Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves
  • A61B5/053—Measuring electrical impedance or conductance of a portion of the body
  • A61B5/0537—Measuring body composition by impedance, e.g. tissue hydration or fat content
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/48—Other medical applications
  • A61B5/4836—Diagnosis combined with treatment in closed-loop systems or methods
  • A61B5/4839—Diagnosis combined with treatment in closed-loop systems or methods combined with drug delivery
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/48—Other medical applications
  • A61B5/4869—Determining body composition
  • A61B5/4875—Hydration status, fluid retention of the body
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
  • A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
  • A61B5/6813—Specially adapted to be attached to a specific body part
  • A61B5/6828—Leg
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
  • A61B90/06—Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for
  • A61B2090/061—Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for for measuring dimensions, e.g. length
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
  • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
  • G16H20/00—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance
  • G16H20/40—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance relating to mechanical, radiation or invasive therapies, e.g. surgery, laser therapy, dialysis or acupuncture

Definitions

• This disclosure relates to the prediction estimation of the dry weight of an individual. Although of general value, knowledge of an individual's dry weight is especially important for renal patients undergoing dialysis procedures.
• Hydration status is an important issue in long-term dialysis patients and is related to clinical outcome. Chronic overhydration is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular dilatation, arterial hypertension, and eventually the development of congestive heart failure. High intradialytic weight gain on top of chronic overhydration further increases the burden for the cardiovascular system. Management of hydration status involves restriction of sodium intake and, to the extent possible and over time, attainment of a post-dialysis weight equal to the patient's dry weight.
• Dry weight may be defined as the weight at which an individual is as close as possible to a normal hydration state without experiencing symptoms indicative of over or underhydration.
• Clinically, dry weight is determined as the lowest weight a patient can tolerate without developing intra or interdialytic symptoms. This clinical assessment is hampered by the fact that some liters of fluid may accumulate in the body before edema becomes clinically evident and that it does not account for changes in lean body mass, fat mass or nutritional status over time. In addition, some patients may have symptoms on dialysis because of cardiac disease or a higher ultrafiltration rate while still being overhydrated.
• the resistance-reactance graph method uses whole body single frequency bioimpedance at 50 kHz for assessment of hydration state and nutritional status from height-adjusted resistance and reactance.
• the resulting resistance-reactance vector is set in relation to a distribution range in a normovolemic population.
• An alternative method see, for example, Zhu et al.,
• a method for predicting/estimating an individual's dry weight which includes:
• step (d) determining (301) a difference value between the normalized value of step (c) and a reference value for the normalized value
• step (e) using (301) the difference value of step (d) to determine a
• a method for establishing a target dry weight for an individual which includes:
• step (d) determining (301) a difference value AnRho between the normalized value p N of step (c) and a reference value K for the normalized value using an equation of the form:
• a method for establishing a target dry weight for an individual which includes:
• PN R'C 2 /(4TCL « BMI);
• step (d) determining (301) a difference value AnRho between the normalized value PN of step (c) and a reference value K for the normalized value using an equation of the form:
• step (e) using (301) the difference value of step (d) to determine the target dry weight
• a method for reducing the fluid overload of an individual which includes;
• step (d) determining (301) a difference value between the normalized value of step (c) and a reference value for the normalized value;
• step (e) using (301) the difference value of step (d) to determine a
• a medicament for use in a method for reducing the fluid overload of an individual, the method including the following steps:
• step (d) determining (301) a difference value between the normalized value of step (c) and a reference value for the normalized value;
• step (e) using (301) the difference value of step (d) to determine a
• Apparatus e.g., 1-7, 103, 105, and 301-31 1 for practicing the above methods is also disclosed.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing illustrating the elements of a bioimpedance measurement.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing illustrating a representative placement of electrodes on an individual's calf for performance of a bioimpedance measurement for the calf.
• FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing illustrating representative hardware and software components for practicing the dry weight prediction/estimation techniques disclosed herein.
• FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of the dry weight
• FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating the steps of the gold standard technique.
• FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating an experimental protocol used in the gold standard technique.
• FIG. 8 is a plot demonstrating the effectiveness of the gold standard technique in predicting/estimating dry weight values.
• FIG. 9 is a further plot demonstrating the effectiveness of the gold standard technique in predicting/estimating dry weight values.
• FIG. 10 is a plot comparing the dry weight prediction/estimation techniques disclosed herein (horizontal axis) with the continuous calf bioimpedance spectroscopy technique (gold standard technique) (vertical axis).
• FIG. 1 1 is a Bland- Altman plot for the data of FIG. 10.
• FIG. 12 is a further plot comparing the dry weight prediction/estimation techniques disclosed herein (horizontal axis) with the gold standard technique (vertical axis).
• FIG. 13 is a Bland- Altman plot for the data of FIG. 12.
• FIG. 14 is a Bland- Altman plot for a comparison between a whole body bioimpedance technique for predicting/estimating dry weight and the gold standard technique.
• FIGS. 15 and 16 are graphs which compare the dry weight prediction/estimation techniques disclosed herein with a whole body bioimpedance technique.
• the vertical axis in each figure shows the difference in kilograms between the predicted/estimated dry weight value and the gold standard value.
• the horizontal axis shows four stages of a dialysis treatment regime beginning with the subject's baseline hydration (stage 1) and ending with the achievement of the gold standard dry weight (stage 4). The same data is plotted in each figure, with FIG. 15 showing standard deviations and FIG. 16 showing mean values.
• bioimpedance stimulating system 105 bioimpedance recording system
• the individual will typically be a patient undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis as a result of renal failure, it being understood that the procedures and apparatus disclosed herein can also be used to assess the hydration state of patients suffering from diseases other than renal failure (acute kidney disease), e.g., cardiac failure, liver failure, malnutrition, venous thrombosis, and/or chronic kidney disease which has not yet led to the need for dialysis treatment.
• diseases other than renal failure e.g., cardiac failure, liver failure, malnutrition, venous thrombosis, and/or chronic kidney disease which has not yet led to the need for dialysis treatment.
• the procedures and apparatus can be used in connection with estimating the hydration state of normal subjects, e.g., individuals (athletes) participating in strenuous activity under high temperature and/or high humidity conditions.
• knowledge of an individual's dry weight may be beneficial in terms of controlling the intake of minerals, particularly sodium-containing minerals, in the individual's diet, e.g., the individual (either a patient or a normal subject) can monitor his or her water retention as a result of sodium intake by comparing his or her weight to an estimated dry weight determined in accordance with the present disclosure. Having information regarding dry weight may be of particular interest to fitness enthusiasts and other persons particularly concerned with their state of health.
• the procedures and apparatus disclose herein will typically be employed at various points in time so that the predicted/estimated dry weight will be current with changes in the individual's body composition, e.g., changes in the individual's fat and/or muscle content as a result of diet and/or exercise or the lack thereof.
• the dry weight determination (dry weight estimation or prediction) disclosed herein is based on the performance of a bioimpedance measurement on the individual's calf.
• the purpose of the measurement is to obtain information concerning the calf s extracellular volume (ECV) since as discussed fully below, in accordance with the present disclosure, it has been found that by normalizing such a measured value using the individual's body mass index (BMI) and then determining the difference between the normalized value and a constant (e.g., a constant determined for a relevant population of normal subjects, such as the mean minus one standard deviation of the normalized bioimpedance value for the population), a high correlation is achieved between predicted/estimated dry weight and actual dry weight determined using a gold standard.
• BMI body mass index
• FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the basic elements involved in the performance of a bioimpedance measurement on an individual's calf 101.
• the bioimpedance system includes a stimulating system 103 which applies an AC current at two spaced apart locations on the surface of the individual's calf and a recording system 105 which detects the resulting AC voltage difference at two spaced apart locations, which are typically (preferably) inboard of the stimulating locations.
• the AC voltage difference is then used to calculate a bioimpedance value or, in some cases, simply a resistance (R) value.
• the procedure can be performed at one frequency, e.g., 5 kilohertz, or at a plurality of frequencies in which case the technique is often referred to as bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS).
• BIOS bioimpedance spectroscopy
• FIG. 2 shows representative locations on an individual's calf of the stimulating (En and E G ) and recording (Es t and Es 2 ) electrodes used in the bioimpedance procedure.
• a convenient location for Esi is at the calf s maximal circumference, with Es 2 being placed 10 centimeters below Esi, and En and Ei 2 being placed 5 centimeters above and below Esi and Es 2 , respectively.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a representative processing system for receiving and analyzing bioimpedance and other data for the individual whose dry weight is to be predicted/estimated.
• the system can include a central processing unit (CPU) 301 , which receives measured data from bioimpedance system 303, as well as other types of input from input module 305, e.g., input relating to the individual's sex, weight, height, etc., which can be keyed in or electronically provided.
• the system can also include a display module 307, in particular a display module employing a liquid crystal display (LCD), for providing information to the user as well as a keyboard (not shown) connected to input module 305 with which the user can provide information to the system.
• LCD liquid crystal display
• bioimpedance system 303 can employ a pressure cuff 3 which carries stimulating electrodes 1,5 (e.g., En and Ei 2 of FIG. 2) and recording electrodes 2,4 (e.g., Esi and Es 2 of FIG. 2).
• the electrodes can be disposable or reusable as desired.
• the pressure cuff can be employed as part of the process of determining a value for the circumference of the patient's calf, e.g., through the use of circumference module 309.
• a tension test can be performed by tension testing module 31 1 to determine that the individual's calf has been compressed to a desired extent before the circumference is determined.
• the circumference can be determined by various methods such as by an electrical resistance technique of the type disclosed in PCT Patent Publication No. WO 2005/027717, the contents of which in their entirety are incorporated by reference. Particularly, the circumference can be measured at the locations of electrodes 2 and 4 (or at one or more other convenient locations) and, if multiple measurements are made, averaged to provide a mean value. Rather than using a pressure cuff, the circumference can be determined manually using a flexible tape measure. Again, one measurement can be used, or multiple measurements can be made and then averaged. Other techniques for determining the circumference of the individual's calf can be used as desired. However determined, a circumference value is ultimately provided to CPU 301 and then used in determining a resistivity value for the individual's calf.
• L is the spacing between the recording electrodes used in the bioimpedance procedure
• A is the area of a representative cross-section 107 of the individual's calf
• C is the circumference value for the individual's calf obtained from one or more circumference measurements performed on the calf
• R is the resistance value for the calf obtained from the bioimpedance procedure.
• resistance values obtained for a stimulating frequency of 5 kilohertz results in highly accurate predictions/estimations of dry weight, it being understood that other frequencies can be used and that instead of a resistance value, a value for the magnitude of the impedance (
• combinations of resistance values and/or impedance values at a plurality of frequencies can be used, e.g., an average R value, an average
• the p value obtained from Eq. (1) is next normalized by being divided by the individual's body mass index (BMI), i.e., the normalized resistivity P (also referred to herein as "nRho”) is given by:
• PN p/BMI Eq. (2) where the individual's BMI is his/her mass in kilograms divided by his/her height in meters squared.
• the normalized resistivity value is then offset by a reference value for the normalized resistivity value to produce a new variable AnRho, which as demonstrated below, has been found to be highly effective in predicting/estimating dry weight.
• AnRho is given by:
• K is the reference value (also referred to herein as the "offset constant” or simply the "K value”).
• the value of the offset constant can be determined in various ways.
• One way that has been found to work effectively is to base the constant on a normalized resistivity value which is representative of a population of reference individuals (e.g., normal subjects, particularly, healthy subjects) of which the individual for whom a dry weight value is desired is a member.
• a normalized resistivity value which is representative of a population of reference individuals (e.g., normal subjects, particularly, healthy subjects) of which the individual for whom a dry weight value is desired is a member.
• the normalized resistivity value representative of the population can then be a mean normalized resistivity value measured for a representative sample of the population.
• the population used in determining the K value can be more specific than merely males/females. Particularly, the population can be for males/females of a particular age, race, and/or ethnicity. Likewise, the population can vary with geographical location. Physical characteristics can also be relied on in determining the value of K to use in calculating AnRho. For example, it has been found that for highly obese males, better dry weight predictions/estimations are achieved by using a K value of 18.8x10 "2 ohm-meter 3 /kilogram, as opposed to the value 18.5x10 "2 ohm-meter 3 /kilogram, which works successfully with non-highly obese individuals.
• the corresponding values are 16.4xl0 "2 ohm-meter 3 /kilogram for highly obese females and 19.4xl0 "2 ohm- meter /kilogram for non-highly obese females. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, it may be helpful to have a lookup table (e.g., a lookup multi-dimensional matrix) and/or a look-up function or set of functions which provide an appropriate K value based on the individual's age, sex, race, ethnicity, obesity level, etc. and/or combinations thereof.
• a lookup table e.g., a lookup multi-dimensional matrix
• a look-up function or set of functions which provide an appropriate K value based on the individual's age, sex, race, ethnicity, obesity level, etc. and/or combinations thereof.
• AnRho is a highly effective variable in predicting/estimating dry weight.
• AAT difference in weight
• WT individual's weight
• DW individual's dry weight
• AWT a simple linear dependence
• AWT cfAnRho + ⁇ , Eq. (6a) where a and ⁇ are constants.
• Eq. (7a) can be modified to include additional terms and fitting parameters for specific applications.
• the values of a and ⁇ can be expected to be different for such a modified equation.
• the function f(AnRho) can be more complex, in particular a second order polynomial, with more/different fitting coefficients.
• the formula for predicting/estimating dry weight will at least in part be a function of AnRho.
• f(AnRho) can be of the following form:
• the particular values for the ⁇ and ⁇ parameters will depend on the populations used in determining the values, including the size of those populations.
• Eq. (7b) can be modified to include additional terms and fitting parameters for specific applications.
• Eqs. (7a) and 7(b) will be referred to hereinafter as Eq. (7) when discussing features of the present disclosure applicable to both equations.
• prescribing physicians may use a dry weight
• the physician may set a higher/lower target weight than predicted/estimated by Eq. (7) because of the susceptibility/lack of susceptibility of the patient to clinical symptoms associated with excessive fluid removal.
• the target dry weight will be within ⁇ 1 kilogram of that predicted/estimated using a AnRho analysis and in many cases within ⁇ 0.5 kilograms.
• the prescribed target weight (TDW) can satisfy the equation:
• FIG. 4 sets forth in flow chart form the above steps of the procedure, beginning with the placement of the electrodes and ending with a calculation of a predicted/estimated dry weight value.
• the 18.5 value used in this figure is for a male patient, the
• a dry weight prediction/estimation can easily be obtained just prior to a dialysis session, just after a session (a preferred time), and/or at any time between sessions and used by the prescribing physician to establish the amount of fluid to be removed from the patient during the next session.
• dry weight predictions/estimations can also be obtained during a dialysis session. Whenever taken, the dry weight
• predictions/estimations can be charted over time to track changes in the individual's body makeup as a result of, for example, changes in diet and/or activity levels.
• the gold standard technique for dry weight prediction/estimation used herein was based on dry weight determinations obtained for a population of hemodialysis patients by performing continuous calf bioimpedance spectroscopy (cBIS) measurements on the patients as they were undergoing treatment. Dry weight values were determined
• FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate the procedure used
• FIG. 7 shows the experimental protocol for a representative patient
• FIGS. 8 and 9 show the results obtained.
• FIG. 5 is a representative plot for a male patient whose course of treatment has brought him to a point where at the end of a dialysis session, the patient's weight is at his dry weight, the desired end point.
• curve 51 is a plot of normalized resistivity
• Vertical line 55 marks three hours, the normal duration of a dialysis session.
• FIG. 6 shows in flow chart form the strategy used in these experiments to determine gold standard dry weight values. As shown in this figure, a combination of flattening and a normalized resistivity value (nRho value) greater than or equal to
• FIG. 7 shows a full experimental protocol (e.g., 24 dialysis sessions) for a typical patient.
• the vertical axis shows the amount of fluid in milliliters removed from the patient during each session.
• the average weight of a patient at the beginning of the study was 78.3 kilograms, while at the end of the dialysis sessions, it was 77.1 kilograms (the final average post-dialysis weight, i.e., the average dry weight).
• the check marks show sessions for which calf bioimpedance measurements were made.
• the session marked with the circled- 1 symbol was the first session at which flattening and a p value indicative of the patient having achieved dry weight (e.g., 18.5x10 "2 ohm-meter 3 /kilogram for a male patient and 19.4xl0 "2 ohm-meter 3 /kilogram for a female patient ) were observed.
• a p value indicative of the patient having achieved dry weight e.g., 18.5x10 "2 ohm-meter 3 /kilogram for a male patient and 19.4xl0 "2 ohm-meter 3 /kilogram for a female patient
• the patient's weight at session 12 would be taken as the gold standard dry weight.
• the course of treatment for the various members of the study was not identical, but the protocol of FIG. 7 is representative.
• FIG. 8 shows the effectiveness of the above gold standard technique in bringing patients to their dry weight.
• the vertical axis shows normalized resistivity in
• the fifth column shows normalized resistivity values for normal subjects.
• the horizontal line shows the mean value of the normalized resistivity, which was 14.99 ⁇ 0.52 for the first column and 21.04 ⁇ 0.3 for the fifth column.
• FIG. 9 compares prescribed target weights (dry weights) for dialysis sessions where the prescribed weight was based on conventional clinical practices (first column) and where it was based on the above gold standard for dry weight (second column).
• the horizontal dotted line marks the level at which too much fluid was removed, and the vertical axis shows the difference in kilograms between the prescribed weight and the dotted line.
• the prescribed weight should be as close as possible to the dotted line without going under it.
• the gold standard approach used herein achieves this goal, while the prescriptions based on conventional clinical practice show substantial scatter, with many prescriptions being below the dotted line or substantially above it.
• the average difference between the prescribed weight and the dotted line was 1.39 ⁇ 2.18 kilograms using the clinical approach, while it was only 0.75 ⁇ 0.55 kilograms using the gold standard approach.
• Table 1 shows the experimental data employed. Twenty-seven patients were randomly divided into two groups, the first group having twelve patients and the second fifteen. For the second group, gold standard determinations of dry weight were obtained, as well as WT and AnRho values at the end of dialysis sessions where the gold standard dry weight had been achieved. A least squares regression was then performed by fitting Eq. (7a) to that data to obtain a and ⁇ values. That is, the patients in the second group provided "learning" data for the prediction/estimation technique.
• the horizontal axis in FIG. 10 shows the predicted/estimated dry weights in kilograms using Eq. (7a) and the a and ⁇ values of 0.5 x 10 2 kilogram 2 /ohm-meter 3 and 0.84 kilograms, respectively, and the vertical axis shows the gold standard dry weight, again in kilograms.
• the slanted line (essentially at 45°) in FIG. 10 is a least squares fit to the data points and has a slope of 0.9499 and an intercept of 4.177 kilograms.
• the R 2 value for the fit was 0.9891, an exceeding high value for a biological system.
• FIG. 1 1 is a Bland-Altman plot of the same data, where the horizontal axis plots the mean of the gold standard and Eq. (7a) values in kilograms and the vertical axis plots their difference, again in kilograms.
• the dotted lines represent the average difference ⁇ 1.96 standard deviations of the difference.
• the average difference was -0.5 kilograms and the standard deviation was 0.78 kilograms.
• FIGS. 10 and 11 demonstrate, the correlation between the Eq. (7a) values and the gold standard values was excellent.
• FIGS . 12 and 13 follow the same format as FIGS . 10 and 1 1 , but rather than using just the patients of the first group, these figures use the data for all 27 patients.
• the least-squares line in FIG. 12 has a slope of 0.9983 and an intercept of 0.1916.
• the R 2 value in this case was 0.9922.
• the average value of the difference in the Bland-Altman plot of FIG. 13 was 0.025 kilograms and the standard deviation was 1.3 kilograms.
• FIG. 14 is a Bland-Altman plot for a similar experiment employing the gold standard technique and a whole body technique of the type described in Chamney et al., "A whole-body model to distinguish excess fluid from the hydration of major body tissues," Am J Clin Nutr, 2007, 85:80-89. The average value of the difference in this case was 1.83 kilograms and the standard deviation was 2.6 kilograms. The superiority of the calf bioimpedance procedure of the present disclosure is evident from this data.
• FIGS. 15 and 16 illustrate the ability of Eq. (7b) to predict/estimate dry weight for patients undergoing dialysis. This analysis was performed on a subset of the patients of Table 1, i.e., a subset consisting of nine patients. Fitting of Eq. (7b) to the gold standard data was performed in the same manner as described above in connection with Eq. (7a). Specifically, as noted above, using the gold standard data for the nine patients, ⁇ and ⁇ values of 0.4x10 2 kilograms 2 /ohm-meter 3 and 1/3 were determined. In addition to the ⁇ and ⁇ values, a and ⁇ values for Eq.
• Eqs. (7a) and (7b) clearly outperform Eq. (10), with Eq. (7b) being better than Eq. (7a) at each of the four phases.
• the mathematical procedures described above can be readily implemented using a variety of computer equipment and a variety of programming languages or mathematical computation packages such as EXCEL (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington), MATHEMATICA (Wolfram Research, Champaign, Illinois), MATLAB (MathWorks of Natick, Massachusetts), or the like.
• Output from the procedures can be in electronic and/or hard copy form, and can be displayed in a variety of formats, including in tabular and graphical form.
• Software embodiments of the procedures described herein can be stored and/or distributed in a variety of forms, e.g., on a hard drive, diskette, CD, flash drive, etc.
• the software can operate on various computing platforms, including personal computers, workstations, mainframes, etc.
• the disclosure includes, but is not limited to, the following features/embodiments.
• the individual features/embodiments, as well as their various paragraphs and subparagraphs, can be used in any and all combinations.
• the computer program of Claim 24 can be programmed to perform any of the methods which proceed it, i.e., any of Features/Embodiments 1-17. Further combinations of these and other types will be evident to persons skilled in the art from the present disclosure.
• step (d) determining a difference value between the normalized value of step (c) and a reference value for the normalized value
• step (e) using the difference value of step (d) to determine a predicted/estimated value for the individual's dry weight.
• step (a) is a resistance value.
• step (b) the measured value indicative of the circumference size C of the individual's calf is obtained using a pressure cuff controlled by a tension sensor.
• step (c) comprises dividing the measured value of step (a) by the individual's BMI value.
• step (ii) comprises multiplying the measured value of step (a) by C and dividing it by A L times the BMI value.
• step (d) The method of Feature/Embodiment 1 wherein the reference value used in step (d) is obtained by performing steps (a) through (c) on at least one set of reference individuals.
• characteristic of the individual comprises the individual's sex.
• characteristic of the individual comprises the individual's obesity.
• step (e) comprises evaluating an equation of the form:
• DW is the predicted/estimated dry weight
• WT is the individual's weight at the time steps (a) and (b) are performed
• p N is the normalized value of step (c)
• K is the reference value of step (d)
• a and ⁇ are constants.
• step (e) comprises evaluating an equation of the form:
• DW is the predicted/estimated dry weight
• WT is the individual's weight at the time steps (a) and (b) are performed
• p N is the normalized value of step (c)
• K is the reference value of step (d)
• pN and K are in ohm- meter 3 /kilogram
• ⁇ and ⁇ are constants.
• the diet of Feature/Embodiment 21 wherein the diet is a low sodium diet is a diet.
• Apparatus comprising a computer system which has been programmed to:
• An article of manufacture comprising a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having computer executable code embodied therein for performing steps (c) through (e) of Feature/Embodiment 1. - -
• a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to execute a method according to
• a method for establishing a target dry weight for an individual, said individual having a BMI value comprising:
• step (e) using the difference value of step (d) to determine the target dry weight
• step (d) The method of Feature/Embodiment 26 wherein the reference value used in step (d) is obtained by performing steps (a) through (c) on at least one set of reference individuals. - -
• characteristic of the individual comprises the individual's sex.
• characteristic of the individual comprises the individual's obesity.
• the diet of Feature/Embodiment 38 wherein the diet is a low sodium diet comprising a computer system which has been programmed to: (i) receive inputs regarding the bioimpedance and circumference
• An article of manufacture comprising a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having computer executable code embodied therein for performing steps (c) through (e) of Feature/Embodiment 26.
• a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to execute a method according to
• a method for establishing a target dry weight for an individual, said individual having a BMI value comprising:
• PN R'C 2 /(4;rL'BMI);
• step (d) determining a difference value AnRho between the normalized value pN of step (c) and a reference value for the normalized value using an equation of the form:
• step (e) using the difference value of step (d) to determine the target dry weight
• step (d) The method of Feature/Embodiment 43 wherein the reference value used in step (d) is obtained by performing steps (a) through (c) on at least one set of reference individuals.
• characteristic of the individual comprises the individual's sex.
• characteristic of the individual comprises the individual's obesity.
• the diet of Feature/Embodiment 55 wherein the diet is a low sodium diet is a diet.
• Apparatus comprising a computer system which has been programmed to:
• An article of manufacture comprising a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having computer executable code embodied therein for performing steps (c) through (e) of Feature/Embodiment 43.
• a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to execute a method according to
• a method for reducing the fluid overload of an individual, said individual having a BMI value comprising:
• step (d) determining a difference value between the normalized value of step (c) and a reference value for the normalized value
• step (e) using the difference value of step (d) to determine a
• step (d) determining a difference value between the normalized value of step (c) and a reference value for the normalized value
• step (e) using the difference value of step (d) to determine a predicted/estimated value for the individual's dry weight

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• 2011
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