 135, CG9753,
Thioacetazone FM03.FM01, 2328,2326, CG3006,CG3006, thiobenzamide FMOl, 2326, CG3006,
thiocoraline CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
NFKB1,CYP4F3,CYP3A CG11992,CG2060,CG2
Thiole 5, 4790,4051,1577, 060,
Thiopental PLXNB1.NFKB1, 5364,4790, CG11081,CG11992,
NFKB1,TXNRD1,PDHX CG11992,CG2151,CG5 thioredoxin dithiol , 4790,7296,8050, 261,
thioridazine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Thiostrepton PL11, 6135, CG7726,
thrombin receptor peptide
SFLLRNP TXNRD1,TXNRD2, 7296,10587, CG2151.CG2151, thrombin Tokushima SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
LPAR2 ,TAOK2 , H AD H B 9170,9344,3032,2 CG12796,CG14217,CG
Thromboxane A2 ,FGFR3, 261, 4581.CG7223, thromboxane B2 TAOK2.SERPINC1, 9344,462, CG14217,CG8137,
Thyminose DLD, 1738, CG7430,
thymol TRPV3, 162514, CG5842,
thymoquinone UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788,
LPAR2,TXNRD2,TXNR 9170,10587,7296, CG12796,CG2151,CG2
Thyrotropin D1.ERP29, 10961, 151,CG7225,
CYP3A4,CYP4F3,CYP3 1576,4051,1577,4 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Ticlopidine A5.SERPINC1, 62, 60,CG8137,
Tilidine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
tipranavir CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
tirilazad CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
titanium alloy (TiAI6V4) ELAVL2, 1993, CG4396,
TMC-95A 5LC5A7, 60482, CG7708,
Tmndga POLD1.CDC2, 5424,983, CG5949,CG8203,
TMSI TYMS, 7298, CG3181,
To b rex 5MN1, 6606, CG16725,
CYP4F2,CYP3A4,UGT CG2060,CG2060,CG47 tocotrienols 1A1, 8529,1576,54658, 72,
tofisopam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
tolrestat NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
Tolterodine CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
PLXNB1,CEL5R1,5TX 5364,9620,9482,4 CG11081,CG11895,CG toluene 8,ME2, 200, 4109,CG5889,
TOLUENE-DITHIOL ME3, 10873, CG5889,
topiramate CYP3A4,UGT2B7, 1576,7364, CG2060,CG4772,
CYP3A4,TXNRD1,TXN CG2060,CG2151,CG21
Topotecan RD2, 1576,7296,10587, 51,
Toremifene ECD.SERPINCl, 11319,462, CG5714,CG8137,
Tosylarginine Methyl Ester SERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone 5MAD7, 4092, CG5201,
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
TPN+ UGT1A4,UGT1A3, 54657,54659, CG4772,CG4772,
Tracer G5T02, 119391, CG6673,
Tramadol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
NFKB1,5MN1,CYP3A5 4790,6606,1577,4 CG11992,CG16725,CG trans-resveratrol ,CYP4F3,CYP3A4,CDC 051,1576,983,571 2060,CG2060,CG2060 2,P5MD9, 5, ,CG8203,CG9588,
LA P6,ECD,CCNA2,C 55323,11319,890, CG17386,CG5714,CG5 trastuzumab DK2,P5MD9, 1017,5715, 940,CG8203,CG9588,
Trazodone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Tremode CYP3A4,CYP3A5, 1576,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
Tremorine PLXNA2, 5362, CG11081,
Tretinoin TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151,
Triad WDR92,PRDX6, 116143,9588, CG14353,CG3083,
Triamcinolone PLXNA2, 5362, CG11081, triazolam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
triazoles CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
tributylstannane CYP3A5,CYP4F3, 1577,4051, CG2060,CG2060, trichostatins CCNA2, 890, CG5940,
Triclosan RCP9, 27297, CG4875,
triethylamine TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151,
Trifluoperazine UGT1A4, 54657, CG4772,
trimethylaminocarboxyldihy- droboran NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, trioctyl phosphine oxide UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788,
Triolein PQBP1, 10084, CG11820, tripterine NFKB1.PSMD9, 4790,5715, CG11992,CG9588, triptolide NFKB1.CYP3A4, 4790,1576, CG11992,CG2060, triterpenoids NFKB1.PDE4A, 4790,5141, CG11992,CG14940,
SLC2A1,NFKB1,CYP3 CG1086,CG11992,CG2
A5,CYP3A7,CYP3A4,U 6513,4790,1577,1 060,CG2060,CG2060,
GT1A6,P0LD1,CD36, 551,1576,54578,5 CG4772,CG5949,CG74
DLD,CDC2,CDK2,P5M 424,948,1738,983, 22,CG7430,CG8203,C troglitazone D9, 1017,5715, G8203,CG9588,
CYP3A7,CYP4F3,CYP3 1551,4051,1577,1 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Troleandomycin A5,CYP3A4, 576, 60,CG2060,
TTNPB UGT2B15, 7366, CG4772,
tubocapsanolide A P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
Tunicamycin SLC2A1.CCNA2, 6513,890, CG1086,CG5940,
CG12796,CG8487,CG9 tyrphostin AG 1478 S1P 3,GBF1,PSMD9, 1903,8729,5715, 588,
tyrphostin AG-490 FOXP3, 50943, CG16899, tyrphostin AG17 CDK2, 1017, CG8203,
SLC2A5,NFKB1,SMN1 6518,4790,6606,4 CG1086,CG11992,CG1
,5MAD6,CCNA2,AURK 091,890,6790,101 6725,CG5201,CG5940
U 0126 A,CDK2, 7, ,CG6620,CG8203,
Ubizol CYP3A4,FGFR3, 1576,2261, CG2060,CG7223,
Ufur TYM5, 7298, CG3181,
UK 157147 UGT1A1, 54658, CG4772,
Uprima FGFR3, 2261, CG7223,
Uran RBM5, 10181, CG4887,
uranyl acetate NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, urethane ELAC1, 55520, CG3298,
Urex UGT1A1.FGFR3, 54658,2261, CG4772,CG7223, urinastatin 5ERPINC1, 462, CG8137,
CYP3A4,ME2,ME1,ME 1576,4200,4199,1 CG2060,CG5889,CG58
Urso 3, 0873, 89,CG5889,
CG11992,CG2151,CG4
NFKB1,GSR,UGT2B7, 4790,2936,7364,6 772,CG8137,CG9453,
U5AN 5ERPINB3,CDK2, 317,1017, CG9460,CG8203, valerenic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, valspodar CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
venlafaxine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CG2060,CG2060,CG58
CYP3A5,CYP3A4,ME1, 1577,1576,4199,7 89,CG6210,CG7223,C
Verapamil GPR177,FGFR3,DHP5, 9971,2261,1725, G8005,
verlukast GPR177, 79971, CG6210,
vesnarinone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Viagra SMN1, 6606, CG16725,
Vigil CYP3A5,CYP3A4, 1577,1576, CG2060,CG2060,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,CYP3 4051,1577,1576,8 CG2060,CG2060,CG20 vincristine A4,CCNB1,GPR177, 91,79971, 60,CG5940,CG6210,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,COX CG2060,CG2060,CG96 vinflunine 7A2L, 4051,1577,9167, 03,
CYP4F3,CYP3A5,TYM CG2060,CG2060,CG31 vinorelbine 5, 4051,1577,7298, 81,
vinpocetine PDE1C, 5137, CG14940, violacein P5MD9, 5715, CG9588,
CG11992,CG12796,CG
NFKB1,LPAR2,PDE4A, 4790,9170,5141,5 14940,CG16899,CG36 F0XP3,DLL1,T PV1,S 0943,28514,7442, 19,CG5842,CG6987,C FR51,FGFR3,ADORA2 6426,2261,135,13 G7223,CG9753,CG975
Vira-A A,AD0RA1,ACTR2, 4,10097, 3.CG9901,
CG2060,CG3006,CG30 voriconazole CYP3A4,FM03,FM01, 1576,2328,2326, 06,
CG8137,CG9453,CG94 vorozole 5ERPINB1, 1992, 60,
VX680 AURKA, 6790, CG6620,
CYP4F2,CYP4F3,CYP3
A4,CYP3A5,5ERPINC1 8529,4051,1576,1 CG2060,CG2060,CG20
Warfarin 577,462, 60,CG2060,CG8137,
WAY- 169916 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
CG1086,CG12796,CG1
Win 55212-2 5LC2A4,CNR2,CNR1, 6517,1269,1268, 2796,
withaferin A NFKB1, 4790, CG11992,
WLN: QR BG C9orf5, 23731, CG2698,
WLN: RVR EX05C1, 51013, CG6249,
WLN: Z5WR CCNA2, 890, CG5940,
CYP3A4,UGT1A3,UGT 1576,54659,54657 CG2060,CG4772,CG47 xanthohumol 1A4, 72,
NFKB1,UGT1A6,CDK9 CG11992,CG4772,CG5 ,FGFR3,CD36,5ERPIN 4790,54578,1025, 179,CG7223,CG7422,
Xaxa CI, 2261,948,462, CG8137,
Xylit TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151,
Y 27632 SMN1, 6606, CG16725,
CG11992,CG13162,CG
NFKB1,CD226,RPL10, 17521,CG2151,CG525
TXNRD1,5LC25A21,5 4,CG5711,CG5714,CG
AG,ECD,UBE2L3,TRP 4790,10666,6134, 5788,CG5842,CG5940
V4,CCNA2,HNRNPH3, 7296,89874,6295, ,CG6946,CG7223,CG7
FGFR1,CD36,FGR,MA 11319,7332,59341 422,CG7873,CG8110,
PK8IP3,5ERPINB10,C ,890,3189,2260,94 CG8137,CG9453,CG94
DK2,5MARCA1,AD0R 8,2268,23162,527 60,CG8203,CG8625,C yristate A2A, 3,1017,6594,135, G9753,
Z 338 UGT1A9.UGT1A1, 54600,54658, CG4772,CG4772, zafirlukast CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Zalcitabine TFAM, 7019, CG4217,
zardaverine PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, ZD 9331 TYMS, 7298, CG3181,
Zearalenone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
Zeldox CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
CG5949,CG7422,CG82 zerumbone P0LD1,CD36,CDC2, 5424,948,983, 03,
UGT2B7,UGT1A9,GP 7364,54600,79971 CG4772,CG4772,CG62
Zidovudine 177,FGFR4, ,2264, 10,CG7223, zileuton CYP4F3,CYP3A5, 4051,1577, CG2060,CG2060,
NFKB1,51PR3,CYP3A CG11992,CG12796,CG 5,CYP3A4,CD36,FYN, 4790,1903,1577,1 2060,CG2060,CG7422 5ER- 576,948,2534,462, ,CG7873,CG8137,CG8
Zocor PINC1,CDK2,PSMD9, 1017,5715, 203,CG9588, zopiclone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060,
RFC1,NAP1L1,FGR,N 5981,4673,2268,4 CG1119,CG5330,CG78
Zymosan DUFAB1, 706, 73,CG9160,
Trospium chloride CYP3A4 1576 CG2060,
CG11081,CG2060,CG1
PLXNB1,CYP3A4,SMN 6725,CG11992,CG318 2,NFKB1,TYM5,5MN1, 5364,1576,6607,4 1,CG16725,CG1086,C SLC2A4,SLC2A1,GS , 790,7298,6606,65 G1086,CG2151,CG206 CYP3A4,CYP3A4,CYP3 17,6513,2936,157 0,CG2060,CG2060,CG
Valproic Acid A4.CYP4B1, 6,1576,1576,1580 2060,
The inventive pharmaceutical compounds suitable for the treat¬ ment of pain are also known by the following synonyms, trade names and CAS designations:
(lS,2S)-2-(2-(N-( (3-benzimidazol-2-yl) propyl) -N- methylamino) ethyl) -6-fluoro-l, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-l-isopropyl-2- naphtyl cyclopropanecarboxylate dihydrochloride, ( IS , 2S ) -2- ( 2-
(N- ( ( 3-benzimidazol-2-yl ) propyl) -N-methylamino ) ethyl) -6-fluoro- 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-l-isopropyl-2-naphtyl cyclopropanecarboxylate dihydrochloride, NNC 55-0396;
(5- ( 2-methoxy-5-chloro-5-phenyl ) furan-2-ylcarbonyl ) guanidine, (5- ( 2-methoxy-5-chloro-5-phenyl ) furan-2-ylcarbonyl ) guanidine, (5- ( 2-methoxy-5-chlorophenyl ) furan-2-ylcarbonyl ) guanidine, KR- 32570;
(6S) -5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydrofolic acid, ( 6S ) -5, 6, 7 , 8- TETRAHYDROFOLATE, ( 6S ) -5, 6, 7 , 8-tetrahydrofolic acid, (6S)- 5,6,7, 8-tetrahydropteroylglutamate ;
(T,G)-A-L, ( 2S ) -2-amino-3- ( 4-hydroxyphenyl ) propanoic acid; (2S)- 2-aminopentanedioic acid; ( 2S ) -2-aminopropanoic acid; (2S)-2,6- diaminohexanoic acid, ( 2S ) -2-aminoglutaric acid; ( 2S ) -2-amino-3-
( 4-hydroxyphenyl ) propionic acid; ( 2S ) -2-aminopropionic acid;
( 2S ) -2 , 6-diaminohexanoic acid, (L-Tyrosine-L-glutamic acid) - poly (DL-alanine) -poly (L-lysine) ; 1 alpha-hydroxyergocalciferol, 1 alpha-hydroxyergocalciferol, lalpha (OH) 2D2 , lalpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 ;
1- ( 1-cyclohexylethylamino ) -4-phenylphthalazine, 1- (1- cyclohexylethylamino) -4-phenylphthalazine, MKC 963, MKC-963;
1- ( 2-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl ) -4- ( ( 2-hydroxyethyl ) amino) -6- trifluoromethoxy-2 , 3-dihydropyrrolo (3, 2-c) quinoline, 1- (2- methyl-4-methoxyphenyl ) -4- ( (2-hydroxyethyl) amino) -6- trifluoromethoxy-2 , 3-dihydropyrrolo (3, 2-c) quinoline, 1- (4- methoxy-2-methylphenyl ) -4- ( (2-hydroxyethyl) amino) -6- trifluoromethoxy-2, 3-dihydropyrrolo (3, 2-c) quinoline, KR 60436;
1- (2, 3-dichlorobenzoyl ) -5-methoxy-2-methyl- (2- (mopholin-4- yl) ethyl) -lH-indole, 1- (2, 3-dichlorobenzoyl) -5-methoxy-2-methyl-
(2- (mopholin-4-yl) ethyl) -lH-indole, GW405833;
1- (2, 3-dihydro-l, 4-benzodioxin-5-yl ) -4- ( (5- ( 4-fluorophenyl ) -3- pyridinyl) methyl) piperazine, 1- (2, 3-dihydro-l, 4-benzodioxin-5- yl ) -4- ( ( 5- ( 4-fluorophenyl ) -3-pyridinyl ) methyl ) piperazine, SLV 313, SLV-313;
1- (6- ( ( 3-methoxyestra-l , 3,5(10) -trien-17-yl ) amino ) hexyl ) -1Pi- pyrrole-2 , 5-dione, 1- (6- ( (3-methoxyestra-l , 3,5(10) -trien-17- yl) amino) hexyl) -lH-pyrrole-2, 5-dione, U 73122, U-73,122;
1-adamantyl propargyl ether, 1-adamantyl propargyl ether, 1APE; 1-aminobenzotriazole, 1-aminobenzotriazole ;
l-aminooxy-3-aminopropane, l-aminooxy-3-aminopropane ;
l-hydrazino-4- (3, 5-dimethyl) -l-pyrazolyl-5H-pyridazino (4,5- b) indole, l-hydrazino-4- (3, 5-dimethyl) -l-pyrazolyl-5H- pyridazino (4, 5-b) indole;
1-hydroxymethylmidazolam, 1-hydroxymethylmidazolam;
1-hydroxypyrene, 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-pyrenol;
l-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, 1 Methyl 4 phenylpyridine, 1 Methyl 4 phenylpyridinium, 1 Methyl 4 phenylpyridinium Chloride;
l-Nitropyren-8-ol, l-Nitro-8-hydroxypyrene, l-Nitropyren-8-ol, l-Nitropyrene-8-ol ;
1-phosphatidyl-lD-myo-inositol 3-phosphates , 1 , 2-Diacyl-sn- glycero-3-phospho- ( 1 ' -myo-inositol-3 ' -phosphate ) , 1-0- ( 3-sn- phosphatidyl ) -lD-myo-inositol 3- (dihydrogen phosphate), 1- Phosphatidyl-lD-myo-inositol 3-phosphate ;
l-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1-SOPC, 1- stearoyl-2-oleoyl lecithin, l-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-3- glycerophosphocholine ;
1 , 1-bis ( 3 ' -indolyl ) -1- ( 4-t-butylphenyl ) methane, 1 , 1-bis ( 3 ' - indolyl ) -1- ( 4-t-butylphenyl ) methane, 1 , 1-bis ( 3 ' -indolyl ) -1- (p-t- butylphenyl) methane, DIM-C-pPhtBu;
1.1-dimethylbutyl-l-deoxy-Delta (9) -THC, 1, 1-dimethylbutyl-l- deoxy-Delta (9) -THC, JWH-133, JWH1333;
1, 1, l-trichloro-2- ( 4-hydroxyphenyl ) -2- ( 4-methoxyphenyl ) ethane, 1, 1, l-trichloro-2- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -2- (4-methoxyphenyl) ethane, mono-OH-M;
1.2-bis (diphenylphosphino) ethane, 1, 2- bis (diphenylphosphino) ethane, bis (diphenylphosphine) ethane, C (CP (clcccccl) c2ccccc2) P (c3ccccc3) c4ccccc4;
1, 2-di- ( 4-sulfamidophenyl ) -4-butylpyrazolidine-3 , 5-dione, 1, 2- di- ( 4-sulfamidophenyl ) -4-butylpyrazolidine-3 , 5-dione;
1, 2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines , (3-sn- phosphatidyl ) choline, 1, 2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine,
1 , 2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines ;
1 , 2-ethanedithiol , 1 , 2-ethanedithiol , 2-mercaptoethanol disul¬ fide, BisEDT;
1.2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine, 1,2-dioleoyl glycerophosphocho- line, 1 , 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-ethylphosphocholine, 1,2- dioleoylglycerophosphocholine ;
1,2,4-triazines, 1,2,4-triazines;
1, 25-dihydroxy-21- ( 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl ) -23-yne-26, 27- hexafluorocholecalciferol, 1, 25-dihydroxy-21- ( 3-hydroxy-3- methylbutyl) -23-yne-26, 27-hexafluorocholecalciferol, lalpha, 25- dihydroxy-2 OS-21- ( 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl ) -23-yne-26, 27- hexafluorocholecalciferol, Ro 438-2582;
1, 25-dihydroxyergocalciferol, 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D2, 1, 25- (OH) 2D2, 1, 25-dihydroxyergocalci ferol ;
1, 25D3, (lalpha, 3beta, 5Z, 7E) -9, lO-secocholesta-5, 7,10(19)- triene-1, 3, 25-triol, ( 1R, 3S ) -5- { 2- [ ( 1R, 3aS, 7aR) -1- ( (R) -5- Hydroxy-1, 5-dimethyl-hexyl ) -7a-methyl-octahydro-inden-4- ylidene] -ethylidene } -4-methylene-cyclohexane-l , 3-diol,
(1R, 3S, 5Z) -5- [ (2E) -2- [ ( 1R, 3aS, 7aR) -1- [ (1R) -5-hydroxy-l , 5- dimethyl-hexyl ] -7a-methyl-2 , 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH-inden-4- ylidene] ethylidene] -4-methylene-cyclohexane-l, 3-diol;
1.3-Dcg, ( 2-hydroxy-3-octanoyloxy-propyl ) octanoate, (2-hydroxy- 3-octanoyloxypropyl ) octanoate, 1,3-Dcg;
1, 3-dihydroxy-4 , 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-2- (4- carboxyphenyl ) tetrahydroimidazole, 1, 3-dihydroxy-4 , 4,5,5- tetramethyl-2- (4-carboxyphenyl) tetrahydroimidazole, 1, 3-DTCTI, 2- ( 4-carboxyphenyl ) -;
1, 3-dipropyl-8- ( 3-noradamantyl ) xanthine, 1, 3-dipropyl-8- (3- noradamantyl ) xanthine;
1, 3, 5-trimethylbenzene, 1, 3, 5-trimethylbenzene, 3,5- dimethyltoluene, Cclcc (C) cc (C) cl;
1, 7-dioxa-2, 6-diaza-4, 4-dioxide-4, 7a-dithia-3H, 5H- benzo (cd) pentalene, 1, 7-dioxa-2, 6-diaza-4, 4-dioxide-4, 7a-dithia-
3H, 5H-benzo (cd) pentalene, HEP-IV;
1 O-deoxymethynolide, 1 O-deoxymethynolide ;
10-propargyl-l O-deazaaminopterin, 10-propargyl-l 0- deazaaminopterin, pralatrexate ;
10-undecynoic acid, 10-undecynoic acid;
10, 10-bis ( 4-pyridinylmethyl ) -9 (10H) -anthracenone, 10, 10-bis (4- pyridinylmethyl ) -9 ( 1 OH) -anthracenone, XE 991, anthracenone, XE- 991;
11-cis-retinal, (2E, 4Z, 6E, 8E) -3, 7-dimethyl-9- (2, 6, 6- trimethylcyclohex-l-en-l-yl ) nona-2, 4, 6, 8-tetraenal, 11-cis- retinal, 11-cis-Retinene ;
11-hydroxycannabinol , 11-hydroxycannabinol ;
12-Hht, (5E, 8E, 10E) -12-hydroxyheptadeca-5, 8, 10-trienoic acid,
12-Hht, 12-hydroxy-5, 8, 10-heptadecatrienoic acid;
13-Lox, ( 9E, HE) - 13-hydroxyoctadeca- 9 , 11-dienoic acid, 13-Hodd, 13-Hode;
13-oxo-9, 11-octadecadienoic acid, 13-oxo-9, 11-octadecadienoic acid;
15 hete, (15S) -15-Hydroxy-5, 8, ll-cis-13-trans-eicosatetraenoate, (15S) -15-Hydroxy-5, 8, ll-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate,
(15S, 5Z, 8Z, HZ, 13E) - 15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid;
15-Hydroxy-ll alpha, 9 alpha- (epoxymethano) prosta-5, 13-dienoic Acid, ( 15S ) -Hydroxy-11 alpha, 9 alpha- ( epoxymethano ) prosta-5Z , 13E-dienoic Acid, ( 15S ) hydroxy-9alpha, 1 lalpha- ( epoxymethano ) prosta-5, 13-dienoic acid, 11 alpha, 9 alpha- Epoxymethano PGH2 ;
17- (allylamino) -17-demethoxygeldanamycin, 17- (allylamino) -17- demethoxy-geldanamycin, 17- (allylamino) -17- demethoxygeldanamycin, 17-AAG;
17alpha-ethynylestradiol, 17-Ethinyl-3, 17-estradiol, 17-Ethinyl- 3, 17-oestradiol, 17-Ethinylestradiol ;
1843U89, 1843U, 1843U89, 2- (5- ( ( (1, 2-dihydro-3-methyl-l- oxobenzo (f ) quinazolin-9-yl ) methyl ) amino) -l-oxo-2- isoindolinyl ) glutaric acid;
lD-myo-inositol 1, 3, 4, 5-tetrakisphosphate, lD-myo-inositol
1, 3, 4, 5-tetrakis (dihydrogen phosphate), lD-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5- tetrakisphosphate, D-myo-Inositol 1 , 3 , 4 , 5-tetrakisphosphate ; lH-indole, lH-indole, 2 , 3-Benzopyrrole, clccc2 [nH] ccc2cl ;
lH-pyrazole, 1,2-Diazole, lH-Pyrazol, lH-pyrazole ;
lH-pyrazolo (3, 4-b) pyridine, lH-pyrazolo (3, 4-b) pyridine;
2 APB, ( ) -2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, ()-AP-4, 2 APB;
2- (1- ( 3-dimethylaminopropyl ) -5-methoxyindol-3-yl ) -3- (lH-indol-3- yl ) maleimide, 2- (1- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) -5-methoxyindol-3-yl ) -
3- ( lH-indol-3-yl ) maleimide, G56983;
2- ( 1-methyl-4-piperidinyl ) - 6- ( 2-phenylpyrazolo ( 1 , 5-a) pyridin-3- yl) -3 (2H) -pyridazinone, 2- ( l-methyl-4-piperidinyl ) -6- (2- phenylpyrazolo (1, 5-a)pyridin-3-yl) -3 (2H) -pyridazinone, FR194921 ; 2- (2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl) -3-methyl-l, 4-naphthoquinone, 2- (2- hydroxyethylsulfanyl ) -3-methyl-l , 4-naphthoquinone, CPD 5, CPD-5; 2- (3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl ) -5-amino-2-isopropylvaleronitrile, 1- isopropyl-l-N-methylpropylamino- (3, 4- dimethoxyphenyl ) acetonitrile, 2- (3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) -5-amino-2- isopropylvaleronitrile, 2- (3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) -5-amino-2- isopropylvaleronitrile hydrochloride ;
2- ( 4-amino-3-methylphenyl ) -5-fluorobenzothiazole, 2- (4-amino-3- methylphenyl) -5-fluorobenzothiazole, 2-NMPh-FBzT, 5F-203;
2- ( 4-morpholinoanilino ) -6-cyclohexylaminopurine, 2- (4- morpholinoanilino ) -6-cyclohexylaminopurine, reversine;
2- ( 4-morpholinyl ) -8-phenyl-4H-l-benzopyran-4-one, 2- (4- morpholinyl ) -8-phenyl-4H-l-benzopyran-4-one, LY 294002, LY- 294002;
2- ( 4-toluidino) -6-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 2,6-TNS, 2-(4- toluidino) -6-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 2- ( 4-toluidino) -6- naphthalenesulfonic acid, monopotassium salt;
2- (cyclohexylmethylidenehydrazino) adenosine, 2-
( cyclohexylmethylidenehydrazino ) adenosine, Binodenoson, WRC
0470;
2-AAF, 2- (Acetylamino ) fluorene, 2-AAF, 2-Acetamidofluorene ;
2-acetylthiomethyl-3- ( 4-methylbenzoyl ) propionic acid, 2- acetylthiomethyl-3- ( 4-methylbenzoyl ) propionic acid, esonarimod, KE 298;
2-AG, (5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z) -Eicosatetraenoic acid, 2-hydroxy-l- (hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester, (5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z) -icosa-5, 8, 11, 14- tetraenoic acid (2-hydroxy-l-methylol-ethyl) ester,
(5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z) -icosa-5, 8, 11, 14-tetraenoic acid [2-hydroxy-l-
(hydroxymethyl ) ethyl ] ester;
2-amino-l-methyl-6-phenylimidazo (4, 5-b) pyridine, 2-amino-l- methyl- 6-phenylimidazo (4, 5-b) pyridine;
2-amino-3, 4-dimethylimidazo (4, 5-f ) quinoline, 2-amino-3, 4- dimethylimidazo (4, 5-f) quinoline;
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl
borate, 2-APB compound, 2APB;
2-AP, 2-AP, 4H-1 , 3-Thiazin-2-amine, 5, 6-dihydro-, monohydrobro- mide, 5, 6-Dihydro-4H-l , 3-thiazin-2-amine hydrobromide ;
2-CADO, (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -2- ( 6-amino-2-chloro-9-purinyl ) -5-
(hydroxymethyl ) tetrahydrofuran-3 , 4-diol, (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6- amino-2-chloro-purin-9-yl ) -5- (hydroxymethyl) oxolane-3, 4-diol,
(2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -2- ( 6-amino-2-chloro-purin-9-yl ) -5-
(hydroxymethyl ) tetrahydrofuran-3 , 4-diol;
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide, 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide, GW9662;
2-cyano-3-hydroxy-N- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) -2-hepten-6- ynamide, 2-cyano-3-hydroxy-N- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) -2- hepten-6-ynamide, 2-cyano-3-hydroxy-N- (4--
(trifluoromethyl) phenyl) -2-hepten- 6-ynoic acid, FK 778;
2-cyanomethylthiopyridine-4-carbonitrile, 2-
(cyanomethylsulfanyl) pyridine-4-carbonitrile, 2-
( cyanomethylthio ) isonicotinonitrile, 2-
( cyanomethylthio ) pyridine-4-carbonitrile ;
2-cyclopentyl-5- ( 5-isoquinolylsulfonyl ) -6-nitro-lH- benzo (D) imidazole, 2-cyclopentyl-5- ( 5-isoquinolylsulfonyl ) -6- nitro-lH-benzo (D) imidazole, compound- 1;
2-DG, (2S, 4R, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) oxane-2, 4, 5-triol,
(2S, 4R, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydropyran-2 , 4, 5-triol, (2S, 4R, 5S, 6R) - 6-methyloltetrahydropyran-2 , 4, 5-triol;
2-hydroxy-4- ( 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3-pentafluoropropoxy) benzoic acid, 2- hydroxy-4- ( 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3-pentafluoropropoxy) benzoic acid, UR 1505,
UR-1505;
2-hydroxyamino-l-methyl-6-phenylimidazo (4, 5-b) pyridine, 2- hydroxyamino-l-methyl-6-phenylimidazo (4, 5-b) pyridine;
2-hydroxyamino-3-methylimidazolo (4, 5-f) quinoline, 2- hydroxyamino-3-methylimidazolo (4, 5-f) quinoline;
2-ME, (17beta) -2-Methoxyestra-l , 3, 5 (10) -triene-3, 17-diol, (8R, 9S, 13S, 14S, 17S) -2-methoxy-13-methyl-
6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17-decahydrocyclopenta [a] phenanthrene- 3,17-diol, 1,3,5(10) -ESTRATRIEN-2 , 3 , 17-BETA-TRIOL 2-METHYL
ETHER;
2-methoxyacetic acid [ 2- [ 2- [ 3- ( lH-benzoimidazol-2-yl ) propyl- methyl-amino ] ethyl] -6-fluoro-l-isopropyl-tetralin-2-yl] ester, 2-methoxyacetic acid [ 2- [ 2- [ 3- ( lH-benzoimidazol-2-yl ) propyl- methyl-amino ] ethyl] -6-fluoro-l-isopropyl-tetralin-2-yl] ester, d020748, mibefradii;
2-methyl-l- ( ( 4-methyl-5-isoquinolinyl ) sulfonyl) homopiperazine, 2-methyl-l- ( ( 4-methyl-5-isoquinolinyl ) sulfonyl) homopiperazine, dimethylfasudil, H 1152;
2-N- ( 4- ( 1-azitrifluoroethyl )benzoyl) -1, 3-bis- (mannos-4-yloxy) -2- propylamine, 2-N- ( 4- ( 1-azitrifluoroethyl )benzoyl) -1, 3-bis- (mannos-4-yloxy) -2-propylamine, 2-N-4- (l-azi-2,2,2- trifluoroethyl ) benzoyl- 1 , 3-bis (D-mannos-4-yloxy) -2-propylamine, ATB-BMPA;
2-Naftol, .beta . -Hydroxynaphthalene, .beta . -Monoxynaphthalene, . beta . -Naftol ;
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, 2-oxo-4-thiazolidine car- boxylic acid, 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate, 2- oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid;
2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline, 2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline ;
2,2, 2-trichloroethane-l , 1-diol, l,l,l-trichloro-2,2- dihydroxyethane, 1 , 1 , l-trichloro-2 , 2-ethanediol , 2,2,2- trichloro-1, 1-ethanediol ;
2,2'- (hydroxynitrosohydrazono) bis-ethanamine, 1- (N- (2- aminoethyl) -N- ( 2-ammonioethyl ) amino) diazen-l-ium-1 , 2-diolate, 2, 2 '- (hydroxynitrosohydrazono) bis-ethanamine, DETA NONOate;
2,2'-azobis(2, 4-dimethylvaleronitrile ) , 2,2'-azobis(2,4- dimethyl) aleronitrile, 2,2' -azobis (2, 4-dimethylvaleronitrile) , ABDVN-2, 2 ' ;
2 , 2 ' -bipyridine, 2 , 2 ' -Bipyridin, 2 , 2 ' -bipyridine, 2,2'- bipyridyl ;
2, 2 ' , 4, 4 ' -tetrachlorobiphenyl, 1 , 1 ' -Biphenyl , 2, 2', 4,4'- tetrachloro- , 2, 2 ' , 4, 4 ' -tetrachloro-1 , 1 ' -biphenyl, 2, 2', 4,4'- tetrachlorobiphenyl ;
2.3-bis (3 ' -hydroxybenzyl) butane-1, 4-diol, 2, 3-BHBBD, 2, 3-bis (3 ' - hydroxybenzyl ) butane-1, 4-diol, 2, 3-bis ( 3-hydroxybenzyl ) butane-
1.4-diol; 2.3-dihydroxyterephthalamide, 2,3-DHPA, 2,3- dihydroxyterephthalamide ;
2 , 3 , 4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate, 2 , 3 , 4-tri-0- acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate ;
2.4-diaminoquinazoline, 2, 4-diaminoquinazoline;
2, 4-thiazolidinedione, 2, 4-thiazolidinedione, thiazolidinedione ; 21-hydroxy-9beta, 10alpha-pregna-5, 7-diene-3-ol-20-one, 21- hydroxy-9beta, 10alpha-pregna-5, 7-diene-3-ol-20-one ;
25-desacetylrifabutin, 25-desacetylrifabutin, LM 565, LM-565; 25-Hydroxycholesterol, (3BETA) -CHOLEST-5-ENE-3, 25-DIOL,
(3S, 8S, 9S, 10R, 13R, 14S, 17R) -17- [ (1R) -5-hydroxy-l , 5-dimethyl- hexyl] -10, 13-dimethyl-2 , 3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16, 17-dodecahydro- lH-cyclopenta [a] phenanthren-3-ol , (3S, 8S, 9S, 10R, 13R, 14S, 17R) -17-
[ (1R) -5-hydroxy-l, 5-dimethylhexyl ] -10, 13-dimethyl- 2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16, 17-dodecahydro-lH- cyclopenta [a] phenanthren-3-ol ;
25 (OH) D3, (IS, 3Z) -3- [ (2E) -2- [ ( 1R, 3aS, 7aR) -1- [ (1R) -5-hydroxy-l, 5- dimethyl-hexyl ] -7a-methyl-2 , 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH-inden-4- ylidene] ethylidene] -4-methylene-cyclohexan-l-ol, (IS, 3Z) -3-
[ (2E) -2- [ (1R, 3aS, 7aR) -1- [ (1R) -5-hydroxy-l, 5-dimethylhexyl] -7a- methyl-2, 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH-inden-4-ylidene] ethylidene] -4- methylene-l-cyclohexanol, (IS, 3Z) -3- [ (2E) -2- [ (1R, 3aS, 7aR) -1-
[ (2R) - 6-hydroxy- 6-methyl-heptan-2-yl ] -7a-methyl-2 , 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7- hexahydro-lH-inden-4-ylidene] ethylidene] -4-methylidene- cyclohexan-l-ol ;
3- ( (4- ( 4-chlorophenyl ) piperazin-l-yl ) methyl) -lH-pyrrolo (2,3- b) pyridine, 3- ( (4- (4-chlorophenyl ) piperazin-l-yl ) methyl ) -lH- pyrrolo (2, 3-b) pyridine, CPMPP-3, L 745,870;
3- ( 2-hydroxy-4- ( 1 , 1-dimethylheptyl ) phenyl ) -4- ( 3- hydroxypropyl ) cyclohexanol , 3- ( 2-hydroxy-4- (1, 1- dimethylheptyl ) phenyl ) -4- ( 3-hydroxypropyl ) cyclohexanol , CP
55940, CP 56667;
3- (2h) -pyridazinone, 2H-pyridazin-3-one, 3 (2H) -Pyridazinone, 3 (2H) -Pyridazinone;
3- ( cyclopentyloxy) -N- (3, 5-dichloro-4-pyridyl ) -4- methoxybenzamide, 3- (cyclopentyloxy) -N- (3, 5-dichloro-4-pyridyl ) -
4-methoxybenzamide, 3-cyclopentyloxy-N- (3, 5-dichloro-4-pyridyl ) - 4-methoxybenzamide, CPODPMB;
3-aminopyrazole, 3-aminopyrazole, 3-APzl;
3-beta- (2- (diethylamino) ethoxy) androst-5-en-17-one, 3-beta- (2- (diethylamino) ethoxy) androst-5-en-17-one, 3beta- (2- diethylaminoethoxy) -androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride, U
18, 666A;
3-BHA, 2 (3) -tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 2- ( 1 , 1-Dimethylethyl ) -
4-methoxy-phenol , 2-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole ;
3-hydroxybutanal , 3-hydroxybutanal , 3-hydroxybutyraldehyde, ac- etaldol ;
3-hydroxyflunitrazepam, 3-hydroxyflunitrazepam;
3-Hydroxyquinine, (3S, 4R, 6R) -6- [ (S) -hydroxy- ( 6-methoxy-4- quinolyl ) methyl ] -3-vinyl-3-quinuclidinol , (3S,4R, 6R)-6-[ ( S ) - hydroxy- ( 6-methoxy-4-quinolyl ) methyl ] -3-vinyl-quinuclidin-3-ol , ( 4R, 5S , 7R) -5-ethenyl-7- [ ( S ) -hydroxy- ( 6-methoxyquinolin-4- yl ) methyl ]-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2] octan-5-ol ;
3-isobutyl-l-methyl-Xanthine, 3-isobutyl-l-methyl-Xanthine ;
3-keto-desogestrel , 13-ethyl-17-hydroxy-ll-methylene-18, 19- dinor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one, 3-keto-desogestrel, 3- ketodesogestrel ;
3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene, 3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene ;
3-Methoxymorphinan, 3-Methoxymorphinan, Morphinan, 3-methoxy-; 3-Methoxyoestradiol , (17-beta) -3-Methoxyestra-l , 3, 5 (10) -trien- 17-ol, (17S) -3-methoxy- 13-methyl- 6, 7, 8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17- decahydrocyclopenta [a] phenanthren-17-ol, 17-beta-Estradiol 3- methyl ether;
3-methylcholanthrene, 1, 2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz ( ) aceanthrylene, 20-MC, 20-Methylcholanthrene;
3-MI, .beta.-Methylindole, lH-Indole, 3-methyl-, 3-methyl-lH- indole ;
3, 3 ' , 4, 5 ' -tetrahydroxystilbene, 3 ' -hydroxyresveratol , 3, 3 ' , 4 ' , 5- tetrahydroxystilbene, 3 , 3 ' , 4 , 5 ' -tetrahydroxy stilbene;
3,4-DCI, lH-2-Benzopyran-l-one, 3 , 4-dichloro- , 3,4-DCI, 3,4-Dcl; 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime, 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime, trimidox, VF 233;
4- (3-3, 4-p-menthadien- (1,8) -yl) olivetol, 4- (3-3, 4-p-menthadien- ( 1 , 8 ) -yl ) olivetol , abn-cbd, abnormal cannabidiol;
4- ( 3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl ) -2-imidazolidinone, 4- (3-Butoxy-4- methoxybenzyl ) -2-imidazolidinone, Ro 1724, Ro 20 1724;
4- (4- ( 4-chlorophenyl ) -4-hydroxy-l-piperidinyl ) -1- (4- fluorophenyl ) -1-butanol, 4- (4- (4-chlorophenyl) -4-hydroxy-l- piperidinyl) -1- ( 4-fluorophenyl ) -1-butanol, hydroxyhaloperidol , reduced haloperidol; 4- (4- (N-benzoylamino ) anilino) - 6-methoxy-7- (3- (1- morpholino) propoxy) quinazoline, 4- (4- (N-benzoylamino) anilino) -6- methoxy-7- ( 3- ( 1-morpholino ) propoxy) quinazoline, ZM 447439, ZM- 447439;
4- ( 4-fluorophenyl ) -2- ( 4-hydroxyphenyl ) -5- (4-pyridyl) imidazole, 4- ( 4-fluorophenyl ) -2- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -5- (4-pyridyl) imidazole, SB 202190, SB-202190;
4- (5-benzo (1, 3) dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-lH-imidazol-2- yl ) benzamide, 4- (5-benzo (1, 3) dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-lH- imidazol-2-yl) benzamide, SB 431542, SB-431542;
4- (benzodioxan-5-yl ) -1- ( indan-2-yl )piperazine, 4- (benzodioxan-5- yl ) -1- ( indan-2-yl ) piperazine, S 15535, S-15535;
4- (N-methyl-N-nitrosamino ) -1- (3-pyridyl) -1-butanone, 4- (N- methyl-N-nitrosamino ) -1- (3-pyridyl) -1-butanone;
4-AP, . gamma . -Aminopyridine, 4-Aminopyridine, 4-Aminopyridine
10;
4-azidosalicylic acid, 4-AzHBA, 4-azido-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-azidosalicylic acid;
4-dimethylamino-3 ' , 4 ' -dimethoxychalcone, 4-dimethylamino-3 ' , 4 ' - dimethoxychalcone, CH 11;
4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen, 4-hydroxy-N-demethyltamoxifen, 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen, 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen, ( Z ) -isomer;
4-hydroxyacetophenone, 1- ( 4-hydroxyphenyl ) ethanone, 4- hydroxyacetophenone, p-hydroxyacetophenone ;
4-hydroxycoumarin, 4-hydroxycoumarin;
4-hydroxyestradiol-17 beta, 4-hydroxyestradiol , 4- hydroxyestradiol-17 alpha, 4-hydroxyestradiol-17 beta;
4-hydroxynon-2-enal , 4-Hydroxy-2, 3-nonenal, 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal , 4-hydroxynon-2-enal ;
4-hydroxytriazolam, 4-hydroxytriazolam;
4-methyl-N- (3- ( 4-methylimidazol-l-yl ) -5-
(trifluoromethyl) phenyl) -3- ( ( 4-pyridin-3-ylpyrimidin-2- yl) amino) benzamide, 4-methyl-N- (3- (4-methylimidazol-l-yl) -5-
(trifluoromethyl) phenyl) -3- ( ( 4-pyridin-3-ylpyrimidin-2- yl) amino) benzamide, AMN107, nilotinib;
4-phenylbutyric acid, 4-phenylbutyrate, 4-phenylbutyric acid, 4- phenylbutyric acid, calcium salt;
4-S-cysteaminylphenol , 4-S-cysteaminylphenol ;
4-sulfophenylmethallyl ether, 4-sulfophenylmethallyl ether, 4- sulfophenylmethallyl ether, sodium salt, SPME;
4,4' -DDE, 1,1'- (2, 2-dichloroethene-l, 1-diyl) bis (4- chlorobenzene ) ,
1,1'- (Dichloroethenylidene) bis (4-chlorobenzene) , 1,1'- (Dichloroethenylidene) bis [4-chlorobenzene] ;
4 , 4 ' -dipyridyl disulfide, 4 , 4 ' -dipyridine disulfide, 4,4'- dipyridyl disulfide, 4 , 4 ' -dithiodipyridine ;
4, 8-dimethoxy-7-hydroxyfuro (2, 3-b) quinoline, 4, 8-dimethoxy-7- hydroxyfuro (2, 3-b) quinoline, haplopine;
4 ' -epidoxorubicin, (IS, 3S) -3, 5, 12-trihydroxy-3- (hydroxyacetyl ) - 10-methoxy-6, 11-dioxo-l, 2,3,4,6, 11-hexahydrotetracen-l-yl 3- amino-2, 3, 6-trideoxy-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside, 4 ' - Epiadriamycin, 4 ' -epidoxorubicin;
4 ' -N-benzoylstaurosporine, 4 ' -N-benzoyl staurosporine, 4 ' -N- benzoylstaurosporine, benzoylstaurosporine ;
4(2' -aminoethyl ) amino- 1 , 8-dimethylimidazo ( 1 , 2-a) quinoxaline, 4(2' -aminoethyl ) amino- 1 , 8-dimethylimidazo ( 1 , 2-a) quinoxaline, BMS-345541, BMS345541;
4alpha-phorbol 12 , 13-didecanone, 4alpha-phorbol 12,13- didecanone ;
4alphaPDD, 4- . alpha . -Phorbol 12 , 13-didecanoate, 4-. alpha. - Phorbol didecanoate, 4-alpha-Phorbol 12, 13-didecanoate;
5- ( ( 1 , 2-dihydro-2-oxo-3H-indol-3-ylidene ) methyl ) -2 , 4-dimethy1- lH-pyrrole-3-propanoic acid, 5- ( ( 1 , 2-dihydro-2-oxo-3H-indol-3- ylidene) methyl) -2, 4-dimethyl-lH-pyrrole-3-propanoic acid, TSU 68, TSU-68;
5- (4 ' - (N-piperidinyl ) phenylazo) indazole, 5- (4 ' - (N- piperidinyl ) phenylazo ) indazole ;
5-7-oxo-zeaenol, 5-7-oxo-zeaenol, 7-oxozeaenol ;
5-AC, 1 , 3 , 5-Triazin-2 ( 1H) -one, 4-amino-l-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-, 2- (beta-D-Ribofuranosyl ) -4-amino-l, 3, 5-triazin-2-one, 4-Amino- 1- (beta-D-ribofuranosyl ) -1, 3, 5-triazin-2 (1H) -one;
5-acetylneuraminyl- (2-3) -galactosyl- (1-4) - ( fucopyranosyl- (1-3) ) - N-acetylglucosamine, 5-acetylneuraminyl- (2-3) -galactosyl- (1-4) - ( fucopyranosyl- (1-3) ) -N-acetylglucosamine;
5-azido-lH-indole-3-acetic acid, 5-AIAA, 5-azido- ( 7-3H) -indol-3- ylacetic acid, 5-azido-lH-indole-3-acetic acid;
5-HT, lH-Indol-5-ol, 3- ( 2-aminoethyl ) - , 3- ( 2-aminoethyl ) -1H- indol-5-ol, 3- ( 2-Aminoethyl ) indol-5-ol;
5-methoxy-N, N-diisopropyltryptamine, 5-MeO-DIPT, 5-methoxy-N, N- bis ( 1-methylethyl ) -lH-indole-3-ethanamine, 5-methoxy-N, N- diisopropyltryptamine ;
5-Mop, 4-methoxy-7-furo [3, 2-g] chromenone, 4-Methoxy-7H-furo (3, 2- g) ( 1 ) benzopyran-7-one, 4-methoxy-7H-furo [3, 2-g] chromen-7-one;
5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, 5, 10-methylene-5, 6,7,8- tetrahydrofolate, 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, 5, 10- methylenetetrahydrofolate monohydrochloride, (L-Glu) -isomer; 5, 6-dimethylxanthenoneacetic acid, 5, 6-dimethyl xanthenone ace¬ tic acid, 5, 6-dimethyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-4-acetic acid, 5, 6- dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid;
5 ' -0- ( ( ( 2-decanoylamino-3- phenylpropyloxycarbonyl ) amino) sulfonyl) uridine, 5 ' -0- ( ( (2- decanoylamino-3-phenylpropyloxycarbonyl ) amino) sulfonyl) uridine, PP55;
6 beta-hydroxycortisol , 6 beta-hydroxycortisol , 6beta- hydroxycortisol ;
6-Aminochrysene-l , 2-dihydrodiol , ( IS , 2S ) - 6-amino- 1 , 2- dihydrochrysene-1 , 2-diol, 1, 2-Chrysenediol , 1, 2-dihydro- 6-amino- , trans-, 6-Aminochrysene-l , 2-dihydrodiol ;
6-chloro-2-pyridylmethyl nitrate, 6-chloro-2-pyridylmethyl nitrate;
6-deoxy- 6-bromoascorbic acid, 6-bromo- 6-deoxy-ascorbic acid, 6- bromo- 6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid, 6-bromo- 6-deoxyascorbic acid; 6-hydroxydexamethasone, 6-hydroxydexamethasone ;
6-Mercaptopurine, 1, 7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione, 6 Mercaptopu- rine, 6 Mercaptopurine Monohydrate;
6, 6 ' -oxybis (2, 2-dimethylhexanoic acid), 6, 6 ' -oxybis (2, 2- dimethylhexanoic acid), gemcabene, PD 72953;
64Gd, 64Gd, gadolinio, gadolinium;
7- ( 1 , 1-dimethylethyl ) - 6- ( 2-ethyl-2H-l , 2 , 4-triazol-3-ylmethoxy) - 3- ( 2- fluorophenyl ) -1, 2, 4-triazolo (4, 3-b) pyridazine, 7- (1, 1- dimethylethyl ) -6- (2-ethyl-2H-l, 2, 4-triazol-3-ylmethoxy) -3- (2- fluorophenyl) -1, 2, 4-triazolo (4, 3-b) pyridazine, TPA 023, TPA-023; 7-benzylamino- 6-chloro-2-piperazino-4-pyrrolidinopteridine, 7- benzylamino- 6-chloro-2-piperazino-4-pyrrolidinopteridine ;
7-benzyloxyquinoline, 7-benzyloxyquinoline ;
7-CDL, (2S, 4R) -N- [2-chloro-l- [ (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -3, 4, 5-trihydroxy- 6- (methylthio) -2-tetrahydropyranyl ] propyl] -l-methyl-4-propyl-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide, (2S, 4R) -N- [2-chloro-l- [ (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) - 3,4, 5-trihydroxy- 6- (methylthio) tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] propyl] -1- methyl-4-propyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide, (2S, 4R) -N- [2-chloro-
1- [ (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -3, 4, 5-trihydroxy-6-methylsulfanyl-oxan-2- yl ] propyl ] - 1-methyl-4-propyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide ;
7-hydroxystaurosporine, 7-hydroxy-staurosporine, 7- hydroxystaurosporine, UCN 01;
7-ketocholesterol , 7-ketocholesterol ;
7,8-BF, . alpha . -Naphthoflavone, . alpha . -Naphthylflavone, 2- phenyl-4-benzo [h] chromenone;
7 , 8-dihydroneopterin, 7 , 8-dihydro-neopterin, 7,8- dihydroneopterin;
7 ' -Isothiocyanato-ll-hydroxy-1 ' , 1 ' - dimethylheptylhexahydrocannabinol , 7 ' -Isothiocyanato-ll-hydroxy- 1 ' , 1 ' -dimethylheptylhexahydrocannabinol , AM841 ;
7C3MT, (2R, 3R) -3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-2- [ (2R, 3R) -2- ( 4-hydroxy-3- methoxy-phenyl ) -3- (hydroxymethyl ) -2, 3-dihydro-l, 4-benzodioxin-7- yl] chroman-4-one, (2R, 3R) -3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-2- [ (2R, 3R) -2- (4- hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl ) -3-methylol-2 , 3-dihydro-l, 4- benzodioxin-7-yl ] chroman-4-one, (2R, 3R) -3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-2- [ (2R, 3R) -2- ( 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl ) -3- (hydroxymethyl) -2, 3- dihydro-1, 4-benzodioxin-7-yl ] -4-chromanone ;
7H-Pyrrolo (2, 3-d) pyrimidine, 7H-Pyrrolo (2, 3-d) pyrimidine;
8- (( 4-bromo-2 , 3-dioxobutyl ) thio ) -adenosine 3 ',5 '-cyclic mono¬ phosphate, 8- (( 4-bromo-2 , 3-dioxobutyl ) thio ) -adenosine 3 ',5'- cyclic monophosphate;
8- (2, 6-dichlorophenyl ) -10-methyl-3- ( ( 4-morpholin-4- ylphenyl) amino) -2, 4, 10-triazabicyclo (4.4.0) deca-1, 3, 5, 7-tetraen-
9-one, 8- (2, 6-dichlorophenyl) -10-methyl-3- ( ( 4-morpholin-4- ylphenyl) amino) -2, 4, 10-triazabicyclo (4.4.0) deca-1, 3, 5, 7-tetraen- 9-one, PD0173952;
8- ( 3-chlorostyryl ) caffeine, 8- ( 3-chlorostyryl ) caffeine;
8-anilinonaphthalene-l-sulfonic acid, 1- (phenylamino) -8- naphthalenesulfonic acid, l-Anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate, 1- anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonic acid;
8-Hydroxy-2- (di-n-propylamino) tetralin, 8-Hydroxy-2- (di-n- propylamino) tetralin, 8-Hydroxy-2- (di-n-propylamino) tetralin Hydrobromide, 8-Hydroxy-2- (di-n-propylamino) tetralin Hydrobromide, (+- ) -Isomer;
8-Isoprostane, (5Z, 13E, 15S) -9alpha, llalpha, 15-trihydroxy-8beta- prosta-5, 13-dien-l-oic acid, (Z)-7-[(lS,2R,3R,5S)-3, 5-dihydroxy-
2- [ (E, 3S ) -3-hydroxyoct-l-enyl ] cyclopentyl ] hept-5-enoic acid, 8- Epi PGF-2alpha;
8, 10-bis ( (2, 2-dimethyl-l-oxopropyl ) oxy) -ll-methyl-1234- tetrahydro- 6H-benzo (beta) quinolizin-6-one, 8, 10-bis ( (2,2- dimethyl-l-oxopropyl ) oxy) -ll-methyl-1234-tetrahydro-6H- benzo (beta) quinolizin-6-one, Sch35966;
9- (4 ' -aminophenyl ) -9H-pyrido (3, 4-b) indole, 9- (4 ' -aminophenyl ) - 9H-pyrido (3, 4-b) indole, aminophenylnorharman, APNH cpd;
9-anthroic acid, 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid, 9-anthroic acid, 9-carboxyanthracene ;
9-CRA, (2E, 4E, 6Z, 8E) -3, 7-dimethyl-9- (2, 6, 6-trimethyl-l- cyclohexenyl ) nona-2 , 4 , 6, 8-tetraenoic acid, 9 Cis Retinoic Acid, 9-cis-RA;
9-hydroxy-risperidone, 3- (2- (4- (6-fluoro-3- (1,2- benzisoxazolyl ) ) -1-piperidinyl ) ethyl) -6, 7,8, 9-tetrahydro-9- hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyrido ( 1 , 2-a) pyrimidin-4-one, 9-hydroxy- risperidone, 9-hydroxyrisperidone ;
9, 10-anthraquinone, 9, 1 O-Anthracendion, 9, 10-anthracenedione, 9, 1 O-Anthrachinon;
9H-xanthene, 10H-9-oxaanthracene, 9H-xanthene,
Clc2ccccc20c3cccccl3;
A 71915, A 71915;
A-300-I, (2E, 4E, 6R) -7- (4- ( dimethylamino ) phenyl ) -N-hydroxy-4 , 6- dimethyl-7-oxo-2 , 4-heptadienamide, (2E, 4E, 6R) -7- (4- dimethylaminophenyl ) -4, 6-dimethyl-7-oxo-hepta-2 , 4- dienehydroxamic acid, (2E, 4E, 6R) -7- (4-dimethylaminophenyl) -4, 6- dimethyl-7-oxohepta-2 , 4-dienehydroxamic acid;
a-ADP, (S) -1-C- (7-Amino-lH-pyrazolo (4, 3-d) pyrimidin-3-yl ) -1,4- anhydro-D-ribitol , 5- (trihydrogen diphosphate), 5'- Adenylphosphoric acid, 5'-ADP;
A73025, A73025;
Abbott, 1, 2, 4-Triazolidine-3, 5-dione, 1 , 2-bis ( 1-methylethyl ) - , 1, 2, 4-Triazolidine-3, 5-dione, 1 , 2-bis ( 1-methylethyl ) - (9CI), 1,2, 4-Triazolidine-3 , 5-dione, 1, 2-diisopropyl- ;
abciximab, abciximab, c7E3 Fab, CentoRx;
Absele, (+) -Ethyl 1- (alpha-methylbenzyl) imidazole-5-carboxylate, (+ ) -Etomidate, (d) -Etomidate;
ABT-737, ABT-737;
acetamide 45, acetamide 45, acetamide-45;
Aceton, .beta . -Ketopropane, 2-Propanone, Aceton;
acetonitrile, acetonitrile, CC#N, CH3-C#N; acetyl-ll-ketoboswellic acid, 3-O-acetyl-ll-keto-boswellic acid, acetyl-ll-keto-beta-boswellic acid, acetyl-ll-ketoboswellic ac¬ id;
acetylcholine, 2-acetyloxy-N, N, N-trimethylethanaminium, acetylcholine, ACh;
acetylvalerenolic acid, acetylvalerenolic acid;
Aclarubicin, Aclacin, Aclacinomycin A, Aclaplastin;
Acolen, (4R) -4- [ (5S, 8R, 9S, 10S, 13R, 14S, 17R) -10, 13-dimethyl- 3,7, 12-trioxo-l, 2, 4, 5, 6,8,9,11,14,15,16,17- dodecahydrocyclopenta [a] phenanthren-17-yl] pentanoic acid, (4R)- 4- [ (5S, 8R, 9S, 10S, 13R, 14S, 17R) -3, 7, 12-triketo-10, 13-dimethyl- 1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,14,15,16,17- dodecahydrocyclopenta [a] phenanthren-17-yl ] aleric acid, (5beta) - 3, 7, 12-trioxocholan-24-oic acid;
ACON, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E) -3, 7-dimethyl-9- (2, 6, 6-trimethyl-l- cyclohexenyl ) nona-2, 4,6, 8-tetraen-l-ol, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E) -3, 7- dimethyl-9- (2, 6, 6-trimethylcyclohex-l-en-l-yl ) nona-2, 4,6,8- tetraen-l-ol, (all-E) -3, 7-Dimethyl-9- (2, 6, 6-trimethyl-l- cyclohexen-l-yl ) -2,4,6, 8-nonatetraen-l-ol ;
ACT D, Err:508, 10 , 10 ' - [ ( 2-Amino-4 , 6-dimethyl-3-oxo-3H- phenoxazine-1 , 9-Diyl)bis ( carbonylimino ) ] bis- [dodecahydro-6, 13- diisopropyl-2 , 5, 9-trimethyl-lH-Pyrrolo- (2, 1-
1) ( 1 , 4 , 7 , 10 , 13 ) oxatetra-azacyclohexadecine ] -1 , 4 , 7 , 11 , 14 , 1H- Pyrrolo (2, 1-1) -(1,4, 7, 10, 13) oxatetraazacyclohexadecine ;
actinium, 89Ac, actinio, actinium;
Actosin, 2-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenyl-3 , 4-dihydropyrano [5, 6- c] chromen-5-one, 2H, 5H-Pyrano (3, 2-c) ( 1 ) benzopyran-5-one, 3,4- dihydro-2-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenyl- , 2H, 5H-Pyrano [3, 2- c] [ 1 ] benzopyran-5-one, 3 , 4-dihydro-2-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenyl- ; adalimumab, Abbott brand of adalimumab, adalimumab, D2E7 anti¬ body;
Adalin, ( . alpha . -Bromo- . alpha . -ethylbutyryl ) carbamide, ( . alpha . - Bromo- . alpha . -ethylbutyryl ) urea, ( 2-Brom-2- ethylbutyryl ) harnstoff ;
Adanon, (+) -Methadone,
(+-) -Methadone, (-) - (R) -6- (Dimethylamino) -4, 4-diphenyl-3- heptanone ;
Adfeed, (-)- (2R) -2- (2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl) propanoic acid, (-)- Flurbiprofen, (2R) -2- (2-Fluoro-l, 1 ' -biphenyl-4-yl ) propanoic acid; adinazolam, adinazolam;
Adofeed, (C3-C24) Fatty acids, 2-arylpropanoic acid, 2- Arylpropionate ;
Adrenor, ( &#8722 ;) -Norepinephrine, (-)- (R) -Norepinephrine, (-)- alpha- (Aminomethyl ) protocatechuyl alcohol;
Adrin, (+) -3, 4-dihydroxy-alpha- ( (methylamino ) methyl) benzyl alco¬ hol, (+) -adrenaline, (-) -Adrenaline ;
AEBSF, 4- ( 2-Aminoethyl ) benzenesulfonyl fluoride, 4- (2- Aminoethyl) benzenesulfonylfluoride, 4-beta- Aminoethylbenzolsulfofluoride ;
Aeromax, (+- ) -4-Hydroxy-alpha ' - ( ( ( 6- ( 4- phenylbutoxy) hexyl ) amino ) methyl ) -m-xylene-alpha, alpha ' -diol , (+- ) -4-Hydroxy-alphal- ( ( ( 6- ( 4-phenylbutoxy) hexyl) amino) methyl) -1, 3- benzenedimethanol , 1 , 3-Benzenedimethanol , 4-hydroxy-alpha ( sup 1 ) - ( ( (6- (4-phenylbutoxy) hexyl ) amino ) methyl ) - , ( +-)-;
afloqualone, afloqualone ;
AGMATINE, ( 4-Aminobutyl ) guanidine, ( 4-AMINOBUTYL) GUANIDINE, (4- Aminobutyl ) guanidinium sulphate;
AIDSVAX, AIDSVAX, ALVAC-HIV, VCP1521;
ajoene, 4, 5, 9-trithiadodeca-l, 6, 11-triene 9-oxide, ajoene;
ajulemic acid, ajulemic acid;
alachlor, 2-chloro-N- (2, 6-diethylphenyl ) -N- (methoxymethyl ) acetamide, alachlor;
Aladerm, 5-amino-4-keto-valeric acid, 5-amino-4-oxo-pentanoic acid, 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoate ;
alaninate, 2-aminopropanoate, alaninate, alanine anion;
Alat, 1, 4-Dihydro-2, 6-dimethyl-4- ( 2-nitrophenyl ) -3, 5- pyridinedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester, 2 , 6-Dimethyl-3 , 5- dicarbomethoxy-4- (2-nitrophenyl) -1, 4-dihydropyridine, 2, 6- dimethyl-4- (2-nitrophenyl) -1, 4-dihydropyridine-3 , 5-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester;
Alcolo, 1-Hydroxy-l-methylethyl, 1-Methylethanol , 1-Methylethyl alcohol ;
Alcuronium, Alcuronium, Alcuronium Chloride, Alcuronium Dichlo- ride ;
Aldara, ( 1-isobutylimidazo [ 4 , 5-c] quinolin-4-yl ) amine, 1- (2- Methylpropyl ) -lH-imidazole [4, 5-c] quinoline-4-amine, 1- (2- methylpropyl ) -lH-imidazo [4, 5-c] quinolin-4-amine ;
ALDO, . gamma . - [ 4- (p-Chlorphenyl ) -4-hydroxpiperidino ] -p- fluorbutyrophenone, 1- ( 3-p-Fluorobenzoylpropyl ) -4-p- chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidine, 1-Butanone, 4- (4- (4- chlorophenyl ) -4-hydroxy-l-piperidinyl ) -1- ( 4-fluorophenyl ) -;
Aldrich, 1 , 3-di-O-methylpyrogallol , 1 , 3-dimethoxy-2- hydroxybenzene, 1 , 3-dimethyl pyrogallate;
alemtuzumab, alemtuzumab, Berlex brand of alemtuzumab, Campath; Alfarol, ( IS, 3R, 5Z) -5- [ (2E) -2- [ ( 1R, 7aR) -1- [ ( 1R) -1, 5- dimethylhexyl ] -7a-methyl-2 , 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH-inden-4- ylidene] ethylidene] -4-methylene-cyclohexane-l , 3-diol,
(IS, 3R, 5Z) -5- [ (2E) -2- [ (1R, 7aR) -1- [ (1R) -1 , 5-dimethylhexyl ] -7a- methyl-2, 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH-inden-4-ylidene] ethylidene] -4- methylenecyclohexane-1, 3-diol, (IS, 3R, 5Z) -5- [ (2E) -2- [ (1R, 7aR) - 7a-methyl-l- [ (2R) - 6-methylheptan-2-yl ] -2, 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro- lH-inden-4-ylidene ] ethylidene] -4-methylidene-cyclohexane-l , 3- diol ;
Alfentanil, Alfenta, Alfentanil, Alfentanil Hydrochloride;
ALIMTA, ALIMTA;
aliskiren, 2 ( S ) , 4 ( S ) , 5 ( S ) , 7 ( S ) -N- ( 2-carbamoyl-2-methylpropyl ) -5- amino-4-hydroxy-2 , 7-diisopropyl-8- ( 4-methoxy-3- (3- methoxypropoxy) phenyl ) octanamid hemifumarate, aliskiren, CGP 060536B;
Alii, ( &#8722 ; ) -Tetrahydrolipstatin, ( - ) -Tetrahydrolipstatin, (2S) -2-formamido-4-methyl-valeric acid [ ( IS ) -1- [ [ ( 2S , 3S ) -3- hexyl-4-keto-oxetan-2-yl ] methyl ] dodecyl ] ester;
ALLN, (2S) -2- [ (2S) -2-acetamido-4-methylpentanamido ] -N- [ (IS) -1- formylpentyl ] -4-methylpentanamide, (2S) -2- [ [ (2S) -2-acetamido-4- methyl-l-oxopentyl ] amino] -N- [ (IS) -1-formylpentyl] -4- methylpentanamide, (2S) -2- [ [ (2S) -2-acetamido-4-methyl- pentanoyl] amino] -4-methyl-N- [ (2S) -l-oxohexan-2-yl ] pentanamide; alloxazine, Alloxazin, alloxazine, benzo [ g] pteridine-2 , 4 ( 1H, 3H) - dione ;
allyl isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate ;
almokalant, almokalant;
aloesin, aloesin;
Alprenolol, 1- (o-Allylphenoxy) -3- ( isopropylamino ) -2-propanol,
Alfeprol, Alpheprol;
Alvesco, Alvesco, Ciclesonide;
AM 1387, AM 1387, AM-1387, AM1387;
AM 251, AM 251, AM-251, AM251;
Am 80, 4- ( (5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-5, 5, 8, 8-tetramethyl-2- naphthalenyl ) carbamoyl ) benzoic acid, Am 80, AM-80; AMD 070, AMD 070, AMD-070, AMD070;
Amiloride, Alphapharm Brand of Amiloride Hydrochloride, Amida1, Amiduret Trom;
Aminacrine, 9 Aminoacridine, 9-Aminoacridine, Acridinamine ;
Amine BB, (C12-18 ) Qalkylamine, (C12-C18 ) Alkylamine, 1- Aminododecane ;
amino-polyethyleneoxide-sulfonate, amino-polyethyleneoxide- sulfonate, NH2-PEO-S03, PEO-S03;
aminoflavone, 5-amino-2- ( 4-amino-3-fluorophenyl ) -6, 8-difluoro-7- methyl-4H-l-benzopyran-4-one, aminoflavone, NSC 686288;
Amiodarone, (2-butyl-l-benzofuran-3-yl) (4-{[2-
( diethylamino ) ethyl ] oxy } -3 , 5-diiodophenyl ) methanone, ( 2-butyl- 1- benzofuran-3-yl ) - [4- ( 2-diethylaminoethoxy) -3, 5-diiodo¬ phenyl ] methanone, (2-butyl-l-benzofuran-3-yl) - [4- (2- diethylaminoethoxy) -3, 5-diiodophenyl ] methanone ;
Amlodipine, Almirall Brand of Amlodipine Besilate, Amlodipine, Amlodipine Besylate;
Amphotericin B, Amphocil, Amphotericin, Amphotericin B;
amprenavir, 141W94, Agenerase, amprenavir;
Amrinone, 5-Amino- ( 3 , 4 ' -bipyridine ) - 6 ( 1H) -one, Amrinon, Amri- none ;
amsonic acid, 4 , 4 ' -diacetamido-2 , 2 ' -stilbene disulfonate, 4,4- diaminostilbene-2 , 2 ' -disulfonic acid, amsonic acid;
Amygdalin, Amygdalin, Amygdaloside, Laetrile;
AN 207, AN 207;
Anaboleen, ( 5a, 17b) -17-Hydroxyandrostan-3-one, ( 5alpha, 17beta) - 17-hydroxyandrostan-3-one, (5S, 8R, 9S, 10S, 13S, 14S, 17S) -17- hydroxy-10, 13-dimethyl-l , 2 , 4 , 5, 6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17- tetradecahydrocyclopenta [a] phenanthren-3-one ;
anacardic acid, 6- ( 8 ( Z ), 11 ( Z ), 14-pentadecatrienyl ) salicylic ac¬ id, 6- ( 8 , 11 , 14-pentadecatrienyl ) salicylic acid, 6-nonadecyl sal¬ icylic acid;
Anandamide, (5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z) - N- ( 2-Hydroxyethyl ) - 5,8,11,14- eicosatetraenamide, (5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z) -N- ( 2-hydroxyethyl ) - 5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraenamide, (5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z) -N- (2- hydroxyethyl ) icosa-5, 8, 11, 14-tetraenamide;
Anco, ( - ) -Ibuprofen, (+-) -2- (p-isobutylphenyl ) propionic acid, (+-) -alpha-methyl-4- ( 2-methylpropyl ) benzeneacetic acid;
Andrographis, (3E, 4S) -3- [2- [ (1R, 4aS, 5R, 6R, 8aS) -6-hydroxy-5, 8a- dimethyl-2-methylene-5-methylol-decalin-l-yl ] ethylidene] -4- hydroxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-one, (3E, 4S) -3- [2- [ (1R, 4aS, 5R, 6R, 8aS) - 6-hydroxy-5- (hydroxymethyl ) -5, 8a-dimethyl-2-methylene-l- decalinyl] ethylidene] -4-hydroxy-2-tetrahydrofuranone, (3E, 4S) -3- [2- [ (1R, 4aS, 5R, 6R, 8aS) - 6-hydroxy-5- (hydroxymethyl) -5, 8a- dimethyl-2-methylene-decalin-l-yl ] ethylidene] -4-hydroxy- tetrahydrofuran-2-one ;
Androtine, (3alpha, 5alpha) -3-hydroxyandrostan-17-one,
(3R, 5S, 8R, 9S, 10S, 13S, 14S) -3-hydroxy-10, 13-dimethyl- 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16- tetradecahydrocyclopenta [a] phenanthren-17-one, 3-alpha-Hydroxy- 17-androstanone ;
Aneol, (+- ) -3-Benzoyl-alpha-methylbenzeneacetic acid, 19583 RP, 2- ( 3-benzoylphenyl ) propanoic acid;
Ang II, ( 3S ) -3-amino-4- [ [ ( IS ) - 1- [ [ ( IS ) - 1- [ [ ( IS ) -2- [ [ ( IS , 2S ) - 1- [ [ (IS) -2- [ (2S) -2- [ [ (IS) -1- (benzyl) -2-hydroxy-2-keto- ethyl ] carbamoyl ] pyrrolidin-l-yl ] -1- ( 3H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl ) -2- keto-ethyl] carbamoyl] -2-methyl-butyl ] amino] -1- ( 4-hydroxybenzyl ) - 2-keto-ethyl ] carbamoyl] , (3S) -3-amino-4- [ [ (IS) -4-guanidino-l- [[(lS)-l-[[(lS)-2-[[(lS,2S)-l-[[(lS)-2-[(2S)-2-[[ (IS) -2-hydroxy- 2-oxo-l- (phenylmethyl ) ethyl ] carbamoyl ] pyrrolidin-l-yl ] -1- ( 3H- imidazol-4-ylmethyl ) -2-oxo-ethyl ] carbamoyl] -2-methyl- butyl] amino] -1- [ ( 4-hydroxyphenyl ) methyl] -, (3S) -3-amino-4- [ [ (IS) -4-guanidino-l- [[[(lS)-l-[[[(lS)-2-[[(lS,2S)-l-[[[(lS)-2- [ (2S) -2- [ [ [ (IS) -2-hydroxy-2-oxo-l- (phenylmethyl) ethyl] amino] - oxomethyl] -1-pyrrolidinyl ] -1- ( 3H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl ) -2- oxoethyl] amino] -oxomethyl] -2-methylbutyl ] amino] -1- [ (4-hydrox; Anisomycin, Anisomycin, Flagecidin;
Anon, Anon, Anone, Cicloesanone ;
Anthocyanins , Anthocyanidin, Anthocyanidins , Anthocyanin;
anthra (1, 9-cd)pyrazol-6 (2H) -one, anthra (1, 9-cd)pyrazol-6 (2H) - one, SP600125;
anthracene, anthracene, Anthrazen, clccc2cc3ccccc3cc2cl ;
anthralin, 1 , 8-dihydroxy-9 ( 1 OH) -anthracenone, 1 , 8-dihydroxy-9- anthrone, 1, 8-dihydroxyanthracen-9 (10H) -one;
Anthricin, ( - ) -Anthricin, ( - ) -Deoxypodophyllotoxin, (-)-
Desoxypodophyllotoxin;
anthrone, 9 ( 10H) -anthracenone, 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxoanthracene, an- thracen-9 (10H) -one;
antibiotic G 418, antibiotic G 418;
antibiotic H107, antibiotic H107, H 107; Antimycin A, Antimycin A, Antimycin Al ;
Anyvim, Aminobenzene, Aminophen, Anilin;
APAP, 222 AF, 4 ' -Hydroxyacetanilide, 4- (Acetylamino ) phenol ;
APDC, 1-Pyrrolidinecarbodithioic acid, 1-
Pyrrolidinecarbodithioic acid & Z-100, Ammonium pyrrolidine di- thiocarbamate ;
Aphidicolin, Aphidicolin, Aphidicolin, (3-S-
(3alpha, 4beta, 4abeta, 6aalpha, 8alpha, 9alpha, llaalpha, llbalpha) ) - Isomer, ICI 69653;
Aphloiol, 1,3,6, 7-tetrahydroxy-2- [ (3R, 4R, 5S, 6R) -3, 4, 5- trihydroxy- 6- (hydroxymethyl) -2-tetrahydropyranyl ] -9-xanthenone, 1,3,6, 7-tetrahydroxy-2- [ (3R, 4R, 5S, 6R) -3, 4, 5-trihydroxy- 6-
(hydroxymethyl ) oxan-2-yl] xanthen-9-one, 1,3,6, 7-tetrahydroxy-2-
[ (3R, 4R, 5S, 6R) -3, 4, 5-trihydroxy- 6-
(hydroxymethyl ) tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] xanthen-9-one ;
apicidin, apicidin, apicidin C, cyclo (N-O-methyl-tryptophyl- isoleucyl-pipecolinyl-2-amino-8-oxodecanoyl ) ;
Apigenin, 2- (p-hydroxyphenyl ) -5, 7-dihydroxychromone,
4′ , 5, 7-Trihydroxyflavone, 4′ , 5, 7-Trihydroxyflavone ; apocynin, 1- ( 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl ) ethan-l-one, 4 ' -hydroxy-
3 ' -methoxyacetophenone, Acetovanillone ;
Apotransferrin, Apotransferrin;
aprepitant, (2R) - (1R) -3, 5-bis (trifluoromethylphenyl) ethoxy) - (3S) - (4-fluoro) phenyl-4- (3- (5-oxo-lH, 4H-1, 2, 4-triazole ) methyl- morpholine, aprepitant, Emend;
APRL, l-ethyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, l-O-Alkyl-2- acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phophocholine, 1-O-Alkyl-2-acetyl-sn- glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine ;
AQ4N, 1, 4-bis- ( (2- ( dimethylamino ) ethyl) amino) -5, 8- dihydroxyanthracene-9, 10-dione, 1, 4-bis- ( (2- (dimethylamino-N- oxide) ethyl) amino) -5, 8-dihydroxyanthracene-9, 10-dione,
AQ4N;
arabinogalactan, arabinogalactan;
Arac, Arac;
Aralen, ( - ) -Chloroquine, (+ ) -Chloroquine, (+ ) -N4- ( 7-Chloro-4- quinolinyl) -Nl , Nl-diethyl-1 , 4-pentanediamine ;
Arasine, lH-Imidazole-4-carboxamide, 5-amino-l-beta-D- ribofuranosyl- , 5-Amino-l- .beta . -D-ribofuranosyl-lH-imidazole-4- carboxamide, 5-Amino- 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl- 1H-imidazole-4- carboxamide ; Areca, Areca, Areca catechu, Betel Nut;
Arecoline, Arecaline, Arecholin, Arecholine;
Areether, 109716-83-8 (UNSPECIFIED 12 POSITION), 3, 12-Epoxy-12H- pyrano (4, 3-j ) -1, 2-benzodioxepin, 1 O-ethoxydecahydro-3 , 6, 9- trimethyl-, (3S-
(3alpha, 5alpha, 6alpha, 8aalpha, 9beta, lObeta, 12beta, 12aalpha) ) -, 3, 12-Epoxy-12H-pyrano (4, 3- ) -1, 2-benzodioxepin, decahydro-10- ethoxy-3, 6, 9-trimethyl- , (3R-
( 3alpha, 5abeta, 6beta, 8abeta, 9alpha, 10alpha, 12beta, 12aR* ) ) - ;
argatroban, 4-methyl- 1- (N ( 2 ) - ( 3-methyl-l , 2,3, 4-tetrahydro-8- quinolinesulfonyl ) -L-arginyl ) -2-piperidinecarboxylic acid, Aco- va, argatroban;
aripiprazole, 7- (4- (4- (2, 3-dichlorophenyl ) -1- piperazinyl ) butyloxy) -3 , 4-dihydro-2 ( 1H) -quinolinone, Abilify, aripiprazole ;
Aron, 2-Carboxyethyl acrylate oligomers, 2-Propenoic acid, 2- Propenoic acid, homopolymer;
Artein, (IS, 3R, 7S, 8S, 8aR) -1,2,3,7,8, 8a-Hexahydro-3 , 7-dimethyl-8- (2- (2R, 4R) - ( tetrahydro-4-hydroxy- 6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl ) ethyl) -1- naphthalenyl (S) -2-methyl-butyrate, (1S-
(lalpha (R) , 3alpha, 7beta, 8beta (2S, 4S) , 8abeta) )-(l,2,3,7,8,8a- hexahydro-3, 7-dimethyl-8- (2- ( tetrahydro-4-hydroxy- 6-oxo-2H- pyran-2-yl ) ethyl ) -1-naphthyl ) 2-methylbutanoate, (1S-
(lalpha (R*) , 3alpha, 7beta, 8beta ( 2S* , 4S* ) , 8abeta) ) -2- Methylbutanoic acid 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 8a-hexahydro-3, 7-dimethyl-8- (2-
( tetrahydro-4-hydroxy- 6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl ) ethyl ) -1-naphthalenyl ester;
Artra, . alpha . -Hydroquinone, . beta . -Quinol , 1 , 4-Benzenediol ; arvanil, arvanil;
asiatic acid, asiatic acid;
asiaticoside, asiaticoside ;
Asmax, 1, 3-Dimethyl-2, 6-dioxo-l, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropurine, 1,3- dimethyl-3, 7-dihydro-lH-purine-2 , 6-dione, 1, 3-dimethyl-7H- purine-2, 6-dione;
Asmol, (+-) -Albuterol, (+-) -alpha ( sup 1)-(((1,1-
Dimethylethyl ) amino) methyl) -4-hydroxy-l , 3-benzenedimethanol , (+- ) -Salbutamol ;
ASTA, (+-) -Cyclophosphamide, (+- ) -N, N-Bis ( 2- chloroethyl) tetrahydro-2H-l , 3, 2-oxazaphosphorin-2-amine 2-oxide, (-) -Cyclophosphamide; astatine, 85At, Astat, astate;
Astemizole, Alacan Brand of Astemizole, Alermizol, Alonga Brand of Astemizole;
Astragaloside A, Astragaloside A, Astragaloside IV, Astramem- brannin I;
atazanavir, 3, 12-bis (1, 1-dimethylethyl ) -8-hydroxy-4 , ll-dioxo-9- (phenylmethyl ) -6- ( (4- ( 2-pyridinyl ) phenyl) methyl) -2,5,6,10,13- pentaazatetradecanedioic acid dimethyl ester, atazanavir, ataza¬ navir sulfate;
ATL 146e, 4- ( 3- ( 6-amino- 9- ( 5-ethylcarbamoyl-3 , 4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl ) -9H-purin-2-yl ) prop-2- ynyl ) cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester, ATL 146e, ATL- 146e;
Atorel, .beta . -D-Ribofuranoside, hypoxanthine-9, .beta . -Inosine, 6H-Purin- 6-one, 9- . beta . -D-arabinofuranosyl-1 , 9-dihydro- ;
atorvastatin, atorvastatin, atorvastatin calcium, atorvastatin, calcium salt;
Atovaquone, 2- (4- ( 4 ' -chlorophenyl ) cyclohexyl ) -3-hydroxy- 1 , 4- naphthoquinone, 2- (trans-4- ( 4-chlorophenyl ) cyclohexyl) -3- hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone, 566C;
ATRA, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E) -3, 7-dimethyl-9- (2, 6, 6-trimethyl-l- cyclohexenyl ) nona-2 , 4 , 6, 8-tetraenoic acid, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E) -3, 7- dimethyl-9- (2, 6, 6-trimethylcyclohex-l-en-l-yl ) nona-2, 4,6,8- tetraenoic acid, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E) -3, 7-Dimethyl-9- (2, 6, 6- trimethylcyclohex-l-enyl ) nona-2, 4, 6, 8-tetraenoic acid;
Atropine, Anaspaz, AtroPen, Atropin Augenol;
Auranofin, Auranofin, Auranofin Recordati Brand, Auranofin Roba- pharm Brand;
AuTM, (1, 2-dicarboxyethylthio) gold, 1,2- dicarboxyethanethiolatogold ( I ) , 1 , 2-dicarboxyethylsulfany1gold; auxin, ( indol-3-yl ) acetate, lH-indol-3-ylacetate, 2- ( lH-indol-3- yl ) acetate ;
avasimibe, 2 , 6-bis ( 1-methylethyl ) phenyl ( ( 2 , 4 , 6-tris ( 1- methylethyl ) phenyl ) acetyl ) sulfamate, avasimibe, CI 1011;
AVE 0118, AVE 0118, AVE-0118, AVE0118;
avicularin, avicularin;
Avid, Abamectin, ABAMECTIN (4:1 MIXTURE), Abamectin [ANSI];
Axert, Almogran, Almotriptan, Almotriptan (USAN) ;
Axsain, (6E) -N- ( 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl ) -8-methylnon-6- enamide, ( 6E ) -N- { [ 4-hydroxy-3- (methyloxy) phenyl ] methyl } -8- methylnon-6-enamide, (E) -8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide;
Aza-dC, Aza-dC;
Aza-deoxycytidine, Aza-deoxycytidine ;
azacyclonol, azacyclonol;
Azadc, 1,3, 5-Triazin-2 ( 1H) -one, 4-amino-l- ( 2-deoxy--D-erythro- pentofuranosyl )- , 2 ' -Deoxy-5-azacytidine, 4-amino-l- (2-deoxy- beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl ) -1, 3, 5-triazin-2 (1H) -one;
azamulin, azamulin;
azaspirane, antiprimod, atiprimod, azaspirane;
azelaic acid, 1 , 7-dicarboxyheptane, 1 , 7-Heptanedicarboxylic ac¬ id, 1 , 9-nonanedioic acid;
azelastine, 4- ( ( 4-chlorophenyl ) methyl ) -2- (hexahydro-l-methyl- lH-azepin-4-yl) -1 (2H) - phthalazinone HC1, 4- (p-chlorobenzyl ) -2- (N-methylperhydroazepinyl- ( 4 ) ) -1- ( 2H) -phthalazinone, A 5610; azelnidipine, 3- ( l-diphenylmethylazetidin-3-yl ) -5-isopropyl-2- amino-1, 4-dihydro- 6-methyl-4- ( 3-nitrophenyl ) -3, 5- pyridinedicarboxylate, azelnidipine, CS 905;
azido ruthenium, azido ruthenium;
Azine, Azabenzene, Azine, Piridina;
Azithromycin, Azadose, Azithromycin, Azithromycin Dihydrate; Azobisisobutyramidinium dichloride, 2 , 2 ' -Azobis ( 2- amidinopropane ) dihydrochloride, 2 , 2 ' -Azobis ( 2- amidinopropane ) hydrochloride, 2,2' -Azobis (2- methylpropionamidine ) dihydrochloride ;
Azole, (4H) -1, 2, 4-Triazol-3-amine, . DELTA.2-1 , 2 , 4-Triazoline, 5- imino-, 1 , 2 , 4-Triazol-3-amine ;
Azoles, Azoles;
Azolidine, 1-Azacyclopentane, Azacyclopentane, Azolidine;
Azophen, .beta . -Antipyrine, 1 , 2-Dihydro-l , 5-dimethyl-2-phenyl- 3H-pyrazol-3-one, 1, 5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-l , 2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol- 3-one ;
Azor, 4H- ( 1 , 2 , 4 ) Triazolo ( 4 , 3-a) ( 1 , 4 ) benzodiazepine, 8-chloro-l- methyl- 6-phenyl- , 4H-s-Triazolo ( 4 , 3-a) ( 1 , 4 ) benzodiazepine, 8- chloro-l-methyl-6-phenyl-, 4H- [1,2,4] Triazolo [4,3- a] [ 1 , 4 ] benzodiazepine, 8-chloro-l-methyl-6-phenyl-;
BA (VAN), 1, 1 '- (Oxybis (methylene) ) bisbenzene, 1,1'- [oxybis (methylene) ] dibenzene, 1, 1- (Oxybis (methylene) ) bisbenzene; Ba 0108E, Ba 0108E, Barium chloride, Barium chloride (BaC12); bacitracin, bacitracin, bacitracins;
Baclofen, Alphapharm Brand of Baclofen, Apo Baclofen, Apo- - Ill -
Baclofen;
bacterial lysate, bacterial immunostimulant, bacterial lysate, Broncho-Vaxom;
bafilomycin Al, bafilomycin Al ;
Bagren, ( 5 ' alpha) -2-bromo-12 ' -hydroxy-2 ' - ( 1-methylethyl ) -5 ' - ( 2- methylpropyl ) -3 ' , 6 ' , 18-trioxoergotaman, (5 ' alpha) -2-bromo-12 ' - hydroxy-2 ' - ( 1-methylethyl ) -5 ' - ( 2-methylpropyl ) ergotaman- 3 ' , 6 ' , 18-trione, (5 ' alpha) -2-bromo-12 ' -hydroxy-5 ' - (2- methylpropyl ) -2 ' - (propan-2-yl ) -3 ' , 6 ' , 18-trioxoergotaman;
baicalein, 5, 6, 7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4-chromenone, 5,6,7- Trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-l-benzopyran-4-one, 5, 6, 7-trihydroxy-2- phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one ;
Barbiturate, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-Hexahydro-2, 4, 6-pyrimidinetrione, 1,3- diazinane-2, 4, 6-trione, 2, 4, 6 (1H, 3H, 5H) -Pyrimidinetrione ;
Barnidipine, (+) - (3 ' S, 4S) -l-Benzyl-3-pyrrolidinyl methyl 1,4- dihydro-2, 6-dimethyl-4- (m-nitrophenyl ) -3, 5- pyridinedicarboxylate, 2, 6-dimethyl-4- ( 3-nitrophenyl ) -1, 4- dihydropyridine-3 , 5-dicarboxylic acid 03-[(3S)-l- (benzyl ) pyrrolidin-3-yl ] 05-methyl ester, 2 , 6-dimethyl-4- ( 3- nitrophenyl) -1, 4-dihydropyridine-3 , 5-dicarboxylic acid 05-methyl 03- [ (3S) -1- (phenylmethyl ) -3-pyrrolidinyl ] ester;
BAY 11-7085, 3- ( ( 4- ( 1 , 1-dimethylethyl ) phenyl ) sulfonyl ) -2- propenenitrile, BAY 11-7083, BAY 11-7085;
BB-K8, (2S) -4-amino-N- [ (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5-amino-2- (3-amino-3- deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy) -4- ( 6-amino- 6-deoxy-alpha-D- glucopyranosyloxy) -3-hydroxycyclohexyl ] -2-hydroxybutanamide,
(2S) -4-amino-N- [ ( 1R, 2S , 3S , 4R, 5S ) -5-amino-2- [ ( 2S , 3R, 4S , 5S , 6R) -4- amino-3, 5-dihydroxy- 6- (hydroxymethyl ) oxan-2-yl] oxy-4-
[ (2R, 3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- ( aminomethyl ) -3, 4, 5-trihydroxy-oxan-2- yl] oxy-3-hydroxy-cyclohexyl ] -2-hydroxy-butanamide, (2S) -4-amino- N- [ (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5-amino-2- [ ( 2S , 3R, 4S , 5S , 6R) -4-amino-3, 5- dihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) oxan-2-yl] oxy-4- [ (2R, 3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6-
( aminomethyl ) -3, 4, 5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl ] oxy-3- hydroxycyclohexyl ] -2-hydroxybutanamide ;
BCNU, 1 , 3-Bis ( . beta . -chloroethyl ) -1-nitrosourea, l,3-bis(2- chloroethyl) -1-nitroso-urea, 1, 3-Bis ( 2-chloroethyl ) -1- nitrosourea;
Beflavin, ( ) -Riboflavin, ( &#8722 ;) -Riboflavin, (-) -Riboflavin; Belt, (lalpha, 2alpha, 3aalpha, 4beta, 7beta, 7aalpha) - 1,2,4,5,6,7,8, 8-Octachloro-2 , 3, 3a, 4,7, 7a-hexahydro-4 , 7-methano- lH-indene, (lalpha, 2beta, 3aalpha, 4beta, 7beta, 7aalpha) - 1,2,4,5,6,7,8, 8-Octachloro-2 , 3, 3a, 4,7, 7a-hexahydro-4 , 7-methano- lH-indene, . gamma . -Chlordan;
benazepril, Beecham brand of benazepril hydrochloride, bena- zapril, benazepril;
bendamustine, bendamustin, bendamustine, bendamustine hydrochlo¬ ride ;
Benidipine, (+-) - (R* ) -3- ( (R* ) -l-Benzyl-3-piperidyl) methyl 1,4- dihydro-2, 6-dimethyl-4- (m-nitrophenyl ) -3, 5- pyridinedicarboxylate, 2, 6-dimethyl-4- ( 3-nitrophenyl ) -1, 4- dihydropyridine-3 , 5-dicarboxylic acid 03- [ ( 3R) -1- (benzyl ) -3- piperidyl] 05-methyl ester, 2 , 6-dimethyl-4- ( 3-nitrophenyl ) -1 , 4- dihydropyridine-3 , 5-dicarboxylic acid 05-methyl 03-[(3R)-l- (phenylmethyl ) -3-piperidinyl ] ester;
benzamidine, benzamidine, benzenecarboximidamide, phenylamidine ; benzimidazolide, benzimidazol-l-ide, benzimidazolide, bim;
Benzodiazepines, Benzodiazepine, Benzodiazepine Compounds, BEN¬ ZODIAZEPINE CPDS;
Benzodioxoles , 1 , 3-Dioxaindans , 1 , 3-Dioxindans , Benzodioxoles; Benzphetamine, Benzfetamine, Benzphetamine, Didrex;
benzydamine N-oxide, benzydamine N-oxide;
benzylamine, (Aminomethyl ) benzene, (Phenylmethyl) amine, 1- phenylmethanamine ;
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde, benzyloxycar- bonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde ;
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone, Ac-
DEVD-CMK, Ac-ZVAD-FMK, benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone;
beractant, Abbott brand
of beractant, beractant, Ross brand of beractant;
berberine, 7,8, 13, 13a-tetradehydro-9, 10-dimethoxy-2 , 3- [methylenebis (oxy) ] berbinium, 9, 10-dimethoxy-2 , 3- (methylenedioxy) -7, 8, 13, 13a-tetradehydroberbinium, 9, 10- dimethoxy-5, 6-dihydro [1,3] dioxolo [4, 5-g] isoquino [3, 2- a] isoquinolin-7-ium;
bergamottin, 5-geranoxypsoralen, 8-geranyloxypsoralen, berga- mottin;
bergaptol, 4-hydroxy-7H-furo [3, 2-g] chromen-7-one, 5- Hydroxyfuranocoumarin, bergaptol ;
beta-glycerophosphoric acid, 2-glycerophosphoric acid, beta- glycerol phosphate, beta-glycerophosphate ;
beta-lapachone, beta-lapachone;
beta-Naphthoflavone, 5, 6-Benzoflavone, beta Naphthoflavone, be- ta-Naphthoflavone ;
beta-propiolactone, 1 , 3-propiolactone, 2-oxetanone, 3- hydroxypropionic acid beta-lactone;
Bethanechol, Bethanechol, Bethanechol Chloride, Bethanecol;
betulinic acid, betulic acid, betulinic acid;
bexarotene, 3-methyl-TTNEB, 4- (1- (3, 5, 5, 8, 8-pentamethyl-5, 6, 7, 8- tetrahydro-2-naphthyl ) ethenyl ) benzoic acid, bexarotene;
Bezafibrate, Azufibrat, Azupharma Brand of Bezafibrate, Bayer Brand of Bezafibrate;
BG 9928, 3- (4- (2, 6-dioxo-l, 3-dipropyl-2, 3, 6, 7-tetrahydro-lH- purin-8-yl ) -bicyclo ( 2.2.2 ) oct-l-yl ) propionic acid, BG 9928, BG- 9928;
BGC945, BGC 945, BGC945;
biapigenin, bi-apigenin, biapigenin;
BIBX 1382BS, BIBX 1382BS, BIBX-1382BS, BIBX1382BS;
biphenyl-4-ol , 4-biphenylol , 4-diphenylol , 4-Hydroxybiphenyl ; BIRB 796, 1- (5-tert-butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl) -3 (4- (2- morpholin-4-yl-ethoxy) naph- thalen-l-yl ) urea, BIRB 796, BIRB796; bisindolylmaleimide I, 2- ( 1- ( 3-dimethylaminopropyl ) indol-3-yl ) - 3- ( indol-3-yl ) maleimide, 3- (1- (3- (dimethylamino ) propyl ) -1H- indol-3-yl ) -4- ( lH-indol-3-yl ) -lH-pyrrole-2 , 5-dione, BIS-1 cpd; bisindolylmaleimide III, 3- [ 1- ( 3-aminopropyl ) -lH-indol-3-yl ] -4- ( lH-indol-3-yl ) -lH-pyrrole-2 , 5-dione, bis- (III) indolyl- maleimide, bisindolylmaleimide III;
Bisoprolol, Bisoprolol, Bisoprolol Fumarate, Bisoprolol Fumarate (1:1) Salt, (+-)-Isomer;
bisperoxovanadium, bisperoxovanadium, bpV vanadium compound; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate, 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, ( 1-methylethylidene ) bis ( 4 , 1-phenyleneoxy ( 2-hydroxy-3 , 1- propanediyl ) ) ester, homopolymer, Adaptic, Bis GMA;
bizelesin, bizelesin, U-78779;
BL1521, BL 1521, BL1521;
Bla-S, (2R, 3R, 6S) -3- [ [ (3S) -3-amino-5- ( carbamimidoyl-methyl- amino) pentanoyl] amino] -6- ( 4-amino-2-oxo-pyrimidin-l-yl ) -3, 6- dihydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid, (2R, 3R, 6S) -3- [ [ (3S) -3-amino- 5- ( carbamimidoyl-methylamino ) -1-oxopentyl ] amino] -6- (4-amino-2- oxo-l-pyrimidinyl ) -3, 6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid, (2R, 3R, 6S) -3- [ [ (3S) -3-amino-5- ( carbamimidoyl- methylamino ) pentanoyl] amino] -6- ( 4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-l-yl ) - 3, 6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid;
Blow, (-) -Cocaine, ( 1R, 2R, 3S , 5S ) -2- (methoxycarbonyl ) tropan-3-yl benzoate, ( 1R, 2R, 3S , 5S ) -2-Methoxycarbonyltropan-3-yl benzoate; BM 41.440, l-Hexadecylmercapto-2-methoxymethyl-3-propyl phos¬ phoric acid monocholine ester, l-Hexadecylthio-2-methoxymethyl- rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 3, 5-Dioxa-9-thia-4- phosphapentacosan-l-aminium, 4-hydroxy-7- (methoxymethyl ) -Ν,Ν,Ν- trimethyl-, (2S- (1 (R* (R*) ) , 2alpha, 3abeta, 7abeta) ) -;
BML 241, BML 241, BML-241, BML241;
BMS 310705, BMS 310705;
BMS204352, ( 5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl ) -1, 3-dihydro-3-fluoro-6- (trifluoromethyl) -2H-indol-2-one, BMS 204352, BMS-204352;
BMS453, BMS 453, BMS-453, BMS453;
Bo-Xan, ( 3R, 3 ' R) -Beta, Beta-Carotene-3 , 3 ' -Diol , Lutein,
(3R, 3'R, 6'R) -Lutein, (3R, 3'R, 6S) -4, 5-Didehydro-5, 6-Dihydro- Beta, Beta-Carotene-3 , 3 ' -Diol ;
Boltin, (7beta, 8xi, 9beta, 13alpha, 14beta, 17alpha) -17-ethynyl-17- hydroxy-7-methylestr-5 (10) -en-3-one, (7R, 8R, 9S, 13S, 14S, 17R) -17- ethynyl- 17-hydroxy-7, 13-dimethyl-l , 2 , 4,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16- dodecahydrocyclopenta [a] phenanthren-3-one, Boltin;
Bonopen, (2S, 5R, 6R) -6- ( (2R) -2-Methylenamino-2-phenylacetamido- 3, 3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-l-azabicyclo (3.2.0) heptan-2- carbonsaeure, ( alpha- (Methyleneamino ) benzyl ) penicillin, 3,3- Dimethyl-6- (2- (methyleneamino) -2-phenylacetamidol-7-oxo-4-thia- 1-azabicyclo (3.2.0) heptane-2-carboxylic acid;
boron, Bor, boracium, bore;
Borrelia-burgdorferi , Borrelia-burgdorferi ;
bortezomib, bortezomib, PS 341, PS-341;
bosentan, 4-t-butyl-N- (6- ( 2-hydroxyethoxy) -5- ( 2-methoxyphenoxy) - 2 , 2 ' -bipyrimidin-4-yl ) benzenesulfonamide, Actelion brand of bosentan monohydrate, bosentan;
bosutinib, 4- ( (2, 4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl ) amino) - 6-methoxy-7- (3- ( 4-methyl- 1-piperazinyl ) propoxy) -3-quinolinecarbonitrile, 4- [ (2, 4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl ) amino] - 6-methoxy-7- [3- (4- methylpiperazin-l-yl ) propoxy] quinoline-3-carbonitrile, bosu¬ tinib;
botrocetin, botrocetin;
BPDE, (+) -7beta, 8alpha-Dihydroxy-9alpha, 1 Oalpha-oxy-7 , 8, 9, 10- tetrahydrobenzo (a) pyrene, (+-) - (E) -7, 8-Dihydroxy-9, 10-epoxy- 7,8,9, 10-tetrahydrobenzo (a) pyrene, ( +-) -anti-BPDE;
BR-II, BR-II;
Brake, 1-Methyl-3-phenyl-5- (3- ( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ) -4 ( 1H) - pyridinone, l-Methyl-3-phenyl-5- (3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) -4- pyridone, l-Methyl-3-phenyl-5- (alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-m- tolyl) -4-pyridone ;
bredinin, bredinin;
Brefeldin A, Ascotoxin, Brefeldin A, Cyanein;
Bromazepam, 1A Brand of Bromazepam, Aliud Brand of Bromazepam, Anxyrex;
bromo-cis-stilbene, bromo-cis-stilbene ;
brucine, brucine;
bryostatin 1, bryostatin 1 ;
Budesonide, Budesonide, Budesonide, (R) -Isomer, Budesonide, (S)- I somer ;
bufalin, bufalin, bufalin, ( 3alpha, 5beta) -isomer ;
bufuralol, bufuralol, bufuralol, (DL) -(+-) -isomer, bufuralol, hydrochloride ;
Bumetanide, AstraZeneca Brand of Bumetanide, Atlantis Brand of Bumetanide, Bumedyl;
BuOH, 1-butanol, 1-Butyl alcohol, 1-Hydroxybutane ;
Bupivacaine, 1-Butyl-N- (2, 6-dimethylphenyl ) -2- piperidinecarboxamide, Abbott Brand of Bupivacaine Hydrochlo¬ ride, Astra Brand of Bupivacaine Hydrochloride;
Buprenorphine, 6029 M, 6029-M, 6029M;
BUPROPION, ( -) -2- (tert-Butylamino) -3 ' -chloropropiophenone, ( - ) -2- (tert-Butylamino) -3 ' -chlorpropiophenon, ( +-) -1- (3- chlorophenyl ) -2- ( (1, 1-dimethylethyl ) amino) -1-propanone;
Buspirone, Anxut, Apo Buspirone, Apo-Buspirone ;
Busulfan, Busulfan, Busulfan GlaxoSmithKline Brand, Busulfan Orphan Brand;
Buthionine Sulfoximine, Buthionine Sulfoximine;
Butyrate, 1-Butyric acid, 1-Propanecarboxylic acid, 2-butanoate; butyrolactone I, alpha-oxo-beta- ( 4-hydroxyphenyl ) -gamma- ( 4- hydroxy-m-3, 3-dimethylallylbenzyl) -gamma-methoxycarbonyl-gamma- butyrolactone, butyrolactone I;
C 1027, C 1027, C-1027, C1027 chromophore;
C 76, C 76;
CACP, azanide; dichloroplatinum, CACP, cis Pt II; Calcijex, (1R, 5Z) -5- [ (2E) -2- [ (1R, 7aR) -1- ( 5-hydroxy-l , 5-dimethyl- hexyl) -7a-methyl-2 , 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH-inden-4- ylidene] ethylidene] -4-methylene-cyclohexane-l , 3-diol, (1R, 5Z) -5- [ (2E) -2- [ (1R, 7aR) -1- (5-hydroxy-l, 5-dimethylhexyl ) -7a-methyl- 2, 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH-inden-4-ylidene] ethylidene] -4- methylenecyclohexane-1, 3-diol, (1R, 5Z) -5- [ (2E) -2- [ (1R, 7aR) -1- (6- hydroxy- 6-methyl-heptan-2-yl ) -7a-methyl-2 , 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro- lH-inden-4-ylidene ] ethylidene] -4-methylidene-cyclohexane-l , 3- diol ;
Calcimycin, A 23187, A-23187, A23187;
calphostin C, calphostin C;
Calyculin, Calyculin, Calyculin A, Calyculin A from Discodermia calyx;
Camptothecin, Camptothecin, Camptothecine ;
Canef, Canef, Cranoc, Fluindostainin sodium;
cangrelor, AR C69931MX, AR-C69931MX, cangrelor;
Cannabinoids , Cannabinoids;
Cannabis, Bhang, Cannabis, Cannabis indica;
Cantharidin, Cantharides, Cantharidin, Cantharidine ;
CAPE, (E ) -3- ( 3 , 4-dihydroxyphenyl ) acrylic acid 2-phenylethyl es¬ ter, (E ) -3- ( 3 , 4-dihydroxyphenyl ) prop-2-enoic acid 2-phenylethyl ester, 2-phenylethyl (E ) -3- ( 3 , 4-dihydroxyphenyl ) prop-2-enoate ; Capsaicin, 8 Methyl N Vanillyl 6 Nonenamide, 8-Methyl-N- Vanillyl-6-Nonenamide, Alacan Brand of Capsaicin;
capsaicinoids , capsaicinoids ;
capsazepine, capsazepine;
Carbachol, Alcon Brand 1 of Carbachol, Alcon Brand 2 of Car- bachol, Allphar Brand of Carbachol;
Carbamazepine, Amizepine, Carbamazepine, Carbamazepine Acetate; carbapenem, ( 5R) -1-azabicyclo [ 3.2.0 ] hept-2-en-7-one, 2,3- didehydro-l-carbapenam, carbapenem;
Carbapenems, Antibiotics, Carbapenem, Carbapenem Antibiotics, Carbapenems ;
carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal , benzyloxycarbonyl-leucyl- leucyl-norvalinal , carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal , car- bobenzoxyl-leucinyl-leucinyl-norvalinal-H;
Carbolines, Beta Carbolines, Beta-Carbolines , Carbolines;
Carboxyethy1-phenethy1amino-ethyIcarboxamidoadenosine, Carboxy- ethy1-phenethy1amino-ethyIcarboxamidoadenosine ;
Cardiolipins , Cardiolipin, Cardiolipins , Diphosphatidylglycer- ols ;
carebastine, carebastine;
CARNOSOL, CARNOSOL;
carrageenans , Carrageenan, carrageenans , carrageenin;
carvacrol, carvacrol;
carvedilol, Atlana Pharma brand of carvedilol, BM 14190, BM- 14190;
Casodex, Bicalutamide, Casodex, Casodex (TN) ;
caspofungin, Cancidas, caspofungin, caspofungin acetate;
casticin, 3 ' , 5-dihydroxy-3 , 4 ' , 6, 7-tetramethoxyflavone, casticin, vitexicarpin;
catechins, catechin, catechins;
CB 3717, CB 3717;
Cbdca, (SP-4-2) -diammine [cyclobutane-1, 1-dicarboxylato (2-) - kappa ( 2 ) 0, 0 '] platinum, 1 , 1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylate diammine platinum ( I I ) , ammonia; cyclobutane-1 , 1-dicarboxylic acid; plati¬ num (+2) cation;
CCPA, (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -2- [2-chloro-6- ( cyclopentylamino ) -9-purinyl] - 5- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydrofuran-3 , 4-diol, (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -2- [2- chloro-6- (cyclopentylamino) purin-9-yl] -5- (hydroxymethyl) oxolane- 3, 4-diol, (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -2- [2-chloro-6- (cyclopentylamino) purin- 9- yl] -5- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydrofuran-3 , 4-diol;
CD 437, 6- ( 3- ( 1-adamantyl ) -4-hydroxyphenyl ) -2- naphthalenecarboxylic acid, AHPN, CD 437;
CDP 840, CDP 840;
Cefoxitin, Cefoxitin, Cefoxitin Sodium, Mefoxin;
celecoxib,
4- (5- ( 4-methylphenyl ) -3- (trifluoromethyl) -lH-pyrazol-1- yl ) benzenesulfonamide, Celebrex, celecoxib;
cephalomannine, cephalomannine, taxol B;
cephalosporins, cephalosporins;
cepharanthine, cepharanthin, cepharanthine;
cerebrolysin, cerebrolysin, cerebrolysine, FPF 1070;
cerivastatin, 6-Heptenoic acid, 7- ( 4- ( 4-fluorophenyl ) -5- (methoxymethyl ) -2, 6-bis ( 1-methylethyl ) -3-pyridinyl ) -3, 5- dihydroxy-, monosodium salt, (S- (R* , S*- (E) ) ) -, 7-(4-(4- fluorophenyl ) -2 , 6-diisopropyl-5- (methoxymethyl ) pyrid-3-yl ) -3 , 5- dihydroxy- 6-heptenoate sodium salt, Bay w 6228;
Cetomacrogol , alpha-Hexadecyl-omega-Hydroxypoly (oxy-1, 2- Ethanediyl), Brij 52, Brij 56; cetrorelix, ASTA Medica brand of cetrorelix acetate, cetrorelix, cetrorelix acetate;
cetuximab, C225, cetuximab, Erbitux;
CGP 12177, 4- ( 3-tert-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy) benzimidazol-2- one, 4- ( 3-tert-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy) benzimidazol-2-one hydrochloride, (+-) -isomer, 4- ( 3-tert-butylamino-2- hydroxypropoxy) benzimidazol-2-one, (+- ) -isomer;
CGS 15943A, ( 1 , 2 , 4 ) Triazolo ( 1 , 5-c) quinazolin-5-amine, 9-chloro- 2- (2-furanyl) -, 9-Chloro-2- (2-furanyl) -(1,2,4) triazolo (1,5- c) quinazolin-5-amine, 9-Chloro-2- (2-furanyl) - [1, 2, 4] triazolo [1, 5-c] quinazolin-5-amine ;
CGS 21680, 2- ( 4- ( 2-carboxyethyl ) phenethylamino ) -5 ' -N- ethylcarboxamidoadenosine, Benzenepropanoic acid, 4- (2- ((6- amino-9- (N-ethyl-beta-D-ribofuranuronamidosyl ) -9H-purin-2- yl) amino) ethyl) -, CGS 21680;
CH-THF, 2- [ [4- (3-amino-l-keto-5, 6, 6a, 7-tetrahydro-4H- imidazo [3, 4-f ] pteridin-10-ium-8-yl) benzoyl] amino] glutaric acid, 2- [ [4- ( 3-amino-l-oxo-5, 6, 6a, 7-tetrahydro-4H-imidazo [3, 4- f] pteridin-10-ium-8-yl) benzoyl] amino] pentanedioic acid, 2-[[4- ( 3-amino-l-oxo-5, 6, 6a, 7-tetrahydro-4H-imidazo [3, 4-f]pteridin-10- ium-8-yl) phenyl] carbonylamino ] pentanedioic acid;
CH2CHO, Acetaldehyd, Acetaldehyde, Acetaldehyde (natural);
Chalcone, 1 , 3-Diphenyl-2-Propen-l-One, Benzalacetophenone, Ben¬ zylideneacetophenone ;
CHAPS, 3- ( ( 3-Cholamidopropyl ) dimethylammonio ) -1- propanesulfonate, 3- ( ( 3-Cholamidopropyl ) dimethylammonium) -1- propanesulfonate, 3- [ (3-Cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio] -1- propanesulfonate ;
Chinine, ( - ) -Quinine, ( 5-ethenyl-l-azabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-7-yl ) - ( 6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl ) methanol , ( 6-methoxy-4-quinolyl ) - (5- vinyl-2-quinuclidinyl ) methanol ;
Chitosan, Chitosan, Poliglusam;
Chloramphenicol, Chloramphenicol, Chlornitromycin, Chlorocid; chlorophenyl-ethane, chlorophenyl-ethane ;
chlorophyllin, chlorophyllin, chlorophyllin a, chlorophyllin copper complex;
chlorophyllypt , Chlorophyllipt , chlorophyllypt ;
chlorpromazine, 3- (2-chloro-lOH-phenothiazin-lO-yl) -N,N- dimethyl-l-propanamine, 3- (2-chloro-lOH-phenothiazin-lO-yl) -N,N- dimethylpropan-l-amine, 3- (2-chlorophenothiazin-lO-yl) -N,N- dimethyl-propan-1-amine ;
Chlorpropham, Chlorpropham, CIPC, Isopropyl N-(3- Chlorophenol ) carbamate;
Chlorzoxazone, Chlorzoxazone, McNeil Brand of Chlorzoxazone, Or- tho Brand of Chlorzoxazone;
Cholestanol, 5 alpha Cholestan 3 alpha ol, 5 alpha Cholestan 3 beta ol, 5 alpha-Cholestan-3 alpha-ol;
CHOLINE, ( 2-Hydroxyethyl ) trimethylammonium, (2-
Hydroxyethyl ) trimethylammonium chloride, (beta- hydroxyethyl ) trimethylammonium;
Chonsurid, (2S, 3S, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- [ (2R, 3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -3-acetamido-2 , 5- dihydroxy-6-sulfooxy-oxan-4-yl] oxy-3, 4, 5-trihydroxy-oxane-2- carboxylic acid, ( 2S , 3S , 4S , 5R, 6R) - 6- [ ( 2R, 3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -3- acetamido-2, 5-dihydroxy-6-sulfooxy-tetrahydropyran-4-yl] oxy- 3, 4, 5-trihydroxy-tetrahydropyran-2-carboxylic acid,
(2S, 3S, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- [ (2R, 3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -3-acetamido-2 , 5-dihydroxy- 6-sulfooxyoxan-4-yl ] oxy-3, 4, 5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid; chromophore, chromophore, chromophores ;
Chrysin, 4H-l-Benzopyran-4-one, 5, 7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl- , 4H-1-
Benzopyran-4-one, 5, 7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl- (9CI), 5, 7-dihydroxy-
2-phenyl-4-chromenone ;
chymostatin, chymostatin;
CI1033, Canertinib, CI 1033, CI-1033;
cicaprost, 13, 14-didehydro-l 6, 20-dimethyl-3-oxa-18, 18, 19, 19- tetradehydro- 6-carbaprostaglandin 12, 5- ( 7-hydroxy- 6- (3-hydroxy- 4-methylnona-l , 6-diynyl )-bicyclo (3.3.0) octan-3-yliden) -3- oxapentanoic acid, cicaprost;
cifostodine, cifostodine;
ciglitazone, 5-(4-(l- methylcyclohexylmethoxy) benzyl) thiazolidine-2, 4-dione, ADD 3878, ADD-3878;
Cilazapril, Cilazapril, Cilazapril Hydrate, Cilazapril Monohy- drobromide ;
Cilomilast, Cilomilast;
cilostazol, 6- ( 4- ( l-cyclohexyl-lH-tetrazol-5-yl ) butoxy) -3,4- dihydro-2 ( 1H) -quinolinone, cilostazol, OPC 13013;
Cimetidine, Altramet, Biomet, Biomet400;
cinacalcet, alpha-methyl-N- (3- (3-
(trifluoromethyl) phenyl) propyl) -1-naphthalenemethanamine, (al- phaR) -hydrochloride, AMG 073, AMG073; cinitapride, Almirall brand of cinitapride tartrate, Blaston, Cidine ;
cinnamic aldehyde, 3-phenylprop-2-enaldehyde, beta- phenylacrolein, cinnamaldehyde ;
cionin, Asn-Tyr ( S03 ) -Tyr ( S03 ) -Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 , cionin; Cipol N, (R- (R*,R*- (E) )) -Cyclic (L-alanyl-D-alanyl-N-methyl-L- leucyl-N-methyl-L-leucyl-N-methyl- ,
1.4.7.10.13.16.19.22.25.28.31-undecaazacyclotritriacontane-
2.5.8.11.14.17.20.23.26.29.32- , 30-ethyl-33- [ ( Z , IS , 2R) - 1- hydroxy-2-methyl-hex-4-enyl ] -1,4,7, 10, 12, 15, 19, 25, 28-nonamethyl- 6, 9, 18, 24-tetrakis ( 2-methylpropyl ) -3, 21-di (propan-2-yl ) -
1.4.7.10.13.16.19.22.25.28.31-undecazacyclotritriacontane-
2.5.8.11.14.17.20.23.26.29.32-undecone;
Ciprofloxacin, Bay 09867, Bay-09867, Bay09867;
Cipro1, 2- (4- (2, 2-Dichlorocyclopropyl ) phenoxy) 2-methylpropanoic acid, 2- (p- (2, 2-Dichlorocyclopropyl) phenoxy) -2-methylpropionic acid, 2-[4-(2, 2-dichlorocyclopropyl ) phenoxy] -2-methyl-propanoic acid;
cis-9, trans-ll-conjugated linoleic acid, c9-tll-CLA, cis-9, trans-ll-conjugated linoleic acid;
Cisapride, Cisapride, Propulsid, R 51619;
Citalopram, Citalopram, Cytalopram, Escitalopram;
Citox, . alpha . , . alpha . -Bis (p-chlorophenyl ) - . beta . , .beta., . beta . - trichlorethane, 1, 1 ' - (2, 2, 2-trichloroethane-l , 1-diyl) bis (4- chlorobenzene ), l,l'-(2,2, 2-Trichloroethylidene ) bis ( 4- chlorobenzene ) ;
CITRULLINE, ( 2S ) -2-amino-5- ( aminocarbonylamino ) pentanoic acid, ( 2S ) -2-amino-5- ( carbamoylamino ) pentanoic acid, ( 2S ) -2-amino-5- ureido-pentanoic acid;
clebopride, clebopride, clebopride fumarate (1:1), clebopride maleate ;
clevidipine, butyroxymethyl methyl 4- ( 2 ' , 3 ' -dichlorophenyl ) -2 , 6- dimethyl-1, 4-dihydropyridine-3 , 5-dicarboxylate, clevidipine; clobazam, clobazam;
Clodronic Acid, Bonefos, C12MDP, Clodronate;
clofarabine, 2-chloro-2 ' -arabino-fluoro-2 ' -deoxyadenosine, 2- chloro-2 ' -fluoroarabino-2 ' -deoxyadenosine, 2-chloro-9- (2-deoxy- 2-fluoro-beta-D-arbinofuranosyl ) adenine ;
Clofibric Acid, 2- ( 4-Chlorophenoxy) -2-methylpropionic Acid, Clo- fibric Acid, Clofibrinic Acid; Clomipramine, Anafranil, Chlomipramine, Chlorimipramine ;
Clonazepam, Antelepsin, Clonazepam, Rivotril;
Clonidine, Catapres, Catapresan, Catapressan;
clopidogrel, clopidogrel, clopidogrel bisulfate, clopidogrel,
(+) (S) -isomer;
clotiazepam, clotiazepam;
Clozapine, Clozapine, Clozaril, Leponex;
clozapine N-oxide, clozapine N-oxide;
CNI 1493, CNI 1493, CNI-1493, N, N ' -bis ( 3 , 5- diacetylphenyl ) decanediamide tetrakis ( amidinohydrazone ) tetrahy- drochloride ;
Co 2-1970, 1- [ (3S, 5S, 8R, 9S, 10S, 13S, 14S, 17S) -3-hydroxy-10, 13- dimethyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) -1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17- tetradecahydrocyclopenta [a] phenanthren-17-yl ] ethanone, 3alpha- Hydroxy-3beta- (trifluoromethyl) -5alpha-pregnan-20-one, 3alpha- Hydroxy-3beta-trifluoromethyl-5alpha-pregnan-20-one ;
Coagulin, antigens, cdl42, blood coagulation factor iii, cdl42 antigens ;
Colchicine, Colchicine;
compactin, 6-demethylmevinolin, compactin, CS 500;
CONT, 1- ( . beta . -Ethylol ) -2-methyl-5-nitro-3-azapyrrole, 1- ( . beta . -Hydroxyethyl ) -2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole, 1- (2-Hydroxy-l- ethyl ) -2-methy1-5-nitroimidazole ;
Cotinine, Cotinine, Scotine;
Cotrim, 3- (p-Aminophenylsulfonamido) -5-methylisoxazole, 3- (para- Aminophenylsulphonamido ) -5-methylisoxazole, 3-Sulfanilamido-5- methylisoxazole ;
coumarin, 1 , 2-Benzopyrone, 2-Propenoic acid, 3- (2- hydroxyphenyl ) - , d-lactone, 2H-l-Benzopyran-2-one;
CRA 024781, CRA 024781, CRA-024781, CRA024781;
CRA 026440, CRA 026440, CRA-026440, CRA026440;
Crestor, calcium (E, 3R, 5S ) -7- [ 4- ( 4-fluorophenyl ) -2- (methyl- methylsulfonyl-amino) - 6-propan-2-yl-pyrimidin-5-yl ] -3, 5- dihydroxy-hept-6-enoate, calcium (E, 3R, 5S ) -7- [ 4- ( 4- fluorophenyl ) -2- (methyl-methylsulfonylamino) -6-propan-2- ylpyrimidin-5-yl ] -3, 5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoate, calcium (E, 3R, 5S) - 7- [4- ( 4-fluorophenyl ) - 6-isopropyl-2- (mesyl-methyl- amino ) pyrimidin-5-yl ] -3 , 5-dihydroxy-hept- 6-enoate ;
Crodacid, 1-Tridecanecarboxylic acid, C14 fatty acid, CH3- [CH2] 12-COOH; Crypt-2,2,2, 13,16,21, 24-Hexaoxa-l , 10-diazabicyclo- (8, 8, 8) - hexacosane, 2 , 2 , 2-Cryptand, 4, 7, 13, 16, 21, 24-Hexaoxa-l, 10- diazabicyclo (8.8.8) hexacosane ;
cryptdin 3, cryptdin 3, cryptdin-3;
cryptotanshinone, cryptotanshinone ;
cryptoxanthin, beta-caroten-3-ol , beta-cryptoxanthin, cryptoxan- thin;
CUBE, (-) -cis-Rotenone, (-) -Rotenone, ( 1 ) Benzopyrano ( 3 , 4- b) furo ( 2 , 3-h) ( 1 ) benzopyran- 6 ( 6aH) -one, 1,2,12, 12a-tetrahydro-2- alpha-isopropenyl-8 , 9-dimethoxy- ;
CVT 3146, (1- (9- (3, 4-dihydroxy-5- (hydroxymethyl) oxolan-2-yl) -6- aminopurin-2-yl ) pyrazol-4-yl ) -N-methylcarboxamide, CVT 3146, CVT-3146;
cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside ;
cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside ;
cyanoginosin-LA, cyanoginosin-LA, cyanogynosin-LA, microcystin LA;
Cyclandelate, Cyclandelate, Cyclospasmol ;
cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3 ' -carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester, cyclo- hexyl carbamic acid 3 ' -carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester, URB 597, URB-597;
cyclohexyl-methyl , cyclohexyl-methyl ;
cyclopamine, cyclopamine;
Cyclopentenone, l-cyclopent-2-enone, 2-Cyclopenten-l-one, 2- Cyclopenten-l-one (8CI) (9CI);
cyclopiazonic acid, cyclopiazonic acid;
Cyproheptadine, Antergan,
Cyproheptadine, Dihexazin;
Cyproterone Acetate, Androcur, Cyproterone Acetate, Cyproterone Acetate, (1 alpha, 2 alpha) -Isomer;
cystathionine, 2-amino-4- [ (2-amino-2- carboxyethyl ) sulfanyl ] butanoic acid, cystathionine, DL- Allocystathionine ;
cysteamine, 2-amino-l-ethanethiol, 2-aminoethanethiol , beta- Aminoethanethiol ;
cysteinyl-leukotriene, Cys-LT, cysteinyl-leukotriene ;
Cytarabine, Ara-C, Arabinofuranosylcytosine, Arabinosylcytosine ; cytochalasin B, cytochalasin B;
Cytochalasin D, Cytochalasin D;
cytochalasin E, cytochalasin E; D 22888, D 22888;
D 23129, D 20443, D 23129, D-20443;
DA 8159, 5- (2-propyloxy-5- (l-methyl-2- pyro11idinylethylamidosulfonyl ) phenyl ) - 1-methyl-3-propyl- 1 , 6- dihydro-7H-pyrazolo (4, 3-d) pyrimidine-7-one, DA 8159, DA-8159; Dacarbazine, 5- (3, 3-Dimethyl-l-triazeno) imidazole-4-carboxamide, Biocarbazine, Dacarbazine;
DADSO, 2-Propene-l-sulfinic acid, thio-, S-allyl ester, 2- Propene-l-sulfinothioic acid S-2-propenyl ester, 2-Propene-l- sulfinothioic acid, S-2-propenyl ester (9CI);
daidzein, daidzein, diadzein;
danaproid, danaparoid, danaproid, danaproid sodium;
Dapsone, 4 , 4 ' -Diaminophenyl Sulfone, Avlosulfone, DADPS;
Daral, 3- [ (2E) -2- [1- (5, 6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl ) -7a-methyl- 2, 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH-inden-4-ylidene] ethylidene] -4- methylidene-cyclohexan-l-ol, 3- [ (2E) -2- [1- (5, 6-dimethylhept-3- en-2-yl) -7a-methyl-2 , 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH-inden-4- ylidene] ethylidene] -4-methylidenecyclohexan-l-ol, 3- [ (2E) -2- [7a- methyl-1- (1, 4, 5-trimethylhex-2-enyl ) -2, 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH- inden-4-ylidene ] ethylidene] -4-methylene-l-cyclohexanol ;
Darifenacin, 2- [ (3S) -1- [2- (2, 3-dihydro-l-benzofuran-5- yl) ethyl] pyrrolidin-3-yl ] -2 , 2-di (phenyl) acetamide, 2- [ (3S) -1- [2- (2, 3-dihydro-l-benzofuran-5-yl ) ethyl] pyrrolidin-3-yl ] -2 , 2- di (phenyl) ethanamide, 2- [ (3S) -1- [2- (2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran-5- yl) ethyl] -3-pyrrolidinyl ] -2, 2-di (phenyl) acetamide;
darunavir, darunavir, darunavir ethanolate, Prezista;
dasatinib, (18F) -N- ( 2-chloro- 6-methylphenyl ) -2- (6- (4- (2- hydroxyethyl ) piperazin-l-yl ) -2-methylpyrimidin-4- ylamino) thiazole-5-carboxamide, BMS 354825, BMS-354825;
Daunorubicin, Cerubidine, Dauno Rubidomycine, Dauno- Rubidomycine ;
Dayfen, l-Methyl-4-piperidyl benzhydryl ether, 132-18-3 (HCL) , 4- (Benzhydryloxy) -1-methylpiperidine;
DBPC, (2, 5-Cyclohexadiene-l, 4-diylidene) -dimalononitrile, 1- Hydroxy-4-methyl-2 , 6-di-tert-butylbenzene, 2, 6-Bis (1, 1- dimethylethyl ) -4-methylphenol ;
DDB, DDB;
DDE, 1 , l-Dichloro-2 , 2-bis ( 4 ' -chlorophenyl ) ethylene, l-chloro-4- [2, 2-dichloro-l- ( 4-chlorophenyl ) ethenyl] benzene, 4,4' -DDE;
Debrisoquin, Debrisoquin, Debrisoquine, Tendor; decursin, decursin, decursinol;
Deethylamiodarone, (2-butyl-l-benzofuran-3-yl) - [4- (2- ethylaminoethoxy) -3, 5-diiodo-phenyl ] methanone, (2-butyl-l- benzofuran-3-yl ) - [4- ( 2-ethylaminoethoxy) -3, 5- diiodophenyl ] methanone, ( 2-Butyl-3-benzofuranyl ) (4- (2- ( ethylamino ) ethoxy) -3 , 5-diiodophenyl ) methanone ;
deferiprone, 1 , 2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone, 1 , 2-dimethyl- 3-hydroxypyrid-4-one, 1, 2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one ;
Deferoxamine, Deferoxamine, Deferoxamine B, Deferoxamine Mesi- late ;
deguelin, deguelin;
dehydroaripiprazole, dehydroaripiprazole ;
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, Dehydroisoandrosterone Sulfate, DHA Sulfate;
dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin, DHMEQ cpd;
Delavirdine, Agouron Brand of Delavirdine Mesylate, Delavirdine, Delavirdine Mesylate;
delta8-THC, (-)-. delta .-( sup8 ) -trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol , (-)- .DELTA.6-Tetrahydrocannabinol, (-) - .DELTA.8-
Tetrahydrocannabinol ;
Denagard, (4R, 5S, 6S, 8R, 9AR, 10R) -5-HYDROXY-4 , 6, 9, 10-TETRAMETHYL- 1-OXO- 6-VINYLDECAHYDRO-3A, 9-PROPANOCYCLOPENTA [ 8 ] ANNULEN- 8-YL { [2- (DIETHYLAMINO) ETHYL] SULFANYL }ACETATE , Denagard, Denagard (TN) ;
denbinobin, 5-hydroxy-3, 7-dimethoxy-l , 4-phenanthraquinone, denbinobin;
denileukin diftitox, DAB (389) -IL-2, DAB (389) -interleukin 2, DAB (389) IL-2;
denopamine, (3, 4-dimethoxyphenethylaminomethyl ) -4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 1- (p-hydroxyphenyl ) -2- ( (3,4- dimethoxyphenethyl ) amino) ethanol, denopamine;
Depas, 4- ( 2-chlorophenyl ) -2-ethyl-9-methyl-6H-thieno [3, 2- f] [ 1 , 2 , 4 ] triazolo [ 4 , 3-a] [ 1 , 4 ] diazepine, 4- (o-Chlorophenyl ) -2- ethyl-9-methyl- 6H-thieno (3, 2-f) -s-triazolo (4, 3-a) (1, 4) diazepine,
4H-s-Triazolo (3, 4-c) thieno (2, 3-e) ( 1 , 4 ) -diazepine, 6- (o- chlorophenyl ) -8-ethyl- 1-methyl- ;
deramciclane, 2-phenyl-2- (dimethylaminoethoxy) -1,7,7- trimethylbicyclo ( 2.2.1 ) heptane hemifumarate, deramciclane, de¬ ramciclane, ( 1R, 2S, 4R) -isomer; desethylchloroquine, deethylchloroquine, desethylchloroquine, desethylchloroquine dihydrochloride ;
desflurane, Baxter Anaesthesia brand of desflurane, Baxter brand of desflurane, desflurane;
desisobutyrylciclesonide, desisobutyryl-ciclesonide, desisobu- tyrylciclesonide ;
desmethylazelastine, desmethylazelastine ;
Desmethyldeprenyl , ( l-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl ) -propargyl-amine, 1- Phenyl-2- (N-2-propynyl ) aminopropane, alpha-Methyl-N-2- propynylbenzeneethanamine ;
Devazepide, Devazepide, L-364,718, MK 329;
Dexfenfluramine, Dexfenfluramine, Dexfenfluramine Hydrochloride, Redux;
dexloxiglumide, dexloxiglumide;
Dextropropoxyphene, D Propoxyphene, D-Propoxyphene, Darvon;
dFdC, 122111-03-9 (HYDROCHLORIDE), 2 ' , 2 ' -DiF-dC, 2',2'- DIFLUORODEOXYCYTIDINE;
DFMO, . alpha. -DFMO HC1, 2 , 5-diamino-2- (difluoromethyl ) pentanoic acid, 2 , 5-diamino-2- (difluoromethyl ) aleric acid;
DHEA, (+ ) -Dehydroisoandrosterone, ( 3-beta) -3-Hydroxyandrost-5- en-17-one, (3beta) -3-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one;
DHLA, ( ) -6, 8-Dimercaptooctanoic acid, ( ) -Dihydrolipoic acid,
6, 8-bis-sulfanyloctanoic acid;
di- ( 1-isoquinolinyl ) -di- (pyridyl-2 ' ) butane, di- ( 1- isoquinolinyl ) -di- (pyridyl-2 ' ) butane, S-147 ;
Diaben, l-butyl-3- ( 4-methylphenyl ) sulfonyl-urea, l-butyl-3- ( 4- methylphenyl ) sulfonylurea, l-Butyl-3- (4- methylphenylsulfonyl ) urea;
Diacomit, (E) -1- (1, 3-benzodioxol-5-yl ) -4, 4-dimethyl-pent-l-en-3- ol, (E ) -1- ( 1 , 3-benzodioxol-5-yl ) -4 , 4-dimethylpent-l-en-3-ol , 1- (1, 3-Benzodioxol-5-yl ) -4, 4-dimethyl-l-penten-3-ol ;
diadenosine tetraphosphate, diadenosine tetraphosphate ;
Dial, 1 , 4-Pentanediamine, N4- ( 6-chloro-2-methoxy-9-acridinyl ) - ΝΙ,ΝΙ-diethyl-, 2-Methoxy-6-chloro-9- diethylaminopentylaminoacridine, 3-Chloro-7-methoxy-9- ( 1-methyl- 4-diethylaminobutylamino ) acridine ;
Diamide, Diamide, Diazodicarboxylic Acid Bis (N, N-dimethyl ) amide, Diazodicarboxylic Acid Bisdimethylamide;
DIAN, . beta .,. beta .' -Bis (p-hydroxyphenyl ) propane, .beta . -Di- (p- hydroxyphenyl ) propane, 2, 2- (4, 4 ' -Dihydroxydiphenyl ) propane; diarsenic trioxide, Arsenic trioxide, arsenic (III) oxide, As203;
Dibenzanthracene, 1,2,3, 4-DIBENZANTHRACENE , 1,2:3,4-
Dibenzanthracene, 1,2:3, 4-Dibenzoanthracene ;
Dicid, Alfa-Tox, Antigal, Bassadinon;
Diclofenac, Dichlofenal, Diclofenac, DICLOFENAC NA;
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, DCCD, Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide;
diethyl maleate, diethyl maleate;
Diethyl-benzoquinone-imine, Diethyl-benzoquinone-imine ;
Digicor, 4- [ (3S, 5R, 8R, 9S, 10S, 13R, 14S, 17S) -3- [ (2R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -5- [ (2S, 4S, 5S, 6R) -5- [ (2S, 4S, 5S, 6R) -4, 5-dihydroxy- 6-methyl-oxan-2- yl ] oxy-4-hydroxy- 6-methyl-oxan-2-yl ] oxy-4-hydroxy- 6-methyl-oxan- 2-yl] oxy-14-hydroxy-10, 13-dimethyl- 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,15,16, 17-tetradeca, 4- [ (3S, 5R, 8R, 9S, 10S, 13R, 14S, 17S) -3- [ (2R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -5- [ (2S, 4S, 5S, 6R) -5- [ (2S, 4S, 5S, 6R) -4, 5-dihydroxy- 6-methyl- tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] oxy-4-hydroxy- 6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2- yl ] oxy-4-hydroxy- 6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] oxy-14-hydroxy- 10, 13-dimethyl-l, 2, 3,4,5, 4- [ (3S, 5R, 8R, 9S, 10S, 13R, 14S, 17S) -3- [ (2R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -5- [ (2S, 4S, 5S, 6R) -5- [ (2S, 4S, 5S, 6R) -4, 5-dihydroxy- 6-methyloxan-2-yl ] oxy-4-hydroxy- 6-methyloxan-2-yl ] oxy-4-hydroxy- 6-methyloxan-2-yl ] oxy-14-hydroxy-10, 13-dimethyl- 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,15,16, 17-tetradecahyd;
Digitin, .beta. -D-Galactopyranoside,
( 2. alpha .,3. beta. ,5. alpha . , 15.beta. , 25R) -2, 15- dihydroxyspirostan-3-yl 0- . beta . -D-glucopyranosyl- ( 1. fwdarw .3 ) - 0- . beta . -D-galactopyranosyl- ( 1. fwdarw .2) -0- [ . beta . -D- xylopyranosyl- ( 1. fwdarw .3) ] -0- . beta . -D-glucopyranosyl- (1. fwdarw.4, Digitin, Digitogenin, glycoside;
Digoxin, AWD.pharma Brand of Digoxin, Bertek Brand of Digoxin, Digacin;
Dihydroqinghaosu, 3, 12-Epoxy-12H-pyrano (4, 3-j ) -1, 2- benzodioxepin-10-ol, decahydro-3, 6, 9-trimethyl- ,
(3R, 5aS, 6R, 8aS, 9R, 10S, 12R, 12aR) -, 3, 12-Epoxy-12H-pyrano (4, 3- ) - 1, 2-benzodioxepin-10-ol, decahydro-3, 6, 9-trimethyl-, (3R-
( 3alpha, 5abeta, 6beta, 8abeta, 9alpha, 10alpha, 12beta, 12aR* ) ) - , Di- hydroartemisinin;
Dihydroxycholecalciferols, Dihydroxycholecalciferols, Dihy- droxyvitamins D;
diisopropyl fluorophosphate, bis (propan-2-yl ) fluorophosphate, Diisopropoxyphosphoryl fluoride, diisopropyl fluorophosphate ; dillapiol, dillapiol;
Diltiazem, Aldizem, Cardil, Cardizem;
Dimethadione, 5, 5-Dimethyl-2 , 4-oxazolidinedione, 5,5- Dimethyloxazolidine-2 , 4-dione, Dimethadione;
dimethyl fumarate, dimethyl fumarate, dimethylfumarate, Fuma¬ derm;
Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Sulphoxide, Di¬ methylsulfoxide ;
dimethyl-hydrazide, dimethyl-hydrazide ;
dimethylamino-purine, dimethylamino-purine ;
dimuonium, (mu (+) e (-) ) 2, dimuonium, Mu2 ;
dinitrophenol , dinitrophenol;
Dinoprostone, Dinoprostone, PGE2, PGE2 alpha;
dioxirane, dioxirane;
Dipalmitoyl, 1, 2-Di-0-palmitoyl-3-sn-glyceryl-0-phosphoric acid,
1, 2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate, 1, 2-Dipalmitoyl-3-sn- phosphatidic acid;
diphenylalanine, diphenylalanine ;
Diphenylamine, Diphenylamine;
diphenyleneiodonium, diphenylene iodonium, diphenyleneiodium chloride, diphenyleneiodonium;
Dipyridamole, Antistenocardin, Apo-Dipyridamole, Apotex Brand of Dipyridamole ;
Dipyrone, Algopyrin, Analgin, Biopyrin;
discodermolide, discodermolide;
Diterpenes, Cembrane Diterpenes,
Cembranes, Diterpenes;
Dithionite, Dithionite, Hyposulfite, Sodium Dithionite;
diuretic, diuretic, diuretics;
Diuron, 3- (3, 4-Dichlorophenyl) -1, 1-dimethylurea, DCMU, Diuron; divinyl benzene, divinyl benzene;
dl-Ipr, (+ ) -Isoprenaline, (+) -Isoproterenol, (+-) -Isoprenaline; DMGG, 1,1-Dimethyl biguanide, 1 , 1-Dimethylbiguanide, 1115-70-4 (HCL) ;
DMPX, lH-Purine-2, 6-dione, 3, 7-dihydro-3, 7-dimethyl-l- (2- propynyl) -, 3, 7-Dimethyl-l- (2-propynyl) xanthine, 3, 7-dimethyl-l- prop-2-ynyl-purine-2 , 6-dione;
DMSO, (CH3)2SO, (DMSO) , (methanesul finyl ) methane ;
Dobutamine, Boehringer Ingelheim Brand of Dobutamine Hydrochlo¬ ride, Dobucor, Dobuject; Doca, 11-Dehydroxycorticosterone, 11-Deoxycorticosterone, 11- Desoxycorticosterone ;
Doconexent, (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-4,7,10,13,16,19- Docosahexaenoic acid, (4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z) -docosa- 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-hexaenoic acid, (4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z) - Docosahexaenoic acid;
dodecyl-phosphocholine, dodecyl-phosphocholine ;
dodecyloctaethyleneglycol monoether, dodecyloctaethyleneglycol monoether;
Domperidone, Aliud Brand of Domperidone Maleate, Apo Domperi- done, Apo-Domperidone ;
DOTA, 1, 4, 7, 10-Dota, 1 , 4 , 7 , 10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10- tetraacetic acid, 1, 4, 7, 10-Tetraazacyclododecane-l, 4, 7, 10- tetraacetic acid;
Doxazosin, 1 (4-Amino-6, 7-dimethoxy-2-quinazolinyl) -4- ( (2, 3- dihydro-1 , 4-benzodioxin-2-yl ) carbonyl ) piperazine, Alfamedin, Aliud Brand of Doxazosin Mesylate;
Doxorubicin, Adriablastin, Adriablastine, Adriamycin;
Doxycycline, alpha 6 Deoxyoxytetracycline, alpha-6- Deoxyoxytetracycline, BMY 28689;
DPC 681, DPC 681;
DPCPX, 1 , 3-Dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine, 1,3-Dpcpx, lH-Purine-
2, 6-dione, 8-cyclopentyl-3 , 7-dihydro-l, 3-dipropyl-;
Droxia, 1-HYDROXYUREA, Biosupressin, Carbamohydroxamic acid;
DTMC, 1, 1-bis (4-chlorophenyl) -2, 2, 2-trichloroethanol, 1,1-
Bis ( chlorophenyl ) -2,2, 2-trichloroethanol, 1, 1-bis (p- chlorophenyl ) -2,2, 2-trichloroethanol;
dulcin, dulcin, p-ethoxyphenylurea, phenetolcarbamide ;
Durapatite, Alveograf, Calcitite, Calcium Hydroxyapatite ;
DX 9065a, DX 9065a;
Dxms , ( 1 lbeta, 16alpha) -9-Fluoro-l 1 , 17 , 21-trihydroxy-l 6- methylpregna-1 , 4-diene-3 , 20-dione, (1 lbeta, 16beta) -9-fluoro- 11,17, 21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-l, 4-diene-3, 20-dione, (3H) - Dexamethasone ;
Dynatra, ( 3H) -Dopamine, . alpha .-( 3 , 4-Dihydroxyphenyl )-. beta . - aminoethane, . Beta .-( 3 , 4-Dihydroxyphenyl ) ethylamine hydrochlo¬ ride ;
E 10, E 10, E-10, N- (2-aminoethyl) -N- (2-
(octylamino) ethyl) glycine monohydrochloride, mixt . with N,N- bis (2- (octylamino) ethyl) glycine monohydrochloride; E 3330, E 3330;
E-MIX 80, .gamma. -Tocopherol, 2 , 7 , 8-trimethyl-2- ( 4 , 8 , 12- trimethyltridecyl ) - 6-chromanol , 2,7, 8-trimethyl-2- (4,8, 12- trimethyltridecyl ) chroman- 6-ol ;
E.O., 1 , 2-Epoxyethane, Alpha, beta-oxidoethane, alpha-Hydro- omega-hydroxypoly (oxy (methyl-1 , 2-ethanediyl ) ) , (chlorome- thyl)oxirane polymer;
EACA, .epsilon. S, . epsilon . -Aminocaproic acid, . epsilon. - Aminohexanoic acid;
ebastine, 4-diphenylmethoxy-l- (3- (4-tert- butylbenzoyl ) propyl ) piperidine, Almirall brand of ebastine, Bac- til;
ebrotidine, 4-bromo-N- ( ( (2- ( ( (- ( (diaminomethylene) amino) -4- thiazolyl) methyl) thio) ethyl) amino) methylene) benzenesulfonamide, ebrotidine ;
Echinomycin, Echinomycin, NSC 526417, NSC-526417;
Econ, ( ) -alpha-Tocopherol , (+ ) -alpha-Tocopherol acetate, (+)- alpha-Tocopheryl acetate;
econazole, 1- (2, 4-Dichloro-beta- ( (p- chlorobenzyl ) oxy) phenethyl ) imidazole, 1- { 2- ( 4-chlorobenzyloxy) -
2- ( 2 , 4-dichlorophenyl ) ethyl } -1H-imidazole,
Clclccc (COC (Cn2ccnc2) c3ccc (CI) cc3Cl) ccl;
ecteinascidin 743, ecteinascidin 743, ET 743, ET-743;
Edetic Acid, Calcium Disodium Edetate, Calcium Disodium Verse- nate, Calcium Tetacine;
Edex, (llalpha, 13E, 15S) -11, 15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-en-l-oic acid, ( 1 lalpha, 13E, 15S ) -11 , 15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoic ac¬ id, (13E) - (15S) -llalpha, 15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate;
efavirenz , 6-chloro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1 , 4- dihydro-2H-3, l-benzoxazin-2-one, Bristol-Myers Squibb brand of efavirenz, DMP 266;
EGCg, (− ) -cis-2- (3, 4, 5-Trihydroxyphenyl ) -3, 4-dihydro- 1 (2H) -benzopyran-3, 5, 7-triol 3-gallate, ( &#8722 ; ) -cis- 3,3′,4′,5,5′, 7-Hexahydroxy- flavane-3-gallate, (− ) -Epigallocatechin gallate;
EGTA, (Ethylenebis (oxyethylenenitrilo) ) tetraacetic acid, 1,2- Bis ( 2-aminoethoxyethane ) -N, N, N ', N ' -tetraacetic acid, 1,2-Bis(2- dicarboxymethylaminoethoxy) ethane ;
eletriptan, 3- ( l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinylmethyl ) -5- (2-
(phenylsulfonyl ) ethyl ) -lH-indole hydrobromide, eletriptan, elet- riptan hydrobromide ;
Elicide, Elicide, Estivin, Ethylmercurithiosalicylate sodium; Empecid, (2-Chlorophenyl) diphenyl-l-imidazolylmethane, (Chlo- rotrityl) imidazole, 1- ( ( 2-Chlorophenyl ) diphenylmethyl ) -1H- imidazole ;
Enalapril, Enalapril, Enalapril Maleate, MK 421;
Endocannabinoids, CANNABINOID RECEPT MODULATORS, Cannabinoid Re¬ ceptor Modulators, Cannabinoids , Endogenous;
endomorphin 1, (Dmtl ) endomorphin-1 , endomorphin 1, endomorphin- 1;
Enediynes, Enediyne Group, Enediynes;
enflurane, 2-chloro-l , 1 , 2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether, 2-chloro-l- (difluoromethoxy) -1,1, 2-trifluoroethane, Alyrane; enone, enone;
Enoximone, Enoximone, Fenoximone, MDL 17043;
entacapone, 2-cyano-N, N-diethyl-3- (3, 4-dihydroxy-5- nitrophenyl ) propenamide, Comtan, Comtess;
Entex, 4-Methylmercapto-3-methylphenyl dimethyl thiophosphate, Bay-Bassa, Baycid;
enzastaurin, enzastaurin, LY317615. HC1 ;
EOS, EOS;
EPC-K(l), ascorbic acid-2- (3, 4-dihydro-2, 5, 7, 8-tetramethyl-2- (4, 8, 12-trimethyltridecyl) -2H-l-benzopyran-6-yl hydrogen phosphate), EPC-K, EPC-K(l);
EPEG, (-) -Etoposide, (5R, 5aR, 8aR, 9S) -9- [ [ (2R, 4aR, 6R, 7R, 8R, 8aS) -
7, 8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-4 , 4a, 6,7,8, 8a-hexahydropyrano [5, 6- d] [ 1 , 3 ] dioxin- 6-yl ] oxy] -5- ( 4-hydroxy-3 , 5-dimethoxy-phenyl ) -
5a, 8 , 8a, 9-tetrahydro-5H-isobenzofurano [6, 5-f] [1,3] benzodioxol- 6- one, (5R, 5aR, 8aR, 9S) -9- [ [ (2R, 4aR, 6R, 7R, 8R, 8aS) -7, 8-dihydroxy-2- methyl-4 , 4a, 6, 7 , 8 , 8a-hexahydropyrano [5,6-d] [ 1 , 3 ] dioxin- 6- yl] oxy] -5- ( 4-hydroxy-3 , 5-dimethoxyphenyl ) -5a, 8, 8a, 9-tetrahydro-
5H-isobenzofurano [6, 5-f] [1,3] benzodioxol- 6-one ;
EPIB, . alpha .- (p-Chlorophenoxy) isobutyric acid, ethyl ester,
. alpha . -p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyryl ethyl ester, 19 more names available ;
epibatidine, epibatidine;
Epicar, (+) -pilocarpine, ( 3S , 4R) -3-ethyl-4- [ ( 1-methyl-lH- imidazol-5-yl ) methyl] dihydrofuran-2 (3H) -one, (3S, 4R) -3-ethyl-4- [ ( 3-methyl-4-imidazolyl ) methyl ] -2-tetrahydrofuranone ;
Epoprostenol , Epoprostanol , Epoprostenol , Epoprostenol Sodium; epoxybergamottin, epoxybergamottin;
epsilon-viniferin, epsilon-viniferin;
erastin, erastin;
ergosterol-5, 8-peroxide, 3-hydroxy-5, 7-epidioxyergosta-6, 22- diene, 5, 8-epidioxyergosta-6, 22-dien-3-ol, ergosterol endoperox- ide ;
Eril, (5-ISOQUINOLINESULFONYL) HOMOPIPERAZINE, l-(5- Isoquinolinesulfonyl ) homopiperazine, 1- (5- Isoquinolinesulphonyl ) homopiperazine ;
erlotinib, CP 358,774, CP 358774, CP-358,774;
erucin, erucin;
Eryc, 6- ( 4-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy- 6-methyl-oxan-2-yl ) oxy-14- ethyl-7, 12, 13-trihydroxy-4- ( 5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4 , 6-dimethyl- oxan-2-yl) oxy-3, 5,7,9,11, 13-hexamethyl-l-oxacyclotetradecane- 2, 10-dione, 6- ( 4-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy- 6-methyl- tetrahydropyran-2-yl ) oxy-14-ethyl-7 , 12, 13-trihydroxy-4- (5- hydroxy-4-methoxy-4 , 6-dimethyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl ) oxy- 3,5,7, 9, 11, 13-hexamethyl-l-oxacyclotetradecane-2 , 10-dione, 6- (4- dimethylamino-3-hydroxy- 6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl ) oxy-14- ethyl-7, 12, 13-trihydroxy-4- ( 5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4 , 6-dimethyl- tetrahydropyran-2-yl ) oxy-3, 5,7,9,11, 13-hexamethyl-l- oxacyclotetradecane-2 , 10-quinone ;
erythritol anhydride, erythritol anhydride;
esterbut-3, esterbut-3;
Estriol, 16 alpha Hydroxy Estradiol, 16 Epiestriol, 16 Hydroxye- stradiol ;
ET18-Ome, ( ) -ET-18-OCH3, ( )-ET-18-OMe, ( 2-methoxy-3- octadecoxy-propyl ) 2-trimethylammonioethyl phosphate;
Etfc cpd, 2H-l-Benzopyran-2-one, 7-ethoxy-4- (trifluoromethyl) -,
7-ethoxy-4- (trifluoromethyl) -2-chromenone, 7-Ethoxy-4-
( trifluoromethyl ) -2H-l-benzypyran-2-one ;
Ethacrynic Acid, Edecrin, Etacrynic Acid, Ethacrinic Acid;
Ethan, Aethan, Alkanes, Cl-2, Alkanes, C2-3;
Ethinyl-oestradiol , Ethinyl-oestradiol ;
Ethylmorphine, Dionine, Ethomorphine, Ethylmorphine ;
Ethynodiol Diacetate, (3 beta, 17 alpha) -19-Norpregn-4-en-20- yne-3,17 diol Diacetate, Continuin, Ethyndiol Diacetate;
Eticol, Chinorta, Chinorto, diethyl ( 4-nitrophenyl ) phosphate; Etidronic Acid, ( 1-hydroxyethylene ) diphosphonic acid, (1- hydroxyethylene ) diphosphonic acid, Tetrapotassium Salt, 1,1- hydroxyethylenediphosphonate ;
Etodolac, AY 24236, AY-24,236, AY-24236;
Etoposide, alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl Isomer Etoposide, Baxter Brand of Etoposide, Baxter Oncology Brand of Etoposide;
etoricoxib, Arcoxia, etoricoxib, L-791456;
etravirine, etravirine, R165335, TMC 125;
Eufor, (+) or (-) -N-Methyl-3-phenyl-3- (( alpha, alpha, alpha- trifluoro-p-tolyl ) oxy) propylamine, (+) or ( - ) -N-Methyl-gamma- ( 4- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) benzenepropanamine, (+-) -N-Methyl-3- phenyl-3- ( (alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl ) oxy) propylamine; Eugenol, 1 , 3 , 4-Eugenol , l-Hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene, 1- Hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-prop-2-enylbenzene ;
eupatilin, eupatilin;
everolimus, 40-O- ( 2-hydroxyethyl ) -rapamycin, Certican, everoli- mus ;
Evex, (+) -3, 17beta-Estradiol, ( 13S , 17S ) -13-methyl- 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17-decahydro-6H- cyclopenta [a] phenanthrene-3 , 17-beta-diol, (17beta)-estra- 1(10) , 2, 4-triene-3, 17-diol;
Evodin, (4aS, 6aR, 8aR, 8bR, 9aS, 12R, 12aS, 14aR, 14bR) -12- (3-furyl) - 6, 6, 8a, 12a-tetramethyldecahydro-3H- oxireno [d] pyrano [4',3' :3,3a] [2] benzofuro [5, 4-f ] isochromene- 3, 8, 10 ( 6H, 9aH) -trione, 7 , 16-Dioxo-7 , 16-dideoxylimondiol , Cit- rolimonin;
exenatide, AC 2993, AC 2993 LAR, Byetta;
Exosurf, Alevaire, Enuclene, Exosurf;
Expectorants ,
Expectorants, Mucolytic Agents, Mucolytics;
Extina, (+-) -cis-l-Acetyl-4- (p- ( (2- (2, 4-dichlorophenyl ) -2- ( imidazol-l-ylmethyl ) -1, 3-dioxolan-4- yl ) methoxy) phenyl ) piperazine, (-) -Ketoconazole, (2S,4R)- ketoconazole ;
Ezerin, (3aS,8aR)-l,3a, 8-trimethyl-l , 2, 3, 3a, 8, 8a- hexahydropyrrolo [2, 3-b] indol-5-yl methylcarbamate, (3aS-cis)- 1,2,3, 3a, 8, 8a-Hexahydro-l , 3a, 8-trimethylpyrrolo (2, 3-b) indol-5-ol methylcarbamate (ester), 1, 2, 3, 3abeta, 8abeta-Hexahydro-l, 3a, 8- trimethylpyrrolo (2, 3-b) -indol-5-yl methylcarbamate;
ezetimib, ezetimib;
Facet, 3, 7-Dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid, 3,7- Dichloroquinoline-8-carboxylic acid, 8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 3, 7-dichloro- ;
Facid, (2S) -2- [ [4- [ (2-amino-4-keto-lH-pteridin-6- yl ) methylamino ] benzoyl ] amino ] glutaric acid, (2S ) -2- [ [ 4- [ (2- amino-4-oxo-lH-pteridin- 6- yl ) methylamino ] benzoyl ] amino ] pentanedioic acid, (2S ) -2- [ [ 4- [ (2- amino-4-oxo-lH-pteridin- 6- yl ) methylamino ] phenyl ] carbonylamino ] pentanedioic acid;
facile, facile;
Factor Ila, Factor Ila;
FAMP, 2-F-ara-AMP, 2-Fluoro-9- ( 5-O-phosphono-beta-D- arabinofuranosyl ) -9H-purin-6-amine, 2-Fluoro-ARA AMP;
Fanchinine, (+ ) -Tetrandrine, (+- ) -Tetrandine, (+-) -Tetrandine; DL-Tetrandine ;
Farnesyl-PP, (2E, 6E) -3, 7, 1 l-trimethyldodeca-2 , 6, 10-trien-l-yl trihydrogen diphosphate, (2E, 6E) -Farnesyl diphosphate, (2E,6E)- Farnesyl pyrophosphate;
farnesylthiosalicylic acid, farnesylthiosalicylic acid, S- farnesylthiosalicylic acid, S-trans, trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid;
febuxostat, 2- ( 3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl ) -4-methyl-5- thiazolecarboxylic acid, febuxostat, TEI 6720;
felbamate, 2-phenyl-l , 3-propanediol dicarbamate, ADD-03055, Es¬ sex brand of felbamate;
Felodipine, 1A Brand of Felodipine, AbZ Brand of Felodipine, Ag¬ on;
Fenfluramine, Fenfluramine, Fenfluramine Hydrochloride, Fenflu¬ ramine Hydrochloride, (+-) -Isomer;
fenitrothion, fenitrothion, MEP, 0, O-dimethyl 0- ( 3-methyl-4- nitrophenyl) thiophosphate ;
fenofibric acid, 2- ( 4- ( 4 ' -chlorophenoxy) phenoxy) propionic acid, fenofibric acid, fenofibric acid potassium salt;
Fenretinide, 13-cis-Isomer Fenretinide, 4 Hydroxyphenyl- retinamide, 4-HPR;
Fentanyl, Cephalon Brand of Fentanyl Buccal OraVescent, Fen- tanest, Fentanyl;
ferulic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, 8 , 8 ' -diferulic acid, ferulic acid;
Filipin, Desoxylagosin, Filimarisin, Filipin;
fingolimod, 2-amino-2- (2- ( 4-octylphenyl ) ethyl) -1, 3-propanediol hydrochloride, fingolimod, fingolimod hydrochloride; fipronil, 5-amino-l- [2, 6-dichloro-4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -4- [ (trifluoromethyl) sulfinyl] -lH-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile,
fipronil ;
fisetin, 2- (3, 4-Dihydroxyphenyl ) -3, 7-dihydroxy-4H-l-benzopyran- 4-one, 2- (3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl ) -3, 7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one, 3, 3 ' , 4 ' , 7-Tetrahydroxyflavone ;
Flanin F, lH-Purin-6-amine, flavin dinucleotide, lH-Purin-6- amine, flavine dinucleotide, Adenine-flavin dinucleotide;
Flavon, 2-Phenyl- . gamma . -benzopyrone, 2-Phenyl-4-benzopyron, 2- phenyl-4-chromenone ;
flavonols, a flavonol, flavonols;
flavopiridol , (-) cis-5, 7-dihydroxy-2- ( 2-chlorophenyl ) -8- (4- (3- hydroxy-1-methyl ) piperidinyl ) -4H-l-benzopyran-4-one, flavopiri¬ dol, HMR 1275;
Flavyl, 1-Propanamine, 3- ( 10 , 1 l-dihydro-5H- dibenzo (a, d) cyclohepten-5-ylidene ) -N, N-dimethyl-, 1-Propanamine, 3- (10, 1 l-dihydro-5H-dibenzo [ a, d] cyclohepten-5-ylidene ) -N, N- dimethyl-, 10, 1 l-Dihydro-5- ( gamma-dimethylaminopropylidene ) -5H- dibenzo (a, d) cycloheptene ;
FLCZ , . alpha . - ( 2 , 4-Di fluorophenyl ) - . alpha . - (lH-l,2,4-triazol-l- ylmethyl) -lH-1, 2, 4-triazole-l-ethanol, lH-1, 2, 4-Triazole-l- ethanol , . alpha . - ( 2 , 4-di fluorophenyl ) - . alpha . - (lH-l,2,4-triazol- 1-ylmethyl) -, lH-1, 2, 4-Triazole-l-ethanol, alpha- (2, 4- di fluorophenyl ) -alpha- ( lH-1 , 2 , 4-triazol-l-ylmethyl ) - ;
Flecainide, 3M Brand of Flecainide Acetate, Alphapharm Brand of Flecainide Acetate, Alpharma Brand of Flecainide Acetate;
Floxacillin, Floxacillin, Flucloxacillin, Fluorochloroxacillin; flufenamic acid, 2- [3- (trifluoromethyl) anilino] benzoic acid, 2- [ [3- (TRIFLUOROMETHYL) PHENYL] AMINO] BENZOIC ACID, 3'- trifluoromethyldiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid;
Flunitrazepam, 1A Brand of Flunitrazepam, betapharm Brand of Flunitrazepam, ct Arzneimittel Brand of Flunitrazepam;
fluorexon, fluorexon;
Fluorouracil , 5 Fluorouracil , 5 Fluorouracil biosyn, 5 FU Le- derle ;
fluvoxamine, ( IE ) -5-methoxy-l- [4- ( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ] pentan- 1-one 0- (2-aminoethyl) oxime, fluvoxamine;
FOLATE-ANALOG, FOLATE-ANALOG;
fondaparinux, Arixtra, fondaparinux, fondaparinux sodium;
Fonofos, Dyfonate, Dyphonate, Fonofos; Format, 2-Pyridine carboxylic acid, 3, 6-dichloro-, 2- Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 3, 6-dichloro-, 3, 6-Dichloro-2- pyridinecarboxylic acid;
Formyl-Tetrahydrofolate, Formyl-Tetrahydrofolate ;
Forskolin, Coleonol, Forskolin;
fosamprenavir, ( 3- ( ( ( 4-aminophenyl ) sulfonyl ) (2- methylpropyl ) amino) -1- (phenylmethyl ) -2-
(phosphonooxy) propyl ) carbamic acid C- (tetrahydro-3-furanyl) es¬ ter, fos-amprenavir, fosamprenavir ;
Foscarnet, Foscarnet, Foscarnet Barium (2:3) Salt, Foscarnet Calcium (2:3) Salt;
FR 120480, FR 120480;
FR 235222, FR 235222, FR-235222, FR235222;
fraxin, fraxin;
FTY 720P, FTY 720P, FTY-720P, FTY720P;
fucoidan, fucan sulfate, fucan sulfate Hor-1, fucoidan;
fulvestrant, 7- ( 9- ( 4 , 4 , 5, 5, 5- pentafluoropentylsulfinyl ) nonyl ) estra-1, 3, 5 (10) -triene-3 , 17- diol, AstraZeneca brand of fulvestrant, Faslodex;
fumagillin, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E) -10- ( { (3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -5-methoxy-4- [ (2R, 3R) -2-methyl-3- ( 3-methylbut-2-en-l-yl ) oxiran-2-yl] -1- oxaspiro [ 2.5 ] oct- 6-yl } oxy) -lO-oxodeca-2, 4,6, 8-tetraenoic acid, 2 , 4 , 6, 8-decatetraenedioic acid, 4- ( 1 , 2-epoxy-l , 5-dimethyl-4- hexenyl) -5-methoxy-l-oxaspiro (2, 5) oct-6-yl ester, Fugillin;
Fura-2, Fura 2, Fura-2;
furafylline, furafylline;
Furamon, ( 2-Furylmethyl ) trimethylammonium iodide, 2- Furanmethanaminium, N, N, N-trimethyl- , iodide, 2- Furanmethanaminium, N, N, N-trimethyl- , iodide (9CI);
Furylfuramide, AF 2, AF-2, AF2 ;
Gabexate, Foy, Gabexate, Gabexate Mesilate;
gadolinium, 64Gd, gadolinio, gadolinium;
Gadolinium DTPA, Berlex Brand of Gadopentetate Dimeglumine, Gad¬ olinium Diethylenetriaminepenta acetic Acid, Gadolinium Diethy- lenetriaminepenta-acetic Acid;
galactocerebroside, galactocerebroside ;
galactomannan, galactomannan;
galangin, 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-benzopyran-4-one, 3,5,7- trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one, 3, 5, 7-Trihydroxyflavone ; galaturonate, (2R, 3S, 4S, 5R) -3, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydroxyoxane-2- carboxylic acid, (2R, 3S, 4S, 5S, 6R) -3, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydroxyoxane-2- carboxylic acid, (2S, 3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -3, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydroxyoxane-2- carboxylic acid;
gallic acid, 3 , 4 , 5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, Pyrogal- lol-5-carboxylic acid;
Gallogen, ( 1 ) Benzopyrano ( 5, 4 , 3-cde ) ( 1 ) benzopyran-5, 10-dione, 2,3,7, 8-tetrahydroxy- , 2,3,7, 8-Tetrahydroxy ( 1 ) benzopyrano (5,4,3- cde) ( 1 ) benzopyran-5, 10-dione, 2,3,7,8-
Tetrahydroxy ( 1 ) benzopyrano (5,4, 3-cde ) - ( 1 ) benzopyran-5, 10-dione ; gambierol, gambierol;
Gambogic acid, Gambogic acid;
gamma-butyric-acid, gamma-butyric-acid;
Ganciclovir, BIOLF-62, BW-759, Cytovene;
gastrin 17, gastrin 17;
gatifloxacin, 1-cyclopropyl-l , 4-dihydro-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-7- (3- methyl-l-piperazinyl ) -4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, AM 1155, AM- 1155 ;
gefitinib, 4- (3'-chloro-4'-fluoroanilino) -7-methoxy- 6- (3- morpholinopropoxy) quinazoline,
COclcc2ncnc (Nc3ccc (F) c (CI) c3) c2cclOCCCN4CCOCC4 , gefitinib;
Geldanamycin, 2-Azabicyclo [16.3.1]docosa-4, 6, 10, 18, 21-pentaene- 3, 20, 22-trione, 9, 13-dihydroxy-8 , 14, 19-trimethoxy-4 , 10,12,16- tetramethyl- , 9-carbamate (8CI), 2-azabicyclo [ 16.3.1 ] docosa- 4, 6, 10, 18, 2 l-pentaene-3 , 20, 22-trione, 9- [ ( aminocarbonyl ) oxy] -13- hydroxy-8, 14, 19-trimethoxy-4 , 10, 12, 16-tetramethyl- ,
(4E, 6Z, 8S, 9S, 10E, 12S, 13R, 14S, 16R) -, 2-Azabicyclo [16.3.1] docosa- 4, 6, 10, 18, 2 l-pentaene-3 , 20, 22-trione, 9- [ (aminocarbonyl) oxy] -13- hydroxy-8, 14, 19-trimethoxy-4 , 10, 12, 16-tetramethyl- , [8S-
(4E, 6Z, 8R*, 9R*, 10E, 12R*, 13S*, 14R*, 16S*) ] - ;
Gemfibrozil, 1A Brand of Gemfibrozil, Alphapharm Brand of Gemfibrozil, Apo Gemfibrozil;
gemtuzumab, CMA 676, CMA-676, gemtuzumab;
Gentamicins, G Myticin, G-Myticin, Garamycin;
gepirone, gepirone;
geraniol, (2E) -3, 7-dimethyl-2, 6-octadien-l-ol, (2E)-3,7- dimethylocta-2 , 6-dien-l-ol, (E) -3, 7-dimethyl-2 , 6-octadien-l-ol; geranylcoumarin, geranylcoumarin;
Gestodene, 13-ethyl-17-hydroxy-18, 19-dinor-17 alpha-pregna-4 , 15- dien-20-yn-3-one, 17-alpha-ethinyl-13-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy- 4 , 15-gonadien-3-one, Gestoden; GF 120918, Elacridar, GF 120918, GF-120918;
GGTI 298, GGTI 298, GGTI-298;
GI 129471, GI 129471;
gingerol, ( 6 ) -gingerol , 6-gingerol, gingerol;
ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside-Rd;
ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Rf;
ginsenoside Rgl, ginsenoside Rgl, ginsenoside-Rg ( 1 ) , sanchino- side C (1) ;
ginsenoside Rh2, ginsenoside Rh2 ;
Ginsenosides , Ginsenosides , Panaxosides, Sanchinosides ;
GLCa, ( 2S , 3R, 4S , 5R) -3 , 4 , 5-trihydroxy- 6-keto-pipecolinic acid, (2S, 3R, 4S, 5R) -3, 4, 5-trihydroxy- 6-oxo-2-piperidinecarboxylic ac¬ id, (2S, 3R, 4S, 5R) -3, 4, 5-trihydroxy- 6-oxo-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid;
Gliclazide, Alphapharm Brand of Gliclazide, Diabrezide, Diaglyk;
Glumin, ( 2S ) -2 , 5-diamino-5-keto-valeric acid, ( 2S ) -2 , 5-diamino-
5-oxo-pentanoic acid, ( 2S ) -2 , 5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid;
Glyoxal, Ethanedial, Ethanedione, Glyoxal;
Gnidimacrin, Gnidimacrin;
GnRH, cystorelin, dirigestran, factrel;
Go 6976, Go 6976, Go-6976, Go6976;
gossypol, gossypol;
GR 79236X, ( 2S , 3S , 4S , 5R) -2- [ 6- [ ( 2-hydroxycyclopentyl ) amino ] - 9- purinyl] -5- (hydroxymethyl ) tetrahydrofuran-3 , 4-diol,
(2S, 3S, 4S, 5R) -2- [6- [ (2-hydroxycyclopentyl) amino] purin-9-yl] -5- (hydroxymethyl) oxolane-3, 4-diol, (2S,3S,4S,5R)-2-[6-[ (2- hydroxycyclopentyl ) amino] purin-9-yl] -5- (hydroxymethyl ) tetrahydrofuran-3 , 4-diol;
gramicidin
S, 1, 10-anhydro (L-leucyl-D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-valyl-L- ornithyl-L-leucyl-D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-valyl-L-ornithine ) , Cyclo (L-valyl-L-ornithyl-L-leucyl-D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L- valyl-L-ornithyl-L-leucyl-D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl ) , Gramicidin C;
Granisetron, 1-Methyl-N- ( endo-9-Methy1-9-Azabicyclo (3.3.1) non-3- yl) -lH-Indazole-3-Carboxamide, BRL 43694, BRL 43694A;
Gravistat, Gravistat;
Grofo, Bonidel, Brodan, Chloropyrifos solution;
Guggulsterone, ( 17E ) -Pregna-4 , 17 ( 20 ) -diene-3 , 16-dione, (17E)- pregna-4, 17-diene-3, 16-dione, (8R, 9S, 10R, 13S, 14S, 17E) -17- ethylidene-10, 13-dimethyl-l, 2, 6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15- decahydrocyclopenta [a] phenanthrene-3, 16-dione;
GW 4064, GW 4064, GW-4064;
GW 501516, GW 1516, GW 501516, GW-1516;
H 89, H 87, H 89, H-87;
Halan, (R) -2-Bromo-2-chloro-l , 1 , 1-trifluoroethane, 1,1,1- Trifluoro-2-bromo-2-chloroethane, 1, 1, 1-Trifluoro-2-chloro-2- bromoethane ;
halofuginone, 7-bromo- 6-chlorofebrifugine, halofuginone, halo- funginone ;
harmine, harmine;
Harzol, (3beta) -stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3S, 8S, 9S, 10R, 13R, 14S, 17R) - 17- [ (1R, 4R) -4-ethyl-l, 5-dimethyl-hexyl ] -10, 13-dimethyl- 2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16, 17-dodecahydro-lH- cyclopenta [a] phenanthren-3-ol, (3S, 8S, 9S, 10R, 13R, 14S, 17R) -17- [ (1R, 4R) -4-ethyl-l, 5-dimethylhexyl ] -10, 13-dimethyl- 2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16, 17-dodecahydro-lH- cyclopenta [a] phenanthren-3-ol ;
hassium, 108Hs, hahnium, hassio;
HDMTX, ( ) Amethopterin, (+) -Amethopterin, 2-[[4-[(2,4- diaminopteridin- 6-yl ) methyl-methyl-amino ] benzoyl ] amino ] glutaric acid;
Hecogenin, Hecogenin;
Hectorol, ( 1R, 3S , 5Z ) -5- [ (2E) -2- [ ( 1R, 3aS, 7aR) -1- [ (E, 2R, 5R) -5, 6- dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl ] -7a-methyl-2 , 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH- inden-4-ylidene ] ethylidene] -4-methylidene-cyclohexane-l , 3-diol,
(1R, 3S, 5Z) -5- [ (2E) -2- [ ( 1R, 3aS, 7aR) -1- [ (E, 2R, 5R) -5, 6- dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl ] -7a-methyl-2 , 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH- inden-4-ylidene ] ethylidene] -4-methylidenecyclohexane-l , 3-diol,
(1R, 3S, 5Z) -5- [ (2E) -2- [ (1R, 3aS, 7aR) -7a-methyl-l- [ (E, 1R, 4R) -1 , 4 , 5- trimethylhex-2-enyl ] -2, 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH-inden-4- ylidene] ethylidene] -4-methylene-cyclohexane-l , 3-diol;
Heet, Heet;
helenalin, helenalin;
Hemicholinium 3, Hemicholinium, Hemicholinium 3;
herbimycin, geldanamycin, 17-demethoxy-15-methoxy-ll-0-methyl-, (15R)-, herbimycin, herbimycin A;
hesperadin, hesperadin;
HESPERETIN, 3 ' , 5, 7-Trihydroxy-4 ' -methoxyflavanone, 4H-1- Benzopyran-4-one, 2, 3-dihydro-5, 7-dihydroxy-2- ( 3-hydroxy-4- methoxyphenyl ) - , (S)-, 5, 7, 3 ' -Trihydroxy-4 ' -methoxyflavanone; Hexadimethrine, 1, 5-Dimethyl-l , 5-Diazaundecamethylene Polymetho- bromide, Hexadimethrine, Hexadimethrine Bromide;
hexarelin, hexarelin;
Hgln, (+- ) -Glutamine, ( 2R) -2 , 5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid, . gamma . -Glutamine ;
himbacine, himbacine, NSC-23969, NSC23969;
Hk, Hk;
Hocus, (-) ( 5. alpha . , 6. alpha . ) -7 , 8-Didehydro-4 , 5-epoxy-17- methylmorphinan-3 , 6-diol , (-) -Heroin hydrochloride, (-)- Morphine ;
HOE 33342, H33342, HOE 33342, HOE-33342;
honokiol, honokiol;
Horner, (+)-(5Z,7E)-26,26,26, 27 , 27 , 27-Hexafluoro-9, 10- secocholesta-5, 7,10(19) -triene-lalpha, 3beta,25-triol,
(1R, 3S, 5Z) -5- [ (2E) -2- [ (1R, 3aS, 7aR) -7a-methyl-l- [ (1R) -6, 6, 6- trifluoro-5-hydroxy-l-methyl-5- (trifluoromethyl) hexyl] - 2, 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH-inden-4-ylidene] ethylidene] -4- methylene-cyclohexane-1 , 3-diol, (1R, 3S, 5Z) -5- [ (2E) -2-
[ (1R, 3aS, 7aR) -7a-methyl-l- [ (1R) -6, 6, 6-trifluoro-5-hydroxy-l- methyl-5- (trifluoromethyl) hexyl] -2, 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH- inden-4-ylidene ] ethylidene] -4-methylenecyclohexane-l , 3-diol;
HS 1200, HS 1200, HS-1200, HS1200;
HU 211, 1, 1-dimethylheptyl-ll-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol, 1,1- dimethylheptyl-7-hydroxy-delta ( 6 ) -tetrahydrocannabinol , 11- hydroxy-delta ( 8 ) -tetrahydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl ;
HyateC, antihemophilic factor, blood coagulation factor viii, coagulation factor viii;
Hydoxin, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4 , 5-bis (hydroxy-methyl ) pyridine, 2- Methyl-3-hydroxy-4 , 5-bis (hydroxymethyl ) pyridine, 2-Methyl-3- hydroxy-4 , 5-di (hydroxymethyl ) pyridine ;
hydride, hydride, hydrogen anion;
Hydromorphone, Dihydromorphinone, Dilaudid, Hydromorphon;
Hydroxychloroquine, Hydroxychlorochin, Hydroxychloroquine, Hy¬ droxychloroquine Sulfate;
hydroxycotinine, l-methyl-3-hydroxy-5- (3-pyridyl) -2- pyrrolidinone, 3 ' -hydroxycotinine, hydroxycotinine;
hydroxylamine, dihydridohydroxidonitrogen, H2NHO, HYDROXYAMINE ; Hydroxytryptophol , Hydroxytryptophol ;
Hyhorin, Conestoral, Conjugated Estrogens, Conjugated estrogens: sodium estrone sulfate;
Hypaque, 3 , 5-diacetamido-2 , 4 , 6-triiodo-benzoic acid; sodium, 3 , 5-diacetamido-2 , 4 , 6-triiodobenzoic acid; sodium, Diatrizoate; hyperforin, hyperforin, octahydrohyperforin, tetrahydrohyperfor- in;
hypericin, hypericin, mono- ( 1231 ) iodohypericin;
Hypericum-perforatum, Hypericum-perforatum;
hypochlorous acid, Chlor ( I ) -saeure, chloranol, HC10;
iberin, iberin;
IBMX, l-methyl-3- ( 2-methylpropyl ) -3, 7-dihydro-lH-purine-2 , 6- dione, l-methyl-3- (2-methylpropyl) -3, 9-dihydro-lH-purine-2 , 6- dione, l-methyl-3- (2-methylpropyl) -7H-purine-2 , 6-dione;
ibopamine, Escandine, ibopamine, ibopamine hydrochloride;
ibudilast , 3-isobutyryl-2-isopropylpyrazolo ( 1 , 5-a) pyridine, ibudilast, KC 404;
IC 831423, IC 831423;
icariin, icariin;
icaritin, icaritin;
icilin, AG-3-5 compound, icilin;
ICRF 193, ICRF 193;
IDS 23, IDS 23, IDS-23, Rheuma-Hek;
Ifosfamide, Asta Z 4942, Holoxan, Ifosfamide;
Ikarugamycin, Ikarugamycin;
ilimaquinone, ilimaquinone ;
Iloprost, Ciloprost, CoTherix Brand of Iloprost, Iloprost;
Imadyl, (+-) -6-Chloro-alpha-methylcarbazole-2-acetic acid, (.+-
. ) - 6-Chloro- . alpha . -methylcarbazole-2-acetic acid, 2-(6-Chloro-
9H-carbazol-2-yl ) propanoic acid;
imatinib, CGP 57148, CGP-57148, CGP57148B;
imidafenacin, imidafenacin, KRP 197, KRP-197;
imidazo-pyridine, imidazo-pyridine ;
imidazolidin-2-one, 1 , 3-ethyleneurea, 2-imidazolidinone, 2- imidazolidone ;
imidazolidin-one, imidazolidin-one ;
imidazolidine, C1CNCN1, imidazolidine ;
Imidazoline, Imidazoline;
imidazolyl-disulfide, imidazolyl-disulfide ;
Imipenem, Anhydrous Imipenem, Imipemide, Imipenem;
Imizin, 10, 11-Dihydro-N, N-dimethyl-5H-dibenz [b, f ] azepine-5- propanamine hydrochloride, 3- ( 5, 6-dihydrobenzo [b] [ 1 ] benzazepin- 11-yl ) -N, N-dimethyl-propan-l-amine hydrochloride, 3- (5, 6- dihydrobenzo [b] [ 1 ] benzazepin-11-yl ) -N, N-dimethylpropan-1-amine hydrochloride ;
Immulina, Immulina;
Immunoferon, Immunoferon, Inmunoferon;
Impulsin, Anandamide (16:0), Hexadecanamide, N- ( 2-hydroxyethyl ) - , Hydroxyethylpalmitamide ;
Imrecoxib, Imrecoxib;
Imutex, 1 , 3-Diaza-2 , 4-cyclopentadiene, 1 , 3-Diaza-2 , 4- cyclopentadiene- , 1 , 3-Diazole ;
Indinavir, Crixivan, Indinavir, Indinavir Sulfate;
indiplon, indiplon, NBI 34060;
indirubin, indigo red, indirubin;
indole-3-acetic acid, lH-indol-3-ylacetic acid, 2-(indol-3- yl)ethanoic acid, 3-Indolylessigsaeure;
indole-3-methanol , lH-indol-3-ylmethanol , 3-hydroxymethylindole, 3-indolylcarbinol ;
indolin-2-one, 3Z-3- ( ( lH-pyrrol-2-yl ) -methylidene ) -1- (1- piperidinylmethyl ) -1 , 3-2H-indol-2-one, indolin-2-one, tetrahy- droindolinone ;
indolin-one, indolin-one;
infliximab, Centocor brand of infliximab, Essex brand of inflix¬ imab, infliximab;
inhibin B, inhibin B;
INOmax, Amidogen, oxo-, INOmax, Mononitrogen monoxide;
inositol-1, 3, 4, 5-tetrakisphosphate, inositol-1, 3,4,5- tetrakisphosphate ;
inulin, ( 1 , 2-beta-D-fructosyl ) n, ( 2 , 1-beta-D-Fructosyl ) n, (2-
>1) -beta-D-fructofuranan;
Iodoacetamide, Iodoacetamide ;
iodomethane, CH3I, Iodmethan, iodomethane;
iodoresiniferatoxin, I-RTX cpd, iodo-resiniferatoxin, iodoresin- iferatoxin;
Ionomycin, Ionomycin, SQ 23377, SQ-23377;
ionophore, ionophore, ionophores;
Iopanoic Acid, Cholevid, Iodopanoic Acid, Iopagnost;
Iophendylate, Ethiodan, Iodophendylate, Iofendylate;
IPADE, lH-Purin-6-amine, N- ( 3-methyl-2-butenyl ) - , lH-Purin-6- amine, N- ( 3-methyl-2-butenyl ) - (9CI), 3-methylbut-2-enyl- ( 7H- purin-6-yl) amine; IPOMEANOL, 1- ( 3-Furanyl ) -4-hydroxy-l-pentanone, 1- ( 3-Furyl ) -4- hydroxy-l-pentanone, 1- (3-Furyl) -4-hydroxy-4-pentanone ;
Iressa, ( 3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl ) - [ 7-methoxy- 6- (3- morpholinopropoxy) quinazolin-4-yl ] amine, 4- ( 3 ' -Chloro-4 ' - fluoroanilino ) -7-methoxy- 6- ( 3-morpholinopropoxy) quinazoline, 4- Quinazolinamine, N- ( 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl ) -7-methoxy- 6- (3- (4- morpholinyl ) propoxy) - ;
irinotecan, 7-ethyl-lO-hydroxycamptothecin, ALIRI cpd, Camp- tosar ;
irisolidone, irisolidone;
Isatin, lH-Indole-2 , 3-dione, 2 , 3-Diketoindoline, 2 , 3-Dioxo-2 , 3- dihydroindole ;
isaxonine, isaxonine, isopropylamino-2-pyrimidine phosphate, N- isopropy1-amino-2-pyrimidine orthophosphate ;
isoamylol, 1-HYDROXY-3-METHYLBUTANE , 3-methyl-l-butanol, 3- methylbutan-l-ol ;
isobutyl-methyl-Xanthine, isobutyl-methyl-Xanthine ;
Isodonol, (IS, 4AR, 5S, 6S, 14S) -1, 5, 6, 14-tetrahydroxy-4 , 4-dimethyl- 8-methylenedecahydro-lH-6, lib- ( epoxymethano ) -6a, 9- methanocyclohepta [a] naphthalen-7 ( 8H) -one, Isodonol, Oridonin; isoflavone, 3-phenyl-4H-l-benzopyran-4-one, 3-phenyl-4H-chromen- 4-one, 3-Phenylchromone ;
isoflurane, l-chloro-2 , 2 , 2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether, 2-chloro-2-difluoromethoxy-1 , 1, 1-trifluoroethane, Aerrane;
Isol, ( ) -2-Methyl-2, 4-pentanediol, (+- ) -2-Methyl-2 , 4- pentanediol, (4r) -2-Methylpentane-2 , 4-Diol;
Isoliquiritigenin, (2E) -1- (2, 4-Dihydroxyphenyl ) -3- (4- hydroxyphenyl ) -2-propen-l-one, (2E) -1- (2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl ) -3-
( 4-hydroxyphenyl ) prop-2-en-l-one, (E) -1- (2, 4-Dihydroxyphenyl) -3-
( 4-hydroxyphenyl ) -2-propen-l-one ;
isometronidazole, isometronidazole ;
isoprenoids, isoprenoid, isoprenoids ;
Isopropyl Thiogalactoside, IPTG, Isopropyl 1 Thio beta D galac- topyranoside, Isopropyl 1-Thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside ;
Isoprostanes, Isoprostane,
Isoprostanes ;
Isorhamnetin, Isorhamnetin;
isosilybin A, isosilybin A, isosilybin B;
Isosorbide Dinitrate, Cardonit 40, Dilatrate, Iso Bid;
isothiocyanates , isothiocyanates ; Isotretinoin, 13 cis Retinoic Acid, 13-cis-Retinoic Acid, Accu¬ tane ;
Isradipine, Dynacirc, Isradipine, Isradipine, (+-) -Isomer ;
istradefylline, 8- (2- (3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl ) ethenyl) -1, 3-diethyl- 3, 7-dihydro-7-methyl-lH-purine-2, 6-dione, istradefylline, KW 6002;
Itraconazole, Itraconazole, R 51211, R-51211;
ivabradine, 7, 8-dimethoxy-3- (3- ( ( (4, 5-dimethoxybenzocyclobutan- 1-yl) methyl) methylamino) propyl) -1,3,4, 5-tetrahydro-2H- benzazepin-2-one, ivabradine, S 16257;
Ivermectin, Eqvalan, Ivermectin, Ivermectin Merck Brand;
ixabepilone, BMS 247550, BMS-247550, BMS247550;
jadomycin B, ( IS , 3aS ) -1- [ ( 2S ) -butan-2-yl ] -7-hydroxy-l , 3a, 5- trimethyl-2, 8, 13-trioxo-l, 2,8, 13-tetrahydro-3aH- benzo[b] [ 1 , 3 ] oxazolo [ 3 , 2-f ] phenanthridin-12-yl 2,6-dideoxy- alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranoside, jadomycin B;
Jexin, (+) Tubocurarine, (+ ) -Tubocurarine, 13H-4, 6 : 21, 24- Dietheno-8, 12-metheno-lH- pyrido(3',2' : 14 , 15 ) (1, 11) dioxacycloeicosino (2,3,4- i ) isoquinolinium, 2, 3, 13a, 14, 15, 16, 25, 25a-octahydro-9, 19- dihydroxy-18, 29-dimethoxy-l, 14, 14-trimethyl-, (13aR, 25aS) -;
JHW 015, l-propyl-2-methyl-3- (1-naphthoyl) indole, JHW 015, JHW-
015;
JTE 013, JTE 013, JTE-013, JTE013;
K 252, 3 ' - (S) -epi-K-252a, K 252, K 252a;
K-PAM, 2-Propenamide, 2-Propenamide, homopolymer, 2-
Propeneamide ;
K-SR, Acronitol, Addi-K, Apo-K;
kaempferol, 3, 4 ' , 5, 7-Tetrahydroxyflavone, 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-2- (4- hydroxyphenyl ) -4H-chromen-4-one, 4H-l-Benzopyran-4-one, 3,5,7- trihydroxy-2- ( 4-hydroxyphenyl ) -5, 7 , 4 ' -Trihydroxyflavonol ;
kaempferol-3-O- (2, 3, 4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside ) , kaempferol-3-O- (2, 3, 4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside ) , KTARP cpd;
KAFA, l-Acetamido-4-ethoxybenzene, 1-Acetyl-p-phenetidin,
4′ -Ethoxyacetanilide ;
Kaken, (IS- (lalpha (S*) , 3alpha, 5beta) ) -4- (2- (3, 5-Dimethyl-2-oxo- cyclohexyl ) ) -2-hydroxyethyl-2 , 6-piperidinedione, .beta.- [2- (3, 5- Dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl ) -2-hydroxyethyl ] glutarimide, 2, 6- Piperidinedione, 4- (2- (3, 5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl ) -2- hydroxyethyl ) -, (IS- (lalpha (S*) , 3alpha, 5beta) ) -;
Kamalin, (E) -1- ( 6- ( (3-Acetyl-2, 4, 6-trihydroxy-5- methylphenyl ) methyl ) -5, 7-dihydroxy-2 , 2-dimethyl-2H-l-benzopyran- 8-yl) -3-phenyl-2-propen-l-one, (E) -1- [6- (3-acetyl-2, 4, 6- trihydroxy-5-methyl-benzyl ) -5, 7-dihydroxy-2 , 2-dimethyl-chromen- 8-yl] -3-phenyl-prop-2-en- 1-one, (E) -1- [6- [ (3-acetyl-2, 4, 6- trihydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl ) methyl ] -5, 7-dihydroxy-2 , 2-dimethy1- chromen-8-yl ] -3-phenyl-prop-2-en- 1-one ;
Kaolin, Kaolin, Kaolinite;
Kathon 886, Kathon 886, Kathon 886 biocide, Kathon biocide;
KB 141, KB 141, KB-141, KB141 cpd;
Kemi, (+-) -Propranolol, ( 1 ) -1- ( Isopropylamino) -3- (naphthyloxy) propan-2-ol, (2S) -l-naphthalen-l-yloxy-3- (propan-2- ylamino ) propan-2-ol ;
kenpaullone, 1-azakenpaullone, 9-bromo-7 , 12-dihydroindolo ( 3 , 2- d) ( 1 ) benzazepin- 6 ( 5H) -one, kenpaullone;
Ketamine, 2- ( 2-Chlorophenyl ) -2- (methylamino ) cyclohexanone, Calipsol, Calypsol;
Keto-desogestrel, Keto-desogestrel ;
Keto-pgflalpha, Keto-pgflalpha;
ketoglutarate, . alpha . -Ketoglutaric acid, . alpha . -Oxoglutaric acid, 2-ketoglutarate ;
Kipca, 1 , 4-naphthalenedione, 2-methyl-, 1 , 4-Naphthalenedione, 2- methyl-, radical ion(l-), 1 , 4-Naphthoquinone, 2-methyl-;
KMD 3213, 1- (3-hydroxypropyl) -5- (2- (2- (2- (2, 2, 2- trifluoroethoxy) phenoxy) ethylamino) propyl) indoline-7- carboxamide, KMD 3213, KMD-3213;
KMTB, 2-keto-4- (methylthio) butyric acid, 2-Keto-4- methylthiobutanoic acid, 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate ;
Kojic acid, 2- (Hydroxymethyl ) -5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one, 2- Hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-gamma-pyrone, 4H-Pyran-4-one, 5-hydroxy- 2- (hydroxymethyl) -;
KR-31543, (2S, 3R, 4S) -6-amino-4- (N- ( 4-chlorophenyl ) -N- (2-methyl- 2H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl ) amino) -3, 4-dihydro-2-dimethoxymethyl-3- hydroxy-2-methyl-2H-l-benzopyran, KR-31543 ;
KRM 1648, KRM 1648;
L 365260, L 365260;
L 740, 093, 1- [ (3R) -5- ( 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2 ] nonan-3-yl ) -l-methyl-2- oxo-3H-l, 4-benzodiazepin-3-yl ] -3- ( 3-methylphenyl ) urea, 1- [ (3R) - 5- (3-azabicyclo[3.2.2] nonan-3-yl ) -2-keto-1-methyl-3H-1 , 4- benzodiazepin-3-yl ] -3- ( 3-methylphenyl ) urea, L 740,093; L-454,560, L-454,560;
L-696,474, ΙΗ-Cycloundec [d] isoindol-l-one, 15- (acetyloxy) - 2, 3, 3a, 4,5,6, 6a, 9, 10, 11,12, 15-dodecahydro-6-hydroxy-4, 10, 12- trimethyl-5-methylene-3- (phenylmethyl ) -
, (3R*, 3aS*, 4R*, 6R* , 6aS*, 7E, 10R*, 12R*, 13E, 15S*, 15aS*) , Cyto- chalasin, L-696,474;
L-T3, (2S) -2-amino-3- [4- ( 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-phenoxy) -3, 5-diiodo- phenyl ] propanoic acid, ( 2S ) -2-amino-3- [ 4- ( 4-hydroxy-3-iodo- phenoxy) -3 , 5-diiodo-phenyl ] propionic acid, ( 2S ) -2-amino-3- [4- ( 4- hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy) -3 , 5-diiodophenyl ] propanoic acid;
LAAM, (-) -6- (Dimethylamino) -4, 4-diphenyl-3-heptanol acetate (es¬ ter), ( - ) -alpha-Acetylmethadol , ( IS, 4S ) -4- (dimethylamino) -1- ethyl-2, 2-diphenylpentyl acetate;
lacidipine, Boehringer Ingelheim Brand of Lacidipine, Caldine, GlaxoSmithKline Brand of Lacidipine;
lactacystin, lactacystin;
lactisole, lactisole;
lamotrigine, 3, 5-diamino-6- (2, 3-dichlorophenyl ) -as-triazine, BW- 430C, Crisomet;
Lanol, (-) -Cholesterol , (3beta) -cholest-5-en-3-ol , (3H)- Cholesterol ;
lansoprazole, 2- ( ( (3-methyl-4- (2,2, 2-trifluoroethoxy) -2- pyridyl ) methyl ) sulfinyl ) -lH-benzimidazole, Abbot Brand of Lanso¬ prazole, AG 1749;
lapatinib, GW 572016, lapatinib, N- ( 3-chloro-4- ( ( 3- fluorophenyl ) methoxy) phenyl )-6-(5-(((2- (methylsulfonyl ) ethyl) amino ) methyl ) -2-furanyl) -4- quinazolinamine ;
laquinimod, laquinimod;
latrunculin A, latrunculin A;
latrunculin B, LAT-B, latrunculin B;
lavendustin A, lavendustin A;
LBH589, LBH 589, LBH589, NVP-LBH589 ;
leflunomide, Arava, Aventis Behring Brand of Leflunomide,
Aventis Brand of Leflunomide;
lenalidomide, 2, 6-Piperidinedione, 3- (4-amino-l, 3-dihydro-l-oxo- 2H- isoindol-2-yl ) - , 3- ( 4-Amino-l-oxoisoindolin-2-yl ) piperidine- 2, 6-dione, CC 5013;
Lendorm, 2-Bromo-4- ( 2-chlorophenyl ) -9-methyl-6H-thieno (3, 2- f) ( 1 , 2 , 4 ) triazolo ( 4 , 3-a) ( 1 , 4 ) diazepine, 2-bromo-4- (2- chlorophenyl ) -9-methyl- 6H-thieno [3,2-f] [l,2,4]triazolo[4,3- a] [ 1 , 4 ] diazepine, 2-Bromo-4- (o-chlorophenyl) -9-methyl-6H- thieno (3, 2-f) -s-triazolo (4, 3-a) (1, 4) diazepine;
Lentinan, Lentinan;
leptomycin B, leptomycin B;
Leucovorin, 5 Formyltetrahydrofolate, 5 Formyltetrahydrop- teroylglutamate, 5-Formyltetrahydrofolate ;
Leukotriene C4, Leukotriene C, Leukotriene C 1, Leukotriene C 4 ; Leukotriene D4, Leukotriene D, Leukotriene D 4, Leukotriene D-4; leukotrienes , leucotriene, leucotrienes , Leukotrien;
Leupeptin, (2S) -N- [ (2S) -2-acetamido-4-methyl-l-oxopentyl ] -2- [ (1- formyl-4-guanidinobutyl ) amino] -4-methylpentanamide, (2S) -N- [ (2S) -2-acetamido-4-methyl-pentanoyl ] -2- [ ( 1-formyl-4-guanidino- butyl) amino] -4-methyl-pentanamide, (2S) -N- [ (2S) -2-acetamido-4- methyl-pentanoyl ] -2- [ ( 1-formyl-4-guanidino-butyl ) amino] -4- methy1-valeramide ;
Levamisole, Decaris, Dekaris, L-Tetramisole ;
Levitra, 2- (2-Ethoxy-5- ( 4-ethylpiperazin-l-yl-l- sulfonyl ) phenyl ) -5-methyl-7-propyl-3H-imidazo (5,1- f) ( 1 , 2 , 4 ) triazin-4-one, 2- [2-ethoxy-5- (4-ethylpiperazin-l- yl) sulfonyl-phenyl ] -5-methyl-7-propyl-lH-imidazo [5, 1- f] [ 1 , 2 , 4 ] triazin-4-one, 2- [2-ethoxy-5- (4-ethylpiperazin-l- yl) sulfonylphenyl ] -5-methyl-7-propyl-lH-imidazo [5, 1- f] [ 1 , 2 , 4 ] triazin-4-one ;
levobupivacaine, Abbott Brand of Levobupivacaine Hydrochloride, Chirocaine, levobupivacaine;
Levonorgestrel , Alcala Brand of Levonorgestrel , Aventis Pharma Brand of Levonorgestrel, Berlex Brand of Levonorgestrel;
levugen, (2R, 3S, 4S, 5R) -2, 5-bis (hydroxymethyl) oxolane-2, 3, 4- triol, 2 , 5-bis (hydroxymethyl ) oxolane-2 , 3 , 4-triol , 2,5- bis (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydrofuran-2 , 3, 4-triol;
liarozole, liarozole;
Lidocaine, 2 2EtN 2MePhAcN, 2- (Diethylamino) -N- (2, 6-
Dimethylphenyl) Acetamide, 2-2EtN-2MePhAcN;
lilopristone, 98,73, lilopristone, ZK 98.734;
Lipoate, (+ ) -alpha-Lipoic acid, (R) - ( ) -1 , 2-Dithiolane-3- pentanoic acid, (R) -(+) -Lipoate;
Lipofectamine, LF 2000, LF-2000, LF2000;
lipoteichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid; Lipoxins, Lipoxin, Lipoxins;
lissamine rhodamine B, lissamine rhodamine B;
lithocholic acid, ( 3alpha, 5beta) -3-hydroxycholan-24-oic acid, 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid, 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta- cholanic acid;
LMWH, 6- [ 5-acetamido-4 , 6-dihydroxy-2- ( sulfooxymethyl ) oxan-3- yl ] oxy-3- [ 5- ( 6-carboxy-4, 5-dihydroxy-3-sulfooxy-oxan-2-yl ) oxy-6-
(hydroxymethyl ) -3- (sulfoamino) -4-sulfooxy-oxan-2-yl ] oxy-4- hydroxy-5-sulfooxy-oxane-2-carboxylic acid, 6- [ 5-acetamido-4 , 6- dihydroxy-2- ( sulfooxymethyl ) oxan-3-yl ] oxy-3- [ 5- ( 6-carboxy-4 , 5- dihydroxy-3-sulfooxyoxan-2-yl ) oxy-6- (hydroxymethyl ) -3-
( sulfoamino ) -4-sulfooxyoxan-2-yl ] oxy-4-hydroxy-5-sulfooxyoxane-
2-carboxylic acid, 6- [ 5-acetamido-4 , 6-dihydroxy-2-
( sulfooxymethyl ) tetrahydropyran-3-yl ] oxy-3- [ 5- ( 6-carboxy-4 , 5- dihydroxy-3-sulfooxy-tetrahydropyran-2-yl ) oxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) -
3- (sulfoamino) -4-sulfooxy-tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] oxy-4-hydroxy-5- sulfooxy-tetrahydropyran-2-carboxyli ;
LNAC, ( 2R) -2-acetamido-3-mercapto-propionic acid, (2R)-2- acetamido-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, (2R) -2-Acetamido-3-sulfanyl- propanoic acid;
lonafarnib, 4- (2- (4- (8-chloro-3, 10-dibromo-6, 1 l-dihydro-5H- benzo- (5, 6 ) -cyclohepta ( 1 , 2-b) -pyridin-11 (R) -yl ) -1-piperidinyl ) - 2-oxo-ethyl ) -1-piperidinecarboxamide, lonafarnib, SCH 66336; Loperamide, Imodium, Loperamide, Loperamide Hydrochloride;
lopinavir, A-157378.0, ABT 378, ABT-378;
Loratadine, 4- (8-Chloro-5, 6-dihydro-llH- benzo (5, 6 ) cyclohepta ( 1 , 2-b) pyridin-11-ylidene ) -1- piperidinecarboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester, Alavert, Claritin;
Lorazepam, AHP Brand of Lorazepam, Apo Lorazepam, Apo-Lorazepam; Lorex, DEA No. 2783, Imidazo ( 1 , 2-a) pyridine-3-acetamide, N,N, 6- trimethyl-2- ( 4-methylphenyl ) -, Lorex;
lorglumide, lorglumide;
Losartan, 2-Butyl-4-chloro-l- ( ( 2 ' - (lH-etrazol-5-yl)
(1,1' -biphenyl ) -4-yl ) methyl ) -lH-imidazole-5-methanol , Cozaar, DuP 753;
Lovan, ( ) -N-Methyl-gamma- [ 4-
(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy] benzenepropanamine hydrochloride, (+-) - Methyl-gamma- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) benzenepropanamine hy¬ drochloride, (+-) -N-Methyl-3-phenyl-3- (4-
(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) propylamine hydrochloride; loxiglumide, loxiglumide;
LUF 5831, LUF 5831, LUF5831;
lupeol, lup-20 (29) -en-3-ol, lup-20 ( 29 ) -en-3beta-ol , lup-20(29)- ene-3alpha-ol ;
luteolin, 2- (3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl ) -5, 7-dihydroxy-4-benzopyrone, 2- (3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) -5, 7-dihydroxy-4H-l-benzopyran-4-one, 2-
(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) -5, 7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one ;
LY 117018, 6-hydroxy-2- ( 4-hydroxyphenyl ) benzo (b) thien-3-yl 4- (2-
(1-pyrrolidinyl) ethoxy) phenyl ketone, Lilly 117018, LY 117018; LY 293111, 2- (2-propyl-3- (3- (2-ethyl-4- (4-fluorophenyl) -5- hydroxyphenoxy) propoxy) phenoxy) benzoic acid, LY 293111, LY- 293111;
LY231514, LY231514;
LYCOPENE, (6Z,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E,18Z,20E,22Z,24E,26Z)- 2, 6, 10, 14, 19,23,27, 31-octamethyldotriaconta-
2, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18,20,22,24,26, 30-tridecaene , . psi . , . psi . - Carotene, 2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-
Dotriacontatridecaene, 2, 6, 10, 14, 19, 23, 27, 31-octamethyl-, (all- E) -;
lysophosphatidic acid, 1-O-oleyllysophosphatidic acid, 1-oleoyl- lysophosphatidic acid, LPA (lysophosphatidic acid) ;
Lysophosphatidylcholines , Lysolecithins , Lysophosphatidylcho- line, Lysophosphatidylcholines;
Lysophosphatidylglycerol , Lysophosphatidylglycerol ;
lysyl-arginyl-alanyl-lysyl-alanyl-lysyl-threonyl-threonyl-lysyl- lysyl-arginine, lysyl-arginyl-alanyl-lysyl-alanyl-lysyl- threonyl-threonyl-lysyl-lysyl-arginine ;
M&B22948, 1, 4-Dihydro-5- ( 2-propoxyphenyl ) -1,2, 3-triazolo (4,5- d) pyrimidin-7-one, 1, 4-Dihydro-5- (2-propoxyphenyl) -7H-1, 2, 3- triazolo (4, 5-d) pyrimidin-7-one, 1, 4-Dihydro-5- (2-propoxyphenyl) - 7H-1, 2, 3-triazolo [4, 5-d] pyrimidine-7-one ;
Malix, 1,2,3,4,7, 7-Hexachlorobicyclo (2.2.1) hepten-5, 6- bioxymethylenesulfite, 1,4,5,6,7, 7-Hexachloro-5-norbornene-2 , 3- dimethanol cyclic sulfite, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7-Hexachloro-8, 9, 10- trinorborn-5-en-2 , 3-ylenedimethyl sulphite;
manidipine, 2- ( 4-diphenylmethyl-l-piperazinyl ) ethyl methyl-1,4- dihydro-2, 6-dimethyl-4- ( 3-nitrophenyl ) -3, 5- pyridinedicarboxylate, CV 4093, CV-4093;
manumycin, manumycin, manumycin A, UCFI-C;
maraviroc, 4, 4-difluoro-N- ( (IS) -3- (exo-3- ( 3-isopropyl-5-methyl- 4H-1, 2, 4-triazol-4-yl) -8-azabicyclo (3.2.1) oct-8-yl) -1- phenylpropyl ) cyclohexanecarboxamide, maraviroc, Pfizer Brand of maraviroc;
Matrine, (+)-Matrine, . alpha . -Matrine, Matrene, (+)-;
MCYST-LR, (5R, 8S, 11R, 12S, 15S, 18S, 19S, 22R) -15- (3- guanidinopropyl ) -8-isobutyl-18- [ (IE, 3E, 5S, 6S) - 6-methoxy-3 , 5- dimethyl-7-phenyl-hepta-l , 3-dienyl] -1, 5, 12, 19-tetramethyl-2- methylene-3, 6,9,13, 16, 20, 25-heptaoxo-l, 4,7,10,14,17,21- heptazacyclopentacosane-11 , 22-dicarboxylic,
(5R, 8S, 11R, 12S, 15S, 18S, 19S, 22R) -15- ( 3-guanidinopropyl ) -8- isobutyl-18- [ (IE, 3E, 5S, 6S) - 6-methoxy-3 , 5-dimethyl-7-phenylhepta- 1, 3-dienyl] -1,5,12, 19-tetramethyl-2-methylene-3 , 6, 9, 13, 16, 20, 25- heptaoxo-l, 4,7,10,14,17, 21-heptazacyclopentacosane-ll, 22- dicarboxylic , (5R, 8S, 11R, 12S, 15S, 18S, 19S, 22R) -15- (3- guanidinopropyl ) -8-isobutyl-3, 6, 9, 13, 16, 20, 25-heptaketo-18-
[ (IE, 3E, 5S, 6S) - 6-methoxy-3 , 5-dimethyl-7-phenyl-hepta-l , 3- dienyl] -1,5,12, 19-tetramethyl-2-methylene-l, 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21- heptazacyclopentacosane-ll , 22-dicarboxyli ;
Me-nle-asp-phe-NH2 , Me-nle-asp-phe-NH2 ;
mead ethanolamide, 5, 8, 11-eicosatrienoyl ethanolamide (Ζ,Ζ,Ζ)-, mead ethanolamide;
MeAsO(OH)2, Arsonic acid, methyl-, DSMA (JMAF), MeAsO(OH)2;
Mebumal, 2 , 4 , 6 ( 1H, 3H, 5H) -Pyrimidinetrione, 5-ethyl-5- ( 1- methylbutyl ) - , 5-ethyl-2-hydroxy-5- ( 1-methylbutyl ) pyrimidine- 4, 6 (1H, 5H) -dione, 5-Ethyl-5- (1-methylbutyl) -2, 4, 6 (1H, 3H, 5H) - pyrimidinetrione ;
Mechlorethamine, Bis (2-chloroethyl) methylamine, Caryolysine, Chlorethazine ;
Medroxyprogesterone 17-Acetate, (6 alpha) -17- (Acetoxy) -6- methylpregn-4-ene-3, 20-dione, 6 alpha Methyl 17alpha hydroxypro- gesterone Acetate, 6-alpha-Methyl-17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone Acetate ;
Mefenamic Acid, Antigen Brand of Mefenamic Acid, Apo Mefenamic, Apo-Mefenamic;
Megalomicin, (3R, 4S, 5S, 6R, 7R, 9R, 11R, 12R, 13S, 14R) -4- [ (2R, 4R, 5S, 6S) -4, 5-dihydroxy-4 , 6-dimethyl-oxan-2-yl ] oxy- 6- [ (2S, 3R, 4S, 6R) -4-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy- 6-methyl-oxan-2-yl ] oxy-
7- [ (2S, 4R, 6S) -4-dimethylamino-5-hydroxy- 6-methyl-oxan-2-yl ] oxy-
14-ethyl-12, 13-dihydroxy-3, 5,7,9,
(3R, 4S, 5S, 6R, 7R, 9R, 11R, 12R, 13S,14R)-4-[ (2R, 4R, 5S, 6S) -4, 5- dihydroxy-4, 6-dimethyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] oxy-6- [ (2S, 3R, 4S, 6R) -4-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy- 6-methyl- tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] oxy-7- [ (2S, 4R, 6S) -4-dimethylamino-5- hydroxy- 6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] oxy,
(3R, 4S, 5S, 6R, 7R, 9R, 11R, 12R, 13S,14R)-4-[ (2R, 4R, 5S, 6S) -4, 5- dihydroxy-4, 6-dimethyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] oxy-6-
[ (2S, 3R, 4S, 6R) -4-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy- 6-methyl- tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] oxy-7- [ (2S, 4R, 6S) -4-dimethylamino-5- hydroxy- 6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] oxy;
Melarsoprol, Arsobal, Mel B, Melarsenoxid BAL;
Melatol, 5-Methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, Acetamide, N-(2-(5- methoxy-lH-indol-3-yl) ethyl) - (9CI), Acetamide, N-(2-(5- methoxyindol-3-yl ) ethyl) -;
meletin, 117-39-5 (NEUTRAL ), 2- (3, 4-Dihydroxy-phenyl) -3, 5, 7- trihydroxy-chromen-4-one, 2- (3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl ) -3, 5, 7- trihydroxy-4-chromenone ;
melitten, D008555, melitten, melittin;
meloxicam, Abbott brand of meloxicam, Almirall brand of meloxi¬ cam, Boehringer Ingelheim brand of meloxicam;
Melphalan, 4- (Bis (2-chloroethyl) amino) phenylalanine, Alkeran, L- PAM;
Memantine, 1 , 3-Dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane, l-Amino-3,5- dimethyladamantane, Axura;
menadiol, 2-methyl-l , 4-naphthohydroquinone, 2-methyl-l , 4- naphthoquinol , dihydrovitamin K3;
Menhaden oil, Menhaden oil;
menthofuran, menthofuran;
Meperidine, Demerol, Dolantin, Dolargan;
Mephenytoin, 5 Ethyl 3 Methyl 5 Phenylhydantoin, 5-Ethyl-3- Methyl-5-Phenylhydantoin, Mefenetoin;
mesalamine, 3-carboxy-4-hydroxyaniline, 5-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 5-Aminosalicylic acid;
Mesaton, (-) -m-Hydroxy-alpha- (methylaminomethyl ) benzyl alcohol, (R) -2-Hydroxy-2- ( 3-hydroxyphenyl ) -N-methylethylamine, 3- [ (1R) -1- hydroxy-2- (methylamino ) ethyl ] phenol ;
Meth, (+ ) -methylamphetamine, (+ ) - ( s ) -deoxyephedrine, (+)-(s)-n- alpha-dimethylphenethylamine ;
methanandamide, methanandamide ;
methanethiosulfonate ethylammonium, 2- aminoethylmethanethiosulfonate, AEMTS cpd, methanethiosulfonate ethylamine ;
Methimazole, 1 Methyl 2 mercaptoimidazole, l-Methyl-2- mercaptoimidazole, Eli Lilly Brand of Methimazole;
methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine ; Methorphan, ( - ) -3-Methoxy-N-methylmorphinan, 3-methoxy-17- methylmorphinan, 3-METHOXY-N-METHYLMORPHINAN, (-)-;
Methoxsalen, 8 Methoxypsoralen, 8 MOP, 8-Methoxypsoralen;
Methoxy-psoralen, Methoxy-psoralen;
methoxyamine, methoxyamine;
methoxychlor, 1, 1 ' - (2, 2, 2-trichloroethane-l , 1-diyl) bis (4- methoxybenzene) , 1 , 1 , l-trichloro-2 , 2-bis (p-anisyl ) ethane, 1,1,1 trichloro-2, 2-bis (p-methoxyphenyl) ethane;
methoxymorphinan, methoxymorphinan;
methyl chloroformate, methyl chloroformate ;
Methyl glycine, (Methoxycarbonyl ) methylamine, 2-aminoacetic aci methyl ester, Glycine methyl ester;
Methyl paraben, Methyl paraben;
methyl salicylate, 3M brand of methyl salicylate, esparma brand of methyl salicylate, Hevert brand of methyl salicylate;
methyl tryptophan, 2-Amino-3- ( lH-indol-3-yl ) -propionic acid me¬ thyl ester, 2-amino-3- ( lH-indol-3-yl ) propanoic acid methyl es¬ ter, 2-amino-3- ( lH-indol-3-yl ) propionic acid methyl ester;
methyl-dopa, methyl-dopa;
methyl-phosphorothioate, methyl-phosphorothioate ;
methyl-Pyridinium, methyl-Pyridinium;
methylamine, aminomethane, methylamine, methylamine bisulfite; Methylamylnitrosamine, 1-Pentanamine, N-methyl-N-nitroso- , Me¬ thyl-N-amylnitrosamine, Methyl-N-pentylnitrosamine ;
Methylene-tetrahydrofolate, Methylene-tetrahydrofolate ;
methylenetetrahydrofolates , methylenetetrahydrofolate, methyl- enetetrahydrofolates ;
methylglyoxal , 1 , 2-propanedione, 2-Ketopropionaldehyde, 2- oxopropanal ;
methylnaltrexone, 17- ( cyclopropylmethyl ) -4, 5-epoxy-3, 14- dihydroxymorphinanium-6-one, methyl-naltrexone hydrobromide, me thylnaltrexone ;
methyloxidanyl , CH3-0 ( . ) , methoxy, methoxy radical;
methylparaben, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester, methyl p- hydroxybenzoate, methylparaben;
methylphosphate, methyl phosphate disodium salt, hexahydrate, methylphosphate, methylphosphate diammonium salt;
Methylprednisolone, 6 Methylprednisolone, 6-Methylprednisolone, Medrol ;
methylxanthines , methylxanthines ;
Metoclopramide, 4 Amino-5-chloro-N- (2- (diethylamino) ethyl) -2- methoxybenzamide, Cerucal, Maxolon;
Metopiron, 1 , 2-Di-3-pyridyl-2-methyl-l-propanone, 1-Propanone, 1 , 2-di-3-pyridyl-2-methyl- , 1-Propanone, 2-methyl-l , 2-di-3- pyridinyl- ;
Metribolone, 17 BETA HYDROXY 17 ALPHA METHYLESTRA 4 9 11 TRIEN 3 ONE, 17 beta-Hydroxy-17 alpha-methylestra-4, 9, ll-trien-3-one, Methyltrienolone ;
mevalonic acid, 3 , 5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid, mevalonic acid;
micafungin, FK 463, FK-463, FK463;
miconazole, 1- (2, 4-Dichloro-beta- ( (2,4- dichlorobenzyl ) oxy) phenethyl) imidazole, 1- [2- (2, 4- dichlorobenzyloxy) -2- (2, 4-dichlorophenyl ) ethyl] -lH-imidazole, Clclccc (COC (Cn2ccnc2) c3ccc (Cl) cc3Cl) c (Cl) cl;
Mictonorm, ( 1-methyl-4-piperidyl ) 2 , 2-diphenyl-2-propoxy-acetate hydrochloride, ( l-methylpiperidin-4-yl ) 2 , 2-diphenyl-2-propoxy- ethanoate hydrochloride, ( l-methylpiperidin-4-yl ) 2 , 2-diphenyl- 2-propoxyacetate hydrochloride;
Midazolam, Dormicum, Midazolam, Midazolam Hydrochloride;
Mifepristone, Contragest Brand of Mifepristone, Danco Brand of Mifepristone, Exelgyn Brand of Mifepristone;
Mill, 6-Methyl-5, 7-dimethylthiopyrrolo [ 1 , 2-a] 1 , 4-diazine, 7- methyl- 6, 8-bis (methylsulfany1 )pyrrolo[l,2-a]pyrazine, 7-Methy1- 6, 8-bis (methylthio ) pyrrolo ( 1 , 2-a) pyrazine ;
Milrinone,
Corotrop, Corotrope, Milrinone;
Mimosine, Leucaenine, Leucaenol, Leucenine;
mirtazapine, (N-methyl-llC) mirtazapine, 6-azamianserin, Celltech brand of mirtazapine;
Mit-C, 7-Amino-9. alpha . -methoxymitosane, Ametycin, Ametycine; mithramycin, (IS) -5-deoxy-l-C- [ (2S, 3S) -7-{ [2, 6-dideoxy-3-0- (2, 6- dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl ) -beta-D-arabino- hexopyranosyl ] oxy } -3- { [ 2 , 6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-beta-D-ribo- hexopyranosyl- (l->3) -2, 6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl- ( l->3 ) -2 , 6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabi , aureolic acid, Mithracin; MitoTracker-Red, MitoTracker-Red;
Mitoxantrone, AHP Brand of Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride, Amgen Brand of Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride, ASTA Medica Brand of Mito¬ xantrone Hydrochloride;
mizolastine, Allphar brand of mizolastine, Galderma brand of mi- zolastine, Mistalin;
MLN8054, 4- ( (9-chloro-7- (2, 6-di fluorophenyl ) -5H-pyrimidol (5, 4- d) ( 2 ) benzazepin-2-yl ) amino ) benzoic acid, MLN8054;
mofarotene, 4- ( (2- (p- ( (E) -2- (5,6,7, 8-tetrahydro-5, 5,8,8- tetramethyl-2-naphthyl ) propenyl ) phenoxy) ethyl ) ) morpholine, arot- inoid Ro 40-8757, mofarotene;
Monensin, Coban, Monensin, Monensin A Sodium Complex;
mono-N-demethyladinazolam, mono-N-demethyladinazolam;
mono ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate, ( 2-ethylhexyl ) hydrogen phthalate, 1 , 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono ( 2-ethylhexyl ) ester, 2- (2- ethylhexyloxycarbonyl ) benzoic acid;
monoethylglycinexylidide, ethylglycylxylidide, L 86, L-86;
monomethylarsonic acid, disodium methanearsonate, methanearsonic acid, methylarsonate ;
monoterpenes , monoterpene, monoterpenes;
monuron, 1 , l-Dimethyl-3- (p-chlorophenyl ) urea, 3- (4- chlorophenyl ) -1, 1-dimethylurea, 3- (p-Chlorophenyl ) -1, 1- dimethylurea;
MORIN, 2 ' , 3, 4 ' , 5, 7-Pentahydroxyflavone, 2 ',4 ', 3,5,7- Pentahydroxyflavone, 2 ' , 4 ' , 5, 7-Tetrahydroxyflavan-3-ol ;
morpholine, C1COCCN1, morpholine, Tetrahydro-1, 4-oxazine;
morusin, morusin;
motexafin gadolinium, (PB-7-11-233 ' 2 ' 4 ) -bis (acetato- kappaO) (9, 10-diethyl-20 , 21-bis (2- (2- (2- methoxyethoxy) ethoxy) ethoxy) -4, 15-dimethyl-8 , ll-imino-3, 6:16,13- dinitrilo-1, 18-benzodiazacycloeicosine-5, 14-dipropanolato- kap- paN ( 1 ) , kappaN (18), kappaN ( 23 ) , kappaN ( 24 ) , kappaN ( 25 ) ) gadolinium, bis (acetato-kappaO) {3,3'- [ 4 , 5-diethyl-l 6, 17-bis{2- [2- (2- methoxyethoxy) ethoxy] ethoxy} -10, 23-dimethyl-13 , 20,25,26,27- pentaazapentacyclo [20.2.1.1(3,6) .1(8,11) .0(14,19)] heptacosa- 1,3, 5, 7, 9, 11(26), 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22(25), 23-tridecaene- 9 , 24-diyl- kappa ( 5 ) N ( 13 ) , N ( 2 , gadolinium texaphyrin;
Motuporin, Motuporin;
moxifloxacin, l-cyclopropyl--7- (2, 8-diazabicyclo (4.3.0) non-8- yl ) - 6-fluoro-8-methoxy-l , 4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, Actira, Avalox;
MPEG, 1, 2-Dihydroxyethane, 1 , 2-Ethanediol , 146AR;
Muraglitazar, Muraglitazar;
mutalipocin II, ML-II, mutalipocin II;
mycophenolic acid, mycophenolic acid;
Mycose, . alpha .,. alpha . -Trehalose, . alpha . -D-Glucopyranoside,
. alpha . -D-glucopyranosyl , . alpha . -D-Trehalose ;
Myocol, (2R, 3R, 4S , 5R) -2- ( 6-amino- 9-purinyl ) -5-
(hydroxymethyl ) tetrahydrofuran-3 , 4-diol, (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6- aminopurin-9-yl ) -5- (hydroxymethyl ) oxolane-3, 4-diol,
(2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -2- ( 6-aminopurin- 9-yl ) -5-
(hydroxymethyl ) tetrahydrofuran-3 , 4-diol;
myricetin, 3, 3', 4', 5, 5', 7-Hexahydroxyflavone,
Hexahydroxyflavone, 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-2- (3,4, 5-trihydroxyphenyl ) - 4H-chromen-4-one ;
myxothiazol, myxothiazol;
N- ( 2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl ) methanesulfonamide, N- (2- cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl ) methanesulfonamide, NS 398, NS-398; N- (2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide, N- (2- hydroxypropyl ) methacrylamide ;
N- (3- ( 4-chlorophenyl ) -2- ( 3-cyanophenyl ) -1-methylpropyl ) -2- methyl-2- ( (5- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl ) oxy) propanamide, MK 0364, MK-0364, MK0364;
N- ( 3-methoxyphenyl ) -4-chlorocinnamanilide, N- ( 3-methoxyphenyl ) - 4-chlorocinnamanilide, SB 366791, SB366791;
N- ( 3-oxododecanoyl ) homoserine lactone, 3-oxo-C12-HSL, 3-oxo-C8- HSL, 30-C12-HSL;
N- (4- (6- (4- (1- ( 4- fluorophenyl ) ethyl ) piperazin-l-yl ) pyrimidin-4- yloxy) benzo (d) thiazol-2-yl ) acetamide, AMG 628, AMG-628, AMG628; N- (4- (6- ( 4-trifluoromethylphenyl ) pyrimidin-4-yloxy) benzothiazol- 2-yl) acetamide, AMG 517, AMG-517, AMG517;
N- ( 4-cyano-benzo (b) thiophene-2-carbonyl ) guanidine, KR-33028, N- ( 4-cyano-benzo (b) thiophene-2-carbonyl ) guanidine;
N- (5- ( ( (5- (1, 1-dimethylethyl) -2-oxazolyl ) methyl ) thio) -2- thiazolyl) -4-piperidinecarboxamide, BMS 387032, BMS-387032, BMS387032;
N-acetylcysteine lysinate, L-NAC, N-acetylcysteine L-lysinate, N-acetylcysteine lysinate;
n-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine, 4- [2- [2- ( 3-acetylamino- 2 , 5-dihydroxy- 6-methylol-tetrahydropyran-4- yl ) oxypropanoylamino ] propanoylamino ] -5-amino-5-oxo-pentanoic ac¬ id, 4- [2- [2- [ 3-acetylamino-2 , 5-dihydroxy- 6- (hydroxymethyl) oxan- 4-yl ] oxypropanoylamino ] propanoylamino ] -5-amino-5-oxo-pentanoic acid, 4- [2- [2- [ 3-acetylamino-2 , 5-dihydroxy- 6-
(hydroxymethyl ) tetrahydropyran-4-yl ] oxy-l-oxo-propyl ] amino- 1- oxo-propyl] amino-5-amino-5-oxo-pentanoic acid;
N-acetylneuraminic acid, 5-Acetamido-3 , 5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D- galacto-2-nonulosonic acid, 5-acetamido-3 , 5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D- galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid;
N-desmethylclobazam, demethylclobazam, N-desmethylclobazam, nor- clobazam;
N-ethylmaleimide, l-ethyl-lH-pyrrole-2 , 5-dione, Ethylmaleimide, N-ethylmaleimide ;
N-methyl-N- ( trimethylsilyl ) trifluoroacetamide, N-methyl-N- ( trimethylsilyl ) trifluoroacetamide ;
N-methylsulfonyl-6- ( 2-propargyloxyphenyl ) hexanamide, MS-PPOH, N- methylsulfonyl-6- (2-propargyloxyphenyl) hexanamide;
N-oleoyldopamine, N-oleoyldopamine ;
N-phenyl-l-naphthylamine, 1-anilinonaphthalene, 1-N- phenylnaphthylamine, N-phenyl-l-naphthylamine ;
Ν,Ν,Ν' ,Ν' -tetramethylethylenediamine, CN (C) CCN (C) C, Ν,Ν,Ν',Ν'- tetramethyl-1 , 2-ethanediamine, N, N, N ' , N ' -tetramethylethane-1 , 2- diamine ;
N ( 6) -cyclohexyl-2-O-methyladenosine, N ( 6) -cyclohexyl-2-O- methyladenosine, SDZ WAG-994, SDZ-WAG-994;
N ( 6) -cyclopentyladenosine, N ( 6) -cyclopentyladenosine ;
N3-IQ, (3-methylpyrido [3, 2-e] benzimidazol-2-yl) amine, 2-Amino-3- methyl-3H-imidazo (4, 5-f ) quinoline, 2-Amino-3-methylimidazo (4,5- f ) -quinoline;
Nadroparin, CY 216, CY-216, CY216;
naftifine, N-cinnamyl-N-methyl-l-naphthalenemethylamine hydro¬ chloride, naftifin, naftifine;
nal-NH2, nal-NH2;
NALS, Akyposal SDS, Anticerumen, Aquarex ME;
nanchangmycin, nanchangmycin;
Naproxen, Aleve, Anaprox, Methoxypropiocin;
naratriptan, N-methyl-2- (3- ( l-methylpiperiden-4-yl ) indole-5- yl) ethanesulfonamide, N-methyl-2- [3- ( l-methyl-4-piperidyl ) -1H- indol-5-yl] -ethanesulfonamide, N-methyl-2- [3- ( 1-methylpiperidin- 4-yl) -lH-indol-5-yl ] ethanesulfonamide;
narbonolide, narbonolide;
NARIGENIN, ( ) -Naringenin; 4?, 5, 7-Trihydroxyflavanone; H-l- benzopyran-4-one, ( ) -2 , 3-Dihydro-5, 7-dihydroxy-2- ( 4- hydroxyphenyl ) -4H-l-benzopyran-4-one, ( ) -Naringenin;
Narkotil, Aerothene MM, Dichlormethan, Dichlorocarbene ;
Nasol, (+- ) -Ephedrine, (-)-. alpha .-( 1-Methylaminoethyl ) benzyl alcohol, (-) -Ephedrine ;
natalizumab, Antegren, natalizumab, Tysabri;
nateglinide, A 4166, A-4166, AY 4166;
Naxy, (3R, 4S, 5S, 6R, 7R, 9R, 11R, 12R, 13S, 14R) -6- [ ( 2S , 3R, 4S , 6R) -4- dimethylamino-3-hydroxy- 6-methyl-oxan-2-yl ] oxy-14-ethyl- 12 , 13- dihydroxy-4- [ (2R, 4R, 5S, 6S) -5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4 , 6-dimethyl- oxan-2-yl] oxy-7-methoxy-3 , 5,7,9,11, 13-hexamethyl-l- oxacyclotetradecane-2 , 10-di,
(3R, 4S, 5S, 6R, 7R, 9R, 11R, 12R, 13S, 14R) -6- [ ( 2S , 3R, 4S , 6R) -4- dimethylamino-3-hydroxy- 6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] oxy-14- ethyl-12, 13-dihydroxy-4- [ (2R, 4R, 5S, 6S) -5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4 , 6- dimethyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] oxy-7-methoxy-3 , 5,7,9,11, 13- hexamethyl-l-oxacy, (3R, 4S, 5S, 6R, 7R, 9R, 11R, 12R, 13S, 14R) -6-
[ (2S, 3R, 4S, 6R) -4-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy- 6-methyl- tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] oxy-14-ethyl-12 , 13-dihydroxy-4-
[ (2R, 4R, 5S, 6S) -5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4 , 6-dimethyl-tetrahydropyran- 2-yl] oxy-7-methoxy-3 , 5,7,9,11, 13-hexamethyl-l-oxacy;
nebivolol , alpha, alpha ' - ( iminobis (methylene ) ) bis (6-fluoro-3,4- dihydro) -2H-l-benzopyran-2-methanol, Berlin-Chemie brand of nebivolol hydrochloride, Lobivon;
Nefazodone, 1- (3- (4- (m-Chlorophenyl ) -1-piperazinyl ) propyl ) -3- ethyl-4- ( 2-phenoxyethyl ) -delta2-l, 2, 4-triazolin-5-one, 2- [3- [4- ( 3-Chlorophenyl ) -1-piperazinyl] propyl] -5-ethyl-2, 4-dihydro-4- (2- phenoxyethyl ) -3H-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-one, 2- [3- [4- ( 3-chlorophenyl ) - 1-piperazinyl] propyl] -5-ethyl-4- [2- (phenoxy) ethyl] -1,2,4- triazol-3-one ;
nefiracetam, DM 9384, DM-9384, N- (2, 6-dimethylphenyl ) -2- (2-oxo- 1-pyrrolidinyl ) acetamide;
Nelfinavir, AG 1343, AG-1343, AG1343;
Neomycin, Fradiomycin Sulfate, Neomycin, Neomycin Palmitate; Neopterin, 2-Amino- 6- (1,2, 3-trihydroxypropyl ) -4 ( 3H) -pteridinone, Monapterin, Neopterin;
Neostigmine, Neostigmine, Neostigmine Bromide, Neostigmine Me- thylsulfate;
Neut, Acidosan, Baking soda, Bisodium carbonate;
Nevirapine, BI RG 587, BI-RG-587, BIRG587;
NFBA, . alpha . , . alpha . , . alpha . -Trifluoro-2-methyl-4 ' -nitro-m- propionotoluidide, 2-Methyl-N- (4-nitro-3-
[trifluoromethyl] phenyl) propanamide, 2-methyl-N- [4-nitro-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] propanamide;
Nialk, 1 , 1 , 2-trichloroethene, 1 , 1 , 2-trichloroethylene, 1,1- dichloro-2-chloroethylene ;
Nicardipine, Almirall Brand of Nicardipine Hydrochloride, An- tagonil, Cardene;
Niflumic Acid, Donalgin, Flunir, Niflactol;
nimesulide, 4'-nitro-2' -phenoxymethanesulfonanilide, N- ( 4-nitro-
2-phenoxyphenyl ) methanesulfonamide, nimesulide;
niobium, 41Nb, columbio, columbium;
nitecapone, 3- (3, 4-dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzylidine ) -2, 4- pentanedione, nitecapone, OR 462;
nitroanilide, nitroanilide;
nitroaspirin, 2-acetoxybenzoate-2- ( 1-nitroxymethyl ) phenyl ester, NCX 4016, NCX-4016;
Nitrofurans, Nitrofurans;
NITROPYRENE, 1-Nitropyrene, 1-Nitropyrene [Nitroarenes ] , 1- Nitropyrene [Polycyclic aromatic compounds];
nitrosamines , N-Nitroso amines, nitrosamines ;
Nitrosoanabasine, (+- ) -1-Nitrosoanabasine, (+-) -3- ( l-Nitroso-2- piperidinyl) pyridine,
( +-) -N-Nitrosoanabasine ;
Nitrosocysteine, 2-amino-3- (nitrosothio ) propanoic acid, 2-amino-
3- (nitrosothio ) propionic acid, 2-amino-3-nitrososulfanyl- propanoic acid;
nitrosulindac, NCX 1102, NCX-1102, NCX1102;
Nizatidine, Axid, LY 139037, LY-139037;
NK 104, bis ( (3R, 5S, 6E) -7- (2-cyclopropyl-4- (4-fluorophenyl) -3- quinolyl ) -3 , 5-dihydroxy- 6-heptenoate ) , monocalcium salt, itavas- tatin, nisvastatin;
NK314, NK314;
NMDA, (NMDA) , 2-methylaminobutanedioic acid, 2- methylaminosuccinic acid;
NN 703, NN 703, NN-703, NN703 cpd;
Noan, l-Methyl-5-phenyl-7-chloro-l , 3-dihydro-2H-l , 4- benzodiazepin-2-one, 2H-1 , 4-Benzodiazepin-2-one, 7-chloro-l , 3- dihydro-l-methyl-5-phenyl-, 7-Chloro-l, 3-Dihydro-l-Methyl-5- Phenyl-2H-1 , 4-Benzodiazepin-2-One ;
Nobiletin, 2- (3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl ) -5, 6, 7, 8-tetramethoxy-4- chromenone, 2- (3, 4-Dimethoxyphenyl ) -5, 6, 7, 8-tetramethoxy-4H-l- benzopyran-4-one, 2- (3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) -5, 6, 7, 8-tetramethoxy- chromen-4-one ;
NOC 18, NOC 18, NOC-18;
Nocodazole, Nocodazole, NSC 238159, NSC-238159;
nodularin, nodularin;
Nodularin v, Nodularin v;
nolatrexed, 3, 4-dihydro-2-amino- 6-methyl-4-oxo-5- (4- pyridylthio ) quinazoline dihydrochloride, AG 337, AG-337;
Nonoxynol, Advantage S, Advantage-S, Delfen Cream;
noralfentanil, 4-MPPP, N- ( 4- (methoxymethyl ) -4-piperidinyl ) -N- phenylpropanamide, noralfentanil ;
norbuprenorphine, norbuprenorphine ;
Norclozapine, 3-chloro-6- ( 1-piperazinyl ) -5H- benzo [c] [ 1 , 5 ] benzodiazepine, 3-chloro-6-piperazin-l-yl-5H- benzo [c] [ 1 , 5 ] benzodiazepine, 5H-Dibenzo (b, e ) ( 1 , 4 ) diazepine, 8- chloro-11- (1-piperazinyl) -;
Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid, 4,4'- (2,3 Dimethyl-1 , 4- butanediyl ) bis ( 1 , 2-benzenediol ) , Actinex, Dihydronorguaiaretic
Acid;
Norethindrone, Conceplan, Ethinylnortestosterone, Micronor; noreximide, K 2154, K-2154, norborn-5-ene-2 , 3-cis-exo- dicarboximide ;
norfluoxetine, norfluoxetine ;
Norgestrel, DL Norgestrel, DL-Norgestrel , Neogest;
norharman, norharman;
norketobemidone, norketobemidone ;
norlaudanosoline, (R, S ) -Norlaudanosoline, l-(3,4- dihydroxybenzyl ) -1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6, 7-diol, norlaudanosoline ;
normeperidine, normeperidine, normeperidine carbonate (2:1), normeperidine hydrochloride;
Nortilidine, (1R,2S) -2-methylamino-l-phenyl-l-cyclohex-3- enecarboxylic acid ethyl ester, ( 1R, 2S ) -2-methylamino-l-phenyl- cyclohex-3-ene-l-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 3-Cyclohexene-l- carboxylic acid, 2- (methylamino) -1-phenyl-, ethyl ester, trans- norverapamil , D 591, N-demethyl erapamil , norverapamil; novobiocin, novobiocin;
NS-187, INNO-406, NS-187;
NSC 23766, NSC 23766, NSC-23766, NSC23766;
NSC 366140, 9-methoxy-N, N-dimethyl-5-nitropyrazolo ( 3 , 4 , 5- k) acridine-2 ( 6H) -propanamine, NSC 366140, NSC 366140, me- thanesulfonate salt;
NSC 663284, NSC 663284, NSC-663284, NSC663284;
NSC-134754, 3-ethyl-9, 10-dimethoxy-2- (1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro- isoquinolin-l-ylmethyl ) -1,6,7, 1 lb-tetrahydro-4H-pyrido (2, 1- a) isoquinoline, NSC-134754;
NU2058, NU2058, O ( 6 ) -cyclohexylmethylguanine ;
number-one, number-one;
nutlin 3, nutlin 3, nutlin-3, nutlin-3A;
NVP-AEW541, NVP-AEW541;
Nylon, 6-Aminohexanoic acid homopolymer, A 1030N0, Akulon;
0- (chloroacetylcarbamoyl) fumagillol, 5-methoxy-4- (2-methyl-3- (3- methyl-2-butenyl ) oxiranyl) -1-oxaspiro (2, 5) oct-6-yl ( chloroacetyl ) carbamate, AGM 1470, AGM-1470;
O-desethylreboxetine, O-desethylreboxetine ;
O-Due, .beta . -Aminoethylsulfonic acid, l-Aminoethane-2-sulfonic acid, 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid;
o-quinone, 1 , 2-Benzoquinone, 2-benzoquinone, 3 , 5-cyclohexadiene- 1 , 2-dione ;
obovatol, 4 ' , 5-diallyl-2 , 3-dihydroxybiphenyl ether, obovatol; OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8, 9-Octachlorodibenzo (1,4) dioxin,
1,2,3,4,6,7,8, 9-Octachlorodibenzo (b, e ) ( 1 , 4 ) dioxin,
1,2,3,4,6,7,8, 9-Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin;
octanediol, octanediol;
Octoxynol, Octoxinol, Octoxinols, Octoxynol;
Octreotide, Compound 201 995, Compound 201-995, Compound 201995; Okadaic Acid, Ocadaic Acid, Okadaic Acid;
olanzapine, 2-methyl-4- ( 4-methyl-l-piperazinyl ) -10H-thieno (2, 3- b) ( 1 , 5 ) benzodiazepine, Eli Lilly brand of olanzapine, Lilly brand of olanzapine;
olefins, olefin, olefins;
oleoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide ;
olmelin, 4 ' -Methoxy-5, 7-dihydroxy isoflavone, 4'-
Methylgenistein, 4H-l-Benzopyran-4-one, 5, 7-dihydroxy-3- ( 4- methoxyphenyl ) -;
olmesartan, 4- (hydroxy- 1-methylethyl ) -2-propyl- 1- ( ( 2 ' - ( 1H- tetrazol-5-yl) -1, 1' -biphenyl-4-yl ) methyl ) - 1H-imidazole-5- carboxylic acid, CS-088, olmesartan;
olomoucine, olomoucine;
olomoucine II, olomoucine II;
Oltipraz, 3H-1 , 2-DITHIOLE-3-THIONE, 4-METHYL-5-PYRAZINYL-, 4- methyl-5- ( 2-pyrazinyl ) -3-dithiolethione, 4-Methyl-5- (pyrazinyl) - 3H-1, 2-dithiole-3-thione ;
omalizumab, Novartis Brand of Omalizumab, omalizumab, Xolair; omega-agatoxin, omega-agatoxin;
omega-Conotoxin GVIA, Conus geographus Toxin, Conus geographus Toxin GVIA, omega CgTX;
omega-N-Methylarginine, D-NMMA, L Monomethylarginine, L NG
Monomethyl Arginine;
Omeprazole, Esomeprazole, H 168 68, H 168-68;
omeprazole sulfone, omeprazole sulfone;
onapristone, onapristone;
ONCB, l-chloro-2-nitro-benzene, l-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene, 1- Nitro-2-chlorobenzene ;
Ondansetron, GR 38032F, GR-38032F, GR38032F;
ON04819, AE1 734, AE1-734, methyl 7- ( ( 1R, 2R, 3R) -3-hydroxy-2- ( (E) - (3S) -3-hydroxy-4- (m-methoxymethylphenyl ) -1-butenyl) -5- oxocyclopentyl ) -5-thiaheptanoate ;
Optef, (llbeta)-ll,17, 2 l-Trihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3 , 20-dione, (llbeta) -11, 17, 2 l-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3 , 20-dione,
(8S, 9S, 10R, US, 13S, 14S, 17R) -11, 17-dihydroxy-17- (2-hydroxy-l- oxoethyl) -10, 13-dimethyl-2 , 6,7,8,9,11,12,14, 15, 16-decahydro-lH- cyclopenta [a] phenanthren-3-one ;
OR 1246, OR 1246;
oroxylin A, oroxylin A;
Orphenadrine, Disipal, Lysantin, Mefenamine;
Osten, ( Ipriflavone) , 3-phenyl-7-propan-2-yloxy-chromen-4-one, 3-phenyl-7-propan-2-yloxychromen-4-one ;
osteum, osteum;
OSU 03012, 2-amino-N- (4- (5- (2-phenanthrenyl) -3- (trifluoromethyl) -lH-pyrazol-l-yl ) phenyl) acetamide, OSU 03012, OSU-03012;
Ouabain, Acocantherin, Acolongifloroside K, G Strophanthin;
OVEX, ( 17beta) -17-hydroxyestra-l ( 10 ) , 2 , 4-trien-3-yl benzoate, . beta . -Estradiol 3-benzoate, . beta . -Estradiol benzoate;
Ovex, ( 17-alpha) -19-Norpregna-l , 3,5(10) -trien-20-yne-3 , 17 , diol , ( 17beta) -17-ethynylestra-l (10) , 2 , 4-triene-3 , 17-diol ,
(8R, 9S, 13S, 14S, 17R) -17-ethynyl-13-methyl-7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16- octahydro- 6H-cyclopenta [a] phenanthrene-3 , 17-diol;
oxaliplatin, 1 , 2-diaminocyclohexane platinum oxalate, 1,2- diamminocyclohexane ( trans-1 ) oxolatoplatinum ( II ) , 1-OHP;
Oxarol, ( 1R, 3S , 5Z ) -5- [ ( 2E ) -2- [ (IS, 3aS, 7aS) -1-[(1S)-1- (3-hydroxy-
3-methyl-butoxy) ethyl] -7a-methyl-2 , 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH- inden-4-ylidene ] ethylidene] -4-methylene-cyclohexane-l , 3-diol, (lR,3S,5Z)-5-[ (2E) -2- [ (lS,3aS,7aS)-l-[ (IS) -1- ( 3-hydroxy-3- methyl-butoxy) ethyl] -7a-methyl-2 , 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH-inden-
4-ylidene] ethylidene] -4-methylidene-cyclohexane-l , 3-diol,
(lR,3S,5Z)-5-[ (2E) -2- [ (lS,3aS,7aS)-l-[ (IS) -1- ( 3-hydroxy-3- methylbutoxy) ethyl] -7a-methyl-2 , 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-lH-inden-4- ylidene] ethylidene] -4-methylenecyclohexane-l , 3-diol;
oxaspirodion, oxaspirodion;
oxatomide, oxatomide;
Oxazepam, Adumbran, Oxazepam, Serax;
oxcarbazepine, Desitin brand of oxcarbazepine, GP 47680, Novar- tis brand of oxcarbazepine;
Oxotremorine, Oxotremorine, Oxytremorine ;
oxotremorine M, N, N, N-trimethyl-4- ( 2-oxopyrrolidin-l-yl ) but-2- yn-l-aminium, oxotremorine M;
Oxymorphone, Bristol-Myers Squibb Brand of Oxymorphone Hydro¬ chloride, Endo Brand of Oxymorphone Hydrochloride, Methylnalox- one ;
Oxyntomodulin, Glicentin (33-69), Oxyntomodulin, Proglucagon (33-69) ;
Oxytrol, 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-acetic acid 4- diethylaminobut-2-ynyl ester, 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2- phenylacetic acid 4-diethylaminobut-2-ynyl ester, 4- (diethylamino) but-2-yn-l-yl cyclohexyl (hydroxy) phenylacetate ; p-ABA, 4-Aminobenzamidine, 4-Aminobenzenecarboximidamide, Ben- zamidine, p-amino-;
p-XSC, 1 , 4-bis ( selenocyanatomethyl ) benzene, 1,4- Phenylenebis (methylene) selenocyanate, p-XSC;
p-Xylol, 1 , 4-dimethylbenzene, 1 , 4-Dimethylbenzol , 1,4-xylene; Paclitaxel, 7 epi Taxol, 7-epi-Taxol, Anzatax;
paeonol, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone, paeonol; palladium, 46Pd, paladio, palladium;
palmitoleate, ( 9Z ) -hexadec-9-enoate, palmitoleate;
PALMITOYL, 16-Hexadecanal , hexadecanal, N-hexadecanal ;
Palmitoylcarnitine, Hexadecanoylcarnitine, Palmitoylcarnitine, Palmitylcarnitine ;
pamidronate, (3-amino-l-hydroxypropylidene) -1, 1-biphosphonate, (3-amino-l-hydroxypropylidene) -1, 1-bisphosphonate, l-hydroxy-3- aminopropane-1 , 1-diphosphonic acid;
panaxadiol, panaxadiol, panaxadiol, ( 3beta, 12beta) -isomer ;
panepoxydone, panepoxydone;
pantoprazole, BY 1023, BY-1023, pantoprazole;
Papaverine, Cerespan, Papaverine, Papaverine Hydrochloride;
Papite, 2-Propen-l-one, 2-propenal, 2-Propenal, homopolymer;
PAPP, 1- (2- (4-Aminophenyl) ethyl) -4- (3- trifluoromethylphenyl ) piperazine, 4- (2- (4- (3-
(Trifluoromethyl) phenyl) -1-piperazinyl ) ethyl) aniline hydrochloride, 4- [2- [4- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -1- piperazinyl] ethyl] aniline;
parecoxib, Dynastat, N- ( ( ( 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazol-4-yl ) - phenyl) sulfonyl ) propanamide, N- ( ( ( 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazol-4- yl ) -phenyl ) sulfonyl ) propanamine, sodium salt;
Paroxetine, Aropax, BRL 29060, BRL-29060;
Parsal, 5-Amino-N-butyl-2- (2-propynyloxy) benzamide, 5-amino-N- butyl-2-prop-2-ynoxy-benzamide, 5-amino-N-butyl-2-prop-2- ynoxybenzamide ;
Parthenolide, Parthenolide ;
PC 314, PC 314, PC-314, PC314 cpd;
PCA 4230, PCA 4230;
PCSO, 2-amino-3-prop-2-enylsulfinyl-propanoic acid, 2-amino-3- prop-2-enylsulfinylpropanoic acid, 3-allylsulfinyl-2-amino- propanoic acid;
PD
134308, PD 134308;
PD 144795, PD 144795;
PD 180988, CI-1034, CI1034, PD 180988;
PD 98059, 2- (2 ' -amino-3 ' -methoxyphenyl) oxanaphthalen-4-one, 2- (2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl) -4H-l-benzopyran-4-one, PD 098059;
pectin, pectin;
Pemetrexed, (2R) -2- [ [4- [2- (2-amino-4-keto-l, 7- dihydropyrrolo [ 4 , 5-e ] pyrimidin-5-yl ) ethyl ] benzoyl ] amino ] glutaric acid, (2R) -2- [ [4- [2- (2-amino-4-oxo-l, 7-dihydropyrrolo [4,5- e ] pyrimidin-5-yl ) ethyl ] benzoyl ] amino ] pentanedioic acid, (2R)-2- [ [4- [2- (2-amino-4-oxo-l, 7-dihydropyrrolo [4, 5-e] pyrimidin-S- yl ) ethyl ] phenyl ] carbonylamino ] pentanedioic acid;
Penicillins, Antibiotics, Penicillin, Penicillin, Penicillin Antibiotics ;
Penite, Arsenite, sodium, Atlas A, Chem Pels C;
Pentagastrin, Acignost, Gastrin Pentapeptide, Pentagastrin;
Pentoxifylline, Agapurin, BL 191, BL-191;
Peplomycin, NK 631, NK-631, NK631;
peppermint oil, peppermint oil, WS 1340, WS-1340;
Pepstatin A, Pepstatin A;
Perazine, Perazine, Perazine Dihydrochloride, Perazine Maleate; Pergolide, Athena Brand of Pergolide Mesylate, Celance, Draxis Brand of Pergolide Mesylate;
Perillol, ( &#8722 ; ) -Perillyl alcohol, (-)-Perillyl alcohol, (-)- Perillylalcohol ;
Perilymph, Perilymph, Perilymphs;
periodate, I04(-), periodate, tetraoxidoiodate ( 1- ) ;
perospirone, 2- (4- (4- (l,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl) -1- piperazinyl) butyl) hexahydro-lH-isoindole-1 , 3- (2H) -dione, pero¬ spirone, SM 9018;
perovskite, calcium titanium oxide, CaTi03, perovskite;
PFPA, 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3-pentafluoropropanoic acid (2,2,3,3,3- pentafluoro-l-oxopropyl ) ester, 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3-pentafluoropropanoyl
2,2,3,3, 3-pentafluoropropanoate, 2,2,3,3, 3-pentafluoropropionic acid 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3-pentafluoropropanoyl ester;
Phebestin, Phebestin;
phen, .beta . -Phenanthroline, 1, 10-Fenanthroline, l,10-o- Phenanthroline ;
phenolate, Phenol ion, Phenol, ion(l-) (VAN), phenolate;
Phenols, Carbol, Phenols;
phenoxodiol , 7-hydroxy-3-hydroxyphenyl-lH-benzopyran, phenoxodi- ol;
Phenprocoumon, Falithrom, Hexal Brand of Phenprocoumon, Li- quamar ;
Phentermine, Adipex P, Adipex-P, AdipexP;
phenyl-propionamide, phenyl-propionamide ;
phenyl-Pyridinium, phenyl-Pyridinium;
Phenytoin, 5, 5-Diphenylhydantoin, Antisacer, Difenin; pheophorbide a, (2(2)R,17S,18S) -7-ethyl-2 (1), 2 (2), 17, 18- tetrahydro-2 (2) - (methoxycarbonyl ) -3, 8, 13, 17-tetramethyl-2 (1) - oxo-12-ethenylcyclopenta [at] porphyrin-18-propanoic acid,
(3S, 4S, 21R) -9-ethenyl-14-ethyl-21- (methoxycarbonyl) -4,8,13,18- tetramethyl-2 O-oxo-3-phorbinepropanoic acid, 3- [ (3S, 4S, 21R) -14- ethyl-21- (methoxycarbonyl) -4, 8, 13, 18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-9- vinylphorbin-3-yl ] propanoic acid;
phloretin, 3- ( 4-hydroxyphenyl ) -1- (2,4, 6-trihydroxyphenyl ) -1- propanone, 3- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -1- (2,4, 6-trihydroxyphenyl) propan- 1-one, phloretin;
PHOB, 2, 4, 6 (1H, 3H, 5H) -Pyrimidinetrione, 5-ethyl-5-phenyl- , 5- ethyl-5-phenyl-l , 3-diazinane-2 , 4, 6-trione, 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl- 2, 4, 6 (1H, 3H, 5H) -pyrimidinetrione;
phorate, 0,0-Diethyl S- ( ethylthio ) methyl phosphorodithioate, 0, O-Diethyl S-ethylmercaptomethyl dithiophosphate, 0,0-diethyl S- [ (ethylsulfanyl) methyl] dithiophosphate;
phorbol, phorbol;
phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate, phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate;
phosphatidylethanolamines , ( 3-Phosphatidyl ) -ethanolamine, 1,2- diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, l-Acyl-2-acyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine ;
Phosphatidylinositol 4 , 5-Diphosphate, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5- Biphosphate, Phosphatidylinositol 4 , 5-Diphosphate, Phosphatidyl- inositol-4, 5-Bisphosphate ;
phosphatidylinositol phosphate, Ptdlns ( 4 , 5 ) P2 , phosphatidylino¬ sitol phosphate, Ptdlns ( 4 , 5 ) P2 , Ptdlns ( 4 , 5 ) P2 ;
phytanic acid, 3, 7, 11, 15-tetramethyl-hexadecanoic acid, Phytan- ate, phytanic acid;
Picibanil, NSC B116209, NSC-B116209, NSCB116209;
picric acid, 2 , 4 , 6-trinitrophenol , picrate, picric acid;
pifithrin, 1- ( 4-methylphenyl ) -2- (4,5,6, 7-tetrahydro-2-imino- 3(2H)- benzothiazolyl ) ethanone hydrobromide, 2- (2-imino-4, 5, 6, 7- tetrahydrobenzothiazol-3-yl ) -1-p-tolylethanone, PFT alpha;
Pilot, 2- ( 4- ( ( 6-Chloro-2-quinoxalinyl ) oxy) phenoxy) propanoic acid ethyl ester, 2- [ 4- ( 6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl ) oxyphenoxy] propionic acid ethyl ester, 2- [ 4- [ ( 6-chloro-2- quinoxalinyl ) oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid ethyl ester;
pimecrolimus , 33-epi-chloro-33-desoxyascomycin, ASM 981, Elidel; pioglitazone, 5- (4- (2- ( 5-ethyl-2-pyridyl ) ethoxy) benzyl) -2, 4- thiazolidinedione, Actos, AD 4833;
pipecoloxylidide, pipecoloxylidide ;
piperidine, Azacyclohexane, C1CCNCC1, Hexahydropyridine ;
piperine, ( (1-5- (1, 3) -benzodioxol-5-yl ) -l-oxo-2, 4- pentadienyl ) piperidine, 1-piperoylpiperidine, piperine;
Pira, 1- ( (p- (2- ( 5-Chloro-o-anisamido ) ethyl) phenyl) sulfonyl) -3- cyclohexylurea, 1- (p- (2- (5-Chloro-2- methoxybenzamido ) ethyl) benzenesulfonyl ) -3-cyclohexylurea, 5- Chloro-N- (2- (4-
( ( ( (cyclohexylamino) carbonyl) amino) sulfonyl) phenyl) ethyl) -2- methoxybenzamide ;
pirinixic acid, ( 4-chloro- 6- ( 2 , 3-xylidino ) -2- pyrimidinylthio ) acetic acid, 4-chloro- 6- ( 2 , 3- dimethylphenyl ) amino-2-pyrimidinylthioacetic acid, 4-chloro-6- (2, 3-xylidinyl) -2-pyrimidinylthioacetic acid;
Piroxicam, CP 16171, CP-16171, CP16171;
PKC412, PKC 412, PKC-412, PKC412;
plumbagin, 2-methyl-5-hydroxy-l , 4-naphthoquinone, 5-hydroxy-2- methyl-1, 4-naphthalenedione, 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-l , 4- naphthoquinone ;
Pluronic p 85, Pluronic p 85;
PMDT, 1 , 1 , 4 , 7 , 7-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, 1,2-
Ethanediamine, N- ( 2- (dimethylamino ) ethyl ) -N, N ' , N ' -trimethyl- ,
1 , 2-Ethanediamine, N- [ 2- (dimethylamino ) ethyl ] -N, N ' , N ' -trimethyl-
PMPA, ( ( (1R) -2- ( 6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl) -1- methylethoxy) methyl ) phosphonic acid, (R)-9-(2- Phosphonomethoxypropyl ) adenine, (R) -9- (2- Phosphonylmethoxypropyl ) adenine ;
PMSF, . alpha. -Toluenesulfonyl fluoride, alpha-TOLUENESULFONYL FLUORIDE, alpha-Toluenesulphonyl fluoride;
PNPP, ( 4-nitrophenoxy) phosphonic acid, ( 4-nitrophenyl ) dihydro- gen phosphate, 4-Nitrophenyl dihydrogen phosphate;
Podophyllotoxin, Ardern Brand of Podophyllotoxin, Canderm Brand of Podophyllotoxin, Condyline;
polidocanol, aethoxysclerol , aethoxysklerol , aetoxisclerol ;
poly-gamma-glutamate, poly-gamma-glutamate ;
ponicidin, ponicidin;
poractant alfa, Allphar brand of poractant alfa, Chiesi brand of poractant alfa, Curosurf; posaconazole, Noxafil, posaconazole, SCH 56592;
potassium tellurate ( IV) , potassium tellurate ( IV) ;
PQQ Cofactor, 2, 7, 9-Tricarboxy-lH-Pyrrolo- (2, 3-f ) Quinoline-4, 5-
Dione, 2 , 7 , 9-Tricarboxypyrroloquinoline Quinone, 4,5-Dihydro-
4, 5-Dioxo-l-H-Pyrrolo (2, 3-f) Quinoline-2, 7, 9-Tricarboxylic Acid; pranlukast, 8- (4 ( 4-phenylbutoxy) benzoyl ) amino-2- ( tetrazol-5 ' - yl) -4-oxo-4H-l-benzopyran, ONO 1078, ONO-1078;
Pravastatin, Apo Pravastatin, Apo-Pravastatin, Apotex Brand of Pravastatin Sodium;
Prazosin, Furazosin, Justac, Minipress;
PRDL, (llbeta) -11, 17, 21-Trihydroxypregna-l , 4-diene-3 , 20-dione, (8S, 9S, 10R, US, 13S, 14S, 17R) -11, 17-dihydroxy-17- (2-hydroxy-l- oxoethyl) -10, 13-dimethyl-7 , 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16-octahydro- 6H- cyclopenta [a] phenanthren-3-one, (8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,17R)- 11, 17-dihydroxy-17- ( 2-hydroxyacetyl ) -10, 13-dimethyl- 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16-octahydro- 6H-eye1openta [a] phenanthren-3- one ;
Precursor mrna, Precursor mrna;
Prednisone, acis Brand of Prednisone, Apo-Prednisone, Apotex Brand of Prednisone;
pregnane, pregnane;
Pregnanes, Pregnanes;
Pregnanolone, 3 alpha Hydroxy 5 alpha pregnan 20 one, 3 alpha Hydroxy 5 beta pregnan 20 one, 3 alpha, 5 beta- Tetrahydroprogesterone ;
pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile, 3beta-hydroxy-20-oxo-5- pregnene-16alpha-carbonitrile, 3beta-hydroxy-20-oxopregn-5-ene- 16alpha-carbonitrile, PCN;
Pregnyl, biogonadil, choriogonadotropin, choriogonin;
preussin, (+ ) -preussin, L 657398, L-657,398;
Primidone, Apo-Primidone, Apotex Brand of Primidone, Astra Brand of Primidone;
Proadifen, Diethylaminoethyldiphenylpropyl Acetate, Proadifen, Proadifen Hydrochloride;
Proanthocyanidins , Anthocyanidin Polymers, Condensed Tannin, Condensed Tannins;
Probenecid, Benecid, Benemid, Benuryl;
Probucol, Almirall Brand of Probucol, Aventis Brand of Probucol, Biphenabid;
Procasil, 2 , 3-Dihydro- 6-propyl-2-thioxo-4 ( 1H) -pyrimidinone, 2- Mercapto-4-hydroxy- 6-n-propylpyrimidine, 2-Mercapto- 6-propyl-4- pyrimidone ;
Procetofen, Abbott Brand of Procetofen, AbZ Brand of Procetofen, Aliud Brand of Procetofen;
procyanidin B2, procyanidin B2;
Prodix, (8R, 9S, 10R, 13S, 14S, 17R) -17-acetyl-17-hydroxy-10, 13- dimethyl-2, 6,7,8,9,11,12,14, 15, 16-decahydro-lH- cyclopenta [a] phenanthren-3-one, (8R, 9S, 10R, 13S, 14S, 17R) -17- ethanoyl-17-hydroxy-10, 13-dimethyl-2 , 6,7,8,9,11,12,14, 15, 16- decahydro-lH-cyclopenta [a] phenanthren-3-one, 17-alpha- Hydroxyprogesterone ;
prolactin, polymeric, BBPRL, big big prolactin, big prolactin; Propafenone, Abbott Brand of Propafenone Hydrochloride, Aliud Brand of Propafenone Hydrochloride, Alpharma Brand of
Propafenone Hydrochloride;
Propanesulfonate, 1-Propanesulfonic acid, Ammonium propanesul- fonate, propane-l-sulfonic acid;
Propofol, 2 , 6-Bis ( 1-methylethyl ) phenol , 2 , 6-Diisopropylphenol , Abbott Brand of Propofol;
propyl pyrazole triol, PPT cpd, propyl pyrazole triol, propylpy- razole triol;
propyne, 1-propyne, allylene, CC#C;
prostratin, prostratin;
protopanaxadiol , 20 ( S ) -protopanaxadiol , protopanaxadiol , pro- topanaxadiol , (3beta, 12beta) -isomer;
protopanaxatriol , protopanaxatriol , protopanaxatriol ,
(3beta, 6alpha, 12beta, 20R) -isomer;
PS 15, N- ( 3 ( 2 , 4 , 5-trichlorophenoxy) propyloxy) -N ' - ( 1- methylethyl ) imidocarbonimidicdiamide hydrochloride, PS 15, PS- 15;
Pseudohypericin, Hypericum Extract, Phenanthro ( 1 , 10 , 9, 8- opgra) perylene-7, 14-dione, 1,3,4,6,8, 13-hexahydroxy-10- (hydroxymethyl) -11-methyl-, stereoisomer, Pseudohypericin;
Pseudomonas-exotoxin, Pseudomonas-exotoxin;
Psoralens ,
Furanocoumarins , Furocoumarins , Psoralens;
psychosine-3 ' -sulfate ester, psychosine-3 ' -sulfate ester;
PTBP, l-Hydroxy-4-tert-butylbenzene, 2-tert-Butylphenol , 4-(l,l- Dimethylethyl ) phenol ;
pteridine, 1, 3, 5, 8-tetraazanaphthalene, azinepurine, clcnc2ncncc2nl ;
Pterostilbene, 3 ' , 5 ' -Dimethoxy-4-stilbenol , 3 , 5-Dimethoxy- 4&#8242 ; -hydroxystilbene, 3, 5-Dimethoxy-4 ' -hydroxy-trans- stilbene ;
PURAC, (+) -Lactic acid, (+- ) -2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, (2R)-2- hydroxypropanoic acid;
Puromycin, CL 13900, CL-13900, CL13900;
putrescine, 1 , 4-Butanediamine, 1 , 4-butylenediamine, 1,4- DIAMINOBUTANE;
Pyocyanine, Pyocyanin, Pyocyanine;
Pyra, 1 , 2-Ethanediamine, N- (( 4-methoxyphenyl ) methyl ) -N ', N ' - dimethyl-N-2-pyridinyl- , 1 , 2-Ethanediamine, N-((4- methoxyphenyl ) methyl ) -N ', N ' -dimethyl-N-2-pyridinyl- (9CI), 1,2- Ethanediamine, N- [ (4-methoxyphenyl ) methyl ] -N ' , N ' -dimethyl-N-2- pyridinyl- ;
pyranones, oxopyrans, pyranone, pyranones;
pyrazole, Pyrazol, pyrazole;
Pyrethrins, Pyrethrins, Pyrethroids ;
pyridazine, 1,2-diazine, clccnncl, o-diazine;
Pyrimethamine, Aventis Brand of Pyrimethamine, Chloridin, Dara- prim;
pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside, NSC 309132, pyrimidin-2-one beta-D-ribofuranoside, pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside;
Pyro, 1, 2, 3-Benzenetriol, 1,2, 3-TRIHYDROXY-BENZENE, 1,2,3- Trihydroxybenzen;
pyrogallol sulfonphthalein, pyrogallol sulfonphthalein;
pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, 2- pyrrolecarboxylic acid, PCA;
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic ac¬ id, Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate ;
pyrroloazepinone, pyrroloazepinone ;
Qingkailing, Qingkailing;
quercitrin, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-L-rhamnoside, quercetrin;
quetiapine, 2- (2- (4-dibenzo (b, f ) ( 1 , 4 ) thiazepine-11-yl-l- piperazinyl ) ethoxy) ethanol , AstraZeneca Brand of Quetiapine Fumarate, Ethanol, 2- (2- (4-dibenzo (b, f) ( 1 , 4 ) thiazepin-11-yl-l- piperazinyl ) ethoxy)- , (E ) -2-butenedioate (2:1) (salt);
Quicifal, 1-Ascorbyl palmitate, 6-Hexadecanoyl-L-ascorbic acid, 6-Monopalmitoyl-L-ascorbate ; quinazoline, 1 , 3-benzodiazine, 1 , 3-diazanaphthalene, 5,6- benzopyrimidine ;
Quinolinium, Quinolinium;
Quinpirole, Quinpirole, Quinpirole Hydrochloride, Quinpirole Monohydrochloride ;
quinuclidin-3 ' -yl-l-phenyl-1 , 2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2- carboxylate monosuccinate, quinuclidin-3 ' -yl 1-phenyl-l, 2, 3, 4- tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylate monohydrochloride, quinu¬ clidin-3 ' -yl-l-phenyl-1, 2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2- carboxylate monosuccinate, solifenacin;
quinupristin-dalfopristin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, RP 59500, RP-59500;
R-138727, R-138727;
R-99224, (2Z) - (1- (2-cyclopropyl-l- (2-fluorophenyl) -2-oxoethyl) - 4-mercapto-3-piperidinylidene ) , R-99224;
Raloxifene, ELi Lilly Brand of Raloxifene, Evista, Keoxifene; raltitrexed, Arkomedika brand of raltitrexed, AstraZeneca brand of raltitrexed, D 1694;
Ramipril, Acovil, Almirall Brand of Ramipril, Altace;
ramiprilat, ramiprilat;
RAMP, RAMP;
Ranitidine, AH 19065, AH-19065, AH19065;
RAPA, ( - ) -Rapamycin, ( 3- ( 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl ) -1- methylethyl) -10, 21-dimethoxy- ,
(3S, 6R, 7E, 9R, 10R, 12R, 14S , 15E , 17E , 19E , 2 IS , 23S , 26R, 27R, 34aS ) - ; rasagiline, 2, 3-dihydro-N-2-propynyl-lH-inden-l-amine- (1R) - hydrochloride, AGN 1135, AGN-1135;
rebamipide, 2- ( 4-chlorobenzoylamino ) -3- (2 (1H) -quinolinon-4- yl)propionic acid, OPC 12759, OPC-12759;
reboxetine, 2- (( 2-ethoxyphenoxy) benzyl ) morpholine methanesul- fonate, reboxetine, reboxetine mesylate;
remifentanil , 3- ( 4-methoxycarbonyl-4- ( ( 1-oxopropyl ) phenylamino ) - 1-piperidine ) propanoic acid methyl ester, Abbott brand of rem- ifentanil, GI 87084B;
renzapride, 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxy-N- (1-azabicyclo- (3.3.1) - non-4-yl) benzamide, BRL 24924, BRL-24924;
repaglinide, 2-ethoxy-4- (2- ( (3-methyl-l- (2- (1- piperidinyl ) phenyl ) butyl ) amino ) -2-oxoethyl ) benzoic acid, 2- ethoxy-N- (alpha- (2-methyl-l-propyl) -2-piperidinobenzyl ) -4- carbamoylmethylbenzoic acid, AG-EE 388; Resiniferotoxin, Resiniferotoxin;
resiquimod, 1- [4-amino-2- ( ethoxymethyl ) -lH-imidazo [4,5- c] quinolin-l-yl ] -2-methylpropan-2-ol ,
CCOCclnc2c (N) nc3ccccc3c2nlCC (C) (C) 0, R 848;
Retardex, acide benzoique, Ammonium benzoate, Aromatic hydroxy acid;
Riacon, (2-Mercaptoethyl) amine, .beta . -Mercaptoethylamine, 1- Amino-2-mercaptoethylamine ;
Ribavirin, Dermatech Brand of Ribavirin, Essex Brand of Ribavirin, Grossman Brand of Ribavirin;
Riboflavin, Flavin mononucleotide, Pentitol, 1-deoxy-l- (3, 4- dihydro-7, 8-dimethyl-2 , 4-dioxobenzo [g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl)-, 5- (dihydrogen phosphate) , Riboflavin;
Rifabutin, Alfacid, Ansamycin, Ansatipin;
rifamycins, rifamycins;
Rifocin, Rifamycin, Rifamycin SV, Rifocin;
rimonabant, Acomplia, N- (piperidin-l-yl ) -5- ( 4-chlorophenyl ) -1- (2, 4-dichlorophenyl ) -4-methyl-lH-pyrazole-3-carboxamide hydro¬ chloride, rimonabant;
risedronic acid, 2- ( 3-pyridinyl ) -1-hydroxyethylidene- bisphosphonate, 2- (3-pyridinyl) -1- hydroxyethylidenebisphosphonate, Actonel ;
risperidone, 3- { 2- [4- (6-fluoro-l,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-
1-yl ] ethyl } -2-methyl- 6, 7,8, 9-tetrahydro-4H-pyrido [1,2- a] pyrimidin-4-one, Risperdal, risperidona;
Ristocetin, Ristocetin, Ristomycin;
Ritonavir, ABT 538, ABT-538, ABT538;
rituximab, CD20 antibody, rituximab, Genentech brand of rituxi- mab, Hoffmann-La Roche brand of rituximab;
Ro 13-8996, (Z) - (2, 4-dichlorobenzyl ) oxy- [1- (2, 4-dichlorophenyl) -
2-imidazol-l-yl-ethylidene] amine, 1- (2, 4-dichlorophenyl) -N-
[ ( 2 , 4-dichlorophenyl ) methoxy] -2- ( 1-imidazolyl ) ethanimine, 1-
( 2 , 4-dichlorophenyl ) -N- [ ( 2 , 4-dichlorophenyl ) methoxy] -2-imidazol-
1-yl-ethanimine ;
Ro 23-7553, ( 1R, 3S , 5Z ) -5- [ ( 2E ) -2- [ ( 3aS , 7aS ) - 1- [ ( 1R) -5-hydroxy- 1, 5-dimethyl-hex-3-ynyl ] -7a-methyl-3a, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydro-3H-inden- 4-ylidene] ethylidene] -4-methylene-cyclohexane-l , 3-diol,
(1R, 3S, 5Z) -5- [ (2E) -2- [ ( 3aS , 7aS ) -1- [ (1R) -5-hydroxy-l , 5- dimethylhex-3-ynyl ] -7a-methyl-3a, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydro-3H-inden-4- ylidene] ethylidene] -4-methylenecyclohexane-l , 3-diol, (1R, 3S, 5Z) - 5- [ (2E) -2- [ (3aS, 7aS) -1- [ (2R) - 6-hydroxy- 6-methyl-hept-4-yn-2-yl ] - 7a-methyl-3a, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydro-3H-inden-4-ylidene ] ethylidene] -4- methylidene-cyclohexane-1 , 3-diol ;
Ro 23-7637, Ro 23-7637;
Ro 24-7429, 7-chloro-N-methyl-5- ( lH-pyrrol-2-yl ) -3H-1 , 4- benzodiazepin-2-amine, Ro 24-7429, Ro-24-7429;
Ro 31-6233, lH-Pyrrole-2 , 5-dione , 3, 4-di-lH-indol-3-yl-, 2,3- bis ( lH-Indol-3-yl ) maleimide, 3 , 4-bis ( lH-indol-3-yl ) -3-pyrroline-
2 , 5-quinone ;
Ro 31-7549, Ro 31-7549;
Ro 31-8220, Ro 31-8220;
R04383596, (+/-) -1- ( anti-3-hydroxy-cyclopentyl ) -3- (4-methoxy- phenyl) -7-phenylamino-3 , 4-dihydro-lH-pyrimido (4, 5-d) pyrimidin-2- one, R04383596;
Robitet, (2Z) -2- ( amino-hydroxy-methylene ) -4-dimethylamino-
6, 10, 11, 12a-tetrahydroxy- 6-methyl-4 , 4a, 5, 5a-tetrahydrotetracene-
1, 3, 12-trione, (2Z) -2- ( amino-hydroxy-methylidene ) -4- dimethylamino-6, 10, 11, 12a-tetrahydroxy- 6-methyl-4 , 4a, 5, 5a- tetrahydrotetracene-1 , 3, 12-trione, (2Z) -2- (amino- hydroxymethylene ) -4-dimethylamino-6, 10, 11, 12a-tetrahydroxy- 6- methyl-4, 4a, 5, 5a-tetrahydrotetracene-l , 3, 12-trione;
rofecoxib, Cahill May Roberts brand of rofecoxib, Merck brand of rofecoxib, Merck Frosst brand of rofecoxib;
roflumilast , 3-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-difluoromethoxy-N- (3, 5-di- chloropyrid-4-yl ) benzamide, roflumilast;
rokitamycin, 3 ' ' -O-propionylleucomycin A5, pro-leucomycin A5, rokitamycin;
Rolipram, Rolipram, ZK 62711, ZK-62711;
romidepsin, FK228, FR 901228, FR-901228;
rooperol, rooperol;
ropivacaine, l-propyl-2 ' , 6 ' -pipecoloxylidide, AL 381, AL-381; roscovitine, 2- ( l-ethyl-2-hydroxyethylamino ) -6-benzylamino-9- isopropylpurine, CYC 202, CYC-202;
rosiglitazone, 5- ( (4- (2-methyl-2-
(pyridinylamino ) ethoxy) phenyl ) methyl ) -2 , 4-thiazolidinedione-2- butenedioate, Avandia, BRL 49653;
rosmarinic acid, ( 2S ) -3- ( 3 , 4-dihydroxyphenyl ) -2- [ ( 2E ) -3- ( 3 , 4- dihydroxyphenyl ) prop-2-enoyloxy] propanoic acid, Rosmarinate, rosmarinic acid;
rosuvastatin, (3R, 5S, 6E) -7- (4- ( 4-fluorophenyl ) -6- (1- methylethyl) -2- (ethyl (methylsulfonyl ) amino) -5-pyrimidinyl ) -3, 5- dihydroxy- 6-heptenoic acid, (3R, 5S, 6E) -7- { 4- (4-fluorophenyl) -2- [methyl (methylsulfonyl ) amino ] - 6- (propan-2-yl ) pyrimidin-5-yl } - 3 , 5-dihydroxyhept- 6-enoic acid, ( 3R, 5S , 6E ) -7- { 4- ( 4- fluorophenyl ) - 6-isopropyl-2-
[methyl (methylsulfonyl ) amino ] pyrimidin-5-yl } -3 , 5-dihydroxyhept- 6-enoic acid;
Roxithromycin, 1A Brand of Roxithromycin, Alpharma Brand of Roxithromycin, Aventis Brand of Roxithromycin;
Rozevin, (2ALPHA, 2 'BETA, 3BETA, 4ALPHA, 5BETA) -VINCALEUKOBLASTINE, (3aR-
(3aalpha, 4beta, 5beta, 5abeta, 9 (3R*, 5S*, 7R*, 9S*) , 10bR*, 13aalpha) ) - methyl 4- (acetyloxy) -3a-ethyl-9- (5-ethyl-l, 4,5,6,7,8,9, 10- octahydro-5-hydroxy-9- (methoxycarbonyl ) -2H-3, 7- methanoazacycloundecino (5, 4-b) indol-9-yl) -3a, 4, 5, 5a, 6, 11,12, 13a- octahydro-5-hydro, lH-Indolizino (8, 1-cd) carbazole-5-carboxylic acid, 4- (acetyloxy) -3a-ethyl-9- ( 5-ethyl-l , 4 , 5, 6,7,8,9, 10- octahydro-5-hydroxy-9- (methoxycarbonyl) -2H-3, 7- methanoazacycloundecino (5, 4-b) indol-9-yl) -3a, 4, 5, 5a, 6, 11,12, 13a- octahydro-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy- 6-methyl- , me ;
RPR 121056, 7-ethyl- 10- ( 4-N- ( 5-aminopentanoic acid) -1- piperidino ) carbonyloxycamptothecin, APC cpd, RPR 121056;
RU 58668, llbeta- (4- (5- ( (4, 4, 5, 5, 5- pentafluoropentyl ) sulfonyl ) pentyloxy) phenyl ) -estra-1, 3, 5 (10) - triene, 3, 17beta-diol, Estra-1 , 3 , 5 ( 10 ) -triene-3 , 17-diol , ll-(4-
((5-((4,4,5,5, 5-pentafluoropentyl ) sulfonyl) pentyl) oxy) phenyl) -,
(llbeta, 17beta) -, RU 58 668;
ruboxistaurin, 13- ( (dimethylamino) methyl) -10, 11, 14, 15- tetrahydro-4 , 9:16, 21-dimetheno-lH, 13H-dibenzo (e, k)pyrrolo (3, 4- h) ( 1 , 4 , 13 ) oxadiazacyclohexadecene-1 , 3 ( 2H) -dione, Arxxant, Lilly brand of ruboxistaurin mesilate hydrate;
rugosin E, rugosin E;
rutecarpine, rutaecarpine, rutecarpine;
Rutin, 2- (3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl ) -5, 7-dihydroxy-3-
[ (2S, 3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -3, 4, 5-trihydroxy- 6- [ [ (2R, 3R, 4R, 5R, 6S) -3, 4, 5- trihydroxy- 6-methyl-oxan-2-yl ] oxymethyl] oxan-2-yl] oxy-chromen-4- one,
2- (3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) -5, 7-dihydroxy-3- [ (2S, 3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) - 3, 4, 5-trihydroxy-6- [ [ (2R, 3R, 4R, 5R, 6S) -3, 4, 5-trihydroxy- 6-methyl- tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] oxymethyl] tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] oxy-chromen- 4-one, 2- (3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl ) -5, 7-dihydroxy-3-
[ (2S, 3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -3, 4, 5-trihydroxy- 6- [ [ (2R, 3R, 4R, 5R, 6S) -3, 4, 5- trihydroxy- 6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2- yl] oxymethyl] tetrahydropyran-2-yl ] oxy-chromone;
5- (beta-p-methoxypropiophenone ) thiamine, MB 2, MB-2, S- (beta-p- methoxypropiophenone ) thiamine;
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenici11amine, N-Acetyl-S- Nitrosopenicillamine, N2-Acetyl-S-Nitroso-D, L- Penicillinaminamide, S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenici11amine ;
S-Nitrosothiols , S-Nitrosothiol , S-Nitrosothiols;
S-phenyl-N-acetylcysteine, 2-acetamido-3-phenylthiopropanoic ac¬ id, phenylmercapturic acid, S-phenyl-N-acetylcysteine;
sabarubicin, 4-demethoxy-7-0- (2, 6-dideoxy-4-0- (2, 3, 6-trideoxy-3- amino-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl ) -alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl ) - adriamycinone, MEN 10755, MEN-10755;
sabcomeline, (R) -3-quinuclidineglyoxylonitrile- (Z) - (0) - methyloxime, alpha- (methylimino ) -1-azabicyclo (2.2.2) octane-3- acetonitrile, sabcomeline;
Safingol, (2S, 3R) -2-amino-l, 3-octadecanediol, (2S,3R)-2- aminooctadecane-1 , 3-diol , (R- (R* , S* ) ) -2-aminooctadecane-l , 3- diol ;
Safrole, 4-Allyl-l , 2-methylenedioxybenzene, Safrol, Safrole; SAGA, (1R, 3S) -2, 2-dimethyl-3- ( 1 , 2 , 2 , 2-tetrabromoethyl ) -1- cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [ ( S ) -cyano- [ 3-
(phenoxy) phenyl ] methyl ] ester, ( 1R, 3S ) -2 , 2-dimethyl-3- ( 1 , 2 , 2 , 2- tetrabromoethyl ) cyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid [ ( S ) -cyano- [ 3- (phenoxy) phenyl ] methyl ] ester, ( S ) -alpha-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R) -cis-2, 2-dimethyl-3- ( (RS) -1 , 2 , 2 , 2-tetrabromoethyl ) - cyclopropanecarboxylate ;
SAHA, 8- (hydroxyamino) -8-keto-N-phenyl-caprylamide, 8- (hydroxyamino ) -8-oxo-N-phenyl-octanamide, 8- (hydroxyamino) -8- oxo-N-phenyloctanamide ;
saikosaponin, saikosaponin, saikosaponin B, saikosaponin Bl; Salicin, .beta . -D-Glucopyranoside, 2- (hydroxymethyl ) phenyl , 2- (hydroxymethyl ) - 6- [2- (hydroxymethyl ) phenoxy] oxane-3 , 4, 5-triol, 2- (hydroxymethyl ) - 6- [2- (hydroxymethyl ) phenoxy] tetrahydropyran- 3, 4, 5-triol;
salvin, carnosic acid, salvin;
samarium, 62Sm, samario, samarium;
SAMe, (2S) -2-amino-4- [ [ ( 2S , 3S , 4R, 5R) -5- ( 6-amino-9-purinyl ) -3,4- dihydroxy-2-tetrahydrofuranyl ] methyl-methylsulfonio ] butanoate, (2S) -2-amino-4- [ [ ( 2S , 3S , 4R, 5R) -5- ( 6-aminopurin-9-yl ) -3,4- dihydroxy-oxolan-2-yl ] methyl-methyl-sulfonio ] butanoate, ( 2S ) -2- amino-4- [ [ (2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-( 6-aminopurin-9-yl ) -3, 4-dihydroxy- tetrahydrofuran-2-yl ] methyl-methyl-sulfonio ] butanoate ;
sanguinarine, 13-methyl-2H, 1 OH- [ 1 , 3 ] dioxolo [4,5- i ] [1,3] dioxolo [ 4 ' , 5 ' :4,5]benzo[l,2-c] phenanthridinium, 13- methyl [1,3] benzodioxolo [5, 6-c] -1 , 3-dioxolo [4,5- i ] phenanthridinium, sanguinarine ;
sapogenins, sapogenin, sapogenins;
Saquinavir, Invirase, Ro 31 8959, Ro 31-8959;
Sarasar, ( ) 4- ( 2- ( 4- ( 8-Chloro-3 , 10-dibromo- 6, 1 l-dihydro-5H- benzo (5, 6 ) cyclohepta ( 1 , 2-b) pyridin-11-yl ) -1-piperidinyl ) -2- oxoethyl) -1-piperidinecarboxamide, ( + ) -4 [2- [4- (8-Chloro-3, 10- dibromo- 6, 1 l-dihydro-5H-benzo [5,6] cyclohepta [ 1 , 2-b] -pyridin- 11 (R) -yl-l-piperidinyl ] -2-oxo-ethyl ] -1-piperidinecarboxamide, 1- Piperidinecarboxamide, 4- (2- (4- ( (11R) -3, 10-dibromo-8-chloro- 6, 1 l-dihydro-5H-benzo (5,6) cyclohepta ( 1 , 2-b) pyridin-11-yl ) -1- piperidinyl) -2-oxoethyl) -;
Sarna, () -Menthol, (+) -Isomenthol, (+) -Menthol;
sauchinone, sauchinone;
saxatilin, saxatilin;
SB 218078, SB 218078, SB-218078;
SB 225002, N- ( 2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl ) -N ' - ( 2-bromophenyl ) urea, SB 225002, SB-225002;
SB 415286, 3- ( 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino ) -4- ( 4-nitrophenyl ) - lH-pyrrole-2, 5-dione, SB 415286, SB-415286;
SB-705498, SB-705498;
scandium, 21Sc, escandio, scandium;
SCH 66712, SCH 66712, SCH66712;
schizandrer A, gomisin C, gomisin-G, PC 315;
scoparone, 6, 7-dimethoxycoumarin, 6, 7-dimethylesculetin, scopa- rone ;
Scopoletin, . beta . -Methylesculetin, 2H-l-Benzopyran-2-one, 7- hydroxy- 6-methoxy- , 2H-l-Benzopyran-2-one, 7-hydroxy- 6-methoxy- (9CI) ;
Score, 1- ( (2- (2-Chloro-4- ( 4-chlorophenoxy) phenyl) -4-methyl-l, 3- dioxolan-2-yl) methyl) -lH-1, 2, 4-triazole, 1- ( (2- [2-Chloro-4- (4- chlorophenoxy) phenyl ] -4-methyl-l , 3-dioxolan-2-yl ) methyl ) -1H- 1, 2, 4-triazole, 1- ( {2- [2-chloro-4- (4-chlorophenoxy) phenyl ] -4- methyl- 1, 3-dioxolan-2-yl }methyl) -lH-l,2,4-triazole;
SDX 308, CEP 18082, CEP-18082, CEP18082;
Selegiline, Bristol Myers Squibb Brand of Selegiline, Bristol- Myers Squibb Brand of Selegiline, Deprenalin;
seocalcitol, 1 (S) , 3 (R) -dihydroxy-20 (R) - (5 ' -ethyl-5 ' - hydroxyhepta-1 ' (E) , 3 ' (E) -dien-1 ' -yl) -9, 10-secopregna- 5 (Z) , 7 (E) , 10 (19) -triene, EB 1089, EB-1089;
Sep-Pak, Sep-Pak;
Serad, (IS, 4S) -4- (3, 4-Dichlorophenyl ) -1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-N- methyl-l-naphthylamine hydrochloride, ( IS , 4S ) -4- ( 3 , 4- Dichlorophenyl ) -1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-N-methyl-l-napthalenamine hy¬ drochloride, (IS, 4S) -4- (3, 4-dichlorophenyl) -N-methyl-1 , 2 , 3, 4- tetrahydronaphthalen-l-amine hydrochloride ;
sertindole, 1- (2-{4- [5-chloro-l- ( 4-fluorophenyl ) -lH-indol-3- yl ] piperidin-l-yl } ethyl ) imidazolidin-2-one, 1- [2- [4- [5-chloro-l- ( 4-fluorophenyl ) -indol-3-yl] -1-piperidyl ] ethyl] imidazolidin-2- one, Serdolect;
sevoflurane, BAX 3084, fluoromethyl hexafluoroisopropyl ether, fluoromethyl-2 , 2, 2-trifluoro-1- (trifluoromethyl) ethyl ether;
SEW2871, SEW-2871, SEW2871;
shikonin, shikonin, shikonin, (+) -isomer;
siderophore, ironophore, siderochrome, siderochromes ;
Sildenafil, 1- ( (3- (4, 7-Dihydro-l-methyl-7-oxo-3-propyl-lH- pyrazolo (4, 3-d) pyrimidin-5-yl ) -4-ethoxyphenyl ) sulfonyl ) -4- methylpiperazine, 5- [2-ethoxy-5- ( 4-methylpiperazin-l- yl) sulfonyl-phenyl ] -l-methyl-3-propyl-4H-pyrazolo [5, 4- e] pyrimidin-7-one, 5- [2-ethoxy-5- ( 4-methylpiperazin-l- yl) sulfonylphenyl ] -l-methyl-3-propyl-4H-pyrazolo [5, 4- e ] pyrimidin-7-one ;
silvestrol, silvestrol;
silybin, 2 , 3-dehydrosilybin, Alepa-forte, Ardeyhepan;
Sincalide, Bracco Brand of Sincalide, CCK-8, CCK-OP;
Sizofiran, Schizophyllan, Sizofilan, Sizofiran;
SK-7041, SK-7041;
SK&F 106528, recombinant soluble CD4, SK&F 106528, SK&F-106528; SM 7368, SM 7368, SM-7368, SM7368;
Sodium pentosan poly sulfate, Sodium pentosan poly sulfate;
Sodium Salicylate, Sodium Salicylate;
sorafenib, 4- ( 4- ( 3- ( 4-chloro-3- trifluoromethylphenyl ) ureido) phenoxy) pyridine-2-carboxyllic acid methyamide-4-methylbenzenesulfonate, BAY 43-9006, Nexavar;
sorbinil, CP 45634, CP-45634, D-6-fluoro-spiro (chroman-4, 4 ' - imidazolidine ) -2 ' , 5 ' -dione ;
Sorbo, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-Hexanehexol, 3 , 3 ' -Oxydi ( 1 , 2-propanediol ) , al¬ pha, alpha ' -Diglycerol ;
Sorbose, (2R, 3S, 4R, 5R) -2- (hydroxymethyl ) oxane-2, 3, 4, 5-tetrol, (2R, 3S, 4R, 5R) -2- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydropyran-2 , 3, 4, 5-tetrol, (2R, 3S, 4R, 5R) -2-methyloltetrahydropyran-2 , 3, 4, 5-tetrol;
spiroglumide, 4- ( 3-chlorobenzamido ) -5- (8-azaspiro (4.5) decan-8- yl) -5-oxopentanoic acid, CR 2194, CR-2194;
Spironolactone, Aldactone, Aldactone A, Alphapharm Brand of Spi¬ ronolactone ;
squamocin, squamocin;
SR 144528, N- (1,3, 3-trimethylbicyclo (2.2.1) heptan-2-yl ) -5- ( 4- chloro-3-methylphenyl ) -1- ( 4-methylbenzyl ) pyrazole-3-carboxamide, SR 144528, SR-144528;
SR 27897, SR 27897;
SR 48692, 2- ( (1- (7-chloro-4-quinolinyl) -5- (2, 6- dimethoxyphenyl )pyrazol-3- yl ) carbonylamino )tricyclo (3.3.1.1. (3.7) ) decan-2-carboxylic acid,
SR 48692, SR-48692;
SR 80327A, SR 80327A, SR-80327A;
SR 90107A-ORG 31540, SR 90107A-ORG 31540, SR90107A-ORG31540 ; ST 638, alpha-cyano-3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-5- phenylmethylcinnamamide, ST 638, ST-638;
stallimycin, stallimycin;
Stanozolol, Androstanazol , Methylstanazol , Sanofi Winthrop Brand of Stanozolol;
staurosporine, (5S, 6R, 7R, 9R) - 6-methoxy-5-methyl-7-methylamino- 6,7,8,9, 15, 16-hexahydro-5H, 14H-5, 9-epoxy-4b, 9a, 15- triazadibenzo [b, h] cyclonona [1,2,3,4-jkl] eye1openta [ e ] -as- indacen-14-one, Staurosporin, staurosporine;
Stearin, 1 , 2 , 3-Propanetriol trioctadecanoate, 1,2,3- trioctadecanoyl-sn-glycerol , 1,2, 3-Trioctadecanoylglycerol ;
Stereoisomerism, Stereoisomer, Stereoisomerism, Stereoisomers; Steviol, Kaur-16-en-18-oic acid, 13-hydroxy-, (4.alpha.)-, Ste- viol ;
Stevioside, l-0-{ (5beta, 8alpha, 9beta, lOalpha, 13alpha) -13- [ (2-0- beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ) oxy] -18-oxokaur-l 6- en-18-yl } -beta-D-glucopyranose, 13- [ (2-0-.beta.-D- Glucopyranosyl- . alpha . -D-glucopyranosyl ) oxy] kaur-16-en-l 8-oic acid . beta . -D-glucopyranosyl ester, Diterpene glycoside;
STIL, (E) -3, 4-Bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -3-hexene, (E ) -4 , 4 ' - ( 1 , 2- Diethyl-1, 2-ethenediyl ) bisphenol, (E) -4, 4 ' - (hex-3-ene-3 , 4- diyl ) diphenol ;
stilbene-disulphonate, stilbene-disulphonate ;
Stilbenes, Stilbenes;
Stim, 1, 3, 7-trimethyl-2 , 6-dioxo-l, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropurine, 1,3,7- Trimethyl-2, 6-dioxopurine, 1, 3, 7-trimethyl-3 , 7-dihydro-lH- purine-2, 6-dione;
Streptomycin, CEPA Brand of Streptomycin Sulfate, Clariana Brand of Streptomycin Sulfate, Estreptomicina CEPA;
Styrene, Styrene, Styrene Monomer, Styrol;
styrene-methylmethacrylate copolymer, styrene-methylmethacrylate copolymer;
SU 5416, 3- (2, 4-dimethylpyrrol-5-yl) methylidene-indolin-2-one, Semaxinib, SU 5416;
SU 6668, (Z) -3- (2, 4-dimethyl-5- (2-oxo-l, 2-dihydro-indol-3- ylidenemethyl ) -lH-pyrrol-3-yl ) -propionic acid, (Z)-3-(2,4- dimethyl-5- (2-oxo-l, 2-dihydro-indol-3-ylidenemethyl ) -lH-pyrrol-
3-yl ) propionic acid, SU 6668;
SU 9516, 3- (1- (3H-Imidazol-4-yl) -meth- (Z) -ylidene) -5-methoxy-
1.3-dihydro-indol-2-one, SU 9516, SU9516;
suberate, octanedioate, suberate;
suberosin, suberosin;
succinic semialdehyde, 3-formylpropanoic acid, 3-formylpropionic acid, 4-oxobutanoic acid;
Sufentanil, Abbot Brand of Sufentanil Citrate, Baxter Brand of Sufentanil Citrate, curasan Brand of Sufentanil Citrate;
Suldox, 4-amino-N- (5, 6-dimethoxy-4- pyrimidinyl) benzenesulfonamide; 5- ( 4-chlorophenyl ) -6- ethylpyrimidine-2 , 4-diamine, 4-amino-N- (5, 6-dimethoxypyrimidin-
4-yl) benzenesulfonamide; 5- (4-chlorophenyl) - 6-ethyl-pyrimidine-
2.4-diamine,
4-amino-N- (5, 6-dimethoxypyrimidin-4-yl) benzenesulfonamide; 5- ( 4-chlorophenyl ) - 6-ethylpyrimidine-2 , 4-diamine;
sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, Fansidar, Suldox, sulfadoxine- pyrimethamine ;
Sulfamethazine, Sulfadimezine, Sulfadimidine, Sulfamethazine; sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine, sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine ; Sulfaphenazole, Phenylsulfapyrazole, Sulfaphenazole, Sulfa- phenylpyrazol ;
Sulfasalazine, Alphapharm Brand of Sulfasalazine, Ashbourne Brand of Sulfasalazine, Asulfidine;
sulfate cellufine, sulfate cellufine;
sulfate-sulfate, sulfate-sulfate;
sulfidonitrogen ( . ) , (NS) (.), mononitrogen monosulfide, nitroge monosulfide;
Sulfinpyrazone, Anturan, Anturane, Apo Sulfinpyrazone;
sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate, SSO cpd, sulfo-N-succinimidyl ole ate, sulfo-N-succinimidyloleate ;
sulfo-succinimidyl-oleate, sulfo-succinimidyl-oleate ;
sulfogalactosylglycerolipid, sgg lipid, sulfogalactosylglycer- olipid;
sulfones, sulfone, sulfones;
sulfonic acid, acide sulfonique, HSH03, hydridohydroxidodiox- idosulfur ;
sulfonyl-phenyl-ethyl , sulfonyl-phenyl-ethyl ;
Sulforafan, l-Isothiocyanato-4- (methylsulfinyl ) -butane, 1- isothiocyanato-4- (methylsulfinyl ) butane, l-isothiocyanato-4- methylsulfinyl-butane ;
Sulindac, Aclin, Alphapharm Brand of Sulindac, Apo Sulin;
sulindac sulfone, (5-fluoro-2-methyl-l- (3, 4, 5- trimethoxybenzylidene ) -3- (N-benzyl) -indene) -acetamide, 1H- Indene-3-acetic acid, 5-fluoro-2-methyl-l- ( ( 4- (methylsulfonyl ) phenyl) methylene) -, (Z)-, Aptosyn;
sultopride, amisulpride, Barnetil, DAN 2163;
sunitinib, 5- ( 5-fluoro-2-oxo-l , 2-dihydroindolylidenemethyl ) -2, dimethyl-lH-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid (2- diethylaminoethyl) amide, SU 011248, SU 11248;
Synthos, alpha-TCP, alpha-tri-Calcium phosphate, alpha-
Tricalcium phosphate;
T 0070907, T 0070907, T-0070907, T0070907;
T 0901317, N- (4- (1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxy-propan-2- yl) phenyl) -N- (2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl ) benzenesulfonamide, T
0901317, T-0901317;
Tacrine, 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-9-acridinamine, 1,2,3,4- Tetrahydroaminoacridine, 9-Amino-l, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydroacridine ; Tacrolimus, Anhydrous Tacrolimus, Cilag Brand of Tacrolimus, F 506; tadalafil, Cialis, IC 351, IC-351;
Tamogel , ( Z ) -4- (1- [4- ( Dimethylaminoethoxy) phenyl ] -2-phenyl- 1- butenyl) phenol, ( Z ) -4-Hydroxytamoxifen, 4- ( ( 1Z ) -1- ( 4- (2- (dimethylamino) ethoxy) phenyl) -2-phenyl-l-butenyl ) phenol;
Tamoxifen, ICI 46474, ICI 47699, ICI-46,474;
tandospirone, 3a, 4,7, 7a-hexahydro-2- (4- (4- ( 2-pyrimidinyl ) -1- piperazinyl) butyl) -4, 7-methano-lH-isoindole-l , 3 (2H) -dione, SM 3997, SM-3997;
Tangeretin, 2- ( 4-Methoxyphenyl ) -5, 6, 7, 8-tetramethoxy-4H-l- benzopyran-4-one, 4 ' , 5, 6, 7 , 8-Pentamethoxyflavone, 4H-1- Benzopyran-4-one, 2- ( 4-methoxyphenyl ) -5, 6, 7, 8-tetramethoxy- ; tanshinone, tanshinone, tanshinone II A, tanshinone II B;
taurocholic acid, 2- [ ( 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-24-oxo- 5beta-cholan-24-yl ) amino] ethanesulfonic acid,
3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid 24-taurine, cholic acid taurine conjugate;
Taurodeoxycholic Acid, Deoxycholyltaurine, Sodium Taurodeoxycho- late, Taurine Deoxycholate ;
tauroursodeoxycholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, taurour- sodeoxycholic acid, ( 3alpha, 5alpha, 7alpha) -isomer, tauroursode¬ oxycholic acid, monosodium salt, ( 3alpha, 5beta, 7alpha) -isomer ; tautomycetin, tautomycetin;
TAXOTERE, (2aR, 4S, 4aS, 6R, 9S, US, 12S, 12aR, 12bS) -12b- (acetyloxy) - 12- (benzoyloxy) -2a, 3, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 12a, 12b-dodecahydro- 4, 6, 1 l-trihydroxy-4a, 8, 13, 13-tetramethyl-5-oxo-7 , 11-methano-lH- cyclodeca [3, 4]benz [1, 2-b] oxet-9-yl (aR,bS) -b- [[(1,1- dimethylethoxy) carbonyl ] am, Docetaxel, Docetaxel anhydrous;
TBDZ, lH-Benzimidazole, 2- ( 4-thiazolyl ) - , 2- ( 1 , 3-thiazol-4-yl ) - ΙΗ-benzimidazole, 2- (1, 3-Thiazol-4-yl) benzimidazole ;
TBHQ, 1, 4-Benzenediol ( 1 , 1-dimethylethyl ) - , 1 , 4-Benzenediol , 2- (1, 1-dimethylethyl) -, 2- (1, 1-Dimethylethyl ) -1, 4-benzenediol ; TCAT, 2 , 3 , 3-trichloroacryloyl chloride, 2 , 3 , 3-trichloroprop-2- enoyl chloride, 2 , 3 , 4-Trichloro-2-propenoyl chloride;
technetium, 43Tc, technetium, tecnecio;
Tegafur, 1- ( 2-Tetrahydrofuryl ) -5-fluorouracil, 1- (Tetrahydro-2- furanyl) -5-fluorouracil, 5-Fluoro-l- (tetrahydro-2-furanyl) -2, 4- pyrimidinedione ;
Teleocidin, 13-Ethenyl-l , 3,4,5,7,8,10,11,12, 13-decahydro-4- (hydroxymethyl ) -8, 10, 13-trimethyl-7 , 10-bis ( 1-methylethyl ) -6H- benzo [g] diazonino [7,6, 5-cd] indol-6-one, 6H- Benzo(g) ( 1 , 4 ) diazonino ( 7 , 6, 5-cd) indol- 6-one, 13-ethenyl- 1,3,4,5,7,8,10,11,12, 13-decahydro-4- (hydroxymethyl ) -8, 10, 13- trimethyl-7, 10-bis ( 1-methylethyl ) -, (4S- (4R*, 7R*, 10S*, 13S*) ) -, Teleocidin;
telithromycin, Aventis brand of telithromycin, HMR 3647, HMR- 3647;
Temazepam, 3 Hydroxydiazepam, 3-Hydroxydiazepam, AHP Brand of Temazepam;
temozolomide, 8-carbamoyl-3-methylimidazo (5, 1-d) -1,2,3,5- tetrazin-4 (3H) -one, CCRG 81045, CCRG-81045;
temsirolimus , CCI 779, CCI-779, temsirolimus;
terbinafine, (E) -N- (6, 6-dimethyl-2-heptenynyl ) -N-methyl-1- naphthalenementhamin hydrochloride, Lamisil, SF 86-327;
terephthalic acid, 1 , 4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, benzene-1,4- dicarboxylic acid, p-benzenedicarboxylic acid;
Terfenadine, Aliud Brand of Terfenadine, alpha- ( 4- ( 1 , 1-
Dimethylethyl ) phenyl ) -4- (hydroxydiphenylmethyl ) -1- piperdinebutanol , Balkis Saft Spezial;
teriflunomide, teriflunomide;
terrein, terrein;
territrem A, territrem A;
territrem B, territrem B;
territrem C, territrem C;
tertiapin, tertiapin;
tetra-mu3-sulfido-tetrairon, 4Fe-4S, IRON/SULFUR CLUSTER, tetra- mu3-sulfido-tetrairon;
tetrachloroethene, 1 , 1 , 2 , 2-tetrachloroethylene, ethylene tetra¬ chloride, PCE;
tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate, tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate ; Tetrahydrocannabinol, 9 ene Tetrahydrocannabinol, 9-ene- Tetrahydrocannabinol , delta (1) -Tetrahydrocannabinol;
tetramethylrhodamine, tetramethylrhodamine ;
tetramethylsilane, silane, tetramethyl- , tetramethylsilane, TMSCH2Li;
tetraphene, 1 , 2-benzanthracene, 1 , 2-Benzanthrazen,
benz [a] anthracene;
Tetraprenol, (2E, 6E, 10E) -3, 7,11, 15-tetramethylhexadeca- 2, 6, 10, 14-tetraen-l-ol, (Ε,Ε,Ε) -Geranylgeraniol , 2,6,10,14- hexadecatetraen-l-ol, 3,7,11, 15-tetramethyl- ;
tetrasulfanide, HSSSS(-), SSS[S-], tetrasulfanide; Thalidomide, Celgene Brand of Thalidomide, Sedoval, Thalidomide;
Thapsigargin, Thapsigargin;
thiamine disulfide, thiamine disulfide;
thiazole, 1 , 3-thiazole, clcscnl, thiazole;
Thiazolidinediones , Glitazones, Thiazolidinediones;
thioacetamide, Acetothioamide, ethanethioamide, TAA;
Thioacetazone, Ambathizon, Amithiozone, Conteben;
thiobenzamide, thiobenzamide;
thiocoraline, thiocoraline;
Thiole, Divinylene sulfide, Furan, thio-, Huile H50;
Thiopental, Abbott Brand of Thiopental Sodium, Altana Pharma Brand of Thiopental Sodium, Bomathal;
thioredoxin dithiol, Reduced thioredoxin, thioredoxin, thiore- doxin dithiol;
thioridazine, 10- [2- ( l-methyl-2-piperidyl ) ethyl] -2- methylsulfanyl-phenothiazine, 10- [2- ( l-methylpiperidin-2- yl) ethyl] -2- (methylsulfanyl ) -10H-phenothiazine, 2- Methylmercapto-10- (2- (N-methyl-2-piperidyl ) ethyl) phenothiazine ; Thiostrepton, Bryamycin, Gargon, Thiactin;
thrombin receptor peptide SFLLRNP, thrombin receptor peptide SFLLRNP;
thrombin Tokushima, thrombin Tokushima;
Thromboxane A2, Rabbit Aorta Contracting Substance, Thromboxane A2;
thromboxane B2, (5Z, 13E, 15S) -9alpha, 11, 15-trihydroxythromboxa- 5, 13-dien-l-oic acid, thromboxane B2, TXB2;
Thyminose, 2-Deoxy-D-ribose, 2-Deoxy-erythro-pentose, 2- Deoxyribose ;
thymol, l-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-isopropylbenzene, 2-isopropyl-5- methylphenol , 3-p-cymenol;
thymoquinone, 2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzoquinone, 2-methyl-5- isopropyl-p-benzoquinone, dihydrothymoquinone ;
Thyrotropin, Thyreotropin, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone;
Ticlopidine, 53 32C, 53-32C, 5332C;
Tilidine, Go 1261, Go-1261, Gol261;
tipranavir, Aptivus, PNU 140690, PNU-140690;
tirilazad, 21- (4- (2, 6-di-l-pyrrolidinyl-4-pyrimidinyl ) -1- piperazinyl ) -16-methylpregna-l , 4,9(11) -triene-3 , 20-dione mono- methane sulfonate, Freedox, Pharmacia brand of tirilazad mesyl- ate hydrate;
titanium alloy (TiA16V4), Ti-6A1-V4 alloy, Ti6A14V, titanium 6- aluminum-4-vanadium;
TMC-95A, TMC 95A, TMC-95A;
Tmndga, 1, 1 ' - (2, 3-Dimethyl-l , 4-butanediyl ) bis (3,4- dimethoxybenzene ) , 1, 4-Bis (3, 4-dimethoxyphentl ) -2, 3- dimethylbutane, 4, 4 ' - (2, 3-Dimethyl-l, 4-butanediyl) bis-1, 2- dimethoxybenzene ;
TMSI, (Trimethylsilyl) imidazole, 1- (Trimethylsilyl) -1H- imidazole, 1- (Trimethylsilyl) imidazole;
Tobrex, (IS, 2S, 3R, 4S, 6R) -4, 6-diamino-3- (2, 6-diamino-2, 3, 6- trideoxy-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranosyloxy) -2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3- amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, (IS, 2S, 3R, 4S, 6R) -4, 6- diamino-3- [ (2, 6-diamino-2, 3, 6-trideoxy-alpha-D-ribo- hexopyranosyl ) oxy] -2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D- glucopyranoside, (2S, 3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -4-amino-2- [ (IS, 2S, 3R, 4S, 6R) - 4, 6-diamino-3- [ (2R, 3R, 5S, 6R) -3-amino-6- ( aminomethyl ) -5-hydroxy- oxan-2-yl] oxy-2-hydroxy-cyclohexyl ] oxy-6- (hydroxymethyl ) oxane- 3 , 5-diol ;
tocotrienols , tocotrienol, tocotrienols;
tofisopam, 1- (3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl ) -5-ethyl-7, 8-dimethoxy-4- methyl-5H-2 , 3-benzodiazepine, dextofisopam, EGYT-341;
tolrestat, tolrestat;
Tolterodine, 2- [ (1R) -3- (di (propan-2-yl ) amino) -1-phenyl-propyl ] - 4-methyl-phenol , 2- [ (1R) -3- (di (propan-2-yl ) amino) -1- phenylpropyl ] -4-methylphenol , 2- [ (1R) -3- (diisopropylamino) -1- phenyl-propyl ] -4-methyl-phenol ;
toluene, Cclcccccl, methylbenzene, phenylmethane ;
TOLUENE-DITHIOL, TOLUENE-DITHIOL;
topiramate, 2, 3-4, 5-bis-O- ( 1-methylethylidene ) -beta-D- fructopyranose sulfamate, Cilag brand of topiramate, Epitomax; Topotecan, 9 Dimethylaminomethyl 10 hydroxycamptothecin, 9- Dimethylaminomethyl-1 O-hydroxycamptothecin, Hycamtamine ;
Toremifene,
Fareston, FC 1157a, FC-1157a;
Tosylarginine Methyl Ester, Methyl N alpha Tosyl L Arginate, Me¬ thyl N-alpha-Tosyl-L-Arginate, TAME;
Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone, Chlorotosylamidoaminoheptanone, TLCK, Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone;
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone, Chlorophenyltosylamidobu- tanone, Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethane, Tosylphenylalanyl
Chloromethyl Ketone;
TPN+, CODEHYDRASE II, coenzyme II, NADP( + );
Tracer, Conserve, Spinosad, Tracer;
Tramadol, 1A Brand of Tramadol Hydrochloride, Able Brand of Tra¬ madol Hydrochloride, AbZ Brand of Tramadol Hydrochloride;
trans-resveratrol , (E) -5- (2- ( 4-hydroxyphenyl ) ethenyl) -1, 3- benzenediol, (E ) -resveratrol , 3 , 4 ' , 5-stilbenetriol ;
trastuzumab, Genentech brand of trastuzumab, Herceptin, Hoffman- La Roche brand of trastuzumab;
Trazodone, AF 1161, AF-1161, AF1161;
Tremode, 1, 2-Benzisoxazole-3-methanesulfonamide, 1, 2-benzoxazol- 3-ylmethanesulfonamide, 3- (Sulfamoylmethyl) -1, 2-benzisoxazole ; Tremorine, Tremorine;
Tretinoin, all trans Retinoic Acid, all-trans-Retinoic Acid, be¬ ta all trans Retinoic Acid;
Triad, Triad, Triad resin, Triad VLC;
Triamcinolone, Aristocort, Triamcinolone, Volon;
triazolam, 8-chloro-6- ( 2-chlorophenyl ) -l-methyl-4H- [ 1 , 2 , 4 ] triazolo [ 4 , 3-a] [ 1 , 4 ] benzodiazepine, Halcion, triazolam; triazoles, triazole compounds, triazoles;
tributylstannane, SnBu3H, TBT, Tri-n-butyltin;
trichostatins , trichostatin, trichostatins;
Triclosan, 2-Hydroxy-2 ' , 4 , 4 ' -trichlorodiphenyl Ether, Aquasept, Clearasil Daily Face Wash;
triethylamine, triethylamine, triethylamine acetate, triethyla- mine dinitrate;
Trifluoperazine, Allphar Brand of Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride, Apo Trifluoperazine, Apo-Trifluoperazine;
trimethylaminocarboxyldihydroboran, TCDB, trimethylamin- carboxyl-dihydro-boran, trimethy1aminocarboxyldihydroboran;
trioctyl phosphine oxide, trioctyl phosphine oxide;
Triolein, Glycerol Trioleate, Trielaidin, Trioleate Glycerin; tripterine, celastrol, tripterine;
triptolide, PG490, triptolide;
triterpenoids , Triterpenoid, triterpenoids ;
troglitazone, 5- ( 4- ( ( 6-hydroxy-2 , 5,7, 8-tetramethylchroman-2-yl- methoxy) benzyl) -2, 4-thiazolidinedione) , CS 045, CS-045;
Troleandomycin, Oleandocetin, Pfizer Brand of Troleandomycin, TAO; TTNPB, (E) -4- (2- (5,6,7, 8-Tetrahydro-5, 5, 8, 8-tetramethyl-2- naphthalenyl ) -1-propen-l-yl ) benzoic acid, (e) -4- (2- (5, 6, 7, 8- tetrahydro-5, 5, 8, 8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl ) -1- propenyl ) benzoic acid, (e) -4- (2- (5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-5, 5, 8, 8- tetramethyl-2-napthalenyl ) -1-propenyl ) benzoic acid;
tubocapsanolide A, tubocapsanolide A;
Tunicamycin, Tunicamycin;
tyrphostin AG 1478, 4- (3-chloroanilino) -6, 7- dimethoxyquinazoline, AG 1478, AG-1478;
tyrphostin AG-490, AG 490, AG-490, AG490;
tyrphostin AG17, tyrphostin AG17;
U 0126, 1, 4-diamino-2, 3-dicyano-l, 4-bis (2- aminophenylthio) butadiene, U 0126, U-0126;
Ubizol, Androsta-1 , 4-diene-17-carbothioic acid, 6, 9-difluoro-11- hydroxy-16-methyl-3-oxo-17- ( 1-oxopropoxy) -,
(6alpha, llbeta, 16alpha, 17alpha) -S- ( fluoromethyl ) ester, Asmatil, atemur ;
Ufur, 1-UFT protocol, 5-fluoro-l- (2- tetrahydrofuranyl ) pyrimidine-2 , 4-dione; lH-pyrimidine-2 , 4-dione, 5-fluoro-l- (oxolan-2-yl ) pyrimidine-2, 4-dione; lH-pyrimidine-2 , 4- dione ;
UK 157147, UK 157,147, UK 157147, UK- 147, 157;
Uprima, (-) -10, 11-dihydroxyaporphine, 6a-beta-Aporphine-10, 11- diol, 6abeta-aporphine-10, 11-diol;
Uran, 238U, 238U Element, Uran;
uranyl acetate, uranyl acetate;
urethane, carbamic acid ethyl ester, ethyl carbamate, urethane; Urex, 2-Furfurylamino-4-chloro-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid, 4- chloro-2- (2-furylmethylamino) -5-sulfamoyl-benzoic acid, 4- chloro-2- (2-furylmethylamino) -5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid;
urinastatin, acid-stable protease inhibitor, Miraclid, MR 20; Urso, (3alpha, 5beta, 7beta) -3, 7-dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3alpha, 5beta, 7beta, 8xi) -3, 7-dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (4R)- 4- [ (3R, 5S, 7S, 8R, 9S, 10S, 13R, 14S, 17R) -3, 7-dihydroxy-10, 13- dimethyl-2, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14, 15, 16, 17-tetradecahydro-lH- cyclopenta [a] phenanthren-17-yl ] pentanoic acid;
USAN, ( l-p-Chlorobenzoyl-5-methoxy-2-methylindol-3-yl ) acetic ac¬ id, 1- ( 4-Chlorobenzoyl ) -5-methoxy-2-methyl-lH-indole-3-acetic acid, 1- ( 4-Chlorobenzoyl ) -5-methoxy-2-methyl-lH-indole-3-acetic acid & MAP-30; valerenic acid, valerenic acid;
valspodar, 3 ' -keto-Bmt ( 1 ) -Val ( 2 ) -cyclosporin A, PSC 833, PSC- 833;
venlafaxine, 1- [2- (dimethylamino) -1- (4- methoxyphenyl ) ethyl] cyclohexanol ,
COclccc (ccl) C (CN (C) C) C2 (0) CCCCC2, Elafax;
Verapamil, Calan, Cordilox, Dexverapamil ;
verlukast, ( 3- ( 3- ( 2- ( 7-chloro-2-quinolinyl ) ethenyl ) phenyl ) ((3- dimethylamino-3-oxopropyl ) thio ) methyl ) thiopropanoic acid, L 660,711, L 660711;
vesnarinone, vesnarinone;
Viagra, l-((3-(6, 7-Dihydro-l-methyl-7-oxo-3-propyl-lH- pyrazolo (4, 3-d) pyrimidin-5-yl ) -4-ethoxyphenyl ) sulfonyl ) -4- methylpiperazine citrate (1:1), 5- [ 2-ethoxy-5- ( 4- methylpiperazin-l-yl ) sulfonyl-phenyl ] -l-methyl-3-propyl-4H- pyrazolo [5, 4-e] pyrimidin-7-one ; 2-hydroxypropane-l , 2, 3- tricarboxylic acid, 5- [2-ethoxy-5- (4-methylpiperazin-l- yl) sulfonylphenyl ] -l-methyl-3-propyl-4H-pyrazolo [5, 4- e ] pyrimidin-7-one ; 2-hydroxypropane-l , 2 , 3-tricarboxylic acid; Vigil, (+-) -Modafinil, (-)-2-((R)-
(Diphenylmethyl ) sulfinyl) acetamide, 2-
( (Diphenylmethyl ) sulfinyl) acetamide;
vincristine, 22-oxovincaleukoblastine, leurocristine, vincris¬ tine ;
vinflunine, vinflunine;
vinorelbine, 5 ' -nor-anhydrovinblastine, KW 2307, KW-2307;
vinpocetine, Armstrong brand of vinpocetine, Cavinton, Celltech brand of vinpocetine;
violacein, 3-(l, 2-dihydro-5- ( 5-hydroxy-lH-indole-3-yl ) -2-oxo-3H- pyrrol-3-ylidene ) -1, 3-dihydro-2H-indole-2-one, violacein;
Vira-A, (2R, 3R, 4R, 5R) -2- ( 6-aminopurin- 9-yl ) -5- (hydroxymethyl ) oxolane-3 , 4-diol , . alpha . -D- Arabinofuranosyladenine, .beta . -Adenosine;
voriconazole, Pfizer brand of voriconazole, UK 109,496, UK
109496;
vorozole, 6- ( ( 4-chlorophenyl )-(lH-l,2,4-triazol-l-yl) methyl ) -1- methyl-lH-benzotriazole, R 76713, R 83839;
VX680, cyclopropane carboxylic acid ( 4- ( 4- ( 4-methylpiperazin-l- yl ) - 6- ( 5-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-ylamino ) pyrimidin-2- ylsulfanyl) phenyl) amide, MK-0457, VE 465; Warfarin, 4-Hydroxy-3- ( 3-oxo-l-phenylbutyl ) -2H-l-benzopyran-2- one, Aldo Brand of Warfarin Sodium, Aldocumar;
WAY-169916, WAY-169916;
Win 55212-2, ( 2 , 3-dihydro-5-methyl-3- ( ( 4- morpholinyl ) methyl ) pyrrolo- ( 1 , 2 , 3-de ) -1 , 4-benzoxazin- 6-yl ) ( 1- naphthalenyl ) methanone monomethanesulfonate, 6H-Pyrrolo ( 3 , 2 , 1- i ) quinolin-6-one, 4, 5-dihydro-2-methyl-4- ( 4-morpholinylmethyl ) - 1- (1-naphthalenylcarbonyl) -, (R)-, WIN 55,212;
withaferin A, 5, 6-epoxy-4 , 22 , 27-trihydroxy-l-oxoergosta-2 , 24- dienoic acid delta-lactone, withaferin A;
WLN: QR BG, 2-Chloro-l-hydroxybenzene, 2-Chlorophenol , 2- Hydroxychlorobenzene ;
WLN: RVR, . alpha . -Oxodiphenylmethane , . alpha . -Oxoditane, alpha- oxodiphenylmethane ;
WLN: ZSWR, BENZENESULFONAMIDE , Benzenesulphonamide , Benzol- sulfonamide;
xanthohumol, 1- (2, 4-dihydroxy- 6-methoxy-3- (3-methyl-2- butenyl ) phenyl ) -3- ( 4-hydroxyphenyl ) -2-propen-l-one,
desmethylxanthohumol , xanthohumol ;
Xaxa, 2- (ACETYLOXY) BENZOIC ACID, 2-Acetoxybenzenecarboxylic ac¬ id, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid;
Xylit, (2S, 4R) -pentane-1, 2, 3, 4, 5-pentol, 1,2,3,4,5- Pentanepentol , Adonit;
Y 27632, N- ( 4-pyridyl ) -4- ( 1-aminoethyl ) cyclohexanecarboxamide, Y 27632, Y 27632, ( 4 (R) -trans ) -isomer ;
yristate, (laR, lbS, 4aR, 7aS, 7bS, 8R, 9R, 9aS) -9a-acetoxy-4a, 7b- dihydroxy-3- (hydroxymethyl ) -1, 1, 6, 8-tetramethyl-5-oxo- la, lb, 4, 4a, 5, 7a, 7b, 8, 9, 9a-decahydro-lH-cyclopropa [3,4]benzo[l,2- e] azulen-9-yl tetradecanoate, -one 9a-acetate, (+)- (8CI),
Err : 508;
Z 338, N- (N ' , N ' -diisopropylaminoethyl ) - ( 2- ( 2-hydroxy-4 , 5- dimethoxybenzoylamino ) -1, 3-thiazole-4-yl ) carboxyamide, YM 443, YM-443;
zafirlukast, 4- ( 5-cyclopentyloxycarbonylamino-2-methylindol-3- yl-methyl) -3-methoxy-N-O-tolylsulfonylbenzamide, Accolate, Aero- nix;
Zalcitabine, 2 ' , 3 ' -Dideoxycytidine, ddC (Antiviral), Dideox- ycytidine ;
zardaverine, 6- ( 4-difluoromethoxy-3-methoxyphenyl ) - 3 (2H) pyridazinone, zardaverine; ZD 9331, BGC9331, ZD 9331, ZD-9331;
Zearalenone, F 2 Toxin, F-2 Toxin, F2 Toxin;
Zeldox, 2H-Indol-2-one, 5- ( 2- ( 4- ( 1 , 2-benzisothiazol-3-yl ) -1- piperazinyl ) ethyl ) -6-chloro-l, 3-dihydro- , 5- [2- [4- (1,2- benzothiazol-3-yl ) -1-piperazinyl ] ethyl] -6-chloro-2-indolinone, 5- [2- [4- (l,2-benzothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-l-yl] ethyl ] - 6-chloro- 1, 3-dihydroindol-2-one ;
zerumbone, zerumbone;
Zidovudine, 3' Azido 3' deoxythymidine, 3 ' -Azido-2 ' , 3 ' - Dideoxythymidine, 3 ' -Azido-3 ' -deoxythymidine;
zileuton, A 64077, A-64077, Abbot 64077;
Zocor, (IS, 3R, 7S, 8S, 8aR) -8-{2- [ (2R, 4R) -4-hydroxy- 6- oxotetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl ] ethyl } -3 , 7-dimethyl- 1 , 2,3,7,8,8a- hexahydronaphthalen-l-yl 2 , 2-dimethylbutanoate, 2,2- Dimethylbutanoic acid ( IS , 3R, 7S , 8S , 8aR) -1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 8a-hexahydro- 3, 7-dimethyl-8- [2- [ (2R, 4R) -tetrahydro-4-hydroxy- 6-oxo-2H-pyran- 2-yl ] ethyl ] -1-naphthalenyl ester, 2 , 2-dimethylbutanoic acid
[ (IS, 3R, 7S, 8S, 8aR) -8- [2- [ (2R, 4R) -4-hydroxy- 6-oxo-2- tetrahydropyranyl ] ethyl] -3, 7-dimethyl-l , 2,3,7,8, 8a- hexahydronaphthalen-l-yl ] ester;
zopiclone, 6- (5-chloro-2-pyridyl) -6, 7-dihydro- 7-oxo-5H- pyrrolo (3, 4-b) pyrazin-5-yl 4-methyl-l- piperazinecarboxylate, AbZ brand of zopiclone, Aliud brand of zopiclone;
Zymosan, Zymosan, Zymosan A;
Trospium chloride, 2-hydroxy-2 , 2-diphenyl-acetic acid [(1R,5S)- spiro[8-azoniabicyclo[3.2.1] octane- 8 , 1 ' -azolidin-l-ium] -3-yl ] ester chloride, 2-hydroxy-2 , 2-diphenylacetic acid [(lR,5S)-3- spiro[8-azoniabicyclo[3.2.1] octane- 8 , 1 ' -azolidin-l-ium] yl ] ester chloride, 3- ( (hydroxydiphenylacetyl ) oxy) -spiro (8- azoniabicyclo (3.2.1) octane- 8 , 1 ' -pyrrolidinium chloride ;
Valproic Acid, 2 Propylpentanoic Acid, 2-Propylpentanoic Acid, Calcium Valproate;
In preferred embodiments the present invention is defined as follows :
1. The method of treating or preventing pain in a subject comprising the administration of a therapeutic compound selected from the compounds of table 1.
2. The method of reducing pain in a subject or to treat train comprising the administration of an antagonist of one or more of the genes or gene products thereof, selected from genes CACNA2D3 ( alpha-2-delta-3 ) , PIK3CG or any gene selected from one or more of the genes listed in table 1, in particular selected from CG10033, CG10095, CG10142, CG10153, CG10158, CG10186, CG10186,
CG10228 CG10265, CG1031, CG10332, CG10332, CG10481, CG10537, CG10550 CG1058, CG10583, CG10603, CG10603, CG10612, CG10641, CG10667 CG10686, CG10689, CG10689, CG10691, CG10706, CG10711, CG10728 CG10746, CG10800, CG10823, CG1086, CG10882, CG10932, CG10936 CG10954, CG10988, CGllOO, CGllOO, CG1101, CG11033, CG11081 CG11183, CG1119, CG11280, CG1130, CG11352, CG11456, CG11508 CG11586, CG11590, CG11592, CG11594 CG11637, CG11637, CG1163i CG11642, CG11715, CG1180,
CG11878, CG11893, CG11895,
CG11992, CG12004, CG12030,
CG12035 CG12052 CG12079 CG12082 CG12093, CG12131, CG12135, CG12199 CG12209 CG12235 CG12269 CG12290, CG12334, CG12373, CG12559 CG12637 CG1264, CG12641, CG12641, CG12645, CG12663, CG12749 CG12796 CG12797 CG12831 CG12878, CG12932, CG12938, CG12954 CG12975 CG13035 CG13047 CG13061, CG13069, CG13074, CG13096 CG13110 CG13130 CG13130 CG13162, CG13194, CG13196, CG13196 CG13243 CG13308 CG13319 CG13403, CG13559, CG13575, CG13623 CG1371, CG1387, CG13998, CG14028, CG1406, CG14065, CG14086 CG14214 CG14217, CG14240, CG14252, CG14274, CG14351, CG14362 CG14374 CG14374, CG14376, CG14506, CG14514, CG14590, CG14659 CG14710 CG14750, CG14755, CG14804, CG14818, CG14940, CG14952 CG14980 CG15059, CG15120, CG15153, CG15167, CG15254, CG15307 CG15321 CG15324, CG15427, CG15570, CG15604, CG15604, CG15884 CG16778 CG1683, CG16840, CG16852, CG16854, CG16873, CG16899 CG16932 CG16975, CG17003, CG17027, CG1709, CG17137, CG17146 CG17150 CG17189, CG17234, CG1725, CG17255, CG17266, CG17293 CG17295 CG17521, CG1759, CG17612, CG17673, CG17697, CG17943 CG1800, CG1804, CG18069, CG18088, CG18130, CG18249, CG18332 CG18332, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350, CG18372, CG1845, CG18480, CG18624, CG18624, CG18666, CG1915, CG1921, CG1921, CG1966, CG1968, CG1982, CG2038, CG2060, CG2079, CG2100, CG2109, CG2128, CG2158, CG2161, CG2257, CG2257, CG2286, CG2346, CG2371, CG2371, CG2503, CG2522, CG2747, CG2848, CG2848, CG2872, CG2872, CG2901, CG3000, CG30004, CG30004, CG30005, CG30039, CG30050, CG30073, CG30291, CG30342, CG30383, CG30384, CG30404, CG3083, CG3105, CG31065, CG31068, CG31110, CG31267, CG31299, CG31300, CG31623, CG31713, CG31716, CG31718, CG3181, CG3184, CG31841, CG31842, CG31876, CG31886, CG31908, CG31936, CG31955,
CG31962, CG32016, CG32025, CG32045, CG32057, CG32121, CG3213,
CG32148, CG32150, CG32176, CG32193, CG32219, CG32227, CG3224,
CG32278, CG32296, CG32296, CG32313, CG32333, CG32346, CG3241,
CG32531, CG32533, CG32540, CG32604, CG32614, CG32678, CG32678,
CG32678, CG32678, CG3269, CG32698, CG3270, CG32703, CG32736,
CG32779, CG32779, CG32779, CG32792, CG3291, CG3295, CG3298,
CG33002, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106,
CG33128, CG33135, CG33147, CG33149, CG33166, CG33202, CG33261,
CG33275, CG33275, CG3330, CG33346, CG33350, CG3344, CG33484,
CG33500, CG33500, CG3351, CG33512, CG33512, CG33530, CG33547,
CG33547, CG33653, CG33980, CG34059, CG34140, CG34140, CG34159,
CG3421, CG34339, CG34341, CG34364, CG34383, CG34400, CG34401,
CG34401, CG34416, CG3474, CG3520, CG3569, CG3581, CG3604,
CG3613, CG3619, CG3619, CG3619, CG3707, CG3711, CG3717, CG3735,
CG3905, CG3943, CG3949, CG3955, CG3981, CG4013, CG4040, CG4083,
CG4094, CG4109, CG4217, CG42250, CG4247, CG4247, CG4260, CG4279
CG4279, CG4351, CG4365, CG4396, CG4459, CG4477, CG4502, CG4550,
CG4560, CG4584, CG4587, CG4612, CG4633, CG4633, CG4648, CG4655,
CG4673, CG4692, CG4698, CG4742, CG4775, CG4795, CG4798, CG4799,
CG4806, CG4807, CG4830, CG4875, CG4875, CG4887, CG4946, CG4975,
CG4977, CG5003, CG5012, CG5012, CG5013, CG5014, CG5014, CG5121,
CG5134, CG5160, CG5179, CG5183, CG5198, CG5201, CG5219, CG5219,
CG5261, CG5287, CG5330, CG5405, CG5411, CG5473, CG5499, CG5516,
CG5519, CG5565, CG5580, CG5611, CG5643, CG5644, CG5703, CG5723,
CG5725, CG5725, CG5727, CG5757, CG5788, CG5800, CG5818, CG5819,
CG5821, CG5842, CG5884, CG5889, CG5890, CG5902, CG5934, CG5940,
CG5949, CG5969, CG5977, CG5986, CG6006, CG6098, CG6136, CG6143,
CG6177, CG6210, CG6249, CG6340, CG6395, CG6457, CG6496, CG6536,
CG6549, CG6553, CG6571, CG6575, CG6582, CG6583, CG6605, CG6620,
CG6637, CG6673, CG6703, CG6721, CG6724, CG6822, CG6824, CG6930,
CG6930, CG6946, CG6948, CG6963, CG6971, CG6971, CG6972, CG6987,
CG6998, CG7006, CG7007, CG7007, CG7010, CG7015, CG7025, CG7059,
CG7081, CG7099, CG7100, CG7109, CG7129, CG7145, CG7160, CG7175,
CG7175, CG7187, CG7194, CG7211, CG7223, CG7225, CG7292, CG7311,
CG7342, CG7358, CG7371, CG7376, CG7422, CG7430, CG7443, CG7467,
CG7494, CG7494, CG7497, CG7507, CG7556, CG7583, CG7636, CG7664,
CG7708, CG7708, CG7712, CG7728, CG7730, CG7800, CG7800, CG7811,
CG7816, CG7856, CG7873, CG7946, CG7957, CG8005, CG8008, CG8009,
CG8014, CG8014, CG8029, CG8039, CG8048, CG8107, CG8110, CG8114, CG8203, CG8233, CG8288, CG8325, CG8326, CG8394, CG8432, CG8436, CG8440, CG8487, CG8520, CG8625, CG8631, CG8651, CG8732, CG8764, CG8849, CG8912, CG8914, CG8985, CG8985, CG9022, CG9022, CG9032, CG9067, CG9102, CG9160, CG9172, CG9231, CG9280, CG9311, CG9323, CG9350, CG9388, CG9447, CG9453, CG9460, CG9519, CG9537, CG9548, CG9603, CG9636, CG9636, CG9650, CG9696, CG9739, CG9742, CG9753, CG9753, CG9825, CG9825, CG9901, CG9901, CG9948, or an ortholog thereof, preferably wherein the antagonist is selected from an antibody or an inhibitory RNA, particularly a siRNA.
3. The method according to definition 1 or 2, characterized in that a the compound or antagonist is administered in a effective therapeutic dose.
4. The method of any one of definitions 1 to 3, characterized in that the compound is administered topical, enteral or paren¬ teral, in particular preferred oral or rectal, intravenous, in¬ traarterial, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal or intra¬ peritoneal, transdermal, transmucosal or inhalational .
5. The method of any one of definitions 1 to 4, characterized in that the subject is mammal, preferably a human.
6. The method of any one of definitions 1 to 5, characterized in that the compound or antagonist is provided in a medicament.
7. The method of any one of definitions 1 to 6, characterized in that the compound or antagonist is provided together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or buffer.
8. The method of any one of definitions 1 to 6, characterized in that the compound or antagonist is administered in a dosage of between 0.01 mg/kg and 1 g/kg.9. Use of a compound as de¬ fined in definition 1 or an antagonist as defined in definition 2, preferably further defined as in any one of definitions 3 to 8, for the manufacture of an analgesic or for the treatment of pain .
10. Compound as defined in definition 1 or an antagonist as de¬ fined in definition 2 for use in a therapeutic method for the treatment of pain, preferably as further defined in any one of definitions 3 to 8.
11. Method according to any one of definitions 1 to 8, use of definition 9 or compound of definition 10, wherein pain is selected from or associated with chronic or acute pain or hyperal- gesiaain, somatogenic pain, neuropathic pain, psychogenic pain, heat induced pain, physical pain, nociception, hyperalgesia, rheumatic pain, headache, low back pain, pelvic pain, myofascial pain, vascular pain, migraine, wound associated pain, inflamma¬ tory pain, arthritic pain, diabetic pain, pain from cancer, somatic visceral pain, phantom pain, or any combination thereof. 12. The method of modulating the gene expression or gene func¬ tion in a cell, wherein the gene is selected from one or more of the genes listed in table 1, in particular selected from CAC- NA2D3, PIK3CG, CG10033, CG10095, CG10142, CG10153, CG10158, CG10186, CG10186, CG10228, CG10265, CG1031, CG10332, CG10332, CG10481, CG10537, CG10550, CG1058, CG10583, CG10603, CG10603, CG10612, CG10641, CG10667, CG10686, CG10689, CG10689, CG10691, CG10706, CG10711, CG10728, CG10746, CG10800, CG10823, CG1086, CG10882, CG10932, CG10936, CG10954, CG10988, CGllOO, CGllOO, CG1101, CG11033, CG11081, CG11183, CG1119, CG11280, CG1130, CG11352, CG11456, CG11508, CG1152, CG11555, CG11577, CG11586, CG11590, CG11592, CG11594, CG11637, CG11637, CG11638, CG11642, CG11715, CG1180, CG1180, CG11820, CG11857, CG11865, CG11878, CG11893, CG11895, CG1193, CG11930, CG11942, CG11967, CG11992, CG12004, CG12030, CG12035, CG12052, CG12079, CG12082, CG12093, CG12131, CG12135, CG12199, CG12209, CG12235, CG12269, CG12290, CG12334, CG12373, CG12559, CG12637, CG1264, CG12641, CG12641, CG12645, CG12663, CG12749, CG12796, CG12797, CG12831, CG12878, CG12932, CG12938, CG12954, CG12975, CG13035, CG13047, CG13061, CG13069, CG13074, CG13096, CG13110, CG13130, CG13130, CG13162, CG13194, CG13196, CG13196, CG13243, CG13308, CG13319, CG13403, CG13559, CG13575, CG13623, CG1371, CG1387, CG13998, CG14028, CG1406, CG14065, CG14086, CG14214, CG14217, CG14240, CG14252, CG14274, CG14351, CG14362, CG14374, CG14374, CG14376, CG14506, CG14514, CG14590, CG14659, CG14710, CG14750, CG14755, CG14804, CG14818, CG14940, CG14952, CG14980, CG15059, CG15120, CG15153, CG15167, CG15254, CG15307, CG15321, CG15324, CG15427, CG15570, CG15604, CG15604, CG15884, CG16778, CG1683, CG16840, CG16852, CG16854, CG16873, CG16899, CG16932, CG16975, CG17003, CG17027, CG1709, CG17137, CG17146, CG17150, CG17189, CG17234, CG1725, CG17255, CG17266, CG17293, CG17295, CG17521, CG1759, CG17612, CG17673, CG17697, CG17943, CG1800, CG1804, CG18069, CG18088, CG18130, CG18249, CG18332, CG18332, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350, CG18372, CG1845, CG18480, CG18624, CG18624, CG18666, CG1915, CG1921, CG1921, CG1966, CG1968, CG1982, CG2038, CG2060, CG2079, CG2100, CG2109, CG2128, CG2158, CG2161, CG2257, CG2257, CG2286, CG2346, CG2371, CG2371, CG2503, CG2522, CG2747, CG2848, CG2848, CG2872, CG2872, CG2901, CG3000, CG30004, CG30004,
CG30005 CG30039, CG30050, CG30073, CG30291, CG30342, CG30383, CG30384, CG30404, CG3083, CG3105, CG31065, CG31068, CG31110, CG31267, CG31299, CG31300, CG31623, CG31713, CG31716, CG31718, CG3181, CG3184, CG31841, CG31842, CG31876, CG31886, CG31908, CG31936 CG31955, CG31962, CG32016, CG32025, CG32045, CG32057, CG32121, CG3213, CG32148, CG32150, CG32176, CG32193, CG32219, CG32227, CG3224, CG32278, CG32296, CG32296, CG32313, CG32333, CG32346, CG3241, CG32531, CG32533, CG32540, CG32604, CG32614, CG32678, CG32678, CG32678, CG32678, CG3269, CG32698, CG3270, CG32703( CG32736, CG32779, CG32779, CG32779, CG32792, CG3291, CG3295, CG3298, CG33002, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33128, CG33135, CG33147, CG33149, CG33166, CG33202( CG33261, CG33275, CG33275, CG3330, CG33346, CG33350, CG3344, CG33484, CG33500, CG33500, CG3351, CG33512, CG33512, CG33530, CG33547, CG33547, CG33653, CG33980, CG34059, CG34140, CG34140, CG34159, CG3421, CG34339, CG34341, CG34364, CG34383, Ο634400( CG34401, CG34401, CG34416, CG3474, CG3520, CG3569, CG3581 CG3604, CG3613, CG3619, CG3619, CG3619, CG3707, CG3711, CG3717 CG3735, CG3905, CG3943, CG3949, CG3955, CG3981, CG4013, CG4040 CG4083, CG4094, CG4109, CG4217, CG42250, CG4247, CG4247, CG4260 CG4279, CG4279, CG4351, CG4365, CG4396, CG4459, CG4477, CG4502 CG4550, CG4560, CG4584, CG4587, CG4612, CG4633, CG4633, CG4648 CG4655, CG4673, CG4692, CG4698, CG4742, CG4775, CG4795, CG4798 CG4799, CG4806, CG4807, CG4830, CG4875, CG4875, CG4887, CG4946 CG4975, CG4977, CG5003, CG5012, CG5012, CG5013, CG5014, CG5014 CG5121, CG5134, CG5160, CG5179, CG5183, CG5198, CG5201, CG5219 CG5219, CG5261, CG5287, CG5330, CG5405, CG5411, CG5473, CG5499 CG5516, CG5519, CG5565, CG5580, CG5611, CG5643, CG5644, CG5703 CG5723, CG5725, CG5725, CG5727, CG5757, CG5788, CG5800, CG5818 CG5819, CG5821, CG5842, CG5884, CG5889, CG5890, CG5902, CG5934 CG5940, CG5949, CG5969, CG5977, CG5986, CG6006, CG6098, CG6136 CG6143, CG6177, CG6210, CG6249, CG6340, CG6395, CG6457, CG6496 CG6536, CG6549, CG6553, CG6571, CG6575, CG6582, CG6583, CG6605 CG6620, CG6637, CG6673, CG6703, CG6721, CG6724, CG6822, CG6824 CG6930, CG6930, CG6946, CG6948, CG6963, CG6971, CG6971, CG6972 CG6987, CG6998, CG7006, CG7007, CG7007, CG7010, CG7015, CG7025 CG7059, CG7081, CG7099, CG7100, CG7109, CG7129, CG7145, CG7160 CG7175, CG7175, CG7187, CG7194, CG7211, CG7223, CG7225, CG7292, CG7311, CG7342, CG7358, CG7371, CG7376, CG7422, CG7430,
CG7443, CG7467, CG7494, CG7494, CG7497, CG7507, CG7556, CG7583,
CG7636, CG7664, CG7708, CG7708, CG7712, CG7728, CG7730, CG7800,
CG7800, CG7811, CG7816, CG7856, CG7873, CG7946, CG7957, CG8005,
CG8008, CG8009, CG8014, CG8014, CG8029, CG8039, CG8048, CG8107,
CG8110, CG8114, CG8203, CG8233, CG8288, CG8325, CG8326, CG8394,
CG8432, CG8436, CG8440, CG8487, CG8520, CG8625, CG8631, CG8651,
CG8732, CG8764, CG8849, CG8912, CG8914, CG8985, CG8985, CG9022,
CG9022, CG9032, CG9067, CG9102, CG9160, CG9172, CG9231, CG9280,
CG9311, CG9323, CG9350, CG9388, CG9447, CG9453, CG9460, CG9519,
CG9537, CG9548, CG9603, CG9636, CG9636, CG9650, CG9696, CG9739,
CG9742, CG9753, CG9753, CG9825, CG9825, CG9901, CG9901, CG9948, or an ortholog counterpart thereof, comprising administering a compound of table 1 to said cell.
13. The method of definition 12, wherein the cell is a nerve cell .
14. The method of definition 12 or 13, wherein administration treats, alleviates or prevents pain or hyperalgesia in a sub- j ect .
The present invention is further illustrated by the follow¬ ing figures and examples.
Figures :
Figure 1. Thermal nociception in adult Drosophila.
(A) Schematic representation of the thermal nociception assay in adult Drosophila. (B) Avoidance of noxious temperature of 46°C, but not avoidance of "sub-noxious" temperatures (25-35°C) , is impaired in painless mutant ( Painless (EP ( 2 ) 2451 ) flies compared to the control strain Canton S (control) . Data are presented as mean values +/- SEM. ~20 flies were tested per group, in repli¬ cates of at least four cohorts. Significant differences
(P<0.001) were observed for temperature and strain responses. Further post hoc (Tukey's) analysis showed a significant temper¬ ature avoidance response at 46DC for control (*, P<0.05) but not painless flies when compaired to responses at 25°C. (C) To set up the experimental screening system, w (isogenic to the
UAS-IR library) x elav-Gal4 flies (Control, grey; n = 1706) and painless mutant flies {painless, blue; n= 1816) were tested for avoidance to noxious heat (46°C) . Based on these data a Z-score >= 1.65 was calculated as a specific cut-off to identify lines for further screening. Elav-Gal4 (also containing UAS-Dicer 2 (UAS-DRC2) for more efficient gene silencing) females were crossed to UAS-IR lines to knock-down the target genes in all neurons. All lines that exhibited a thermal avoidance defect (Z- score >= 1.65) were re-rested multiple times. (D) Results of the genome-wide screen. ~ 3% (622 transformants ) of total lines tested (16051) exhibited a defect in thermal nociception, re¬ sulting in 580 candidate pain genes (622 transgenic lines) . (E) Distribution of adult thermal nociception and developmental le¬ thal hits for 16051 Drosophila UAS-IR lines. 1427 elav-Gal4 x UAS-IR lines were developmentally lethal (lethal) . Among the 14624 viable lines, 562 lines exhibited defective thermal noci¬ ception (pain) . Additional 60 lines that exhibited defective no¬ ciception as well as a semi-lethal phenotype were labeled as pain & lethal.
Figure 2. Straightjacket controls thermal nociception in adult Drosophila .
(A) Diagram of the 2-δ family encoding peripheral subunits of Ca channels. (B) RNAi knock-down of stj impairs noxious ther¬ mal avoidance in adult Drosophila (% avoidance of noxious tem¬ perature) . stj-IRl = Inverted repeat 1, stj-IR2 = Inverted re¬ peat 2, both crossed to elav-Gal 4 ; UAS-DCR2. (C) Q-PCR for stj- Knock-down efficiency in elav-Gal4>UAS-stj-IRl/2 adult fly brains. (D) Kinetics of temperature-induced paralysis for con¬ trol and elav-Gal4>UAS-stj flies. (E) stj-Gal4 driving expres¬ sion of lamin:GFP to label nuclei and cell surface CD8:GFP to visualize axonal projections in the brain of adult flies. The pars intercerebralis is marked with an arrow. (F) Co- localization of anti-STJ immunostaining and stj -Gal4>UAS- lamin : GFP. The pars intercerebralis is marked with an arrow. (G)
1 1 1 8
stj in situ hybridization in the leg of wild type (w ) flies. Of note, the sense control did not show any signal. DAPI coun- terstaining is shown as mark nuclei. All data are presented as mean ± sem. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 (Student's t-test) .
Figure 3. Straightjacket controls thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae.
1. (A) st -GAL4 driven expression of UAS-CD8:GFP in larval body wall sensory neurons co-stained with anti-Futsch as a marker for sensory neurons. CD8:GFP expression co-localizes with sensory neurons (Futsch) in larval abdominal hemi-segments (A3) (top panels), and multidendritic sensory neurons (bottom panels) . (B) Pan-neuronal knock-down of stj (UAS-stj-IR x elav) , a mutant of stj (stj2), and stj mutant larvae over a corresponding deficiency Df ( 2R) Exel7128 (stj2/def) show severely impaired thermal no¬ ciception responses compared to wlll8 x elav controls, painless larvae are shown as a control. The impaired larval thermal re¬ sponses of a stj/def was rescued by reintroducing a wild type stj allele using the P[acman] system (stj2/def, stj+) (Venken et al . , 2009) . Percent responses ± sem to a 46oC heated probe are shown for the indicated time points. Mean response latency ± sem. P value was generated using a Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test for median comparison with the Dunn's post-hoc test. All P values depicted highlight significance relative to control re¬ sponses, stj rescue was also significantly difference from stj2 and stj2/def, (P < 0.001) . At least 20 animals were tested three times per genotype.
Figure 4. α2δ3 is required for thermal pain responses in mice.
8. (A) Southern blotting of genomic DNA in 2δ3 wild type (+/+) and 2δ3 heterozygous (+/-) ES cells to confirm successful gene targeting. The endogenous wild type and targeted alleles are in¬ dicated. A 5' probe was used on Nhe I digested genomic DNA. (B) 2δ3 and 2δ1 protein expression in brain and isolated DRG ly- sated from 2δ3+/+ (+/+), 2δ3+/- (+/-), and 2δ3-/- (-/-) mice. Actin is shown as a loading control. (C) Using the hot plate assay, 2δ3 mutant mice (n=16) show a delayed acute ther¬ mal nociception response as compared to control 2δ3+/+ mice
(n=12) . Littermate mice were used as a control. Values represent the latency (seconds) to respond to the indicated temperatures.
(D) CFA-induced inflammatory pain behavior. CFA (20 μΐ) was injected into the hindpaw of 2δ3+/- (+/+, n=10) and 2δ3-/- (-/-, n=21) littermates and mice were tested for thermal pain (54°C) using the hot plate assay on the indicated days. Days 1, 3, 5, and 7 indicate days after CFA injection. All data are presented as mean values ± sem. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; *** P < 0.001 comparing mutant versus control mice. # P< 0.05 comparing sensiti¬ zation to baseline (day -2) of the same genotype (Student's t- test) .
Figure 5. Polymorphisms in CACNA2D3 (a253) associate with decreased acute and chronic pain in humans.
(A) Schematic representation of the human CACNA2D3 gene locus on chromosome 3p21.1. The positions of the SNPs assayed are indi¬ cated. Blue boxes represent exons . The relative gene position is given in megabases (Mb) . ( B ) Homozygous carriers of the
rs6777055 minor allele (C/C) were significantly less sensitive to heat wind-up induced sensitivity relative to the other geno¬ types (C/A or A/A) . ( C ) Of 169 lumbar chronic root pain patients 1 year post discectomy those homozygous for the minor allele C/C at SNP rs6777055 and A/A at SNP rsl851048 were less sensitive than the other allele combinations. In each case, the homozygous minor allele is associated with significantly less pain. Note that genotyping was not always successful for every individual, hence, the slightly different total numbers in the chronic pain group. All data are presented as mean values ± sem. *p < 0.05
(Student's t-test) .
Figure 6. α2δ3 is expressed in the brain and relays the pain signal to higher order brain centers .
(A) β-Gal staining of whole brain slices from α2δ3+/ ~ mice that carry the LacZ cassette. Different brain regions that are posi¬ tive for LacZ expression are indicated. White lines indicate the brain slices displayed in Fig. 7A. ( B-C ) Quantification of % BOLD change and mean activation volume (in voxels) for ( B ) the thalamus and ( C ) the SI somato-sensory cortex of α2δ3+/ + and α2δ3~/ ~ mice. Of note, it has been proposed that the SI cortical region is involved in the localisation of nociception (Treede et al . , 1999) . The different stimulation temperatures are indicat¬ ed. Data are presented as mean +/- sem. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01
(Student's t-test comparing the respective control and α2δ3~/ ~ groups) . (D) Cross-correlation matrix of time profiles. Whereas the pain signal spreads from the thalamus to other higher order pain centers in α2δ3+/ + mice (red areas), in α2δ3~/ ~ mice correlated activation can be only observed up to the level of the thalamus. Very weak activity is found in somato-sensory cortex
(SC) for α2δ3~/ ~ mice (green stripes) . Data from the structures of left side of the brain are shown following challenge with noxious heat (55°C) at the right hindpaw. SI: sensory input; Th: thalamus; SC: somato-sensory cortex; AC: association cortex; LL : link to limbic system; LS : limbic system; HT : hypothalamus; BG: basal ganglia; C. cerebellum; M: motor cortex, P: periaquaeduc- tal gray. Correlation-coefficients (cc) are given in the range from 0 (green) , to +1 (red) . n=20 for α2δ3+/ +; n = 18 for α2δ3~ /-
Figure 7. a253 mutant mice exhibit sensory cross-activation in response to thermal and tactile stimuli .
(A) Second order statistical parameters maps showing only the significant differences of heat (55°C) and tactile (vibrissae) stimulation induced brain activation between α2δ3+/ + and α2δ3~/ ~ mutant mice. Activation was assessed by BOLD-fMRI. The three planes correspond to the white lines shown in Fig. 6A. The green/blue scale indicates increased peak activation (55°C) in α2δ3+/ + control mice compared to α2δ3~/ ~ mutant mice. The yel¬ low/red scale indicates increased activation in α2δ3~/ ~ mutant mice compared to α2δ3+/ + control mice. Images depict significant differences of second order group statistics corrected for mul¬ tiple comparisons over all mice tested (n = 20 for α2δ3+/ + mice, n = 18 for α2δ3~/ ~ mice) . Arrows point to activated regions;
note that for heat stimulation the S1/S2 somato-sensory cortex, the cingulate (Cg) cortex and the motor (M) cortex show signifi¬ cantly higher activity in α2δ3+/ + controls. In α2δ3~/ ~ mice, heat stimulation leads to significantly higher activity auditory cortex (AC) , the visual cortex (VC) , and the olfactory tubercle
(OT) , as well as the amygdala (Amd) and the hypothalamus (HT) . For tactile stimulation, only one small region in the SI somatosensory cortex, ipsilateral to the side of stimulation
(right) , showed significantly higher activity in α2δ3+/ + con¬ trols, whereas α2δ3~/ ~ mice again exhibited increased activation of the VC, AC, and OT, in addition to the caudate putamen (Cpu) , SI and S2 regions of the somato-sensory cortex, and the superior colliculus (SC) . (B,C) % BOLD changes in the auditory cortex
(AC) , olfactory tubercle (OT) , and visual cortex (VC) in control and a2d3-/- mice following (B) heat (55°C) and (C) tactile vi- brissal stimulation. Data is presented as mean values ± sem. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 (Student's t-test) . Figure 8. Thermal nociception in adult Drosophila.
(A) A schematic outline is shown of the thermal nociception as¬ say we developed to assess the behavioral response to avoid nox¬ ious heat. The formula to calculate % avoidance is indicated. Of note, temperature at the top surface was measured at 31°C after 4 minutes. (B) Mean avoidance for all tested 16051 elav-Gal4 - Gal4>UAS-IR lines were ranked and a line of best fit was gener¬ ated to display all avoidance responses. The cut-off used to score the UAS-IR lines with an impaired thermal nociception re¬ sponse is indicted as a dotted line (Z-score > 1.65 correspond¬ ing to a mean avoidance of 82%) . (C) GO (Gene Ontology) classi¬ fication of adult thermal nociception hits in Drosophila. Pie chart represents the fraction of genes corresponding to each functional category. Numbers indicate the gene counts from all the GO terms included in each functional category. (D) Gene set enrichment analysis (GSA) . Significant GO terms are classified according to their parent terms - cellular components (CC) , bio¬ logical processes (BP) , and molecular functions (MF) . Numbers indicate the number of GO terms that constitute each functional class .
Figure 9. Brain morphology in stj-knockdown flies and stj-Gal4 expressing neurons and axonal projections in the Drosophila CNS .
(A) NC82 staining of control and stj-knockdown brains. We imaged the entire and did not observe any structural abnormalities. Representative images are shown at anterior and medial regions of the adult Drosophila brain. NC82 labels presynaptic struc¬ tures and has been previously used to assess brain morphology
(Vosshall et al . , 2000) . (B) Nuclear and projection labeling of stj positive cells in the adult Drosophila brain. Stj-expressing nuclei are situated on the anterior surface and the pars inter- cerebralis (arrow) of the Drosophila brain. Stj projections cross the posterior brain and can be also found in the connec¬ tion from the brain to the ventral nerve cord (arrowhead) . De¬ picted are whole brain confocal images of stj -Gal4>UAS-Lamin : GFP and stj -Gal4>UAS-CD8 : GFP fly lines. Composite images, and sin¬ gle images from anterior, mid, and posterior brain segments are shown. (C) Nuclear and cell surface labeling of stj positive cells in the Drosophila ventral nerve cord (VNC) labels cell bodies throughout the VNC. CD8:GFP strongly labels neurons in the cervical connective, likely ascending neurons connecting the VNC to the brain (arrow and also see arrow head in B) . Data are composite images from stj -Gal4>UAS-Lamin : GFP and stj -Gal4>UAS- CD8 : GFP fly lines.
Figure 10. stj and stj expressing nerves control thermal pain in larvae .
, 9
(A) Temperature dose-response for control, stj mutant (stj ), and stj mutant with stj rescue (stj /Df (2R) Exel7128 , stj ) Re¬ sponses were recorded at 44°C, 46°C, 50°C, and 53°C. stj rescue larvae exhibited responses that were not significant compared to control, and significantly faster compared to stj mutants at all temperatures tested (by Kruskal-wallis non-parametric test for median comparison with the Dunn's post-hoc test) (B) stj point mutant larvae exhibit normal mechanosensation . The Kernan scor¬ ing system used was as described (Kernan et al . , 1994) : 0 = no response to touch, 1 = a response of pausing mouth-hook move¬ ment, 2 = responding by withdrawing the anterior or turning away from the touch, 3 = a single reverse peristaltic wave away from the touch, and 4 = multiple peristaltic waves away from the touch. Wild type Canton S and Painless ( Painless (EP ( 2 ) 2451 ) lar¬ vae are also shown. Larval sensitivities were assessed in first and second instar larvae. All data are presented as mean ± sem.
Figure 11. Characterization of α2δ3 mutant mice.
(A) α2δ3 mutant mice display normal inflammation in the CFA mod¬ el. CFA (20 μΐ) was injected into the hindpaw of α2δ3+/~ (+/+, n = 8) and α2δ3~/ ~ (-/-, n = 10) littermates and mice were tested for paw swelling (paw width in mm) at days -2 (2 days before CFA injection), Day 1, and Day 7 using a spring loaded caliper. (B) α2δ3~/ ~ (n=9) and α2δ3+/ + littermate controls (n=ll) show similar acute mechanical pain thresholds using the von Frey test.
(C-D) α2δ3 mutant mice display no obvious phenotype in the open field, (E) tail suspension assays, and (F) Rotarod responses. Mean values ± sem from α2δ3+/ + (n =12) and α2δ3~/ ~ (n =10) mice are shown. (G) α2δ3 mutant mice display no obvious phenotype in the tail flick response. Mean values ± sem from α2δ3+/ + (n =12) and α2δ3~/ ~ (n =16) mice are shown. There were no significant statistical differences between the groups. (H) The IV-plots of peak calcium inward currents derived from α2δ3~/ ~ DRGs (red circles, n=20) is identical to α2δ3+/ + DRG neurons (black squares, n=20) . (I-K) Characterization of voltage-gated calcium current behavior in α2δ3+/ + and α2δ3~/ ~ DRGs . (I) the maximal conductance (G) achieved upon membrane depolarization is identi¬ cal in α2δ3+//+ (Gpeak 1.76 ± 0.18 nS/pF and Gsus 1.30 ± 0.14 nS/pF, n=20) and α2δ3~//~ (Gpeak 1.65 ± 0.16 nS/pF and Gsus 1.26 ± 0.14 nS/pF, n=20) DRG neurons. (J) Half-maximal voltage of ac¬ tivation {α2δ3+//+: Vl/2peak -15.16 ± 0.71 mV and Vl/2sus -14.82 ± 0.62 mV, n=20; α2δ3~//~: Vl/2peak -16.00 ± 0.93 mV and Vl/2sus -15.05 ± 0.87 mV, n=20) and (K) the associated slope {α2δ3+//+: Speak 5.20 ± 0.43 mV and Ssus 6.35 ± 0.44 mV, N=20; α2δ3~//~: Speak 5.30 ± 0.43 mV and Ssus 6.81 ± 0.59 mV, n=20) .
Figure 12. Region specific fMRI activity.
Region-specific quantification of (A) peak height and (B) acti¬ vated volume for brain structures of the left and right hemi¬ sphere after a thermal pain stimulus (55°C) in α2δ3+/+ (n=20) and α2δ3~/ ~ (n=18) mice. MT : medial thalamus; VPL : ventral postolateral/posteromedial thalamic nucleus; SI: primary and S2 : secondary somato-sensory regions; Cg: cingulate cortex; Amd: amygdala: HT : hypothalamus; M: motor cortex. % BOLD change indi¬ cates increased BOLD signals compared to baseline. Activated volumes are expressed in voxels. All data are presented as mean values ± sem. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 (Student's t-test comparing control and α2δ3~/ ~ groups) .
Figure 13. Cross-correlation matrix of the somatosensory pain matrix and negative BOLD fMRI .
(A) Cross-correlation matrix of time profiles of the structures of the somato-sensory pain matrix. Whereas the pain signal spreads from the thalamus to other higher order pain centres in α2δ3+/ + mice (left-left: lower left, right-right: upper right; red areas), in α2δ3~/ ~ mice correlated activation can be only observed up to the level of the thalamus. Moreover, much less correlated interhemispheric activity at the left right interac¬ tion matrices (left-right: lower right) was observed in the α2δ3~/ ~ mice. Data from the left side and right sides of the brain are shown for the average across α2δ3+/+ (n=20) and α2δ3~ /~ mice (n=18) following challenge with noxious heat (55°C) at the right hind paw. SI: sensory input; Th: thalamus; SC: sensory cortex; AC: association cortex; LL : link to limbic system; LS : limbic system; HT : hypothalamus; BG: basal ganglia; C, cerebel¬ lum; M; motor cortex; P: periaquaeductal gray. Correlation- coefficients (cc) are given in the range from 0 (green) to +1 (red) . (B) . Negatively correlated BOLD fMRI signals were found in the cingulate (Cg) , motor cortex (M) , and primary somato¬ sensory cortex (SI) exclusively in α2δ3~/ ~ mice (right panels, n=18)) following challenge with a thermal pain stimulus (55°C) . n = 20 for α2δ3+/ + control mice. The yellow lines in the left brain image indicate the brain slices 1 and 2. The size of a voxel is indicated.
Figure 14. BOLD fMRI signals in the entire mouse brain.
Total BOLD fMRI activation for thermal pain stimulus (45°C, 50°C, 55°C) : peak heights (A) and activated volumes (B) for α2δ3+//+ (n = 20) and α2δ3~//~ mice (n= 18) . Note that at all temperatures and parameters measured, no significant differences were observed. For vibrissal stimulation significant stronger BOLD activity (C) and larger activation volume (D) were observed for α2δ3~/ ~ (n=5) as compared to control α2δ3+/ + (n=7) mice. All data are presented as mean values ± sem. **p < 0.01 (Student's t-test comparing control and α2δ3~/ ~ groups) .
Figure 15. Conserved regulators of thermal nociception.
GO enrichment analysis for human (A) and mouse (B) orthologs of Drosophila thermal nociception hits. GO terms were pooled into functional categories for data representation. Numbers indicate the counts of GO terms included in each functional category. These GO terms are grouped according to their parent terms - cellular components (CC) , biological processes (BP) , and molecu¬ lar functions (MF) . (C) Global C2 data set for mammalian
orthologs. Functional classification of C2 gene sets (MsigDb, Broad institute) found enriched in mouse and human orthologs of our primary fly candidate thermal nociception genes and their first degree binding partners. The numbers indicate statistical¬ ly significant C2 genes sets grouped into each functional cate¬ gory .
Figure 16. A global network map of thermal nociception.
The systems network includes data from the significantly en- riched Drosophila KEGG pathways and GO processes, mouse and hu¬ man KEGG pathways and C2 gene sets. Pathways, processes and gene sets that share a role in a biological process were pooled into functional classes while the underlying genes that constitute them are depicted with a connection to their respective func¬ tional class. Functional classes (brown), genes representing di¬ rect hits with a thermal nociception phenotype (red) , their first degree binding partners (green) and developmental lethal genes (blue) represent the nodes in the network. Only select KEGG pathways, biological processes and C2 gene sets are used to build systems map.
Figure 17. ΡΙ3Κγ controls thermal nociception and capsaicin responses in vivo.
(A) Schematic representation of the human PI3KCG gene locus on chromosome 7qp22.3. The positions of the SNPs assayed are indi¬ cated. Blue boxes represent exons . The relative gene position is given in megabases (Mb) . Normal and chronic refer to the healthy volunteers and chronic back pain patient cohorts, respectively. Wind up and heat tolerance are indicted for healthy volunteers. Significant values (dominant inheritance; t-test) are indicated. (B) Healthy volunteers carrying the G allele at SNP rs757902 were significantly more sensitive to heat wind-up induced sensi¬ tivity relative to the A/A genotype. (C) Of 160 lumbar chronic root pain patients 1 year post discectomy those carrying the G allele at rs757902 exhibited increased pain. Data in B and C are presented as mean values ± sem and numbers of carriers of the respective alleles are indicated. (D) Wild type (WT) and PI3Kq~ l~ (KO) littermates show enhanced thermal pain thresholds in re¬ sponse to radiant heat (Hargreaves ; n=22 for WT and n = 27 for KO mice) . (E) PI3Kq KO mice also show enhanced thermal sensi¬ tivity in the hot plate assay (n=13 for WT; and n = 9 for KO mice) and (F) an exaggerated capsaicin-evoked behavioral re¬ sponse in vivo (n = 9 for WT and n = 13 for KO mice) . (G) Ther¬ mal nociception in PI3Kq~^~ (KO) mice reconstituted with wild type (WT->KO) or PI3Kq~^~ (KO->KO) bone marrow. WT mice recon¬ stituted with WT bone marrow are shown as controls. Hot plate assay; 54 °C. n > 6 for each group. (H) Thermal nociception thresholds in response to radiant heat (Hargreaves test) in lit- termate control and ΡΙ3Κγ kinase-dead (KD) knock-in mice still exhibit enhanced baseline thermal nociception thresholds (n = 19 for WT and n = 23 for KD mice) . Data are presented as mean +/- sem. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 (t-test) .
Figure 18. ΡΙ3Κγ acts in DRG as a negative regulator of thermal nociception and capsaicin responses.
(A) Representative temperature response ramps and Arrhenius plots for heat-activated currents measured in single DRG neurons isolated from WT and ΡΙ3Κγ KO mice. For temperature response ramps, red lines depict temperature ramp and black lines depict inward current. (B) Q10 as a measure of the rate of inward cur¬ rent changes in response to temperature, n = 37 for isolated WT and n = 29 for ΡΙ3Κγ KO DRG neurons. (C,D) Capsaicin sensitivity of DRG neurons isolated from WT and ΡΙ3Κγ KO mice. (C) Shows representative capsaicin responses from a single neuron. (D) Dose-response curves to capsaicin. The capsaicin EC50 is indi¬ cated. Numbers indicate numbers of single neurons tested with the indicated capsaicin doses at the respective data points. Electrophysiology data was generated by single neuron patch clamping. Data are presented as mean +/- sem. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 by Mann-Whitney u-test.
Figure 19. Flow charts for global bioinformatics analyses.
(A) Flow chart indicating the steps in the conversion of Dro- sophila candidate thermal nociception genes into mouse and human orthologs. (B) Flow chart indicating KEGG and C2 gene set analy¬ sis in Drosophila, mice, and humans. Data from all three organ¬ isms were pooled to generate a global network map. See Materials and Methods for details.
Figure 20. A global network map of thermal nociception based on primary hits without binding partners.
The systems network includes data from the significantly en¬ riched Drosophila KEGG pathways and GO processes, mouse and hu¬ man KEGG pathways and C2 gene sets based on analysis of primary screening hits without binding partners. Pathways, processes and gene sets that share a role in a biological process were pooled into functional classes while the underlying genes that consti¬ tute them are depicted with a connection to their respective functional class. Functional classes (brown), genes representing hits with pain phenotype (red) , and developmental lethal genes (blue) are shown in the network.
Figure 21. Basic behavioral analysis of ΡΙ3Κγ KO mice.
ΡΙ3Κγ expressing control and PI3Kg knock-out (KO) mice exhibit similar behavioral responses in multiple paradigms. (A) ΡΙ3Κγ KO mice exhibit intact accuracy in a test for skilled reaching and (B) a slight decrease in cages crosses over a 24 hour period; but this trend failed to reach statistical significance. (C) In an open field test, control and ΡΙ3Κγ KO mice showed the same activity over a ten minute period and (D) similar levels of anx¬ iety-related defecation. (E) Control and ΡΙ3Κγ KO mice exhibited similar coordination in the rotorod test. (F-H) No differences were detected between control and ΡΙ3Κγ KO mice in three models of learning: (F) Water maze, (G) T-maze, and (H) passive avoid¬ ance learning. (n=ll for control and n=12 for KO for the above tests) . (I-J) Basal mechanical sensation was assessed by the von Frey test; ΡΙ3Κγ KO mice exhibited normal (I) force threshold and (J) latency. n=21 for WT and n=16 for KO mice. (K) ΡΙ3Κγ KO mice also exhibited a comparable sensitivity to acetone (n=21 for WT and n=16 for KO mice) . Data are presented as mean +/- sem. In all experiments there we no significant differences it- test) .
Figure 22. ΡΙ3Κγ KO mice show no difference in inflammatory pain responses .
(A) ΡΙ3Κγ KO mice exhibit significant enhancement of baseline thermal nociception sensitivity but a comparable degree of ther¬ mal hyperalgesia following intraplantar CFA challenge. (B) A sensitization ratio (Baseline/CFA latency) shows similar CFA- induced sensitization in wild type (WT) and ΡΙ3Κγ KO mice 10 days after CFA injection. (C) WT and ΡΙ3Κγ KO mice exhibit similar paw swelling in response to CFA over the course of the ex¬ periment (data shown was recorded at day 8) . Data are presented as mean +/- sem. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 by Student's t test.
Figure 23. Testing of anti-pain compounds
A: Compounds testing performed on pregabalin, cilomilast, zardaverine and roflumilast as described in Example 4.1.3.2. Da¬ ta are presented as mean values + SEM, n=8-10. Significantly different by Mann-Whitney U test compared to T=0 paw withdrawal thresholds (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001) .
B: Compounds testing performed on pregabalin, bosutinib and ade- fovir as described in Example 4.1.3.3. Data are presented as mean values + SEM, n=8-10. Significantly different by Mann- Whitney U test compared to T=0 paw withdrawal thresholds (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001) .
C: Compounds testing performed on pregabalin, dasatinib and tenofovir as described in Example 4.1.3.1. Data are presented as mean values + SEM, n=8-10. Significantly different by Mann- Whitney U test compared to T=0 paw withdrawal thresholds (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001) .
Figure 24: Testing of anti-pain compounds, chronic in lammatory pain model
A: Von Frey' s hairs assay for Indomethiacin, Dasatinib, Tenofo¬ vir. Data are presented as mean values + SEM, n=6-10. Significantly different by Mann-Whitney U test. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 significantly different from post surgery withdrawal thresholds .
B: Von Frey' s hairs assay for Indomethiacin, Cimilast, Zardaver- ine, Roflumilast. Data are presented as mean values + SEM, n=8- 10. Significantly different by Mann-Whitney U test. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 significantly different from post surgery withdrawal thresholds.
C: Von Frey' s hairs assay for Indomethiacin, Bosutinib, Adefo- vir. Data are presented as mean values + SEM, n=8-10. Significantly different by Mann-Whitney U test. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 significantly different from post surgery withdrawal thresholds .
Examples :
Example 1: Materials and Methods Example 1.1: Fly stocks
All UAS-IR transgenic fly lines were obtained from the VDRC RNAi library (Dietzl et al . , 2007) with the exception of 2δ second hairpins, which were obtained from the Harvard trip stocks, elav with UAS-Dicer 2 was a gift from B. Dickson (Dietzl et al . , 2007) . Painless (EP (2) 2451) was a gift from D. Tracey.
Df (2R) ExelV12 was obtained from the Exelexis stock collection
(Thibault et al . , 2004) . NP1574-Gal4 was obtained from the Kyoto Institute of Technology Drosophila Genetic Resource Center
(Hayashi et al . , 2002) . The point mutant stj lines stj and stj , the stj deficiency Df (2R) ExelV128, and the stj P[acman] rescue (stj+; 1259) flies have been previously described (Ly et al . , 2008) . These flies were generated by introducing a BAC con¬ taining the wild type stj locus into predetermined attP sites in the genome using C31 integrase (Venken et al . , 2009) . UAS- Lamm : GFP was a gift from N. Stuurman. UAS-shibire and UAS- CD8:GFP were obtained from Bloomington.
Example 1.2 :Drosophila behavioral tests
For adult thermal preference and avoidance of noxious heat ~20 four day old flies were placed in an experimental chamber (Nun- clon dish 35mm x 10mm) sealed with scotch tape. All tests were performed in the dark. The bottom of the chamber was heated to 46°C over 15 seconds by floating on a water bath while the sub- noxious zone was measured to be 31°C at the end of the 4 minute experiment. % Avoidance was calculated by counting the number of flies that failed to avoid the noxious temperature compared to the total number of flies in the chamber. For experiments in- volvmg UAS-shibire , flies were transferred to the experi¬ mental chambers followed by a temperature shift to 30°C for 60 minutes. Larval pain assays were performed as described (Tracey et al . , 2003) . Since 3rc^ instar stj^ mutant larvae exhibit motor defects, we only used ls^ and 2nc^ instar stj^ larvae and stage- matched control larvae for our experiments. Mechanosensation (Kernan score) was performed as described (Kernan et al . , 1994) . To set up the experimental assay and to determine a cut¬ off, where we would always hit painless, multiple control (Fl from wlll8 X virgin elav-Gal4 ; UAS-DCR2 ?) and painless mutant flies were tested for thermal avoidance and an avoidance histo¬ gram generated. For assessing noxious temperature-induced paral¬ ysis, wild type flies were placed in 5 ml polystyrene round bot¬ tom tubes (BD Falcon) and exposed to different temperatures (37- 46°C with 1° increments) until 100% of flies were paralyzed. Basic coordination was assessed by tapping the test chamber on the bench and observing general coordination as flies move away from the site of impact as described previously (Dietzl et al . , 2007) .
Example 1.3: Screening procedure
For screening, transgenic males harboring a UAS-IR transgene were crossed with elav-Gal-4 ; DCR2-Gal4 females and Fl progeny were tested for avoidance of noxious heat (46°C) in our experi¬ mental chambers. In our pilot studies, a noxious temperature of 46°C was found to give the most robust differences between con¬ trol and painless mutant flies. Of note, 46°C is the same tem¬ perature used to identify painless in larvae (Tracey et al . , 2003) . For the screening we chose a 4 minute cut-off, based on the difference between control and pain mutant flies. For each fly line, ~ 20 adult flies were transferred to the experimental chambers. During retesting flies were also scored for basic co¬ ordination before testing by tapping the flies to the bottom of the test chamber after loading and assessing whether flies were slow or uncoordinated when climbing back up the wall of the chamber. For noxious heat avoidance, flies were given a choice between the noxious and non-noxious temperature and after 4 minutes, the number of flies successfully avoiding the noxious heat and the number in the noxious heat zone (which were inca¬ pacitated by assay end) were recorded to calculate percent avoidance ( (total-failed) /total) X100) for each test. The Z-score was generated as compared to wild type responses {w x elav;
DCR2) . A Z-score was generated as follows: ((mean control avoid¬ ance - mean test avoidance) /standard deviation control) . Flies failing to avoid the noxious temperature in the first round were confirmed with multiple retests. All elav-Gal4>UAS-IR lines with a Z-score >1.65 in the primary screen were tested an average of 6.78 independent times using second UAS-IR transformants . Based on previous use of this RNAi library (Dietzl et al . , 2007; Mum- mery-Widmer et al . , 2009) the false positive rate is estimated at 2-7%. To decrease the number of false positives we excluded 55 hairpins with potential off-target effects (more than 6 Can repeats and/or S19 score < 0.8 was considered unspecific) , leav¬ ing 622 transgenic lines corresponding to 580 candidate nocicep¬ tion genes (Fig. IE) .
During hit confirmation for our screen, flies were also assessed for general coordination defects (Dietzl et al . , 2007) that could potentially impede noxious thermal avoidance. In addition, to further test whether our hits had a defect that is specific to noxious thermal avoidance and/or exhibited additional altera¬ tions in innate behavioral programs (Benzer, 1967), we evaluated fly lines for general coordination by geotactic repulsion and phototactic attraction. To determine if our candidate thermal nociception hits were unable to avoid noxious heat due to in¬ creased temperature-sensitivity we assayed temperature-induced paralysis at 38°C, a system that was originally used to identity classic temperature-sensitive paralytic mutants such as shibire and para (Grigliatti et al . , 1973; Siddiqi and Benzer, 1976) . No significant correlations were observed between thermal nocicep- tion genes and phototactic attraction (r = 0.0026), geotactic
9
avoidance (r = 0.00165), or temperature sensitivity (r =
0,005742) . Finally, to determine if our candidate pain genes are simply the result of increased temperature-induced paralysis at 46°C, we exposed pain hits to a chamber set to 46°C and recorded the kinetics of temperature-induced paralysis.
Example 1. : Functional annotation of pain hits
Of the 580 genes corresponding to the RNAi hits with thermal no¬ ciception phenotypes, 391 genes were annotated by GOstat. To find additional information about gene-function of the remaining 189 genes, we searched three other databases for functional in¬ formation associated with the Drosophila genes and an additional 80 genes were functionally annotated using the following tools:
1. Panther db (http://www.pantherdb.org/) .
2. Overlap with neuronal precursor genes published by Bro- dy T., et al. (Brody et al . , 2002) .
3. NCBI Gene (Gene Ontology)
(http : //www . ncbi . nlm. nih . gov/gene ) .
Example 1.5 : Identi ication of fly orthologs in mouse and human.
To identify orthologs between Drosophila and mouse or Drosophila and human, we used pre-computed orthology predictions obtained from Compara r49, Homologene (03/08), Inparanoid v6.1, Orthomcl v2 (Kuzniar, et al . , Trends Genet 24, 539 (Nov, 2008) . Since each database query outputs results using a different gene iden- tifier, we transformed all the different identifiers to a single unique Entrez ID, for each gene. Both one-to-one, and many-to- many mappings were observed between the Drosophila and the mam¬ malian genes. In cases where on Drosophila gene mapped to multi¬ ple mammalian orthologs, all the predicted orthologs of a given gene, were considered for further downstream analysis. In cases where a mammalian gene of interest had multiple Drosophila orthologs, the fly gene with highest Z-score for the correspond¬ ing RNAi hit was mapped.
Example 1.6: GO classi ication
Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was performed using GOstat
(http://gostat.wehi.edu.au/) . GO analysis was run with Drosophi¬ la genes whose RNAi hits have a Z-score >1.65. Over- or under- represented (p<0.1) GO terms with corrections for multiple test¬ ing (Benjamini - Yekutieli correction) were identified and compared to all Drosophila genes reported in the flybase (fb) .
Since terms that occur at a deeper level in the GO tree hierar¬ chy, therefore containing lesser numbers of genes, are consid¬ ered more biologically informative, we discarded terms contain¬ ing more than 500 genes from further analysis. Significant GO terms were manually pooled and organized into "functional groups" based on their shared roles in a biological function.
Example 1.7: Binding partner and pathway analyses. Pathway anal¬ ysis was performed using the Drosophila Pathway database in GeneSpring GX . Briefly, the Pathway database in GeneSpring GX contains binding partners from two sources: 1. those reported in open-source public databases like BIND and IntAct (IMEX consor¬ tium) and 2. extracted from Pubmed abstracts using a proprietary natural language processing technique. The tool UI allows a que¬ ry of the database to build networks of molecular relations (edges) amongst molecules (nodes) of interest. Data from the IMEX consortium only represent protein binding and promoter binding molecular interactions. Using filters in GeneSpring GX, we selected only binding molecular relations reported by the IMEX consortium to create this network, thereby including only experimentally proved physical interactions between the corre¬ sponding protein molecules. Example 1.8: Hypergeometric enrichment test. A hypergeometric test, similar to the test used for GO enrichment analysis, was used to identify over-represented gene lists (C2 from Msigdb, BROAD Institute) and pathways (KEGG) amongst the pain hits. The hypergeometric test considers only the percentage representation of genes corresponding to a biological pathway in the pre- computed pain gene list. This analysis was performed on the gene list identified as mouse or human orthologs corresponding to adult pain hits (Z-score > 1.65) in Drosophila.
Example 1.9: Generation of a systems map. For the combined sys¬ tems map, significant KEGG pathways, C2 gene sets and selected GO functional categories were manually grouped into uniform functional categories. Functional categories chosen for depic¬ tion were selected relevant to the biology of pain func¬ tion. The complete list of functional categories is available in tables S4 and S5. Of these, 37 functional categories were chosen for construction of the systems map. For each functional category, the corresponding genes that mapped to the KEGG path¬ ways, C2 gene sets and GO term, included in the category were extracted. Drosophila orthologs for these genes were found and assigned to the category and visually represented into a systems map. For the construction of Drosophila KEGG pathway systems map, pathways rendered over 90% enriched by GSA analysis, were manually annotated into functional categories. Pain hit genes and their binding partners that belong to any pathway were ex¬ tracted and assigned to the appropriate higher level functional category. Data was represented as a systems map connecting these functional categories.
Example 1.10: Gene set analysis (GSA)
GSA uses lists of genes from biological pathways or processes, to find if the pathway or the process as a whole has been sig¬ nificantly altered by the experimental treatment. A null hypoth¬ esis is that "genes of a functionally irrelevant pathway are not clustered at the top of a rank ordered (based on Z-score) list of all genes in the experiment". The rank order list of 11293 unique genes with Z-scores was obtained from our screen assaying a total of 16051 UAS-IR transformants . Individual gene lists were constructed corresponding to 146 Drosophila KEGG pathways and 45 significant GO terms (corrected p<0.1) . Binding partners were identified in yeast-2-hybrid screens reported in the bio- molecular interaction network database BIND, i.e. binding partners experimentally confirmed to interact with the candidate thermal nociception genes. An enrichment score (Es) for a gene list (s) was calculated based upon the pain Z-score using the formula :
Es = sum of average Z-scores of all genes in s
V (Number of genes in s)
For every s, 100 bootstrap permutations were carried out to gen¬ erate random functionally unrelated gene lists of the same size and their enrichment scores calculated as Er. A gene set s is considered significant (p < 0.1) if Es > Er (90th quantile) . This GSA approach removes any bias artificially created by the ad-hoc Z-score cut-off >1.65.
Example 1.11: Imaging of nuclei and axonal projections in Dro- sophlla
Brains and ventral nerve cords from stj -Gal4>UAS-Lamin : GFP and stj-Gal4>UAS-CD8:GFP fly lines were dissected in PBS, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 30 min at room temperature (RT) , washed three times for 10 min in PBS containing 0.3%Triton X- 100, blocked for 1 hr at RT in PBT containing 5% normal goat serum, and incubated with primary anti-GFP (Invitrogen) and NC82 (Iowa hybridoma bank) counterstaining antibodies in blocking solution overnight at 4 C. Samples were washed three times for 10 min in PBT at RT, and secondary antibodies were applied in blocking solution for 2 hrs at RT . After washing three times for 10 min in PBS, samples were mounted in Vectashield (Vector
Labs) . Alternatively, to stain for STJ, adult brains were dis¬ sected in Grace's Insect Medium, fixed in 4% formaldehyde in PBS with 1% Triton X-100 (PBS/Tx) , rinsed 2 times in 0.3% PBS/Tx and washed 2 times in 0.5% PBS/Tx for 15 min. Samples were blocked overnight at 4 C in 5% NGS with 0.1% PBS/Tx and the primary antibodies were incubated 3 days at 4 C in block solution. Samples were washed as was done after fixation and incubated with the secondary antibodies at 4 C for 2 days. Then samples were washed as before with the final wash step in PBS before being trans¬ ferred to 50% PBS/glycerol and then mounted. Antibodies against STJ were raised in either rabbit (HH129) or guinea pig (125 or 127) . Confocal images were captured on a Zeiss LSM510 Meta, Axi- overt 200 M, and processed with LSM510 Image Examiner. For larval imaging, stj-GAL4 was crossed to UAS-mCD8 : GFP . Larvae raised at 22°C were dissected in modified HL3 solution (110 mM NaCl, 5 mM KC1, 10 mM NaHC03, 5 mM HEPES, 30 mM sucrose, 5 mM Trehalose, and 10 mM MgCl2) (pH, 7.2) and fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde.
Stainings were performed using standard protocols described
(Verstreken et al . , 2003) . Images were captured using a Zeiss 510 confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss, Inc.) using a Plan Neofluar 40x, 1.3 N.A. objective and processed with LSM Image Browser 4.2
(Carl Zeiss, Inc.) . Primary antibodies to GFP (rabbit, chicken, Abeam used 1:500) and FUTSCH were diluted 1:200. STJ antibodies were all diluted to 1:100. Secondary antibodies tagged with Alexa 405, Alexa 488, Alexa 568 (Invitrogen) or Cy3 were used at 1:200. In situ hybridizations on adult flies were performed as previously described (Couto et al . , 2005) .
Example 1.12 : Generation of a253 knock-out mice
For gene targeting of 2δ3 in mice, a targeting vector was inserted into exon 15 of the murine 2δ3 gene. The linearized con¬ struct was electroporated into embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from the 129/OlaHsd mouse sub-strain. Correctly targeted ES cell clones were confirmed by Southern blotting and used to generate chimeric mice. Germline transmitted Fl mice were backcrossed to C57BL/6 females. All behavioral and fMRI studies were conducted in accordance with guidelines of the European Union Council (86/609/EU) and following Austrian regulations for the use of laboratory animals.
Example 1.13: Physical examinations
A physical examination of α2δ3 mutant and control mice to assess general characteristics such as activity, behavior towards sib¬ lings, posture, grooming, breathing patterns and movement, ab¬ normal discharge, malformations was performed. A step-wise nec¬ ropsy exam was then performed to identify potential lesions and abnormalities in all organs. Harvested organs were fixed, paraf¬ fin-embedded, sectioned, stained using hematoxylin and eosin, and then assessed for possible histopathologies .
Example 1.14: Serum chemistry and hematology Blood samples were collected by terminal cardiac puncture and serum was assessed for electrolytes, inorganic ions, lipid pro¬ file, glucose and creatine kinase, and basic markers of renal and kidney functions. Serum data were assayed in a Hitachi 912 automatic analyzer. Whole blood smears were stained with
Wright's Stain in order to perform a differential leukocyte count .
Example 1.15 : Behavioral experiments
For the hot plate assay, age and sex-matched wild type and α2δ3 mutant mice were acclimated to the hot plate apparatus (Ugo Ba- sile, Comerio, Italy) and then tested for hot plate latency at 50-56°C. Jumping, biting, licking, and clutching of hind paws was considered a nociceptive response as described previously (Jourdan et al . , 2001) . For the tail-flick test, a light beam was focused onto the tip of the tail, and the latency to tail withdrawal was taken as a measure of the nociceptive threshold to radiant heat. The mechanical pain test was performed by ap¬ plying an ascending series of noxious von Frey hairs to the dor¬ sal surface of each hindpaw until a hindlimb withdrawal response was observed (Whishaw et al . , 1999) . Inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia was produced in the mouse right hind paw by intraplantar injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) (20 μΐ of a solu¬ tion containing 5 mg of CFA in 10 ml of a 1:1 emulsion of saline and mineral oil) . Before and after CFA injection, nociceptive responses to heat were measured using the hot-plate test (54°C) . To evaluate the inflammatory response elicited by CFA, paw swelling was measured using a spring loaded caliper (Mitutoyo, Japan) . The rotarod test was used to evaluate basic coordination and balance. Mice were placed on a smooth rod that acts as a ro¬ tating treadmill (AccuScan Instruments, Columbus, Ohio) . The rotarod rotates slowly at first and then progressively increases in speed. Mice were tested three times and the fall speed was recorded. Moreover, mice were evaluated for their response to a novel environment using an open field test (MED Associates, St. Albans, Vermont) . Briefly, each animal was placed in the center of its assigned chamber. Activity of individual mice was moni¬ tored by photo-beam breaks and recorded for the ten minute test session. Mice were assessed for a "depression" phenotype using the tail suspension assay (MED Associates, St. Albans, Vermont) . Each mouse was suspended from a metal hanger such that the end of the hanger is l/8th of an inch or less from the base of the tail. Total times of immobility were recorded during a 6 minute period .
Example 1.16: Further mouse behavioral tests
ΡΙ3Κγ knock out ( . Sasaki et al . , Science 287, 1040 (Feb 11, 2000) and kinase dead knock in (E. Patrucco et al . , Cell 118, 375 (Aug 6, 2004) ) mice are described.
Baseline thermal and mechanical sensitivities were assessed us¬ ing the Hargreaves and von Frey test (Ugo Basile Biological Re¬ search Apparatus Co., Comerio, Varese - Italy) following accli¬ mation with the test apparatus. For paw withdrawal latencies, responses were determined by testing left and right paws. The hot plate test was done using a microprocessor-controlled unit
(Ugo Basile) . For initial phenotyping, WT and ΡΙ3Κγ KO litterma- tes were used. For subsequent tests, ΡΙ3Κγ KO mice were back- crossed >8 times to C57B6 mice and compared to sex and age matched wild type C57B6 controls. Inflammatory pain was induced by intraplantar injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)
(20 μΐ of a solution containing 5 mg of CFA in 10 ml of a 1:1 emulsion of saline and mineral oil) and behavior was tested on a hot plate as above. Paw swelling indicative of inflammation was evaluated by use of a spring loaded caliper (Mitutoyo) . Capsai¬ cin behavior was assessed by time spent licking over 5 minutes following intraplantar injection of capsaicin (3 \iq in 10 μΐ; dissolved in 5% ethanol, 5% Tween-80 and 90% saline; Sigma) . For acetone-induced cold pain, a drop (50 \i ) of acetone was placed against the centre of the plantar surface of the hindpaw and re¬ sponses were recorded (J. Racz et al . , J Neurosci 28, 12125 (Nov 12, 2008) . Other behavioral test were as described previously. Briefly, for skilled reaching task, each mouse was placed on a restricted diet and conditioned in the reaching box for 5 days. On the day mice were placed in the reaching box and reaching was scored for 5 minutes beginning with the first attempt. For circadian activity, mice were individually housed in cages with photosensors. The mice were monitored for 24 hours with a 12/12 light dark cycle and the number of cage crosses was recorded. For open field activity, mice were individually housed in clear plastic cages with infrared sensors and left for 10 minutes in conditions of low noise and dim light. Total horizontal activity was tracked and fecal pellets were counted at the end of the test. For rotorod, mice were trained for 3 days at very low speed and then tested while gradually increasing rotation speed. Mean latency on rod was recorded. For water maze, a 1.2 diameter milk pool was used with a 14 X 14 cm stationary platform hidden 7 mm beneath the liquid surface. Mice were placed in the pool in randomized quadrants and given 60 seconds to locate the safe platform. At the end of each trial mice that failed to locate the platform were placed on it for 10 seconds. After 14 trials over 7 days, the platform was moved to a new quadrant. Mean la¬ tency to find the platform is presented. For T-maze, mice were placed in a T shaped maze with one arm of the maze blocked off. On the second day the blocked arm was opened, and time spent in the new area was recorded. For passive avoidance, mice were placed in a clear plastic box with metal bars wired to distrib¬ ute 0.12 milliamps built into the base. A black plastic platform was fixed in the center of the box. Mice were placed in the black "safe" platform, and when they step from the platform they were given a 1 second shock, and then removed from the appa¬ ratus. This process was repeated until mice no longer step from the safe platform.
Example 1.17: Bone marrow transplantations. Six to eight week-old recipient mice underwent a lethal total-body irradiation (1000 Rad) . Freshly isolated donor bone marrow cells were then inject¬ ed into syngenic recipient mice (5 x 10^ cells per mouse) 24 hours after irradiation. PCR analyses of blood cells and tail DNA indicated that ~ 95% of blood circulating leukocytes were of donor origin.
Example 1.18:Western blotting
Electrophoresis and Western blotting were performed using the Invitrogen Novex Mini-cell system as per the manufacture's in¬ struction. Membranes were blocked with 5% milk powder in PBS. Primary antibodies were diluted in PBS/Tween/BSA. The following primary antibodies were used: mouse anti-Actin, dilution 1/1000 (Sigma); goat anti- 2δ1, dilution 1/500, (Everest Biotech Ox¬ fordshire, UK), and rabbit anti- 253, dilution 1/500. To generate the anti-a253 antibody, rabbits were immunized with the pep- tide VSERTIKETTGNIAC conjugated to KLH . Serum was affinity puri¬ fied against the immobilized peptide. Secondary antibodies were used at a dilution of 1 in 5000 (Promega, Madison, Wisconsin) .
Example 1.19:LacZ expression
Since our α2δ3 knock-out mice carry a LacZ reporter, we used β- Gal staining as a marker to assess α2δ3 expression. Tissues from 7-12 week old heterozygote mice were analysed for LacZ expres¬ sion. Organs from these mice were frozen, sectioned (10 μπι) and analysed for LacZ expression using X-Gal staining followed by Nuclear Fast Red counterstaining . For whole mount brain staining, the brain was cut longitudinally, fixed, and stained using X-gal. The reaction was stopped with a PBS wash and then fixed with buffered formaldehyde. In addition to staining in the brain (Fig. 6A) , moderate LacZ staining was detectable in some sper- matogenic cells of the seminiferous tubules. LacZ expression was not detected in the sciatic nerve, eyes, Harderian glands, thy¬ mus, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, aorta, heart, lung, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney, urinary bladder, trachea, larynx, esophagus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, salivary glands, tongue, skeletal muscle, skin and female reproductive system.
Example 1.20:DRG neuron cultures
Lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) with the cell bodies of primary afferents that project into the hind paw were harvested from adult C57BL/6J mice, treated enzymatically with Liberase
Blendzymel (Roche) and trypsin ( Invitrogen) , and dissociated me¬ chanically with a fire-polished Pasteur pipette as previously published (Obreja et al . , 2002; Obreja et al . , 2005) . The re¬ sulting cell suspension was washed, plated on glass coverslips coated with poly-L-lysine/laminin (Sigma) and cultivated in synthetic serum-free medium (supplemented TNB™, Biochrom, Vienna) at 37°C in 5% C02.
Example 1.21: Patch clamp recordings
Using the whole-cell voltage-clamp configuration of the patch- clamp technique, ionic currents and membrane potentials were recorded from isolated neurons after 16-24 hours at room temper¬ ature as previously published (Obreja et al . , 2005; Obreja et al . , 2002) . Currents and the membrane potential recorded using an EPC10 (HEKA, Germany) and the Pulse v8.74 software (HEKA) . Borosilicate glass micropipettes (Science Products, Hofheim, Germany) pulled with a horizontal puller (Sutter Instruments Company, Novato, CA, USA) . For calcium current recordings the extracellular solution was composed of (mM) ; 130 NMDG, 20 TEAC1, 5 CsCl, 2 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2 (Sigma), 10 HEPES and 20 Glucose
(Merck) and adjusted to pH 7.3 with HC1 (Merck) . The intracellu¬ lar solution contained 120 CsCl, 20 TEAC1, 10 EGTA, 2 MgATP (Sigma), 10 HEPES and 20 Sucrose (Merck) adjusted to pH 7.3 with CsOH (Merck) . Calcium currents were evoked by test potentials from -80 to 60 mV in lOmV steps from a holding potential of - 80mV and digitized at 50 kHz. All recorded traces were corrected for leakage and capacitive currents using a P/5 protocol.
The individual recorded Calcium IV-plots were fitted with a mod¬ ified Boltzmann equation with a high-voltage block.
Figure imgf000218_0001
The conductance (G) is dependent on the amount and subtypes of
9
Ca channels that are present m the cell. The activation is determined by the half-maximal activation of the Ca current
(Vh) and the e-fold change around Vh (S) in the IV. Voltage-
9
dependent block of the Ca current at high voltages is de¬ scribed by the maximal speed of the blockage (Bs) at the half- maximal voltage of the block (Bh) . The reversal of the current is determined by the recersal potential (Vr) . All data were ana¬ lyzed in Origin 7.0 (OriginLab) .
Alternatively, for PIK3CG, the following protocol was used:
Using the whole-cell voltage-clamp configuration of the patch- clamp technique, ionic currents were recorded from isolated DRG neurons at -80 mV holding potential as previously published
(Obrej a et al . , 2005; Obrej a et al . , 2002 ) . The external solu¬ tion (ECS) contained (in mM) 145 NaCl, 5 KC1, 2 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2
(all Sigma) , 10 glucose and 10 HEPES (Merck) , at pH 7.3 adj usted with NaOH . Borosilicate glass micropipettes (Science Products , Germany) were filled with internal solution ( ICS ) containing ( in mM) 138 Caesium methanesulfonate, 2 MgCl2 , 2 Na2~A P, 0.2 Na- GTP, 0.5 CaCl2, 5 EGTA (all Sigma) and 10 HEPES (Merck), at pH 7.3 ad usted with CsOH (Merck) . After filling, electrode resistance was 3-5 MW . Currents were filtered at 2.9 kHz , sampled at 3 kHz and recorded using an EPC 9 and the Pulse v8.74 soft¬ ware (HEKA) . Experiments were performed at room temperature and only one neuron was tested per Petri dish . An automated seven- barrel system with common outlet next to the cell under investi¬ gation (<100 μΜ) was used for fast drug administration and heat stimulation {Dittert et al . , J Neurosci Methods 82, 195 (Aug 1 , 1998) . Capsaicin was applied at different concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 and 10 μΜ; Sigma; 1 mM stock solution solved in ethanol ) for 10 seconds each . Heat-activated inward currents ( ¾eat ) were elicited by applying ramp-shaped heat stimuli at 120 s intervals with linear temperature increases from 25 to 50-55°C within 5 seconds . Current values were sampled at the rising phase of the temperature ramp, normalized to 24 °C (bath temperature) and data represented as an Arrhenius plot {Vyklicky et al . , J Physiol 517 ( Pt 1) , 181 (May 15, 1999) . The temperature co-efficient Q^g was used to characteri ze tempera¬ ture dependence of the membrane. In the linear range, the acti¬ vation energy Ea was determined from the slope of the regression line (r>0.99) using the formula:
-Ea = 2.303Rlog10 (I2/I;L) / ( (1/T2) - (l/T^ )
R gas contant (8.314 JK_1mol_1)
I]_ current at lower absolute temperature T-j_
±2 current at higher absolute temperature T2
The Tthreshold was determined from the point of intersection of the two regression lines.
Q]_0 was calculated using the equation: Q-j_g = exp ( 10Ea/ (RT]_T2 ) ) . Example 1.22:fMRI and BOLD imaging
Male mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and placed on a cra¬ dle inside the MR machine (Bruker BioSpec 47/40 (200mT/m) with a free bore of 40 cm, equipped with an actively RF-decoupled coil system and a quadratur head coil) under extensive physiological monitoring (respiration, temperature, heat function) . The contact heat stimuli (40°C, 45°C, 50°C, and 55°C, plateau for 5 sec after 15 sec of heat increase) were applied at the right hind paw (presented at 3 min 25 s intervals, 3 time each temperature) using a custom made computer controlled Peltier heating device with no influence from and to the MR scanner. For tactile stimu¬ lation, the CI vibrissa of the mice was moved with an air driven device integrated into cradle shifting the vibrissa by an in¬ verted comb with an amplitude of 5 mm at 7 Hz. For the resting state measurement a series of 300 sets of functional images (ma¬ trix 64 x 64, field of view 15 x 15 mm, slice thickness 0.5 mm, axial, 22 slices) were collected using the Echo Planar Technique
(EPI, single shot: TR = 2000 ms, TEef = 24,38 ms) within a 10 min recording period. Next a set of 750 functional EPI images where acquired with two times k-space averaging resulting in a TR of 4000 ms and a total measuring time of 50 min. Finally, 22 corresponding anatomical T2 reference images (field of view 15 x 15 mm, matrix 256 x 128, TR = 2000 ms, slice thickness 0.5 mm, TEef =56 ms, RARE) were assembled. Functional analysis was per¬ formed using Brain Voyager QX and our own software MagNan (Knabl et al . , 2008) . In brief, the following preprocessing was performed: Motion correction algorithm as implemented in BrainVoy- ager was applied (trilinear interpolation, motion detected always below 1 pixel) . Slice time correction was performed with a Cubic Spline, followed by a high pass temporal filtering (9 cy¬ cles) and a 2D Gaussian smoothing of the data (FWHM kernel: 2 pixel, in-plane direction) . Next a GLM analysis with separate predictors for each stimulation temperature was calculated. To detect significantly activated voxels statistical parametric maps (SPM) of these contrasts were generated for individual ani¬ mals and FDR thresholded (q = 0.05, two sided) . Different groups of significant activated voxels (n> 4) were labeled belonging to certain brain structures based on the mouse atlas from Paxinos
(second edition) . The corresponding peak activity was determined for each stimulation temperature based on the stimulus specific GLM predictors. The mean activity of each activated brain struc¬ ture was averaged across all significant activated voxels and subjected to a statistical t-test comparing α2δ3 mutant and con¬ trol mice. A second level random effect analysis variance (ANO- VA) was performed for Z-score maps between the different mice genotypes. Areas of significant group activation differences
(corrected P < 0.05) were used as masks to only show the calcu¬ lated peak activation maps in these regions (Fig. 7A) . To find brain areas which exhibit the most robust response differences between 2δ3 mutant and control mice, we per¬ formed a correlation based principal component analysis (PCA) of BOLD responses with temperature specific input vectors (acti¬ vation probability, volume and peak height, time, symmetry, and width) per identified brain structure. We then calculated within the coordinate space of the first 3 principal components
(88.85 % of total variance) the Euclidian distance for all pre¬ defined defined pain regions between 2δ3 mutant and control mice. Because the PCA vectors span a coordinate space optimized to cover the variance of the input vectors, large Euclidian dis¬ tances indicate large differences in response properties between control and 2δ3 mutant mice for a given brain structure. Larg¬ est Euclidian distances were observed for the caudate putamen
(left) and the primary somato-sensory cortex (left) . Enlarged distances were also found for the ventral tegmental area (VAT, left), the primary (right) and secondary (left) somatosensory cortex, the insula (right), entorhinal cortex (left), hippocam¬ pus (right) and motor cortex (left) . The lowest Euclidian dis¬ tances were found for the "sensory input" and thalamus, indicat¬ ing highest similarity between control mice and 2δ3 mutants in heat-induced activation of these brain structures. Minimally 1 day after recovery from the functional experiments the mice ob¬ tained a single manganese injection (isotonic and neutral MnC12 solutions: 0.4 mmol/kg, ip) . 24h after the MnC12 injection the DTI and MEMRI measurements were performed using the same scanner and coil system as mentioned previously. First we measured the DTI using an EPI SpinEcho approach (TEeff: 31.6, TR 5000 ms, Bandwith: 150 kHz, segments: 1, NEX : 2, 126 diffusion directions and maximal B-value of 600.00 s/m2 and total measuring time of 21min50s) . Geometrical scan properties were matrix: 128x128, slices: 15 with 1.0 mm thickness, field of view: 18 x 18 mm. Fractional anisotropy maps were calculated using the Bruker PV 5.0LP3 software version and after segmentation and affine registration of the individual brains they were subjected to a voxel- wise Student's t-test. For imaging of the Tl contrast of manga¬ nese uptake we used a modified driven equilibrium Fourier trans¬ form sequence (MDEFT, scan parameters: TR=15.00 ms, TE=5.1 ms, Bandwidth: 25kHz; FA=15°, inversion delay (ID) =1000 ms and four segments. The ID of the MDEFT preparation (responsible for the Tl contrast) was optimized for the contrast to noise ratio 24 h after MnC12 administration. The geometric parameters of the 3D scans were: matrix: 256x256x64, field of view = 22x22x19.84 mm. 10 averages resulted in a total measuring time of 5h41min20s. Again the after segmentation and registration, voxel based Student's t-test were performed to asses potential differences in basal neuronal activity. The functional connectivity was as¬ sessed by thresholding the correlation-matrix at such a value that every node (brain structure) has at least one edge (connec¬ tion) . Now the total amount of connections were calculated over all structures of the somato-sensory pain matrix.
Example 1.23: SNP of a2d3 mapping in humans
We genotyped 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spaced evenly through a2d3 using the 5' exonuclease method (Tegeder et al . , 2006) . a2d3 haplotypes were identified using the
SAS/genetics software package (SAS Institute, Inc.), which im¬ plements a modified expectation-maximization algorithm to reconstruct haplotypes from population genotype data. Linkage dise¬ quilibrium between SNPs was used to describe the non- independence of alleles. The PGR reaction mixture consisted of 2.5 ml Master Mixture (Applied Biosystems ) , 100 nM detection probe for each allele, 900 nM forward and 900 nM reverse ampli¬ fication primers, and 20 ng genomic DNA in a total reaction vol¬ ume of 25 μΐ . Amplification and detection were performed with an ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System. Al lele-speci fic signals were distinguished by measuring endpoint 6-FAM or VIC fluorescence intensities at 508 nm and 560 nm, respectively, and genotypes were generated using Sequence Detection System Soft¬ ware Version 1.7 (Applied Biosystems, CA) . Genotyping error rate was directly determined by re-genotyping 25% of the sam¬ ples, randomly chosen, for each locus. The overall error rate was < 0.005.
Example 1.24: SNP mapping of the PIK3CG locus.
We genotyped 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spaced through the PIK3CG locus using the 5' exonuclease method. PIK3CG haplotypes were identified using the SAS/genetics software pack¬ age (SAS Institute, Inc.), which implements a modified expecta¬ tion-maximization algorithm to reconstruct haplotypes from popu- lation genotype data. Linkage disequilibrium between SNPs was used to describe the non-independence of alleles. The PGR reac¬ tion mixture consisted of 2.5 ml Master Mixture (Applied Biosys- tems ) , 100 nM detection probe for each allele, 900 nM forward and 900 nM reverse amplification primers, and 20 ng genomic DNA in a total reaction volume of 25 ml. Amplification and detection were performed with an ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System. Allele-specific signals were distinguished by measuring endpoint 6-FAM or VIC fluorescence intensities at 508 nm and 560 nm, respectively, and genotypes were generated using Sequence Detection System Software Version 1.7 (Applied Biosystems, CA) . Genotyping error rate was directly determined by re- genotyping 25% of the samples, randomly chosen, for each locus. The overall error rate was < 0.005.
Example 1.25: Human genetic studies in healthy volunteers
We genotyped 189 (for a2d3) and 192 (for PIK3CG) normal volun¬ teers who had previously been phenotyped for ratings of experi¬ mental pain (Diatchenko et al . , 2005) . Included subjects were all pain-free Caucasian females 18-34 years of age taken from a larger prospective cohort study designed to examine putative risk factors for the development of temporomandibular joint dis¬ order (TMJD) . All subjects gave informed consent following pro¬ tocols approved by the UNC Committee on Investigations Using Hu¬ man Subjects. Volunteers were phenotyped with respect to their sensitivity to 16 experimental pain procedures corresponding to multiple pain modalities, including pressure pain, ischemic pain, and temporal summation of heat pain (i.e., windup) . Heat sensitivity measures were obtained with a 10 mm diameter comput¬ er-controlled contact thermal stimulator placed on the skin of the forearm. We used principal components analysis (PCA) , as performed by the SAS statistical package (version 9.1, SAS In¬ stitute, Cary NC) , as a data reduction exercise. From our raw pain scores, we derived a thermal windup score (Factor 3) .
Example 1.26: Chronic lumbar root pain
We collected DNA from 169 (for a2d3) and 160 (for PIK3CG) Cauca¬ sian adults who participated in a prospective observational study of surgical diskectomy for persistent lumbar root pain (Atlas et al . , 2001) . The primary endpoint was persistent leg pain over the first postoperative year, using four 'leg pain' variables normalized to 2-scores with mean 0 and standard devia¬ tion 1. The primary pain outcome variable for each individual was the mean of these four 2-scores. Genotype-phenotype associa¬ tions for each SNP were sought by regression analysis. The co- variates were a number of demographic, psychological and envi¬ ronmental factors, including sex, age, worker's compensation status, delay in surgery after enrollment and Short-Form 36 general health scale. Stepwise regression (Zaykin et al . , 2002) was applied to assess the association between pain scores and haplo- types with frequencies >1%, obtained from the Ensemble database v.38. These haplotypes accounted for 94% of chromosomes studied. If a haplotype was identified to be significantly (P < 0.05) as¬ sociated with pain scores, phenotype-diplotype association anal¬ ysis was performed by regression analysis. The collection of DNA and genetic analyses were carried out with the approval of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research institu¬ tional review board and informed consent was obtained from all sub ects .
Example 1.27 : Statistical analyses
For analysis of adult heat-dose avoidance responses between con¬ trol and painless flies (Figure IB), a two way ANOVA was per¬ formed, followed by Tukey' s post hoc test. For analysis of adult Drosophila avoidance response and RNAi knock down efficiency
(Figure 2B-C) a Student's t test (with correction for multiple comparison) was performed. For analysis of larval pain behavior
(Figure 3B and Figure S3A) we have performed the Kruskal-wallis non-parametric test for median comparison followed by the Dunn' s post-hoc test. For mouse behavior, a Student's t test was used. For fMRI, the mean activity of each activated brain structure was averaged across all significant activated voxels and subjected to a statistical t-test comparing α2δ3 mutant and control mice. At the second level group analysis a standard analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for Z-score maps be¬ tween the different mice genotypes. Areas of significant group activation differences (P < 0.05) were used as masks to only show the calculated peak activation maps in these regions. For human chronic pain phenotype, genotype-phenotype associations for each SNP were sought by regression analysis. The covariates were a number of demographic, psychological and environmental factors, including sex, age, worker's compensation status, delay in surgery after enrollment and Short-Form 36 general health scale. Linear regression was also used for the quantitative sensory testing associations in normal adult females, without covariates. For patch clamping studies, data were statistically analyzed by either Mann Whitney U Test for unpaired and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for paired comparisons. Unless otherwise indi¬ cated, data are represented as mean values ± sem.
Example 2: Preliminary results
Example 2.1: Genome-wide screen for thermal nociception
To identify genes required for nociception, we developed a high throughput behavioral assay to determine the response of adult Drosophila to noxious heat as a stimulus. When exposed to a sur¬ face at a constant temperature of 25°C, flies distribute evenly in the experimental chamber, but when given a choice between a noxious (46°C) and non-noxious (31°C) surface, flies rapidly avoid the harmful temperature (Fig. 1A, B) . painless mutant flies respond normally to sub-noxious temperatures (≤39°C) , but fail to avoid noxious heat (46°C) (Fig. IB) . Thus, adult flies can rapidly avoid noxious heat, and this complex innate behavior is dependent on painless .
Using this assay, we performed a genome-wide behavioral screen using the Vienna global Drosophila RNAi library (Dietzl et al . , 2007) . The pan-neuronal specific elav-Gal4 driver line was crossed to flies containing UAS-IR (IR, inverted repeat) transgenes covering the expressed genome (Fig. 1C) . Testing con¬ trol flies (n = 1706) over many different days revealed that the vast majority avoided the noxious surface, with a mean avoidance response of 92 ± 6.4 % SD, whereas painless mutants (n= 1816) exhibited a markedly reduced avoidance response (51 ± 9.97 % SD) . Based on these data, we set our primary cut-off at the 95 percentile of probability, corresponding to a Z-score of > 1.65 (Fig. 1C) . At this threshold, we consistently observed impaired thermal nociception in painless mutant flies.
To identify novel genes regulating pain, we tested 16051 elav- Gal4>UAS-IR combinations targeting 11664 different Drosophila genes (82% of the Drosophila genome version 5.7) for effects on noxious temperature avoidance (Fig. ID; Fig. 8B) . Positive hits were retested, and 622 specific transgenic UAS-IR lines corre¬ sponding to 580 genes were identified as candidate thermal noci¬ ception genes (Fig. IE) . Approximately 9% of the neuronal elav- Gal4 driven UAS-IR lines were lethal, yielding no or few progeny (Fig. IE) . Gene Ontology (GO) and GO gene set enrichment analy¬ sis of the total screen data (Fig. 8C-D) showed a significant enrichment of genes involved in ATP synthesis, neurotransmission and secretion. We further annotated 80 nociception hits with previously unknown functions. These genes are CG10095, CG10096, CG10098, CG10158, CG10481, CG11033, CG11456, CG11577, CG11586, CG11590, CG11592, CG11820, CG11967, CG12004, CG12334, CG12785, CG12797, CG13096, CG13162, CG13623, CG1371, CG14351, CG14442, CG14514, CG14980, CG16725, CG16854, CG1804, CG18088, CG18130, CG18213, CG18249, CG18480, CG1968, CG2052, CG2747, CG30005, CG31103, CG31267, CG31955, CG3213, CG32150, CG3224, CG32792, CG33346, CG3996, CG4110, CG4351, CG4477, CG4946, CG5516, CG5565, CG5819, CG5969, CG5986, CG6136, CG6294, CG6340, CG6553, CG6583, CG6637, CG6724, CG6852, CG6901, CG7006, CG7042, CG7175, CG7358, CG7376, CG7556, CG7728, CG7800, CG8233, CG8325, CG8436, CG8771, CG9067, CG9288, CG9636, CG9650. These genes, as well as their orthologue counterparts, in particular human orthologs, or their respective gene products are preferred targets for therapy ac¬ cording to the present invention. KEGG pathway analyses of the primary thermal nociception hits and their respective binding partners revealed significant enrichment for oxidative phosphor¬ ylation, amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, ubiquitin- mediated proteolysis, and various signaling pathways such as Wnt, ErbB-, hedgehog-, JAK-Stat-, Notch-, mTOR, or ΎΰΈ signal¬ ing. Thus, our nociception screen and the subsequent bioinfor- matic analyses have revealed multiple genes and pathways that relate to the expression of an innate nociceptive behavior, many of which had no previous functional annotations.
Example 2.2 : straightjacket is a novel thermal nociception gene in Drosophila
One of the genes that we picked up in this screen was straight- jacket {CG12295, stj) , a member of the 2δ family of genes that function as subunits of voltage-gated Ca channels (Fig. 2A) and control the function and development of synapses. The fly stj ortholog in mammals is 2δ3, a close homolog of 2δ1 which is the molecular target of gabapentin and pregabalin, widely used analgesics for neuropathic pain in humans.
We confirmed that stj is required for noxious heat avoidance in adult Drosophila using a second independent hairpin (Fig. 2B) . The two stj hairpins resulted in about 90% and 60% reduction of stj mRNA expression, respectively (Fig. 2C) . Importantly, when flies were exposed to 46°C without given a choice to escape, stj knock-down did not alter the kinetics of temperature-induced pa¬ ralysis (Fig. 2D), indicating a specific deficit in the nocicep¬ tion response. Of note, stj knock-down had no overt effect on brain morphology (Fig. 9A) . Using a stj-Gal4 line (Ly et al . , 2008) driving UAS-Lamin : GFP to mark nuclei (Stuurman et al . , 1999) , we found GFP expression primarily in neurons in the pars intercerebralis and surrounding the subesophageal ganglion (Fig. 2E; Fig. 9B) . stjGAL4XJAS-CD8 : GFP labeling of axons (Lee and Luo, 1999) revealed broad projections throughout the central brain (Fig. 2E; Fig. 9B) . Using antibodies raised against the Drosophila STJ protein, we confirmed STJ expression in
stjGAL4>UAS-Lamin : GFP positive cells of the pars intercerebralis
(Fig. 2F) . We also found GFP+ nuclei and projections in the ven¬ tral nerve cord (VNC) and ascending/descending axons from the VNC that innervate the central brain (Fig. 9C) . stj-specific in situ hybridization revealed stj transcripts in the sensory organ
(sensilla) of the leg (Fig. 2G) indicating expression in the pe¬ ripheral and central nervous system of the fly. Further studies are required to fine map the site of stj action in the Drosophi¬ la pain circuit.
We next assessed whether stj also controls thermal nociception in the larval heat pain paradigm (Tracey et al . , 2003) . In lar¬ vae, we found expression of stj -Gal4>UAS-CD8 : GFP in multiden- dritic sensory neurons (Fig. 3A) . Pan-neuronal knock-down of stj (UAS-stj -IR x elav-Gal4) abrogated the larval response to nox¬ ious heat to an extent even greater than painless (Fig. 3B) . Larvae carrying a stj point mutation and the stj point mutation over a corresponding deficiency (stj/def) also exhibited im- paired thermal nociception. The extent of the defective thermal pain response was greater at higher temperatures (Fig. 10A) . Re¬ storing a functional copy of stj using the P[acman] system (Venken et al . , 2009) rescued the thermal nociception defects in
, 9
stj mutant larvae, confirming the requirement for stj m this
, 9
behavior (Fig. 3B; Fig. 10A) . stj mutant larvae showed wild- type responses to non-noxious touch (Kernan et al . , 1994), indi¬ cating that these larvae are capable of responding to innocuous stimuli (Fig. 10B) . Collectively, these data show that stj is required for avoidance of noxious heat in Drosophila, confirming the accurateness of the genetic screen.
Example 2.3 : Thermal analgesia in α2δ3 mutant mice
We next tested whether the fly stj data is predictive of altered nociceptive behavior in mammals. The closest stj ortholog in mammals is 2δ3 (mouse 2δ3 is 33% identical and 60% similar to the STJ protein and the domain structures are conserved through¬ out evolution (Ly et al . , 2008) . To examine the role of 2δ3 in vivo we studied α2δ3 mutant mice generated by homologous recom¬ bination. Correct recombination and loss of protein expression were confirmed by Southern (Fig. 4A) and Western blotting (Fig. 4B) . α2δ3 mutant mice are born at the expected Mendelian fre¬ quency and are fertile. Extensive characterization of these mice showed no obvious anatomical or histological abnormalities, in¬ cluding apparently normal brain morphology. There were also no genotype-related or biologically significant differences noted between age and gender matched mutant and wild-type control mice for any of the parameters evaluated at necropsy or by serum chemistry and haematology. Moreover, normal growth and body weights were recorded for mice at 49, 90, 180, and 300 days of age. Hence, by all anatomical and physiological parameters as¬ sessed, α2δ3 mutant mice appear normal.
Importantly, similar to Drosophila stj mutants, α2δ3 mutant mice showed a defect in acute thermal nociception in the hot plate assay, with diminished responsiveness at 50, 52, 54 and 56°C (Fig. 4C) . In addition, α2δ3 mutant mice exhibited delayed sen¬ sitization in the Complete Freund' s Adjuvant (CFA) model of pe¬ ripheral inflammatory pain (Fig. 4D) , indicating that α2δ3 contributes to the acute phase of heat hyperalgesia. CFA induced inflammation, as determined by paw swelling, was comparable be¬ tween α2δ3 mutant and control mice (Fig. 11A) . By contrast, me¬ chanical sensitivities (von Frey test) were unaffected in α2δ3 mutant mice (Fig. 11B) . α2δ3 mutant mice were also evaluated for other behavioral tasks (Crawley, 2008) : open field test to as¬ sess locomotor activity, general exploratory behavior, intra- session habituation, and general anxiety; tail suspension to assess behavioral despair; and a rotarod test to assess basic mo¬ tor skills and coordination. In these assays no significant dif¬ ferences were observed between α2δ3 mutant and control mice (Fig. 11C-F) . Thus, genetic deletion of α2δ3 in mice results in substantially impaired acute pain responses and a delay in in¬ flammatory heat hyperalgesia.
Example 2.4:α2δ3 SNPs associate with human pain sensitivity
Since knock-down of straightjacket in Drosophila and knock-out of 2δ3 in mice results in impaired sensitivity to thermal pain, we expected that polymorphisms at the 2δ3 (CACNA2D3) locus might be associated with heat pain variance in humans. To assay for potential association of 2δ3 haplotypes relative to pain sensitivity we screened 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within or close to the human CACNA2D3 gene (Fig. 5A) in a cohort of 189 healthy volunteers subjected to a battery of experimental pain sensitivity tests (Diatchenko et al . , 2005) . Of these, the minor allele of the SNP rs6777055 was significantly associated with reduced thermal pain sensitivity, i.e, heat wind-up pain (Fig. 5B, recessive model) . Wind-up measures successive increas¬ es in perceived pain intensity to a repeated noxious heat stimu¬ lus (ten heat pulses of 1.5 seconds each at 50°C each separated by 3 seconds) .
Thermosensitive neurons have been also implicated in chronic pain in humans. To explore this we compared pain levels in 169 Caucasian adults who participated in a prospective observational study of surgical discectomy for persistent lumbar root pain, caused by an intervertebral disc herniation (Atlas et al . , 2001) for an association with CACNA2D3 SNPs. The minor alleles of two CACNA2D3 SNPs (rsl851048 and rs6777055) were associated with less pain within the first year following surgery (Fig. 5C, recessive model) . Importantly, the rs6777055 SNP C/C was signifi- cantly associated with less pain in both healthy volunteer and chronic pain cohorts showing a recessive mode of inheritance. In both the experimental and lumbar pain groups the minor allele frequency for rs6777055 was 0.2, that is ~ 4% of the human popu¬ lation is homozygous for this genetic variant. These data show that minor variants within the human CACNA2D3 gene are associat¬ ed with less induced pain in healthy volunteers and reduced chronic pain in lumbar back pain patients.
Example 2.5:α2δ3 controls central transmission of pain signals to the sensory cortex and other higher order pain centers
Nociceptive processing involves the relay of sensory information from primary nociceptor neurons to second order neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord which then transfer nociceptive information to the brain stem, thalamus, and higher order brain centres. Since our α2δ3 knock-out mice carry a LacZ reporter, we used β-Gal staining as a marker to assess α2δ3 expression. In the brain, β-Gal labeled the thalamus, pyramidal cells of the ventro-posterior paraflocculus of the cerebellum, caudate, puta- men, the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the olfactory bulb and olfactory tubercle, as well as diffusely throughout the cor¬ tex (Fig. 6A) . The LacZ expression profiles were confirmed by Western blotting and quantitative PCR and matched in situ data from the Allen brain atlas. We did not detect LacZ expression in the spinal cord and DRG. Absence of a2d3 expression in primary sensory DRG neurons was confirmed by Western blotting (Fig. 4B) . In line with these expression data, our behavioral experiments showed that loss of 2δ3 does not affect the noxious heat- induced tail flick response (Fig. 11G) , a pain behavior mediated by a spinal reflex circuit (Pitcher et al . , 1995) . Finally, patch clamping showed that calcium current and kinetics were comparable among DRG neurons from control and a2d3 mutant mice (Fig. 11H-K) indicating no requirement for a2d3 in calcium channel function in these cells. These data suggest that α2δ3 is not required for thermal pain processing in nociceptors and the spi¬ nal cord, but α2δ3 may regulate thermal pain processing in the brain .
To address this, we employed non-invasive functional magnet¬ ic resonance imaging (fMRI) tion level dependent (BOLD) signal to generate a activation maps of brain regions affected by noxious topical heat stimuli. In wild type mice (n=20), noxious thermal stimuli activate brain structures known as the "pain matrix" such as the thalamus (Fig. 6B) , the SI and S2 somatosensory cortex (Fig. 6C) , the cingulum, amygdala, hypothalamus, or the motor cortex (Fig. 12) . These ar¬ eas are also involved in pain perception in human subjects. In both wild type (n=20) and 2δ3 mutant mice (n=18), thermal pain- induced activation of the thalamus (Fig. 6B) , the key sub¬ cortical pain relay centre (Price, 2000) . Intriguingly, loss of 2δ3 expression interrupted the normal engagement of pain cir¬ cuitry in the brain resulting in markedly reduced BOLD peak amplitudes and activation volumes in higher order pain centers such as the somato-sensory SI and S2 cortices, cingulate, or mo¬ tor cortex after exposure to noxious temperatures (Fig. 6C; Fig. 12) . Impaired activation of higher order pain centers, i.e. sensory and motor cortices, were confirmed by calculation of Eu¬ clidian distances.
To additionally assess temporal information flow of the pain signal within different cerebral structures, we calculated a cross-correlation matrix of the response time profiles for each predefined region of the somato-sensory pain matrix (Fig. 6D) . In control mice, the sensory input relays thermal-evoked neural signals to the thalamus, where it effectively spreads to other central brain centers such as the sensory and association cortex, limbic system, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and motor cortex. α2δ3 mutant mice again exhibited normal activation of the thala¬ mus but a reduced flow to nearly all the higher order pain centers, in particular the somato-sensory cortex (SC) (Fig. 6D) . Moreover, whereas the pain signal spreads from the left (i.e. contra-lateral to the side of stimulation) in control mice, we found a considerable reduction in correlation coefficients of the pain signal from the left to the right brain in α2δ3 mutant mice (Fig. 13A) . In addition, we observed increased negative BOLD signals in the SI somato-sensory, motor and the cingulate cortex on both hemispheres of α2δ3 mutant mice (Fig. 13B) , sug¬ gesting that genetic inactivation of 2δ3 not only results in impaired transmission of the signal to higher pain structures, but also in intra-cortical inhibition. Thus, loss of 2δ3 leads to impaired transmission of noxious heat evoked signals from the thalamus to higher pain centers.
Example 2.6: Loss of α2δ3 results in sensory cross-activation
Although we found a marked impairment in the activation of known higher order pain centers, one puzzling finding from our fMRI data was that we did not find statistically significant differ¬ ences between control and α2δ3 mutant mice in total activation volume and peak height when neuronal activity was surveyed in the entire brain (Fig. 14A) . Since we had initially only focused on the pain matrix, we speculated that therefore loss of 2δ3 may result in hyperactivation of additional brain regions. Re¬ markably, noxious heat stimulation of all α2δ3 mutant mice trig¬ gered significantly enhanced activation of the visual cortex, the auditory cortex, as well as olfactory brain regions (Fig. 7A, B) . Thus, in 2δ3 mutant mice, noxious heat stimulation re¬ sults in a significant sensory cross-activation of brain regions involved in vision, hearing, and olfaction.
To image basal neuronal activity integrated over a 24 hour time period, we employed manganese labeling (MEMRI) (Silva et al . , 2004) . We observed similar activity in all imaged brain regions among a group comparison of control and 2δ3 mutant mice indi¬ cating that the observed stimulus induced sensory cross- activations are not due to altered basal neuronal activity.
Moreover, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) showed no overt structural changes with respect to fractional anisotropy between the thalamus and higher order pain centers or the thalamus and the visual, auditory, and olfactory centers. Further, cross- correlation analysis of the time profiles of the structures of the the pain matrix from resting-state BOLD imaging showed no defects in spontaneous spreading from the thalamus to higher or¬ der pain centers in 2δ3 mutant mice. Finally, network analysis of this resting state brain activity showed no overt changes in total functional connectivity within the pain matrix (1087 con¬ nections in wild type versus 1040 connections in 2δ3 mutant mice) and also apparently normal multisensory-thalamo-cortical network connectivity (1922 connections in wild type versus 2099 connections in 2δ3 mutant mice) . Although we cannot exclude subtle developmental changes in defined neuronal populations of α2δ3 mutant mice, these data suggest that the observed heat in¬ duced sensory cross-activations (and defective transmission of the thermal pain signal from the thalamus to higher order pain centers) are not due to altered basal neuronal connectivities.
To assess whether loss of a2d3 also results in sensory cross- activation in other sensory modalities, we performed BOLD imaging in response to tactile vibrissal stimulation (Hess et al . , 2000) . Among control and a2d3 mutant mice, we observed apparent¬ ly normal activation of the brain region that encompasses the barrel field; the barrel field is the primary cortical somato¬ sensory brain centre for processing of vibrissal stimulation. Remarkably, although we observed apparently normal activation of the barrel field, tactile stimulation again resulted in sensory cross-activation of visual, auditory, and olfactory brain centers in a2d3 knock-out mice (Fig. 7A, C) . Thus, in 2δ3 mutant mice, noxious heat stimulation as well as tactile stimulation trigger sensory cross-activation of brain regions involved in vision, hearing, and olfaction.
Example 3: PI3Kgamma locus
Using a genome-wide neuronal-specific RNAi knock-down strategy in adult Drosophila, we performed the first global screen for an innate behavior, and identified several novel genes required for thermal nociception (see example 2) . We report the construction from this data of an evolutionary-conserved, global network map, identifying molecular components and key pathways involved in thermal pain perception. This systems map predicts multiple nov¬ el candidate genes and pathways that are conserved across phyla, providing a starting point for finding novel mammalian pain genes. One prominent pathway identified was phospholipid signal¬ ing and SNP mapping showed that a polymorphism in the phospholipid kinase PI3Kgamma locus is significantly associated with altered pain sensitivity in humans. Importantly, the role of PI3Kgamma in pain perception was confirmed in mutant mice that exhibit pronounced hypersensitivity to noxious heat and capsai¬ cin. Using knock-in mice, pain hypersensitivity was mapped to the PI3Kgamma lipid kinase activity. Mechanistically, PI3Kgamma acts as a negative regulator of TRPV1 ion channel activity in DRG neurons. Our data provide the first systems map for a com- plex innate behavior in any species that allowed us to identify a previously unknown pain gene, PI3Kg, in mice and humans.
Using a genome-wide strategy of neuron specific RNAi knock-down in adult Drosophila, we report the first global screen for an innate behavior, avoidance of noxious heat, and identification of hundreds of novel genes required for its manifestation (see example 2) . To interrogate this unprecedented resource beyond direct fly mammalian gene homologue comparisons we examined the Drosophila nociception genes using data-mining and bioinformat- ics to define a conserved global systems network of pain. Poten¬ tial mouse and human orthologs of our candidate pain genes were first identified using compara49, inparanoid, inparanoid6.1 , in- paranoid6.1 to ensembl, homologen08 , and orthomclv2 databases (fig. 19) . Of the 580 candidate fly thermal nociception genes, 399 had human orthologs (table 1, cols. 2-4) . Among known mamma¬ lian pain genes, our screen identified two fly orthologs of ami- loride-sensitive cation channel 3 (Accn3), an acid-sensing channel that sets tonic pain thresholds, GDNF family receptor al- pha2, responsible for maintaining the size and terminal innerva¬ tion of cutaneous nociceptors, Protein Kinase G, implicated in promoting thermal sensitization in response to inflammation, the fly orthologs of the adenosine receptor Adora, important for both acute and chronic pain in mice, a potential homolog of the mammalian galanin receptor that contributes to neuropathic pain behavior in mice, a fly GPCR similar to mouse cannabinoid and lysophosphatidic acid receptors, and a fly homolog of the chole- cystokinin receptor that influences thermal pain thresholds. Thus, our genome-wide functional screen for thermal nociception in flies identifies multiple known mammalian pain genes, showing that the inventive screen provided correct results of known and new pain associated genes.
Gene ontology (GO) analyses of human and mouse orthologs of the thermal nociception hits showed a marked enrichment of genes in¬ volved in neurotransmission and secretion, housekeeping systems such as mitochondrial structure, ATP synthesis, metabolism, or calcium signaling (Fig. 15A, B) . We next generated an interaction map based on first degree binding partners for these mammalian orthologs, because we assume that our candidate thermal nocicep- tion genes perform many of their functions in protein complexes. All binding partners were identified in yeast-2-hybrid screens reported in the biomolecular interaction network database BIND, i.e. binding partners experimentally confirmed to interact with the candidate genes. Importantly, among the first degree bind¬ ing partners in this interaction network, we found fly allato- statin C receptor 1, which has some homology with mammalian opioid receptors, Lmxlb which regulates central serotonergic re¬ sponses to opioids, the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related fac¬ tor 2, which has anti-nociceptive effects by inducing upregula- tion of heme oxygenase-1, and tyrosine hydroxylase, the enzyme required for dopamine and catecholamines production. Thus, we present strong evidence that our screen identifies many known regulators of thermal pain and multiple uncharacterized genes and pathway previously never associated with pain perception.
To construct a systems map of thermal nociception we performed an enrichment analysis of KEGG pathways and Broad Institute C2 pathway gene sets, on the mouse and human "pain" orthologs and their first degree binding partners (in part shown in fig. 19) . From both the mouse and human KEGG and C2 analyses, we found significant enrichment of genes involved in mitochondria, metab¬ olism, calcium signaling, inflammation, cell adhesion, RNA processing, and neurotransmission. Finally, to generate a compre¬ hensive global network map of thermal nociception, the KEGG pathways from Drosophila, mouse and human were combined with relevant gene sets from the C2 annotations to create a global "nociception network" (Fig. 16) .
Importantly, the connectivity of the entire systems map remains intact even after omitting all binding partners (fig. 20), i.e., expansion of the pain network map by including binding partners does not introduce a bias. Moreover, all except one pathway in the network map has > 50% representation from the Drosophila pain hits alone. To test whether our bioinformatic approach is indeed valid for predicting pain genes, we measured the overlap of the direct candidate pain hits and their binding partners with previous microarray data from pain studies and all "pain" annotated genes from OMIM (NCBI) . Intriguingly, we found a 35% overlap of our direct pain hits and a 37% overlap of the binding partners with the microarray and OMIM data. In contrast, 100 random gene lists gave a maximum of 6% overlapping genes and a minimum of 0%. Thus, our hypothesis-free systems map is indeed enriched for known pain genes, and we suggest, contains many others not yet discovered.
In example 2 we demonstrated a role in mammalian heat pain per¬ ception of a direct Drosophila thermal nociception hit, a2d3. Importantly, our bioinformatic analyses allowed us to expand our systems map to also include mammalian gene sets and genes that have no direct fly orthologs. We therefore wanted to validate whether this in silico approach has indeed also the power to identify novel mammalian pain genes. We first investigated whether polymorphisms in the gene sets predicted by our con¬ served network are associated with significant differences in pain sensitivity in humans. One of the genes identified by this approach was the catalytic pllO subunit of the phosphatidylino- sitol-3-OH kinase (ΡΙ3Κγ, PIK3CG) . Class I phosphatidylinositol- 3-OH kinases (PI3K) are lipid kinases that convert phosphatidyl- inositol 4 , 5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into phosphatidylinositol
( 3 , 4 , 5 ) -trisphosphate (PIP3) . Mammals have four class I PI3K, three of which ( , β, and δ) are primarily activated by tyrosine kinase signaling pathways, while ΡΙ3Κγ is the principal PI3K that relays signals via GPCRs. Of note, ΡΙ3Κ , β, and d all showed no significant association with pain sensitivities in hu¬ mans. PI3K and GPCR signaling were prominent nodes in our con¬ served systems map (Fig. 16; fig. 20) . Although PI3Kgamma intersects with GPCRs implicated in nociception and PI3Kgamma has been the focus of literally thousands of studies, and is a major target for drug development, no distinct function has ever been ascribed to PI3Kgamma in the nervous system, and certainly none in pain.
To validate whether the PI3Kgamma nucleotide polymorphism found in our GWAS is indeed associated with pain in humans, we
screened 5 SNPs within or close to the human PIK3CG gene (fig. 21A) in 192 healthy human volunteers who had undergone tests for acute experimental pain sensitivity. Of those, the SNP rs757902, located 5565 base pairs upstream from the human PIK3CG transcription start site, was significantly associated with a great- er propensity to windup represented by the PCA-derived Factor 3 (Fig 17B, dominant model) . Wind-up measures successive increases in perceived pain intensity to a repeated noxious heat stimulus (ten heat pulses of 1.5 seconds each at 50°C each separated by 3 seconds) .
To confirm this PIK3CG association in an independent cohort, we compared pain levels in 160 Caucasian adults who participated in a prospective observational study of surgical discectomy for persistent lumbar root pain, caused by an intervertebral disc herniation. Again, a polymorphism in the SNP rs757902 was associated with significantly increased pain during the first year following surgery (Fig. 17C, dominant model) . The frequencies for the G allele in rs757902 were 3.1% and 3.4% in the healthy volunteer and lumbar pain groups, respectively, indicating that approximately 54-58% of the population carry at least one G al¬ lele at rs757902. We have therefore identified one common genet¬ ic variant of the human PIK3CG gene, rs757902, which is associ¬ ated with an increase in heat pain sensitivity in healthy volun¬ teers and heightened chronic post-surgical pain in lumbar back pain patients, a finding that indicates the strong predictive link between our bioinformatic analysis and human pain sensa¬ tions .
To confirm that ΡΙ3Κγ indeed controls mammalian pain sensitivity, we analysed PI3Ky~^~ mice. These mutant mice exhibited nor¬ mal posture and appearance and no significant differences were observed in hearing, sight, and vocalization. PI3Ky~^~ mice also behaved similar to littermate controls in a skilled reaching task (fig. 21A) , built comparable nests, and displayed normal circadian behavior (fig. 21B) , open field activity (fig. 21C and D) , and motor coordination (fig. 21E) . ΡΙ3Κγ littermate control and mutant mice also displayed a comparable ability to learn in the water maze, the T maze, and in a passive foot shock avoid¬ ance assay (fig. 21F-H) . Furthermore, the overall morphology and histology of the central nervous system appeared normal in
PI3Ky~/~ mice.
When we tested for pain responses, ΡΙ3Κγ~^~ mice exhibited an exaggerated behavioral response to radiant heat plantar stimula- tion, using the Hargreaves test (Fig. 17D) . We also observed an increased acute thermal response using the hot plate assay (Fig. 3E) . In mammals, TRPV1 is the prototypical thermo-receptor, and is also the receptor for capsaicin, the active ingredient in chili peppers. We therefore tested whether ΡΙ3Κγ mutant mice al¬ so exhibit heightened reactivity to capsaicin. Importantly, we indeed observed a massive hypersensitivity in the response of the ΡΙ3Κγ~/~ mice (Fig. 17F) . In coltrast, the mechanical pain threshold using the von Frey test (fig. 211 and J), and the be¬ havioral responses to acetone application (a cooling sensation) (fig. 21K) were comparable between control and ΡΙ3Κγ~^~ litter- mates .
ΡΙ3Κγ is a key mediator of inflammatory cell migration to the site of injury. We therefore tested ΡΙ3Κγ mutant mice for poten¬ tial defects in inflammation-induced pain sensitization, i.e. thermal hyperalgesia. PI3Ky~^~ mice developed comparable levels of thermal hyperalgesia (fig. 22A and B) following plantar CFA injection, indicating that inflammation-induced pain sensitiza¬ tion does not depend on ΡΙ3Κγ. CFA-induced inflammation, as de¬ termined by paw swelling, was comparable between mutant and con¬ trol mice (fig. 22C) . To further exclude a potential role of haematopoietic cells, we performed bone marrow chimeras; the re¬ quirement for ΡΙ3Κγ in thermal sensing was indeed mapped to non- haematopoeitic cells (Fig. 17G) . ΡΙ3Κγ has been shown to act both in a kinase-dependent fashion, through conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, and in a kinase-independent manner. We therefore tested the behavioral response of ΡΙ3Κγ kinase-dead (KD) knock-in mice to radiant plantar stimulation. ΡΙ3Κγ KD mice exhibited a de¬ crease in thermal nociception latency (Fig. 17H) , comparable to the enhanced responses observed in complete ΡΙ3Κγ mutant mice. These data show that ΡΙ3Κγ functions through its lipid kinase activity, to modulate the behavioral response to noxious heat stimuli in vivo.
To test if the enhanced basal thermal sensitivity observed in ΡΙ3Κγ~ _ mice is intrinsic to noxious heat TRPV1 expressing no¬ ciceptors, we employed electrophysiology on isolated wild type and PI3Ky~/~ dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons in vitro. Both control and PI3Ky~^~ DRG neurons responded to a thermal ramp (Fig. 18A) , with ΡΙ3Κγ~^~ mice exhibiting an increased steepness in the inward current response to increasing temperature. This translated into a massively increased Q10 value (Fig. 18B) , a measure of temperature-dependent rate change in channel conduc¬ tivity, indicating that PI3Ky~^~ DRG cells exhibit massive hy¬ per-activation in response to noxious heat. In accordance with our behavioral data, isolated ΡΙ3Κγ~^~ DRG neurons also exhibit¬ ed increased sensitivity to capsaicin (Fig. 18C,D) . These re¬ sults provide the first genetic evidence that ΡΙ3Κγ plays a functional in role in the nervous system; moreover, we show that ΡΙ3Κγ functions as a negative regulator of TRPV1 channels, and, in consequence in the absence of ΡΙ3Κγ, DRG neurons exhibit a markedly exaggerated response to noxious heat and capsaicin.
Our data provide the first systems map for a complex innate be¬ havior in any species. This network map revealed many genes and gene sets previously reported to be involved in mammalian noci¬ ception. Importantly, the network also allowed us to predict a novel regulator of pain perception, PI3Kgamma. Although multiple GPCRs operate in the nervous system and PI3Kgamma is the main lipid kinase coupled to GPCRs, no behavioral defects had been reported before in PI3Kgamma mutant mice. Most importantly, the¬ se results directly translate to humans, since we found a
PI3Kgamma polymorphism that significantly associates with al¬ tered pain sensitivity in healthy volunteers and pain levels in chronic back pain patients. Of note, humans carrying a minor al¬ lele variant at the PI3K3CG locus, as well as our PI3Kgamma mu¬ tant mice exhibit increased pain indicating that our systems ap¬ proach using whole genome fly screening and construction of a conserved network map can identify positive as well negative regulators of pain perception. These data reinforce the extraor¬ dinary conservation of the neurobiological mechanisms of noci¬ ception, from its manifestation as avoidance of damage in flies to the complex sensation of pain in humans, a conservation that provides an opportunity from a fly screen to find novel human pain genes.
Our whole-genome, neuron-specific RNAi screen provides a global functional analysis of a complex, innate behavior. We have un¬ covered hundreds of novel target genes for nociception, a large proportion of which had completely unknown functions until now.
One of the screen hits was the calcium channel subunit straight- jacket/a253 and phospholipid kinase PI3Kgamma. In both larva and adult Drosophila, we show that straightjacket or PI3Kgamma are indeed involved in nociception, validating the screening results that yielded more than 100 genetic targets. Importantly, similar to the fly, genetic deletion of α2δ3 in mice also results in im¬ paired acute heat pain responses. These results translate to hu¬ mans, since we found α2δ3 polymorphisms that significantly asso¬ ciate with reduced pain sensitivity in healthy volunteers and lower levels of chronic pain in lumbar back pain patients. These data reinforce the extraordinary conservation of the neurobio- logical mechanisms of nociception, from its manifestation as avoidance of damage in primitive creatures like flies, to the complex sensation of pain in humans. Ligands and antagonists of the novel genetic targets were identified, that can be used in novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment and amelioration of pain and its symptoms.
Example 4: Testing of anti-pain compounds
The basic principle of animal models of human pain involve the induction of a pain-like state in the organism resulting in characteristic behavioural and physical responses, such as hy¬ persensitivity to touch (mechanical allodynia) and temperature (cold allodynia) . The assessment of the efficacy of potential analgesics is determined based on said compound' s ability to at¬ tenuate/ameliorate these symptoms.
Example 4.1: Assessing chronic pain animal models - Chronic Constriction Injury
The Bennett and Xie chronic constriction injury (CCI) model is a model of mononeuropathic pain (Bennett and Xie, 1988) . Rodents are subjected to a surgical procedure where gut ligatures are tied loosely around the sciatic nerve at the mid-thigh level. Symptoms of neuropathy develop in the operated paw over the fol¬ lowing days including tactile allodynia and cold allodynia which are measured using Von Frey' s hairs and paw withdrawal from a cold plate, respectively. Operated animals also exhibit other symptoms of spontaneous pain including thermal hyperalgesia , ectopic and spontaneous firing of sensory afferents, autotomy, licking and guarding of paw and sleep architecture abnormalities (Blackburn-Munro and Erichsen, 2005) . Furthermore, electrophysi¬ ological studies have demonstrated the presence of both sensory nerve hyperexcitability and central sensitisation (wind up) in the dorsal horn and elsewhere (Blackburn-Munro and Erichsen, 2005) . The Bennett and Xie model is thought to have predictive validity as an 88% concordance has been observed between activi¬ ty in the model (any endpoint) and clinical efficacy in neuro¬ pathic pain (Kontinen and Meert 2003) . Multiple drug classes in¬ cluding NSAIDs are ineffective in the clinical treatment of neu¬ ropathic pain and fail to ameliorate symptoms in the Bennett model despite the presence of an inflammation in the initial phase after surgery (eg Schafers et al . , 2004; Takahashi et al . , 2004, LaBuda and Little, 2005) . Pregabalin, a drug approved for the treatment of various types of (chronic) pain, including neu- rophathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropahty in humans, is effective at ameliorating symptoms of pain in the CCI model .
Example 4.1.1. Test apparatus
Mechanical allodynia was assessed by Von Frey' s hairs. These consist of a series of wires of progressive thickness each of which bend when a critical pressure (1.4, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 g) is applied. Animals were placed in floorless Perspex testing boxes resting on a wire mesh tray. Von Frey' s hairs were then applied through the mesh floor to the sole of the left and right hind paws until either the animal sensed discomfort and moved the paw or the pressure applied to the Von Frey' s hair exceeded the critical level and it was observed to bend. Von Frey' s hairs were applied in ascending order until either a pain response (the paw was moved) was registered or the cut-off of 15 g was reached, using the Von Frey hair with the highest rating. Hairs were applied to each heel 8-10 times at a frequency of ap¬ proximately 1 Hz . If a limb was moved in response to a probe, further testing was halted and the sensitivity to a mechanical stimulus was deemed to have been reached.
Sensitivity to cold (cold allodynia) was assessed by placing an¬ imal subjects on a cold plate held at 10°C. The latency (time) to lift the respective hind paw clear off the cold plate was measured. A cut-off of 180 s was applied. Example 4.1.2: Compound testing
This example demonstrates the effectiveness of compound (s) ac¬ cording to the invention in ameliorating mechanical and cold al- lodynia in rats with peripheral mononeuropathy induced by loose ligation of the sciatic nerve as described in Bennett and Xie, 1988.
The test apparatus according to Example 4.1.1 was used for as¬ sessing mechanical and thermal sensitivities.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were habituated to the mechanical test apparatus (Von Frey' s hairs, described in Example 4.1.1) during 5-10 min periods spread over two days and once to the cold plate set at 10°C for 3 minutes. Following habituation animals underwent a surgical procedure requiring anaesthetization under isoflurane, shaving of the left (ipsilateral) hind limb and swabbing with antiseptic followed by administration of sodium pentobarbitone. An incision was made to reveal the left sciatic nerve which was tied off with four loose ligatures of chromic cat gut. The exposed muscle was sutured with non-absorbable silk and the wound closed with surgical clips.
The animals were monitored in the hours post surgery and on a daily basis thereafter. Animals showing signs of ill health or autotomy were removed from the study. Approximately 12 and 18 days after surgery the animals were reassessed for sensitivity to Von Frey' s hairs and to the cold plate.
Animal subjects meeting pre-defined criteria for hypersensitivi¬ ty to mechanical (ipsilateral hind-paw moved at a pressure of ≤4 g) and thermal stimuli (≤78s withdrawal latency) in the operated (ipsilateral) hind-paw were allocated according to baseline me¬ chanical and cold sensitivity scores to produce balanced treat¬ ment groups of 8 to 10 animals in each group.
Example 4.1.3. Single dose/acute dosing
Each group of animals according to Example 4.1.2 was adminis¬ tered a single dose of either a positive control drug (pregaba- lin formulated in a vehicle of 0.5% methyl cellulose to a con¬ centration of 12 mg/mL and administered po in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give a dose of 60 mg/kg) or a compound according to the invention. Animal subjects were reassessed for mechanical and cold allodynia 30 min, 90 min, 180 min and 24 hours after administration of the respective compound, using Von Frey' s hairs and a cold plate set at 10°C. The cold plate assessment was performed 5 mins after each Von Frey test.
Example 4.1.3.1 Test with dasatinib and tenofovir
The procedure as described in Example 4.1.2.1. was performed with the compounds according to the invention being dasatinib and tenofovir. In total, five groups of animals were included: one group of 10 animals received the positivie control drug, pregabalin, at 60 mg/kg and four groups of 8 animals each received either 10 mg/kg dasatinib, 30 mg/kg dasatinib, 50 mg/kg tenofovir or 500 mg/kg tenofovir, respectively (Fig. 23C) . Dasatinib was formulated in a vehicle (50% PEG: 50% water) to con¬ centrations of 2 and 6 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg. Tenofovir was formulated in a vehicle (0.5% methyl cellulose) to concentrations of 10 and 100 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 50 and 500 mg/kg.
Example 4.1.3.2. Description of cilomilast, zardaverine and rofl umilast
The procedure as described in Example 4.1.2.1. was performed with the compounds according to the invention being cilomilast, zardaverine and roflumilast. In total, five groups of animals were included: one group of 10 animals received the positivie control drug, pregabalin, at 60 mg/kg and four groups of 8 animals each received either 3 mg/kg cilomilast, 30 mg/kg cilomilast, 20 mg/kg zardaverine or 1.8 mg/kg roflumilast, respective¬ ly (Fig. 23A) . Cilomilast was formulated in water to concentra¬ tions of 0.6 and 6 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 3 and 30 mg/kg. Zardaverine was formulated in a vehicle of 0.5% methyl cellulose to a concentra¬ tion of 4 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing vol¬ ume to give a dose of 20 mg/kg. Roflumilast was formulated in a vehicle of 0.5% methyl cellulose to a concentration of 0.36 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give a dose of 1.8 mg/kg.
Example 4.1.3.3: Test with bosutinib and adefovir The procedure as described in Example 4.1.2.1. was performed with the compounds according to the invention being bosutinib and adefovir. In total, five groups of animals were included: one group of 10 animals received the positivie control drug, pregabalin, at 60 mg/kg and four groups of 8 animals each received either 60 mg/kg bosutinib, 200 mg/kg bosutinib, 2 mg/kg adefovir or 20 mg/kg adefovir, respectively (Fig. 23B) . Bosutinib was formulated in 0.5% methyl cellulose to concentrations of 12 and 40 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 60 and 200 mg/kg. Adefovir was formulat¬ ed in 0.5% methyl cellulose to concentrations of 0.4 and 4 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 2 and 20 mg/kg.
Example 4.1.4: Chronic studies
Each group of animals according to Example 4.1.2 was adminis¬ tered either a positive control drug (pregabalin formulated in a vehicle of 0.5% methyl cellulose to a concentration of 12 mg/mL and administered po in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give an effec¬ tive dose (e.g. 60 mg/kg)) or a compound according to the inven¬ tion. Dosing was carried out one or several times daily for two days to eight weeks. Animal subjects were reassessed for mechan¬ ical and cold allodynia either daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly or at the end of the study at one or several time points: 30 min, 90 min, 180 min, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours and 1 week after administration of the respective compound, using Von Frey' s hairs and a cold plate set at 10°C.
Example 4.2: Assessing in lammatory pain animal models - Complete Freunds Adjuvant (CFA)
Complete Freunds Adjuvant (CFA) consists of heat-killed mycobac- terium suspended in mineral oil. When injected systemically into rodents, an immune response is triggered resulting in chronic inflammation of many organs such as skin, liver, spleen, eyes, bone marrow and particularly peripheral joints. The inflammatory response results in bone resorption and periosteal bone prolif¬ eration. Importantly this inflammatory state results in sponta¬ neous pain and ectopic nerve cell firing. Thus, the resultant adjuvant disease exhibits polyarthritic symptoms.
When CFA is injected unilaterally into the limbs it elicits a monoarthritic-like condition and is thus used to model chronic inflammatory conditions. Unilateral injection allows the analy¬ sis of ipsilateral and contralateral effects of localised joint pain (Millan et al . , 1988) . Injection of CFA results in oedema of the affected joint, mechanical allodynia and mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia (Butler et al . , 1992; Hsieh et al . , 2010; Meotti et al . , 2006; Staton et al . , 2007) . As these features resemble the clinical pathology of rheumatoid arthritis, CFA- induced chronic inflammation has been widely used as a model of this condition.
A wide variety of treatments acting via different mechanisms that have generated positive data in rat adjuvant-induced ar¬ thritic models have proven effective in subsequent clinical tri¬ als for rheumatoid arthritis (Hegen et al . , 2008) . Indeed, an analysis by Whiteside (Whiteside et al . , 2008), concluded that activity in the rat CFA test could be used to predict the expo¬ sure needed for clinical efficacy. Both morphine-like opioids, steroids and NSAID analgesics can attenuate inflammation- associated allodynia/hyperalgesia and normalise nociceptive sen¬ sitivity (Jett et al., 1999, da Silva Filho et al . , 2004) .
Example 4.2.1: Test system
This example demonstrates the effectiveness of a compound ac¬ cording to the invention in ameliorating mechanical and cold allodynia in rats with inflammatory pain induced by injection of an adjuvant (CFA) into the limbs.
The test apparatus according to Example 4.1.1 was used for as¬ sessing mechanical and thermal sensitivities.
53 male Sprague-Dawley rats were habituated to the test appa¬ ratus and tested for basal sensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli in both the right (ipsilateral) and left (contralateral) paws using Von Freys hair and a radiant heat source, respective¬ ly, on the day prior to Complete Freunds Adjuvant (CFA) admin¬ istration (Day 0) . The following morning (Day 1), animals were subjected to a subplantar injection of 50% complete CFA in a lOOuL injection volume into the ipsilateral hind-paw. Two days later (Day 3), baseline mechanical and thermal sensitivities were reassessed in the CFA-injected (ipsilateral) and non- injected (contralateral) hind-paws. 42 rats meeting pre-defined criteria for hypersensitivity to mechanical (ipsilateral hind- paw moved at a pressure of <4g) and thermal stimuli (>30% dif¬ ference in latency time between ipsi- and contra-lateral hind- paws) were assigned to treatment groups of 8 to 10 animals in each group. One hour later, at T=0, drug administration commenced .
Example 4.2.2. Acute/single dosing
One group of animals according to Example 4.2.1 was administered a single dose of the drug indomethacin (positive control), an NSAID with demonstrated efficacy in the CFA model and in human inflammatory/arthritic diseases. Indomethacin was formulated in 50% 0.1 M Na2C03; 47.5% phosphate buffered saline (PBS) : taken to pH 7 with 2.5% 1M HC1 at a concentration of 2 mg/mL to give a dose of 10 mg/kg when administered intraperitoneally in a 5 mL/kg injection volume. The remaining groups of animals were ad¬ ministered a single dose of compound (s) according to the inven¬ tion. 30, 90, 180 min and 24h post-dose, all groups of rats were re-assessed for mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in both the treated and untreated hind-paws, using Von Frey' s hairs and a cold plate set at 10°C in accordance with Example 0. All readings were compared to the basal sensitivity reading (T=0) of the ( ipsilateral ) paw in each animal.
Example 4.2.1.1 Test with dasatinib and tenofovir
The procedure as described in Example 2A was performed with the comopounds according to the invention being dasatinib and tenofovir. In total, five groups of animals were included: one group of 10 animals received the positivie control drug, indo¬ methacin, intraperitonally at a dose of 10 mg/kg Four groups of 8 animals each received either 10 mg/kg dasatinib, 30 mg/kg da¬ satinib, 50 mg/kg tenofovir or 500 mg/kg tenofovir, respectively (Fig. 24A) . Dasatinib was formulated in a vehicle (50% PEG: 50% water) to concentrations of 2 and 6 mg/mL and administered oral¬ ly in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg. Tenofovir was formulated in a vehicle (0.5% methyl cellulose) to concentrations of 10 and 100 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 50 and 500 mg/kg.
Example 4.2.1.2. Test with cilomilast, zardaverine and rofl umilast The procedure as described in Example 2A was performed with the comopounds according to the invention being cilomilast, zardaverine and roflumilast. In total, five groups of animals were included: one group of 10 animals received the positivie control drug, indomethacin, at 10 mg/kg and four groups of 8 animals each received either 3 mg/kg cilomilast, 30 mg/kg cilomilast, 20 mg/kg zardaverine or 1.8 mg/kg roflumilast, respective¬ ly (Fig. 24B) . Cilomilast was formulated in water to concentra¬ tions of 0.6 and 6 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 3 and 30 mg/kg. Zardaverine was formulated in a vehicle of 0.5% methyl cellulose to a concentra¬ tion of 4 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing vol¬ ume to give doses of 20 mg/kg. Roflumilast was formulated in a vehicle of 0.5% methyl cellulose to a concentrations of 0.36 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 1.8 mg/kg.
Example 4.2.1.3. Test with bosutlnlb and adefovir
The procedure as described in Example 1 was performed with the comopounds according to the invention being bosutinib and adefo¬ vir. In total, five groups of animals were included: one group of 10 animals received the positivie control drug, indomethacin, at 10 mg/kg and four groups of 8 animals each received either 60 mg/kg bosutinib, 200 mg/kg bosutinib, 2 mg/kg adefovir or 20 mg/kg adefovir, respectively (Fig. 24C) . Bosutinib was formulat¬ ed in 0.5% methyl cellulose to concentrations of 12 and 40 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 60 and 200 mg/kg. Adefovir was formulated in 0.5% methyl cellulose to concentrations of 0.4 and 4 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 2 and 20 mg/kg .
Example 4.2.3. Chronic studies
Each group of animals according to Example 2 was administered either a positive control drug (indomethacin, which was formu¬ lated in 50% 0.1 M Na2C03; 47.5% phosphate buffered saline (PBS) : taken to pH 7 with 2.5% 1M HC1 at a concentration of 2 mg/mL to give an effective dose (e.g. 10 mg/kg when administered intra- peritoneally in a 5 mL/kg injection volume)), or a compound ac¬ cording to the invention. Dosing was carried out one or several times daily for two days to eight weeks. Animal subjects were reassessed for mechanical and cold allodynia either daily, week¬ ly, biweekly, monthly or at the end of the study at one or several time points: 30 min, 90 min, 180 min, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours and 1 week after administration of the respective compound, using Von Frey' s hairs and a cold plate set at 10°C according to Example 0.
Example 5. Measurement of PDE4D activity and determination of IC50 values of test compounds
The half maximal inhibitory concentration ( IC50 ) is a measure of the effectiveness of a compound in inhibiting biological or bio¬ chemical function . Concentration-response plots are used to de¬ termine the effects of an inhibitor on an enzymatic reaction . The cloning of catalytic domains of human PDE4D as well as the expression and purification of the PDE catalytic domains were based on the protocols described in Card et al . , 2004.
Measurement of phosphodiesterase activity takes advantage of the selective binding of 5-AMP or 5-GMP ( and not cAMP or cGMP) to yttrium silicate beads with embedded scintillant . 0.1-1 nM PDE was incubated with 50 nM 3H-cAMP or 70 nM 3H-cGMP (Amersham, 5- 60 Ci/mmol) in 50 mM Tris ( pH 7.5), 8.3 mM MgC12, 1.7mM EGTA, and 0.01% BSA at 30C for 30 min in 384-well assay plates . The assay was terminated by adding one-third volume of 5 mg/ml yt¬ trium silicate beads in 18 mM ZnAcetate/ZnS04 solution (3:1) . A minimum of 30 min after mixing and centrifuging the reaction, hydrolysis was quantified by reading in a scintillation counter
( Trilux, Conclusions Wallac) . The cAMP and cGMP concentrations used, where possible, were far below the Km of the enzyme to en¬ sure that the IC50 values obtained are good approximations of Ki
(Mehats et al . , 2002 ) .
Example 6. Clinical study
Patients with a long term or chronic pain condition are eligible for the study.
After initial screening, a total of 20 to 200 patients are ran¬ domized to one of two treatment groups. Patients in one treat¬ ment group receive a compound according to the invention at a pharmaceutically active dose and patients in the other (control) treatment group receive either placebo or an active control drug at a pharmaceutically active dose. A preferred active control drug is pregabalin. Preferably, the study is carried out in a double-blinded fashion.
Treatment duration is between 1 and 15 weeks, and efficacy eval¬ uation is carried out as the average of the pain scores recorded for the past 1 to 7 days (preferably 7 days) relative to the day chosen for efficacy evaluation, comparing the group receiving the compound according to the invention with the control group. The pain scores are preferably assessed based on patients' daily pain diaries, in which they record their daily pain score on an 11-point (0 = "no pain" to 10 = "worst possible pain") numeric rating scale (NRS) [Arezzo et al . , 2008].
The primary endpoint of the study is preferably a comparison of the average pain score for the last 7 available pain diary en¬ tries at the end of the treatment phase.
Example 7. Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (PDPN)
A clinical study according to Example 6 is carried out with the following key inclusion criteria: patients are men or women ≥18 years of age with type 1 or type 2 diabetes with HbAlC <11% and painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy of at least 3 months' du¬ ration. Patients score at least 40 mm on the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) Visual Analog Scale (VAS) [Arezzo et al . , 2008], or any other standard VAS. At randomization, patients have completed at least four daily pain diary entries (using an 11-point NRS) and should have an average daily pain score ≥4 over the past 7 days.
Example 8. Post-herpetic neuralgia
A clinical study according to Example 6 is carried out with the following key inclusion criteria: patients are men or women ≥18 years of age with persistent pain for at least 6 months after the onset of herpes zoster rash. Patients score at least 40 mm on the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) Visual Ana¬ log Scale (VAS) [Arezzo et al . , 2008], or any other VAS.
Example 9. Mixed neuropathy A clinical study according to Example 6 is carried out with pa¬ tients selected according to inclusion criteria in Example 7 as well as Example 8.
Example 10. Measurement of binding affinity to determine Kd values
The binding and selectivity of a compound for a receptor can be assayed, for instance, by carrying out biochemical binding as¬ says such as KinomeScan kinase binding assays as described in Karaman et al . , 2008. For an assay to determine the binding of a compound to the target FRK, the kinase construct NP_002022.1 may be used. The assay can be performed with either the full length protein or with a kinase construct that spans the catalytic do¬ main .
REFERENCES
Aleman, A., Rutten, G.J., Sitskoorn, M.M., Dautzenberg, G., and Ramsey, N.F. (2001) . Activation of striate cortex in the absence of visual stimulation: an fMRI study of synesthesia. Neuroreport 12, 2827-2830.
Arthurs, O.J., and Boniface, S. (2002) . How well do we under¬ stand the neural origins of the fMRI BOLD signal? Trends in neu- rosciences 25, 27-31.
Atlas, S.J., Keller, R.B., Chang, Y., Deyo, R.A., and Singer, D.E. (2001) . Surgical and nonsurgical management of sciatica secondary to a lumbar disc herniation: five-year outcomes from the Maine Lumbar Spine Study. Spine 26, 1179-1187.
Basbaum, A. I., Bautista, D.M., Scherrer, G., and Julius, D.
(2009) . Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain. Cell 139, 267-284.
Beauchamp, M.S., and Ro, T. (2008) . Neural substrates of sound- touch synesthesia after a thalamic lesion. J Neurosci 28, 13696- 13702.
Catterall, W.A. (2000) . Structure and regulation of voltage- gated Ca2+ channels. Annual review of cell and developmental bi¬ ology 16, 521-555. Costigan, M., Scholz, J., and Woolf, C.J. (2009) . Neuropathic Pain: A Maladaptive Response of the Nervous System to Damage. Annual review of neuroscience .
Cox, J. J., Reimann, F., Nicholas, A.K., Thornton, G., Roberts, E., Springell, K., Karbani, G., Jafri, H., Mannan, J., Raashid, Y., et al . (2006) . An SCN9A channelopathy causes congenital ina¬ bility to experience pain. Nature 444, 894-898.
Crawley, J.N. (2008) . Behavioral phenotyping strategies for mu¬ tant mice. Neuron 57, 809-818.
Diatchenko, L., Slade, G.D., Nackley, A.G., Bhalang, K., Sig- urdsson, A., Belfer, I., Goldman, D., Xu, K., Shabalina, S.A., Shagin, D., et al . (2005) . Genetic basis for individual varia¬ tions in pain perception and the development of a chronic pain condition. Human molecular genetics 14, 135-143.
Dickman, D.K., Kurshan, P.T., and Schwarz, T.L. (2008) . Mutations in a Drosophila alpha2delta voltage-gated calcium channel subunit reveal a crucial synaptic function. J Neurosci 28, 31- 38.
Dietzl, G., Chen, D., Schnorrer, F., Su, K.C., Barinova, Y., Fellner, M., Gasser, B., Kinsey, K., Oppel, S., Scheiblauer, S., et al . (2007) . A genome-wide transgenic RNAi library for condi¬ tional gene inactivation in Drosophila. Nature 448, 151-156. Dudycha, G.J., & Martha M. Dudycha (1935) . A Case of Synesthe¬ sia: Visual-Pain and Visual-Audition. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 30, 57-69.
Dworkin, R.H., O'Connor, A.B., Backonja, M., Farrar, J.T., Fin- nerup, N.B., Jensen, T.S., Kalso, E.A., Loeser, J.D., Miaskow- ski, C, Nurmikko, T.J.,, et al . (2007) . Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations. Pain 132, 237-251.
Eroglu, C, Allen, N.J., Susman, M.W., O'Rourke, N.A., Park, C.Y., Ozkan, E., Chakraborty, C, Mulinyawe, S.B., Annis, D.S., Huberman, A.D., et al . (2009) . Gabapentin receptor alpha2delta-l is a neuronal thrombospondin receptor responsible for excitatory CNS synaptogenesis . Cell 139, 380-392.
Field, M.J., Cox, P.J., Stott, E., Melrose, H., Offord, J., Su, T.Z., Bramwell, S., Corradini, L., England, S., Winks, J., et al . (2006) . Identification of the alpha2-delta-l subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels as a molecular target for pain mediating the analgesic actions of pregabalin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 17537-17542.
Hess, A., Stiller, D., Kaulisch, T., Heil, P., and Scheich, H. (2000) . New insights into the hemodynamic blood oxygenation lev¬ el-dependent response through combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging and optical recording in gerbil barrel cortex. J Neurosci 20, 3328-3338.
Hubbard, E.M., and Ramachandran, V.S. (2005) . Neurocognitive mechanisms of synesthesia. Neuron 48, 509-520.
Hucho, T., and Levine, J.D. (2007) . Signaling pathways in sensi¬ tization: toward a nociceptor cell biology. Neuron 55, 365-376. Kernan, M., Cowan, D., and Zuker, C. (1994) . Genetic dissection of mechanosensory transduction: mechanoreception-defective muta¬ tions of Drosophila. Neuron 12, 1195-1206.
Knabl, J., Witschi, R., Hosl, K., Reinold, H., Zeilhofer, U.B., Ahmadi, S., Brockhaus, J., Sergejeva, M., Hess, A., Brune, K. r et al . (2008) . Reversal of pathological pain through specific spinal GABAA receptor subtypes. Nature 451, 330-334.
Koester, S.E., and Insel, T.R. (2007) . Mouse maps of gene ex¬ pression in the brain. Genome biology 8, 212.
Kurshan, P.T., Oztan, A., and Schwarz, T.L. (2009) . Presynaptic alpha ( 2 ) delta-3 is required for synaptic morphogenesis independ¬ ent of its Ca ( 2+ ) -channel functions. Nature neuroscience 12, 1415-1423.
Lee, T., and Luo, L. (1999) . Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker for studies of gene function in neuronal morphogene¬ sis. Neuron 22, 451-461.
Lumpkin, E.A., and Caterina, M.J. (2007) . Mechanisms of sensory transduction in the skin. Nature 445, 858-865.
Ly, C.V., Yao, C.K., Verstreken, P., Ohyama, T., and Bellen, H.J. (2008) . straight acket is required for the synaptic stabi¬ lization of cacophony, a voltage-gated calcium channel alphal subunit. The Journal of cell biology 181, 157-170.
Manev, H., and Dimitri evic, N. (2004) . Drosophila model for in vivo pharmacological analgesia research. European journal of pharmacology 491, 207-208.
Melzack, R. (1999) . From the gate to the neuromatrix. Pain Suppl 6, S121-126.
Ogawa, S., Lee, T.M., Kay, A.R., and Tank, D.W. (1990) . Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxy- genation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87, 9868-9872.
Petersen, C.C. (2007) . The functional organization of the barrel cortex. Neuron 56, 339-355.
Pitcher, G.M., Yashpal, K., Coderre, T.J., and Henry, J.L.
(1995) . Mechanisms underlying antinociception provoked by heter- osegmental noxious stimulation in the rat tail-flick test. Neu- roscience 65, 273-281.
Premkumar, L.S. (2010) . Targeting TRPV1 as an alternative approach to narcotic analgesics to treat chronic pain conditions. The AAPS journal 12, 361-370.
Price, D.D. (2000) . Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain. Science (New York, NY 288, 1769- 1772.
Shmuel, A., Yacoub, E., Pfeuffer, J., Van de Moortele, P.F., Adriany, G., Hu, X., and Ugurbil, K. (2002) . Sustained negative BOLD, blood flow and oxygen consumption response and its cou¬ pling to the positive response in the human brain. Neuron 36, 1195-1210.
Silva, A.C., Lee, J.H., Aoki, I., and Koretsky, A. P. (2004) . Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) : methodo¬ logical and practical considerations. NMR in biomedicine 17, 532-543.
Sokabe, T., Tsujiuchi, S., Kadowaki, T., and Tominaga, M.
(2008) . Drosophila painless is a Ca2+-requiring channel activat¬ ed by noxious heat. J Neurosci 28, 9929-9938.
Stuurman, N., Delbecque, J. P., Callaerts, P., and Aebi, U.
(1999) . Ectopic overexpression of Drosophila lamin C is stage- specific lethal. Experimental cell research 248, 350-357.
Tegeder, I., Costigan, M., Griffin, R.S., Abele, A., Belfer, I., Schmidt, H., Ehnert, C., Nejim, J., Marian, C., Scholz, J., et al . (2006) . GTP cyclohydrolase and tetrahydrobiopterin regulate pain sensitivity and persistence. Nature medicine 12, 1269-1277. Thulborn, K.R., Waterton, J.C., Matthews, P.M., and Radda, G.K.
(1982) . Oxygenation dependence of the transverse relaxation time of water protons in whole blood at high field. Biochimica et bi- ophysica acta 714, 265-270.
Tracey, I., and Mantyh, P.W. (2007) . The cerebral signature for pain perception and its modulation. Neuron 55, 377-391.
Tracey, W.D., Jr., Wilson, R.I., Laurent, G., and Benzer, S. (2003) . painless, a Drosophila gene essential for nociception. Cell 113, 261-273.
Treede, R.D., Kenshalo, D.R., Gracely, R.H., and Jones, A.K.
(1999) . The cortical representation of pain. Pain 79, 105-111. Venken, K.J., Carlson, J.W., Schulze, K.L., Pan, H., He, Y., Spokony, R., Wan, K.H., Koriabine, M., de Jong, P.J., White, K.P., et al. (2009) . Versatile P[acman] BAC libraries for transgenesis studies in Drosophila melanogaster . Nature methods
6, 431-434.
Xu, S.Y., Cang, C.L., Liu, X.F., Peng, Y.Q., Ye, Y.Z., Zhao, Z.Q., and Guo, A.K. (2006) . Thermal nociception in adult Drosophila: behavioral characterization and the role of the pain¬ less gene. Genes, brain, and behavior 5, 602-613.
Atlas, S.J., Keller, R.B., Chang, Y., Deyo, R.A., and Singer, D.E. (2001) . Surgical and nonsurgical management of sciatica secondary to a lumbar disc herniation: five-year outcomes from the Maine Lumbar Spine Study. Spine 26, 1179-1187.
Benzer, S. (1967) . BEHAVIORAL MUTANTS OF Drosophila ISOLATED BY COUNTERCURRENT DISTRIBUTION. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 58, 1112-1119.
Brody, T., Stivers, C, Nagle, J., and Odenwald, W.F. (2002) . Identification of novel Drosophila neural precursor genes using a differential embryonic head cDNA screen. Mechanisms of devel¬ opment 113, 41-59.
Couto, A., Alenius, M., and Dickson, B.J. (2005) . Molecular, anatomical, and functional organization of the Drosophila olfacto¬ ry system. Curr Biol 15, 1535-1547.
Diatchenko, L., Slade, G.D., Nackley, A.G., Bhalang, K., Sig- urdsson, A., Belfer, I., Goldman, D., Xu, K., Shabalina, S.A., Shagin, D. et al . (2005) . Genetic basis for individual varia¬ tions in pain perception and the development of a chronic pain condition. Human molecular genetics 14, 135-143.
Dietzl, G., Chen, D., Schnorrer, F., Su, K.C., Barinova, Y., Fellner, M., Gasser, B., Kinsey, K., Oppel, S., Scheiblauer, S., et al . (2007) . A genome-wide transgenic RNAi library for condi¬ tional gene inactivation in Drosophila. Nature 448, 151-156. Grigliatti, T.A., Hall, L., Rosenbluth, R., and Suzuki, D.T. (1973) . Temperature-sensitive mutations in Drosophila melano¬ gaster. XIV. A selection of immobile adults. Mol Gen Genet 120, 107-114.
Hayashi, S., Ito, K., Sado, Y., Taniguchi, M., Akimoto, A., Takeuchi, H., Aigaki, T., Matsuzaki, F., Nakagoshi, H., Tani- mura, et al . (2002) . GETDB, a database compiling expression patterns and molecular locations of a collection of Gal4 enhanc¬ er traps. Genesis 34, 58-61.
Jourdan, D., Ardid, D., and Eschalier, A. (2001) . Automated behavioural analysis in animal pain studies. Pharmacol Res 43, 103-110.
Kernan, M., Cowan, D., and Zuker, C. (1994) . Genetic dissection of mechanosensory transduction: mechanoreception-defective muta¬ tions of Drosophila. Neuron 12, 1195-1206.
Knabl, J., Witschi, R., Hosl, K., Reinold, H., Zeilhofer, U.B., Ahmadi, S., Brockhaus, J., Sergejeva, M., Hess, A., Brune, K. r et al . (2008) . Reversal of pathological pain through specific spinal GABAA receptor subtypes. Nature 451, 330-334.
Ly, C.V., Yao, C.K., Verstreken, P., Ohyama, T., and Bellen, H.J. (2008) . straight acket is required for the synaptic stabi¬ lization of cacophony, a voltage-gated calcium channel alphal subunit. The Journal of cell biology 181, 157-170.
Mummery-Widmer, J.L., Yamazaki, M., Stoeger, T., Novatchkova, M., Bhalerao, S., Chen, D., Dietzl, G., Dickson, B.J., and
Knoblich, J.A. (2009) . Genome-wide analysis of Notch signalling in Drosophila by transgenic RNAi . Nature.
Obreja, 0., Biasio, W., Andratsch, M., Lips, K.S., Rathee, P.K., Ludwig, A., Rose-John, S., and Kress, M. (2005) . Fast modulation of heat-activated ionic current by proinflammatory interleukin 6 in rat sensory neurons. Brain 128, 1634-1641.
Obreja, 0., Rathee, P.K., Lips, K.S., Distler, C, and Kress, M. (2002) . IL-1 beta potentiates heat-activated currents in rat sensory neurons: involvement of IL-1RI, tyrosine kinase, and protein kinase C. Faseb J 16, 1497-1503.
Siddiqi, 0., and Benzer, S. (1976) . Neurophysiological defects in temperature-sensitive paralytic mutants of Drosophila melano- gaster. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 73, 3253-3257.
Tegeder, I., Costigan, M., Griffin, R.S., Abele, A., Belfer, I., Schmidt, H., Ehnert, C, Nejim, J., Marian, C, Scholz, J., et al . (2006) . GTP cyclohydrolase and tetrahydrobiopterin regulate pain sensitivity and persistence. Nature medicine 12, 1269-1277. Thibault, S.T., Singer, M.A., Miyazaki, W.Y., Milash, B., Dompe, N.A., Singh, CM., Buchholz, R., Demsky, M., Fawcett, R., Francis-Lang, H.L., et al . (2004) . A complementary transposon tool kit for Drosophila melanogaster using P and piggyBac. Nature ge¬ netics 36, 283-287.
Tracey, W.D., Jr., Wilson, R.I., Laurent, G., and Benzer, S. (2003) . painless, a Drosophila gene essential for nociception. Cell 113, 261-273.
Venken, K.J., Carlson, J.W., Schulze, K.L., Pan, H., He, Y., Spokony, R., Wan, K.H., Koriabine, M., de Jong, P.J., White, K.P., et al. (2009) . Versatile P[acman] BAC libraries for transgenesis studies in Drosophila melanogaster. Nature methods 6, 431-434.
Verstreken, P., Koh, T.W., Schulze, K.L., Zhai, R.G., Hiesinger, P.R., Zhou, Y., Mehta, S.Q., Cao, Y., Roos, J., and Bellen, H.J. (2003) . Synaptojanin is recruited by endophilin to promote synaptic vesicle uncoating. Neuron 40, 733-748.
Vosshall, L.B., Wong, A.M., and Axel, R. (2000) . An olfactory sensory map in the fly brain. Cell 102, 147-159.
Zaykin, D.V., Westfall, P.H., Young, S.S., Karnoub, M.A., Wagner, M.J., and Ehm, M.G. (2002) . Testing association of statistically inferred haplotypes with discrete and continuous traits in samples of unrelated individuals. Human heredity 53, 79-91. Kuzniar, R. C. van Ham, S. Pongor, J. A. Leunissen, Trends Genet 24, 539 (Nov, 2008) .
Sasaki et al . , Science 287, 1040 (Feb 11, 2000) .
Patrucco et al . , Cell 118, 375 (Aug 6, 2004) .
Racz et al . , J Neuroscl 28, 12125 (Nov 12, 2008) .
Dittert et al . , J Neuroscl Methods 82, 195 (Aug 1, 1998) .
L. Vyklicky et al . , J Physiol 517 ( Pt 1), 181 (May 15, 1999)
Bennett G.J., Xie Y.K., (1988) . Pain, 33, 87-107.
Blackburn-Munro G, Erichsen H.K., (2005) . Current Pharm Des, 11, 2961-2975.
Butler, S.H., Godefroy, F., Besson, J.-M., Weil-Fugazza, J., (1992) . Pain, 48; 73-81.
Hegen, M., Keith, J.C., Collins, M., Nickerson-Nutter, C.L., (2008) . Ann Rheum Dis, 67: 1505-1515.
Hsieh, G.C., Chandran, P., Salyers, A.K., Pai, M., Zhu, C.Z., Wensink, E.J., Witte, D.G., Miller, T.R., Mikusa, J. P., Baker, S.J., Wetter, J.M., Marsh, K.C., Hancock, A.A. , Cowart, M.D., Esbenshade, T.A., Brioni, J.D., Honore, P., (2010) . Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 95; 41-50.
Kontinen V.K., and Meert T.F., (2003) . In: eds Dostrovsky J.O., Carr D.B., and Koltzenburg, M., Prog in Pain Res Management 24, pp489-498, IASP press, Seattle.
LaBuda, C.J., and Little, P., (2005) J Neurosci Meths, 144, 175- 181.
Meotti, F.C., Missau, F.C., Ferreira, J., Pizzolatti, M.G., Mi- zuzaki, C, Nogueira, C.W., Santos, A.R.S., (2006) . Biochem Pharmacol, 72; 1707-17134.
Millan, M.J., Czlonkowski, A., Morris, B., Stein, C, Arendt, R., Huber, A., et al . , (1988) . Pain, 35, 299-312.
Schafers, M., Marziniak, M., Sorkin, L.S., Yaksh, T.L., Sommer C, (2004) Exp Neurol ., 185, 160-168.
Staton, P.C., Wilson, A.W., Bountra, C, Chessell, I. P., Day, N.C., (2007) . Eur J Pain' 11; 283-289.
Takahashi M., Kawaguchi, M., Shimada, K.,, Konishi, N., Furuya H., Nakashima, T., (2004) . Neurosci Letts, 356, 37-40.
Whiteside, G.T., Adedoyin, A., Leventhal, L., (2008) . Neuropharmacology, 54, 767-775.
Jett, M.F., Ramesha, C.S., Brown, CD., Chiu, S., Emmett, C, Voronin, T., Sun, T., O'Yang, C, Hunter, J.C., Eglen, R.M., Johnson, R.M., (1999) . Characterization of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ketorolac and its enantiomers in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 288 (3) : 1288-97.
da Silva Filho A.A. , Andrade e Silva M.L., Carvalho J.C., Bastos J.K., (2004) . Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Nectandra megapotamica (Lauraceae) in mice and rats. J Pharm Pharmacol., 56 ( 9) : 1179-84.
Card, G.L., England, B.P., Suzuki, Y., Fong, D., Powell, B., Lee, B., Luu, C, Tabrizizad, M., Gillette, S., Ibrahim, P.N., Artis, D.R., Bollag, G., Milburn, M.V., Kim, S.H., Schlessinger, J., Zhang, K.Y., (2004) . Structural Basis for the Activity of Drugs that Inhibit Phosphodiesterases. Structure, 12(12) :2233- 47.
Mehats, C, Andersen, C.B., Filopanti, M., Jin, S.L., and Conti, M. (2002) . Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and their role in endocrine cell signaling. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 13, 29- 35.
Arezzo, J.C., Rosenstock, J., LaMoreaux, L., Pauer, L., (2008), Efficacy and safetyof pregabalin 600 mg/d for treating painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind placebo- controlled trial. BMC Neurology, 16; 8: 33.
Karaman, M.W., Herrgard, S., Treiber, D.K., Gallant, P., Atter- idge, C.E., Campbell, B.T., Chan, K.W., Ciceri, P., Davis, M.I., Edeen, P.T., Faraoni, R., Floyd, M., Hunt, J. P., Lockhart, D.J., Milanov, Z.V., Morrison, M.J., Pallares, G., Patel, H.K.,
Pritchard, S., Wodicka, L.M., Zarrinkar, P.P., (2008) . A quanti¬ tative analysis of kinase inhibitor selectivity. Nat Biotechnol, Jan;26 (1) : 127-32.
Neely et al . , (2010) . A genome-wide Drosophila screen for heat nociception identifies 2δ3 as an evolutionarily conserved pain gene. Cell. 2010 Nov 12 ; 143 ( 4 ) : 628-38.

Claims

Claims :
1. FM03 inhibitor for use in the treatment of pain.
2. FM03 inhibitor for use according to claim 1, wherein the FM03 inhibitor is selected from Tenofovir and Methimazole.
3. FM03 inhibitor for use according to claim 1, wherein the FM03 inhibitor is selected from a compound comprising a phosphoric acid or ester group and/or a purine radical, the compound being Tenofovir.
4. FRK inhibitor selected from dasatinib, motesanib, Doramapi- mod, Pelitinib, sorafenib, Vandetanib and Canertinib for use in the treatment of pain.
5. FRK inhibitor for use according to claim 4, wherein the inhibitor is selected from compounds with a Kd of lower than 3000 nM, preferably lower than 2000 nM, especially preferred lower than 1000 nM, selected from dasatinib, motesanib, Doramapimod, Pelitinib, sorafenib and Vandetanib.
6. FRK inhibitor for use according to claim 4, wherein the inhibitor is selected from compounds comprising a substituted pyr¬ idine, quinoline, isoquinoline or pyrimidine group, selected from motesanib (AMG-706) , Pelitinib (EKB-569) , sorafenib (soraf¬ enib) , Vandetanib (Vandetanib) and canertinib ( CI-1033 ) .
7. FRK inhibitor for use according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the inhibitor is selected from compounds comprising a substituted aniline group with a Kd value less than 1000 nM, selected from dasatinib ( dasatinib ) , motesanib ( AMG-706 ) , Doramapimod ( BIRB 796 ) , Pelitinib ( EKB-569 ) , sorafenib ( sorafenib ) , Vandetanib ( Vandetanib ) .
8. FRK inhibitor for use according to claim 4, wherein the inhibitor is selected from compounds comprising a chlor-, fluor- or chlor- and fluor- substituted aniline group selected from da¬ satinib, Pelitinib, sorafenib, Vandetanib and canertinib.
9. FRK inhibitor selected from compounds comprising a substi¬ tuted aniline group, selected from dasatinib ( dasatinib ) , motesanib ( AMG-706 ) , doramapimod ( BIRB 796 ) , pelitinib ( EKB-569 ) , sorafenib ( sorafenib ) , vandetanib ( vandetanib ) , canertinib ( CI-1033 ) and imatinib ( STI-571 ) for use in the treatment of neuropathic pain, preferably trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic polyneuropathy, such as sciatic pain, radiculopathy, radicular pain, non-inflammatory neuropathic pain or a combination thereof.
10. LPAR3 modulator for use in the treatment of pain.
11. LPAR3 modulator for use according to claim 10, wherein the modulator is selected from compounds comprising N6- Benzyladenosine-5 ' -phosphate, p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid,
NSC161613 and NSC47091.
12. LPAR3 modulator for use according to claim 10, wherein the LPAR3 modulator is an LPAR3 inhibitor.
13. LPAR3 inhibitor for use according to claim 12, wherein the inhibitor is selected from compounds comprising p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid, NSC161613 and NSC47091.
14. PDE4D inhibitor selected from cilomilast, Roflumilast, Filaminast, Piclamilast, V11294, Apremilast, Arofylline, Ati- zoram, Catramilast, Cimpyfylline, Daxalipram, Doxofylline, dro- taverin, Efloxate, Etamiphylline, Etazolate, Etofylline, Bron- cholytine, Irimilast, oglemilast, Choline theophyllinate, Pu- mafentrine, Revamilast, Ronomilast, Tofimilast, Tolafentrine, Trapidil, GW 842470 (AWD 12-281), CDP-840, YM-976, CI-1018, D- 4418, Lirimilast, SCH-351591, RPL-554, IPL-455903 (HT-0712), GSK256066, Zardaverine, Vardenafil, Tetomilast, IC485, L- 826,141, ONO-6126, CI-1044, MK-0873, T-2585, R1533 (MEM-1414), Ronomilast, UK-500,001, AN2728, DE-103, Tofisopam, Dextofisopam, Levotofisopam (USAN) for use in the treatment of pain.
15. PDE4D inhibitor of claim 14 comprising a 1 , 2-dioxy-aryl group with IC50 value of 1100 nM or less, preferably 1050 nM or less, preferably 1000 nM or less, preferably 950 nM or less, preferably 950 nM or less, preferably 900 nM or less, for use in the treatment of pain, wherein the PDE4D inhibitor is selected from cilomilast ( cilomilast ) , Roflumilast ( Roflumilast ) , Filaminast ( Filaminast ) , Piclamilast ( Piclamilast ) , ( V11294 ) , Apremilast ( CC-10004 ) , Atizoram ( CP80633 ) , Catramilast ( Catramilast ) , Daxalipram ( Daxalipram/mesopram ) , drotaverin ( Drotaverine ) , broncholytine ( Glaucine Hydrobromide ) , oglemi- last ( GRC3886 ), Pumafentrine ( Pumafentrine ), Revamilast ( Revamilast ) , Tolafentrine ( Tolafentrine ) , ( CDP-840 ) , ( RPL- 554 ), ( IPL-455903 (HT-0712) ), Zardaverine ( Zardaverine ), Tetomilast ( OPC-6535 ), ( L-826,141 ), Ronomilast ( ELB353 ), Tofisopam ( Tofisopam ) .
16. PDE4D inhibitor of claim 14 comprising a 1 , 2-dioxy-aryl group substituted with an alkyl or flour-alkyl group, or 1,2- dioxy-aryl group condensed in a furan ring containing oxygen selected from cilomilast ( cilomilast ) , Roflumilast ( Roflumilast ) , Filaminast ( Filaminast ) , Piclamilast ( Piclamilast ) , ( V11294 ) , Apremilast ( CC-10004 ) , Daxalipram ( Daxalipram/mesopram ) , drotaverin ( Drotaverine ) , broncholytine ( Glaucine Hydrobromide ), oglemilast ( GRC3886 ), Pumafentrine ( Pumafentrine ) , Revamilast ( Revamilast ) , Tolafentrine ( Tola¬ fentrine ) , ( RPL-554 ) , Zardaverine ( Zardaverine ) , Tetomilast ( OPC-6535 ), ( L-826,141 ), Ronomilast ( ELB353 ), Tofisopam ( Tofisopam ) for use in the treatment of pain.
17. PDE4D inhibitor of claim 14 comprising a 3,5-dichlor- pyridine group or a pyridine group that is not condensed in a 2 ring structure, selected from Roflumilast ( Roflumilast ) , Pi¬ clamilast ( Piclamilast ), oglemilast ( GRC3886 ), Revamilast ( Revamilast ), GW 842470 (AWD 12-281), D-4418, SCH-351591 for use in the treatment of pain.
18. PDE4D inhibitor of claim 14 comprising a quinoline, isoquin- oline or pyrimidine group selected from drotaverine ( Drotaver¬ ine ) , Pumafentrine ( Pumafentrine ) , Tolafentrine ( Tolafen¬ trine ), Trapidil ( Seoanin ), D-4418, SCH-351591, RPL-554, GSK256066, T-2585, Ronomilast ( ELB353 ) for use in the treatment of pain.
19. PDE4D inhibitor of claim 14 comprising an aniline group, preferably carbonyl- or chlor-substituted aniline, selected from Apremilast ( CC-10004 ), Arofylline ( LAS31025 ), CI-1044, T- 2585 for use in the treatment of pain.
20. PDE4D inhibitor comprising a purine ring, selected from V11294, Arofylline ( LAS31025 ), Cimpyfylline ( BRL-61063 ), Doxofylline ( Doxofylline ) , Etamiphylline ( Etamiphylline ) , Etofylline ( Etofylline ) , Choline theophyllinate ( oxtriphyllin ) , Theophylline ( Theophylline ) for the treatment of neuro¬ pathic pain, especially non-inflammatory neuropathic pain.
21. CAMKID inhibitor selected from Bosutinib ( SKI-606 ), Pe- litinib ( EKB-569 ), EKB-568, midostaurin ( PKC-412 ), tozasert- ib ( MK-0457, VX 680 ), SU-14813, Ruboxistaurin ( LY-333531 ), CGP-52421, for use in the treatment of pain.
22. CAMKID inhibitor for use according to claim 21, the inhibitor comprising a chlor-substituted aniline group and is selected from Bosutinib ( SKI-606 ) and Pelitinib ( EKB-569 ) .
23. CAMKID inhibitor selected from bosutinib ( SKI-606 ), pelitinib ( EKB-569 ) , EKB-568 and CGP-52421 for use in the treatment of pain.
24. Compound comprising a quinoline or isoquinoline group, se¬ lected from Bosutinib, Pelitinib ( EKB-569 ) , drotaverin ( Dro- taverine ) , Pumafentrine ( Pumafentrine ) , Tolafentrine ( Tola- fentrine ) , ( D-4418 ) , ( SCH-351591 ) , ( RPL-554 ) , ( GSK256066 ) , ( T-2585 ) , Ronomilast ( ELB353 ) , preferably the compound being an inhibitor of FRK, PDE4D or CAMKID, for use in the treatment of pain, preferably neuropathic pain, more preferably non-inflammatory neuropathic pain.
25. Compound comprising a chlor-substituted aniline group, se¬ lected from dasatinib ( dasatinib ) , Pelitinib ( EKB-569 ) , so- rafenib ( sorafenib ) , Canertinib ( CI-1033 ) , Arofylline ( LAS31025 ) , ( T-2585 ) , bosutinib (SKI-606) , preferably the compound being an inhibitor of FRK, PDE4D or CAMKID, for use in the treatment of pain, preferably neuropathic pain, more preferably non-inflammatory neuropathic pain.
26. dasatinib ( dasatinib ) for use in the treatment of pain.
27. AMG-706 ( motesanib ) for use in the treatment of pain.
28. BIRB 796 ( Doramapimod ) for use in the treatment of pain.
29. EKB-569 ( Pelitinib ) for use in the treatment of pain.
30. sorafenib ( sorafenib ) for use in the treatment of pain.
31. Vandetanib ( Vandetanib ) for use in the treatment of pain.
32. CI-1033 ( Canertinib ) for use in the treatment of pain.
33. imatinib ( STI-571 ) for use in the treatment of pain.
34. N6-Benzyladenosine-5 ' -phosphate for use in the treatment of pain .
35. p-Aminobenzoyl PAB-J acid for use in the treatment of pain.
36. NSC161613 for use in the treatment of pain.
37. NSC47091 for use in the treatment of pain.
38. cilomilast ( cilomilast) for use in the treatment of pain.
39. Nicotinamide ( Nicotinamide ) for use in the treatment of pain .
40. Roflumilast ( Roflumilast ) for use in the treatment of pain .
41. Filaminast ( Filaminast ) for use in the treatment of pain.
42. Piclamilast ( Piclamilast ) for use in the treatment of pain .
43. V11294 for use in the treatment of pain.
44. CC-10004 ( Apremilast ) for use in the treatment of pain.
45. LAS31025 ( Arofylline ) for use in the treatment of pain.
46. CP80633 ( Atizoram ) for use in the treatment of pain.
47. Catramilast/Atopik ( Catramilast ) for use in the treatment of pain.
48. BRL-61063 ( Cimpyfylline ) for use in the treatment of pain.
49. Daxalipram/mesopram ( Daxalipram ) for use in the treatment of pain.
50. Doxofylline ( Doxofylline ) for use in the treatment of pain .
51. Drotaverine ( drotaverin ) for use in the treatment of pain.
52. Efloxate ( Efloxate ) for use in the treatment of pain.
53. Etamiphylline ( Etamiphylline ) for use in the treatment of pain .
54. Etazolate ( Etazolate ) for use in the treatment of pain.
55. Etofylline ( Etofylline ) for use in the treatment of pain.
56. Glaucine Hydrobromide ( Broncholytine ) for use in the treatment of pain.
57. GRC3886 ( oglemilast ) for use in the treatment of pain.
58. oxtriphyllin ( Choline theophyllinate ) for use in the treatment of pain.
59. Pumafentrine ( Pumafentrine ) for use in the treatment of pain .
60. Revamilast ( Revamilast ) for use in the treatment of pain.
61. ronomilast ( ELB-353 ) for use in the treatment of pain.
62. Tofimilast ( Tofimilast ) for use in the treatment of pain.
63. Tolafentrine ( Tolafentrine ) for use in the treatment of pain .
64. Seoanin ( Trapidil ) for use in the treatment of pain.
65. GW 842470 (AWD 12-281) for use in the treatment of pain.
66. CDP-840 for use in the treatment of pain.
67. YM-976 for use in the treatment of pain.
68. CI-1018 for use in the treatment of pain.
69. D-4418 for use in the treatment of pain.
70. Lirimilast ( Lirimilast ) for use in the treatment of pain.
71. SCH-351591 for use in the treatment of pain.
72. RPL-554 for use in the treatment of pain.
73. IPL-455903 (HT-0712) for use in the treatment of pain.
74. GSK256066 for use in the treatment of pain.
75. Zardaverine ( Zardaverine ) for use in the treatment of pain .
76. Vardenafil ( Vardenafil ) for use in the treatment of pain.
77. OPC-6535 ( Tetomilast ) for use in the treatment of pain.
78. IC485 for use in the treatment of pain.
79. L-826,141 for use in the treatment of pain.
80. ONO-6126 for use in the treatment of pain.
81. CI-1044 for use in the treatment of pain.
82. MK-0873 for use in the treatment of pain.
83. T-2585 for use in the treatment of pain.
84. R1533 (MEM-1414) for use in the treatment of pain.
85. UK-500,001 for use in the treatment of pain.
86. AN2728 for use in the treatment of pain.
87. DE-103 for use in the treatment of pain.
88. Tofisopam ( Tofisopam ) for use in the treatment of pain.
89. (R) -Tofisopam ( Dextofisopam ) for use in the treatment of . pain .
90. ( S ) -Tofisopam ( Levotofisopam (USAN) ) for use in the treat¬ ment of pain.
91. EKB-568 for use in the treatment of pain.
92. midostaurin ( PKC-412 ) for use in the treatment of pain.
93. tozasertib ( MK-0457, VX 680 ) for use in the treatment of pain .
94. SU-14813 for use in the treatment of pain.
95. lestaurtinib ( CEP-701 ) for use in the treatment of pain.
96. LY-333531 ( Ruboxistaurin ) for use in the treatment of pain .
97. CGP-52421 for use in the treatment of pain.
98. SKI-606 ( Bosutinib ) for use in the treatment of pain.
99. Roscovitine ( Roscovitine ) for use in the treatment of pain .
100. Tenofovir (PMPA) ( Tenofovir ) for use in the treatment of pain .
101. Methimazole ( Methimazole ) for use in the treatment of pain .
102. Remofovir (Pradefovir) for use in the treatment of pain.
103. Adefovir dipivoxil (Bis-POM PMEA) ( Adefovir ) for use in the treatment of pain.
104. Acetazolamide ( Acetazolamide ) for use in the treatment of pain .
105. Luteolin for use in the treatment of pain.
106. Method of treating or reducing pain in a subject comprising administering a compound of any one of claims 1 to 105 to a sub¬ ject suffering from pain.
107. Method of preventing pain in a subject comprising administering a compound of any one of claims 1 to 105 to a subject suffering from pain.
108. Use of a compound, modulator or inhibitor as defined in any one of claims 1 to 105 for the manufacture of an analgesic or a medicament for the treatment of pain.
109. The method or use of any one of claims 1 to 108, character¬ ized in that the compound is administered topically, enterally or parenterally, in particular preferred orally or rectally, intravenously, intraarterially, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intradermally, intraperitoneally, transdermally, transmucosally or by inhalation.
110. The method or use of any one of claims 1 to 109, character¬ ized in that the subject to be treated is a mammal, preferably a human .
111. The method or use of any one of claims 1 to 110, character¬ ized in that the compound, modulator or inhibitor is provided in a medicament.
112. The method or use of any one of claims 1 to 111, character¬ ized in that the compound, modulator or inhibitor is provided together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or buffer.
113. The method or use of any one of claims 1 to 112, character¬ ized in that the compound, modulator or inhibitor is adminis¬ tered in a therapeutically effective dosage, preferably a dosage of between 0.01 mg/kg and 1 g/kg.
114. Method or use according to any one of claims 1 to 113, wherein pain is selected from or associated with chronic or acute pain or hyperalgesia pain, somatogenic pain, neuropathic pain, psychogenic pain, heat induced pain, physical pain, noci¬ ception, hyperalgesia, rheumatic pain, headache, low back pain, pelvic pain, myofascial pain, vascular pain, migraine, wound as¬ sociated pain, inflammatory pain, arthritic pain, diabetic pain, pain from cancer, somatic visceral pain, fibromyalgia, postoperative pain, phantom pain, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, painful diabetic periph¬ eral neuropathy, diabetic polyneuropathy, sciatic pain, radiculopathy, radicular pain, lumbar pain or any combination thereof.
115. Method or use according to claim 114, wherein pain is chronic pain.
116. Method or use according to claim 114 or 115, wherein pain is neuropathic pain.
117. Method or use according to claim 114, wherein pain is inflammatory pain.
118. Method or use according to claim 114, 115 or 116, wherein pain is non-inflammatory pain.
PCT/EP2011/069986 2010-11-11 2011-11-11 Compounds and methods for treating pain WO2012062925A2 (en)

Priority Applications (14)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SG2013035795A SG190224A1 (en) 2010-11-11 2011-11-11 Compounds and methods for treating pain
KR1020137014995A KR20140009244A (en) 2010-11-11 2011-11-11 Compounds and methods for treating pain
CA2817290A CA2817290A1 (en) 2010-11-11 2011-11-11 Compounds and methods for treating pain
JP2013538217A JP2013542242A (en) 2010-11-11 2011-11-11 Compounds and methods for treating pain
MX2013005361A MX2013005361A (en) 2010-11-11 2011-11-11 Compounds and methods for treating pain.
BR112013011874A BR112013011874A2 (en) 2010-11-11 2011-11-11 compounds and methods for treating pain
US13/884,920 US20130252924A1 (en) 2010-11-11 2011-11-11 Compounds and Methods for Treating Pain
EP11781808.8A EP2637649B1 (en) 2010-11-11 2011-11-11 Compounds and methods for treating pain
CN2011800646314A CN103415286A (en) 2010-11-11 2011-11-11 Compounds and methods for treating pain
EA201300558A EA201300558A1 (en) 2010-11-11 2011-11-11 CONNECTIONS AND METHODS FOR MORNING PAIN
AU2011328009A AU2011328009A1 (en) 2010-11-11 2011-11-11 Compounds and methods for treating pain
IL226307A IL226307A0 (en) 2010-11-11 2013-05-12 Compounds and methods for treating pain
ZA2013/03605A ZA201303605B (en) 2010-11-11 2013-05-17 Compounds and methods for treating pain
US14/273,081 US20140349969A1 (en) 2010-11-11 2014-05-08 Compounds and methods for treating pain

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP10190922 2010-11-11
EP10190922.4 2010-11-11

Related Child Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US13/884,920 A-371-Of-International US20130252924A1 (en) 2010-11-11 2011-11-11 Compounds and Methods for Treating Pain
US14/273,081 Continuation US20140349969A1 (en) 2010-11-11 2014-05-08 Compounds and methods for treating pain

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2012062925A2 true WO2012062925A2 (en) 2012-05-18
WO2012062925A3 WO2012062925A3 (en) 2012-07-12

Family

ID=44936283

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2011/069986 WO2012062925A2 (en) 2010-11-11 2011-11-11 Compounds and methods for treating pain

Country Status (15)

Country Link
US (2) US20130252924A1 (en)
EP (2) EP2674161A1 (en)
JP (1) JP2013542242A (en)
KR (1) KR20140009244A (en)
CN (1) CN103415286A (en)
AU (1) AU2011328009A1 (en)
BR (1) BR112013011874A2 (en)
CA (1) CA2817290A1 (en)
CL (1) CL2013001296A1 (en)
EA (1) EA201300558A1 (en)
IL (1) IL226307A0 (en)
MX (1) MX2013005361A (en)
SG (1) SG190224A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2012062925A2 (en)
ZA (1) ZA201303605B (en)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2013156232A1 (en) * 2012-04-16 2013-10-24 Algiax Pharmaceuticals Gmbh Use of benzofuranylsulfonates in neuropathic pain
WO2013167743A1 (en) * 2012-05-11 2013-11-14 Akron Molecules Gmbh Use of compounds for the treatment of pain
WO2014032755A3 (en) * 2012-08-29 2014-07-17 Merck Patent Gmbh Ddr2 inhibitors for the treatment of osteoarthritis
WO2014028397A3 (en) * 2012-08-13 2015-07-16 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Laquinimod for treatment of gaba mediated disorders
KR101540739B1 (en) 2013-09-02 2015-08-05 가톨릭대학교 산학협력단 Composition for preventing and treating Toxoplasma gondii infection comprising pelitinib
US20170136020A1 (en) * 2014-06-11 2017-05-18 Antecip Bioventures Ii Llc Compositions comprising dasatinib for treating complex regional pain syndrome

Families Citing this family (60)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20150133547A1 (en) * 2013-11-08 2015-05-14 Richard W. Hertle Method and composition for treating glaucoma
US9095505B2 (en) 2013-11-08 2015-08-04 Rbg Group, Ltd. Pyrethroids for treatment of ocular movement disorders
KR101792998B1 (en) * 2013-12-12 2017-11-02 (주)바이오팜솔루션즈 Sulfamate derivative compounds for use in treating or alleviating pain
CN105979942B (en) * 2013-12-12 2018-12-07 比皮艾思药物研发有限公司 For treatment or lenitive sulfamate derivatives
ES2706184T3 (en) 2013-12-12 2019-03-27 Bio Pharm Solutions Co Ltd Compound derived from sulfamate for use in the prevention or treatment of epilepsy
US9745308B2 (en) * 2014-09-12 2017-08-29 Chiesi Farmaceutici S.P.A. Pyridazinone derivatives as phoshoinositide 3-kinases inhibitors
CN104447913B (en) * 2014-11-06 2017-05-31 四川大学 Functionalization two derivatives from icariin and investigation and preparation method and application
KR101850607B1 (en) * 2015-07-23 2018-04-19 서울대학교산학협력단 Indolizino[3,2-c]quinolines based fluorescence probe
CN105168201B (en) * 2015-09-30 2017-11-07 南通大学 Application of the Vitexin in pain medication after preparing iatrotechnics
US9937146B2 (en) 2016-03-23 2018-04-10 Bioadatp, Llc Enkephalin-influencing composition and method
KR102421013B1 (en) * 2016-05-19 2022-07-14 에스케이바이오팜 주식회사 Use of carbamate compound for prevention or treatment of trigeminal neuralgia
US20190321493A1 (en) * 2016-11-18 2019-10-24 Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research Materials and methods for treating regional pain
US11396516B2 (en) 2017-06-16 2022-07-26 The General Hospital Corporation Tricyclic compounds as Cyp1 inhibitors
CN109722389B (en) * 2017-10-31 2021-05-14 鲁南新时代生物技术有限公司 Aspergillus fumigatus liquid culture medium
CN107721902A (en) * 2017-11-08 2018-02-23 中国科学院上海药物研究所 Cocrystallization of Apremilast and niacinamide and its preparation method and application
US11103465B2 (en) 2017-11-22 2021-08-31 Ted's Brain Science, Inc. Trans-resveratrol topical medication for the treatment of pain and method of manufacture thereof
US20200399250A1 (en) * 2017-11-23 2020-12-24 Biomed X Gmbh Pyrimidine Derivatives as Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase A (TRKA) Inhibitors
CN108354943A (en) * 2018-02-13 2018-08-03 南方医科大学南方医院 Ovobiocin is used to prepare the purposes for the drug for inhibiting TRPV1 expression and transport function
CN108416164B (en) * 2018-03-23 2021-09-28 南京大学 Three-dimensional network-on-chip temperature reconstruction system based on limited number of temperature sensors
CN109172586B (en) * 2018-07-06 2021-01-19 福州百草堂医药科技有限公司 A composition for relieving skin irritation
GB201818750D0 (en) * 2018-11-16 2019-01-02 Institute Of Cancer Res Royal Cancer Hospital Lox inhibitors
JP2022518292A (en) * 2019-01-23 2022-03-14 パス セラピューティクス，インク． Treatment of epilepsy by inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4)
BR112021015466A2 (en) * 2019-02-05 2021-10-19 The Regents Of The University Of California MATERIALS AND METHODS TO TREAT A NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE
CN109929808B (en) * 2019-04-02 2020-10-16 中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所 Anticancer drug screening model and screening method using LINE-1ORF1 protein as target spot
CN110200980B (en) * 2019-05-13 2022-07-12 华南师范大学 Oral nanoparticles of artemisinin-loaded citrus pectin
CN109985040A (en) * 2019-05-15 2019-07-09 南京正大天晴制药有限公司 A kind of injection Parecoxib Sodium Pharmaceutical composition and preparation method thereof for preemptive analgesia
CN110308219A (en) * 2019-06-17 2019-10-08 天津市天大赛达协同创新科技研究院有限公司 4,4- azo pyridine and the third semi-annular jade pendant relax the method for content in a kind of measurement reaction solution
CN112322592B (en) * 2019-08-05 2021-12-28 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所 CYP76B100 protein involved in alkannin biosynthesis, coding gene thereof and application thereof
CN110507670B (en) * 2019-09-24 2023-04-07 江西天元药业有限公司 Refined bear gall powder and application of refined bear gall powder in preventing and treating liver diseases, liver fibrosis and improving liver function
CN110693873B (en) * 2019-10-28 2022-07-12 杭州市西溪医院 Preparation and application of rabdosia rubescens active ingredient composition
CN110714047B (en) * 2019-11-19 2022-10-28 湖南新合新生物医药有限公司 Method for dehydrogenation of steroid intermediate 1,2 site
WO2021102330A1 (en) * 2019-11-21 2021-05-27 Synventa Llc Compositions and methods for treatment of pain
CN110964043B (en) * 2019-12-02 2022-05-24 广州中医药大学(广州中医药研究院) Citrulline probe compound and application thereof
CN111122740B (en) * 2019-12-31 2022-06-14 辰欣药业股份有限公司 Method for separating and determining related substances of oxaliplatin based on C18 bonded phase chromatographic column
US11744866B2 (en) 2020-03-18 2023-09-05 Sabine Hazan Methods of preventing and treating COVID-19 infection with probiotics
US11253534B2 (en) 2020-03-23 2022-02-22 Sabine Hazan Method of preventing COVID-19 infection
CN113491793A (en) * 2020-03-18 2021-10-12 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所 Line structure compound and preparation method and application thereof
US11278520B2 (en) 2020-03-31 2022-03-22 Sabine Hazan Method of preventing COVID-19 infection
CN111617092A (en) * 2020-04-20 2020-09-04 牡丹江医学院 Medicine for treating lung cancer and preparation method thereof
WO2022031607A1 (en) * 2020-08-02 2022-02-10 Powderpost Llc Apothecarial compositions and related methods of treatment
CN114159450B (en) * 2020-09-10 2023-10-27 上海交通大学 Use of protopanaxadiol compounds for treating physical dependence, mental dependence and addiction of pain and addiction substances
CN114010653B (en) * 2020-12-11 2023-07-25 南京医科大学 Application of composition comprising ginsenoside Rg1 and fucoidin in preparation of medicine for reducing expression of tissue factor
CN112526038B (en) * 2020-12-15 2022-07-12 河北科技大学 Carprofen and related substance detection method
CN112687803B (en) * 2020-12-23 2022-10-04 西南大学 Application of diprophylline in inverted perovskite solar cell and preparation method of device
CN112903868B (en) * 2021-02-04 2022-06-28 中山市中医院 Method for measuring contents of various chemical components in compound guava preparation
CN113063888A (en) * 2021-03-26 2021-07-02 海南海力制药有限公司 Detection method and consistency evaluation method for azithromycin tablet impurities
CN115372487B (en) * 2021-05-18 2023-10-10 成都倍特得诺药业有限公司 HPLC determination method for impurity E in granisetron hydrochloride
CN113496309B (en) * 2021-06-15 2024-04-19 中国食品药品检定研究院 American ginseng growth age prediction method, model training method and device
CN113533598B (en) * 2021-07-30 2023-03-24 海南葫芦娃药业集团股份有限公司 High performance liquid chromatography analysis method for content of scutellaria baicalensis in infantile lung heat cough and asthma granules
CN113616649B (en) * 2021-09-10 2022-12-09 四川大学华西医院 Combined medicine for treating liver cancer
CN113984726B (en) * 2021-10-20 2024-02-02 上海大学 Method for detecting mercury ions by amino phenylboronic acid functionalized magnetic beads/glyoxal modified DNA
CN114217071B (en) * 2021-12-01 2023-11-14 柏荣诊断产品（上海）有限公司 High-specificity integrated transmission and scattering ferritin latex turbidimetry detection kit
CN114159425A (en) * 2021-12-21 2022-03-11 宁夏医科大学 Application of nobiletin in preparation of medicine for treating neuropathic pain
CN114591214B (en) * 2022-03-25 2023-06-02 北京大学深圳医院 Isatin derivative and preparation method thereof
CN115010628A (en) * 2022-06-30 2022-09-06 武汉理工大学 N-aryl carbamate compound, preparation method and application thereof
CN115044274B (en) * 2022-07-19 2023-04-28 宁波科鑫腐蚀控制工程有限公司 Ceramic particle modified fiber epoxy composite coating and preparation method and application thereof
CN115124511B (en) * 2022-07-28 2023-09-26 中国人民解放军北部战区总医院 Tacrine derivatives, preparation method thereof and application of tacrine derivatives as CDK2/9 inhibitor
CN116267998B (en) * 2023-01-04 2024-06-04 四川农业大学 Compound preparation for resisting diseases and promoting growth and application thereof
CN116407557A (en) * 2023-05-29 2023-07-11 四川大学华西医院 Pharmaceutical composition for preventing and treating cerebral arterial thrombosis and application thereof
CN116585298A (en) * 2023-06-30 2023-08-15 江苏海洋大学 Coupling medicine, composition and application thereof

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040029179A1 (en) * 2002-05-31 2004-02-12 Frank Koentgen Higher molecular weight entities and uses therefor
PL1685849T3 (en) * 2003-11-20 2012-07-31 Astellas Pharma Inc Pde 4 inhibitors for the treatment of interstitial cystitis
US20050222169A1 (en) * 2004-01-16 2005-10-06 Nawaz Ahmad Compositions and methods of treating infections
CN1319520C (en) * 2005-02-03 2007-06-06 上海交通大学 Liposome and lipid composite preparation of nucleoside phosphoric acid compound
WO2011127586A1 (en) * 2010-04-15 2011-10-20 The Royal Institution For The Advancement Of Learning / Mcgill University Topical treatments for pain
WO2011143607A1 (en) * 2010-05-14 2011-11-17 The Regents Of The University Of California Modulation of bioactive epoxy-fatty acid levels by phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Non-Patent Citations (87)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
ALEMAN, A., RUTTEN, G.J., SITSKOORN, M.M., DAUTZENBERG, G., RAMSEY, N.F.: "Activation of striate cortex in the absence of visual stimulation: an fMRI study of synesthesia", NEUROREPORT, vol. 12, 2001, pages 2827 - 2830
AREZZO, J.C., ROSENSTOCK, J., LAMOREAUX, L., PAUER, L.: "Efficacy and safetyof pregabalin 600 mg/d for treating painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial", BMC NEUROLOGY, vol. 16, no. 8, 2008, pages 33
ARTHURS, O.J., BONIFACE, S.: "How well do we understand the neural origins of the fMRI BOLD signal?", TRENDS IN NEU-ROSCIENCES, vol. 25, 2002, pages 27 - 31, XP004332379, DOI: doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01995-0
ATLAS, S.J., KELLER, R.B., CHANG, Y., DEYO, R.A., SINGER, D.E.: "Surgical and nonsurgical management of sciatica secondary to a lumbar disc herniation: five-year outcomes from the Maine Lumbar Spine Study", SPINE, vol. 26, 2001, pages 1179 - 1187
BASBAUM, A.I., BAUTISTA, D.M., SCHERRER, G., JULIUS, D.: "Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain", CELL, vol. 139, 2009, pages 267 - 284, XP055076583, DOI: doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.028
BEAUCHAMP, M.S., RO, T.: "Neural substrates of sound-touch synesthesia after a thalamic lesion", J NEUROSCI, vol. 28, 2008, pages 13696 - 13702
BENNETT G.J., XIE Y.K., PAIN, vol. 33, 1988, pages 87 - 107
BENZER, S.: "BEHAVIORAL MUTANTS OF Drosophila ISOLATED BY COUNTERCURRENT DISTRIBUTION", PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 58, 1967, pages 1112 - 1119
BLACKBURN-MUNRO G, ERICHSEN H.K., CURRENT PHARM DES, vol. 11, 2005, pages 2961 - 2975
BRODY, T., STIVERS, C., NAGLE, J., ODENWALD, W.F.: "Identification of novel Drosophila neural precursor genes using a differential embryonic head cDNA screen", MECHANISMS OF DEVELOPMENT, vol. 113, 2002, pages 41 - 59
BUTLER, S.H., GODEFROY, F., BESSON, J.-M., WEIL-FUGAZZA, J., PAIN, vol. 48, 1992, pages 73 - 81
CARD, G.L., ENGLAND, B.P., SUZUKI, Y., FONG, D., POWELL, B., LEE, B., LUU, C., TABRIZIZAD, M., GILLETTE, S., IBRAHIM, P.N.: "Structural Basis for the Activity of Drugs that Inhibit Phosphodiesterases", STRUCTURE, vol. 12, no. 12, 2004, pages 2233 - 47, XP025939355, DOI: doi:10.1016/j.str.2004.10.004
CATTERALL, W.A.: "Structure and regulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels", ANNUAL REVIEW OF CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, vol. 16, 2000, pages 521 - 555, XP002313942, DOI: doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.16.1.521
COSTIGAN, M., SCHOLZ, J., WOOLF, C.J.: "Neuropathic Pain: A Maladaptive Response of the Nervous System to Damage", ANNUAL REVIEW OF NEUROSCIENCE, 2009
COUTO, A., ALENIUS, M., DICKSON, B.J.: "Molecular, anatomical, and functional organization of the Drosophila olfactory system", CURR BIOL, vol. 15, 2005, pages 1535 - 1547, XP025346585, DOI: doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.034
COX, J.J., REIMANN, F., NICHOLAS, A.K., THORNTON, G., ROBERTS, E., SPRINGELL, K., KARBANI, G., JAFRI, H., MANNAN, J., RAASHID, Y.: "An SCN9A channelopathy causes congenital inability to experience pain", NATURE, vol. 444, 2006, pages 894 - 898, XP009119589, DOI: doi:10.1038/nature05413
CRAWLEY, J.N.: "Behavioral phenotyping strategies for mutant mice", NEURON, vol. 57, 2008, pages 809 - 818
DA SILVA FILHO A.A., ANDRADE, SILVA M.L., CARVALHO J.C., BASTOS J.K.: "Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Nectandra megapotamica (Lauraceae) in mice and rats", J PHARM PHARMACOL., vol. 56, no. 9, 2004, pages 1179 - 84
DIATCHENKO, L., LADE, G.D., NACKLEY, A.G., BHALANG, K., SIG-URDSSON, A., BELFER, I., GOLDMAN, D., XU, K., SHABALINA, S.A., SHAGIN,: "Genetic basis for individual variations in pain perception and the development of a chronic pain condition", HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS, vol. 14, 2005, pages 135 - 143, XP002560651, DOI: doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi013
DIATCHENKO, L., SLADE, G.D., NACKLEY, A.G., BHALANG, K., SIG-URDSSON, A., BELFER, I., GOLDMAN, D., XU, K., SHABALINA, S.A., SHAGIN: "Genetic basis for individual variations in pain perception and the development of a chronic pain condition", HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS, vol. 14, 2005, pages 135 - 143, XP002560651, DOI: doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi013
DICKMAN, D.K., KURSHAN, P.T., SCHWARZ, T.L.: "Mutations in a Drosophila alpha2delta voltage-gated calcium channel subunit reveal a crucial synaptic function", J NEUROSCI, vol. 28, 2008, pages 31 - 38
DIETZL, G., CHEN, D., SCHNORRER, F., SU, K.C., BARINOVA, Y., FELLNER, M., GASSER, B., KINSEY, K., OPPEL, S., SCHEIBLAUER, S. ET AL: "A genome-wide transgenic RNAi library for conditional gene inactivation in Drosophila", NATURE, vol. 448, 2007, pages 151 - 156, XP002488881, DOI: doi:10.1038/nature05954
DITTERT ET AL., J NEUROSCI METHODS, vol. 82, 1 August 1998 (1998-08-01), pages 195
DUDYCHA, G.J., MARTHA M. DUDYCHA: "A Case of Synesthesia: Visual-Pain and Visual-Audition", JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, vol. 30, 1935, pages 57 - 69
DWORKIN, R.H., O'CONNOR, A.B., BACKONJA, M., FARRAR, J.T., FIN-NERUP, N.B., JENSEN, T.S., KALSO, E.A., LOESER, J.D., MIASKOW-SKI,: "Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations", PAIN, vol. 132, 2007, pages 237 - 251, XP022336213, DOI: doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.08.033
E. PATRUCCO ET AL., CELL, vol. 118, 6 August 2004 (2004-08-06), pages 375
EROGLU, C., ALLEN, N.J., SUSMAN, M.W., O'ROURKE, N.A., PARK, C.Y., OZKAN, E., CHAKRABORTY, C., MULINYAWE, S.B., ANNIS, D.S., HUBER: "Gabapentin receptor alpha2delta-1 is a neuronal thrombospondin receptor responsible for excitatory CNS synaptogenesis", CELL, vol. 139, 2009, pages 380 - 392
FIELD, M.J., COX, P.J., STOTT, E., MELROSE, H., OFFORD, J., SU, T.Z., BRAMWELL, S., CORRADINI, L., ENGLAND, S., WINKS, J. ET AL.: "Identification of the alpha2-delta-1 subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels as a molecular target for pain mediating the analgesic actions of pregabalin.", NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 103, 2006, pages 17537 - 17542, XP055177747, DOI: doi:10.1073/pnas.0409066103
GRIGLIATTI, T.A., HALL, L., ROSENBLUTH, R., SUZUKI, D.T.: "Temperature-sensitive mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. XIV. A selection of immobile adults", MOL GEN GENET, vol. 120, 1973, pages 107 - 114
HAYASHI, S., ITO, K., SADO, Y., TANIGUCHI, M., AKIMOTO, A., TAKEUCHI, H., AIGAKI, T., MATSUZAKI, F., NAKAGOSHI, H., TANI-MURA, T.: "GETDB, a database compiling expression patterns and molecular locations of a collection of Gal4 enhancer traps", GENESIS, vol. 34, 2002, pages 58 - 61
HEGEN, M., KEITH, J.C., COLLINS, M., NICKERSON-NUTTER, C.L., ANN RHEUM DIS, vol. 67, 2008, pages 1505 - 1515
HESS, A., STILLER, D., KAULISCH, T., HEIL, P., SCHEICH, H.: "New insights into the hemodynamic blood oxygenation level-dependent response through combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging and optical recording in gerbil barrel cortex", J NEUROSCI, vol. 20, 2000, pages 3328 - 3338
HSIEH, G.C., CHANDRAN, P., SALYERS, A.K., PAI, M., ZHU, C.Z., WENSINK, E.J., WITTE, D.G., MILLER, T.R., MIKUSA, J.P., BAKER, S.J., PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BEHAV, vol. 95, 2010, pages 41 - 50
HUBBARD, E.M., RAMACHANDRAN, V.S.: "Neurocognitive mechanisms of synesthesia", NEURON, vol. 48, 2005, pages 509 - 520
HUCHO, T., LEVINE, J.D.: "Signaling pathways in sensitization: toward a nociceptor cell biology", NEURON, vol. 55, 2007, pages 365 - 376
JETT, M.F., RAMESHA, C.S., BROWN, C.D., CHIU, S., EMMETT, C., VORONIN, T., SUN, T., O'YANG, C., HUNTER, J.C., EGLEN, R.M.: "Characterization of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ketorolac and its enantiomers in the rat", J PHARMACOL EXP THER, vol. 288, no. 3, 1999, pages 1288 - 97
JOURDAN, D., ARDID, D., ESCHALIER, A.: "Automated behavioural analysis in animal pain studies", PHARMACOL RES, vol. 43, 2001, pages 103 - 110
KARAMAN, M.W., HERRGARD, S., TREIBER, D.K., GALLANT, P., ATTER-IDGE, C.E., CAMPBELL, B.T., CHAN, K.W., CICERI, P., DAVIS, M.I., ED: "A quantitative analysis of kinase inhibitor selectivity", NAT BIOTECHNOL, vol. 26, no. 1, 2008, pages 127 - 32
KERNAN, M., COWAN, D., ZUKER, C.: "Genetic dissection of mechanosensory transduction: mechanoreception-defective mutations of Drosophila", NEURON, vol. 12, 1994, pages 1195 - 1206, XP024247622, DOI: doi:10.1016/0896-6273(94)90437-5
KNABL, J., WITSCHI, R., HOSL, K., REINOLD, H., ZEILHOFER, U.B., AHMADI, S., BROCKHAUS, J., SERGEJEVA, M., HESS, A., BRUNE, K. ET A: "Reversal of pathological pain through specific spinal GABAA receptor subtypes", NATURE, vol. 451, 2008, pages 330 - 334
KOESTER, S.E., INSEL, T.R.: "Mouse maps of gene expression in the brain", GENOME BIOLOGY, vol. 8, 2007, pages 212
KONTINEN V.K., MEERT T.F.: "Prog in Pain Res Management", vol. 24, 2003, pages: 489 - 498
KURSHAN, P.T., OZTAN, A., SCHWARZ, T.L.: "Presynaptic alpha(2)delta-3 is required for synaptic morphogenesis independent of its Ca(2+)-channel functions", NATURE NEUROSCIENCE, vol. 12, 2009, pages 1415 - 1423
KUZNIAR, R. C. VAN HAM, S. PONGOR, J. A. LEUNISSEN, TRENDS GENET, vol. 24, November 2008 (2008-11-01), pages 539
L. VYKLICKY ET AL., J PHYSIOL, vol. 517, 15 May 1999 (1999-05-15), pages 181
LABUDA, C.J., LITTLE, P., J NEUROSCI METHS, vol. 144, 2005, pages 175 - 181
LEE, T., LUO, L.: "Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker for studies of gene function in neuronal morphogenesis", NEURON, vol. 22, 1999, pages 451 - 461
LUMPKIN, E.A., CATERINA, M.J.: "Mechanisms of sensory transduction in the skin", NATURE, vol. 445, 2007, pages 858 - 865
LY, C.V., YAO, C.K., VERSTREKEN, P., OHYAMA, T., BELLEN, H.J.: "straightjacket is required for the synaptic stabilization of cacophony, a voltage-gated calcium channel alphal subunit", THE JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY, vol. 181, 2008, pages 157 - 170
MANEV, H., DIMITRIJEVIC, N.: "Drosophila model for in vivo pharmacological analgesia research", EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY, vol. 491, 2004, pages 207 - 208
MEHATS, C., ANDERSEN, C.B., FILOPANTI, M., JIN, S.L., CONTI, M.: "Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and their role in endocrine cell signaling", TRENDS ENDOCRINOL. METAB., vol. 13, 2002, pages 29 - 35
MELZACK, R.: "From the gate to the neuromatrix", PAIN, vol. 6, 1999, pages 121 - 126
MEOTTI, F.C., MISSAU, F.C., FERREIRA, J., PIZZOLATTI, M.G., MI-ZUZAKI, C., NOGUEIRA, C.W., SANTOS, A.R.S., BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, vol. 72, 2006, pages 1707 - 17134
MILLAN, M.J., CZLONKOWSKI, A., MORRIS, B., STEIN, C., ARENDT, R., HUBER, A. ET AL., PAIN, vol. 35, 1988, pages 299 - 312
MUMMERY-WIDMER, J.L., YAMAZAKI, M., STOEGER, T., NOVATCHKOVA, M., BHALERAO, S., CHEN, D., DIETZL, G., DICKSON, B.J., KNOBLICH, J.A: "Genome-wide analysis of Notch signalling in Drosophila by transgenic RNAi", NATURE, 2009
NEELY ET AL.: "A genome-wide Drosophila screen for heat nociception identifies ?2?3 as an evolutionarily conserved pain gene", CELL, vol. 143, no. 4, 12 November 2010 (2010-11-12), pages 628 - 38
OBREJA, 0., BIASIO, W., ANDRATSCH, M., LIPS, K.S., RATHEE, P.K., LUDWIG, A., ROSE-JOHN, S., KRESS, M.: "Fast modulation of heat-activated ionic current by proinflammatory interleukin 6 in rat sensory neurons", BRAIN, vol. 128, 2005, pages 1634 - 1641
OBREJA, 0., RATHEE, P.K., LIPS, K.S., DISTLER, C., KRESS, M.: "IL-1 beta potentiates heat-activated currents in rat sensory neurons: involvement of IL-1RI, tyrosine kinase, and protein kinase C", FASEB J, vol. 16, 2002, pages 1497 - 1503
OGAWA, S., LEE, T.M., KAY, A.R., TANK, D.W.: "Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxy- genation", PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 87, 1990, pages 9868 - 9872
PATRUCCO ET AL., CELL, vol. 118, 6 August 2004 (2004-08-06), pages 375
PETERSEN, C.C.: "The functional organization of the barrel cortex", NEURON, vol. 56, 2007, pages 339 - 355
PITCHER, G.M., YASHPAL, K., CODERRE, T.J., HENRY, J.L.: "Mechanisms underlying antinociception provoked by heter-osegmental noxious stimulation in the rat tail-flick test", NEUROSCIENCE, vol. 65, 1995, pages 273 - 281
PREMKUMAR, L.S.: "Targeting TRPV1 as an alternative approach to narcotic analgesics to treat chronic pain conditions", THE AAPS JOURNAL, vol. 12, 2010, pages 361 - 370, XP035719114, DOI: doi:10.1208/s12248-010-9196-y
PRICE, D.D.: "Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain", SCIENCE (NEW YORK, vol. 288, 2000, pages 1769 - 1772
RACZ ET AL., J NEUROSCI, vol. 28, 12 November 2008 (2008-11-12), pages 12125
SASAKI ET AL., SCIENCE, vol. 287, 11 February 2000 (2000-02-11), pages 1040
SCHAFERS, M., MARZINIAK, M., SORKIN, L.S., YAKSH, T.L., SOMMER C., EXP NEUROL ., vol. 185, 2004, pages 160 - 168
SHMUEL, A., YACOUB, E., PFEUFFER, J., VAN DE MOORTELE, P.F., ADRIANY, G., HU, X., UGURBIL, K.: "Sustained negative BOLD, blood flow and oxygen consumption response and its coupling to the positive response in the human brain", NEURON, vol. 36, 2002, pages 1195 - 1210
SIDDIQI, 0., BENZER, S.: "Neurophysiological defects in temperature-sensitive paralytic mutants of Drosophila melanogaster", PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 73, 1976, pages 3253 - 3257
SILVA, A.C., LEE, J.H., AOKI, I., KORETSKY, A.P.: "Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI): methodological and practical considerations", NMR IN BIOMEDICINE, vol. 17, 2004, pages 532 - 543
SOKABE, T., TSUJIUCHI, S., KADOWAKI, T., TOMINAGA, M.: "Drosophila painless is a Ca2+-requiring channel activated by noxious heat", J NEUROSCI, vol. 28, 2008, pages 9929 - 9938
STATON, P.C., WILSON, A.W., BOUNTRA, C., CHESSELL, I.P., DAY, N.C., EUR J PAIN, vol. 11, 2007, pages 283 - 289
STUURMAN, N., DELBECQUE, J.P., CALLAERTS, P., AEBI, U.: "Ectopic overexpression of Drosophila lamin C is stage-specific lethal", EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH, vol. 248, 1999, pages 350 - 357
T. SASAKI ET AL., SCIENCE, vol. 287, 11 February 2000 (2000-02-11), pages 1040
TAKAHASHI M., KAWAGUCHI, M., SHIMADA, K., KONISHI, N., FURUYA H., NAKASHIMA, T., NEUROSCI LETTS, vol. 356, 2004, pages 37 - 40
TEGEDER, I., COSTIGAN, M., GRIFFIN, R.S., ABELE, A., BELFER, I., SCHMIDT, H., EHNERT, C., NEJIM, J., MARIAN, C., SCHOLZ, J. ET AL.: "GTP cyclohydrolase and tetrahydrobiopterin regulate pain sensitivity and persistence", NATURE MEDICINE, vol. 12, 2006, pages 1269 - 1277, XP002461059, DOI: doi:10.1038/nm1490
THIBAULT, S.T., SINGER, M.A., MIYAZAKI, W.Y., MILASH, B., DOMPE, N.A., SINGH, C.M., BUCHHOLZ, R., DEMSKY, M., FAWCETT, R., FRANCIS: "A complementary transposon tool kit for Drosophila melanogaster using P and piggyBac", NATURE GENETICS, vol. 36, 2004, pages 283 - 287
THULBORN, K.R., WATERTON, J.C., MATTHEWS, P.M., RADDA, G.K.: "Oxygenation dependence of the transverse relaxation time of water protons in whole blood at high field", BIOCHIMICA ET BI-OPHYSICA ACTA, vol. 714, 1982, pages 265 - 270, XP025789781, DOI: doi:10.1016/0304-4165(82)90333-6
TRACEY, I., MANTYH, P.W.: "The cerebral signature for pain perception and its modulation", NEURON, vol. 55, 2007, pages 377 - 391
TRACEY, W.D., JR., WILSON, R.I., LAURENT, G., BENZER, S.: "painless, a Drosophila gene essential for nociception", CELL, vol. 113, 2003, pages 261 - 273
TREEDE, R.D., KENSHALO, D.R., GRACELY, R.H., JONES, A.K.: "The cortical representation of pain", PAIN, vol. 79, 1999, pages 105 - 111, XP027336141
VENKEN, K.J., CARLSON, J.W., SCHULZE, K.L., PAN, H., HE, Y., SPOKONY, R., WAN, K.H., KORIABINE, M., DE JONG, P.J., WHITE, K.P. ET: "Versatile P[acman] BAC libraries for transgenesis studies in Drosophila melanogaster", NATURE METHODS, vol. 6, 2009, pages 431 - 434
VERSTREKEN, P., KOH, T.W., SCHULZE, K.L., ZHAI, R.G., HIESINGER, P.R., ZHOU, Y., MEHTA, S.Q., CAO, Y., ROOS, J., BELLEN, H.J.: "Synaptojanin is recruited by endophilin to promote synaptic vesicle uncoating", NEURON, vol. 40, 2003, pages 733 - 748
VOSSHALL, L.B., WONG, A.M., AXEL, R.: "An olfactory sensory map in the fly brain", CELL, vol. 102, 2000, pages 147 - 159
WHITESIDE, G.T., ADEDOYIN, A., LEVENTHAL, L., NEURO-PHARMACOLOGY, vol. 54, 2008, pages 767 - 775
XU, S.Y., CANG, C.L., LIU, X.F., PENG, Y.Q., YE, Y.Z., ZHAO, Z.Q., GUO, A.K.: "Thermal nociception in adult Drosophila: behavioral characterization and the role of the painless gene", GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR, vol. 5, 2006, pages 602 - 613
ZAYKIN, D.V., WESTFALL, P.H., YOUNG, S.S., KARNOUB, M.A., WAG-NER, M.J., EHM, M.G.: "Testing association of statistically inferred haplotypes with discrete and continuous traits in samples of unrelated individuals", HUMAN HEREDITY, vol. 53, 2002, pages 79 - 91

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2013156232A1 (en) * 2012-04-16 2013-10-24 Algiax Pharmaceuticals Gmbh Use of benzofuranylsulfonates in neuropathic pain
WO2013167743A1 (en) * 2012-05-11 2013-11-14 Akron Molecules Gmbh Use of compounds for the treatment of pain
WO2014028397A3 (en) * 2012-08-13 2015-07-16 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Laquinimod for treatment of gaba mediated disorders
US9161936B2 (en) 2012-08-13 2015-10-20 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. Laquinimod for treatment of GABA mediated disorders
WO2014032755A3 (en) * 2012-08-29 2014-07-17 Merck Patent Gmbh Ddr2 inhibitors for the treatment of osteoarthritis
KR101540739B1 (en) 2013-09-02 2015-08-05 가톨릭대학교 산학협력단 Composition for preventing and treating Toxoplasma gondii infection comprising pelitinib
US20170136020A1 (en) * 2014-06-11 2017-05-18 Antecip Bioventures Ii Llc Compositions comprising dasatinib for treating complex regional pain syndrome

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2637649B1 (en) 2014-12-24
CN103415286A (en) 2013-11-27
EP2637649A2 (en) 2013-09-18
US20140349969A1 (en) 2014-11-27
WO2012062925A3 (en) 2012-07-12
EA201300558A1 (en) 2013-11-29
MX2013005361A (en) 2013-10-25
AU2011328009A8 (en) 2013-08-01
CA2817290A1 (en) 2012-05-18
SG190224A1 (en) 2013-06-28
CL2013001296A1 (en) 2014-04-25
EP2674161A1 (en) 2013-12-18
BR112013011874A2 (en) 2019-09-24
IL226307A0 (en) 2013-07-31
AU2011328009A1 (en) 2013-05-30
US20130252924A1 (en) 2013-09-26
JP2013542242A (en) 2013-11-21
ZA201303605B (en) 2014-11-26
KR20140009244A (en) 2014-01-22

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20140349969A1 (en) Compounds and methods for treating pain
RU2747228C2 (en) Methods for treating cancer
Neis et al. Agmatine produces antidepressant-like effects by activating AMPA receptors and mTOR signaling
US9241991B2 (en) Agents, compositions, and methods for treating pruritus and related skin conditions
Rezaee et al. cAMP-dependent activation of protein kinase A attenuates respiratory syncytial virus-induced human airway epithelial barrier disruption
EP2846788A1 (en) Use of compounds for the treatment of pain
JP2018528206A (en) MDM2 inhibitors and combinations thereof
BR112020006009A2 (en) therapeutic methods related to hsp90 inhibitors
BR112013028095B1 (en) Use of csf-1r inhibitors for the treatment of brain tumors
JP2013500265A (en) MTOR kinase inhibitor used as an antiviral agent
EP2309853A1 (en) Methods for regulating cell mitosis by inhibiting serine/threonine phosphatase
WO2020198125A1 (en) Methods for treating colorectal cancer
CZ6498A3 (en) Use of rapamycin and its derivatives in combination with nmda and/or ampa antagonist for preparing pharmaceutical preparations
US10799473B2 (en) Methods of inhibiting IGF-1R activation or downtream signalling thereof to reduce radiation-induced cellular senescence
Badodi et al. Inositol treatment inhibits medulloblastoma through suppression of epigenetic-driven metabolic adaptation
CA2768338A1 (en) Method for predicting the utility of administering nicotinic acid or a precursor or prodrug thereof to reduce the severity of side-effects of cancer treatment with nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitors
Ji et al. Sodium cantharidate targets STAT3 and abrogates EGFR inhibitor resistance in osteosarcoma
Navailles et al. Role of 5-HT 2C receptors in the enhancement of c-Fos expression induced by a 5-HT 2B/2C inverse agonist and 5-HT 2 agonists in the rat basal ganglia
Miyahara et al. Suppressed expression of autophagosomal protein LC3 in cortical tubers of tuberous sclerosis complex
Ishikawa et al. Effects of NVP‑BEZ235, a dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, on HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines
Adamová et al. Synergistic cytotoxicity of perifosine and ABT‐737 to colon cancer cells
KR20230092962A (en) Use of N-Myristoyl Transferase (NMT) Inhibitors in the Treatment of Cancer, Autoimmune Disorders, and Inflammatory Disorders
WO2022055893A1 (en) Pharmaceutical combination and tumor treatment
US11241442B2 (en) Methods of use for TRP channel antagonist-based combination cancer therapies
Class et al. Patent application title: Compounds and methods for treating pain inventors: Josef Penninger (Vienna, AT) Josef Penninger (Vienna, AT) Graham Gregory Neely (Sydney, AU) Shane Mcmanus (Vienna, AT) Henrik Nilsson (Vienna, AT)

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 11781808

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A2

DPE1 Request for preliminary examination filed after expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed from 20040101)
ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 2817290

Country of ref document: CA

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 2013538217

Country of ref document: JP

Kind code of ref document: A

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2013001296

Country of ref document: CL

Ref document number: 13884920

Country of ref document: US

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 226307

Country of ref document: IL

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: MX/A/2013/005361

Country of ref document: MX

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2011781808

Country of ref document: EP

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 2011328009

Country of ref document: AU

Date of ref document: 20111111

Kind code of ref document: A

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 201300558

Country of ref document: EA

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 20137014995

Country of ref document: KR

Kind code of ref document: A

REG Reference to national code

Ref country code: BR

Ref legal event code: B01A

Ref document number: 112013011874

Country of ref document: BR

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 112013011874

Country of ref document: BR

Kind code of ref document: A2

Effective date: 20130513