WO2012042075A1 - Electrolyte composition for obtaining metal aluminium - Google Patents
Electrolyte composition for obtaining metal aluminium Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012042075A1 WO2012042075A1 PCT/ES2011/000293 ES2011000293W WO2012042075A1 WO 2012042075 A1 WO2012042075 A1 WO 2012042075A1 ES 2011000293 W ES2011000293 W ES 2011000293W WO 2012042075 A1 WO2012042075 A1 WO 2012042075A1
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- fluoride
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/18—Electrolytes
Definitions
- the present invention is related to the production of metallic aluminum from an electrolytic process.
- the present invention is related to the composition of the electrolyte used in such production and which allows the reaction to be carried out under optimum conditions to obtain a high yield in obtaining the aluminum.
- the electrolysis process is carried out in an electrolytic cell, also called an aluminum bath.
- the cell size depends largely on the electrolysis current to be used.
- the electrolytic cell is a carbon-coated steel case.
- the cathode device is provided with an internally coated envelope of the layer of refractory and carbon material. The cathode serves as the surface of the liquid aluminum that is in contact with the electrolyte.
- the anode device consists of the carbon anode partially submerged in the electrolyte.
- the anode carbon oxidizes in the course of electrolysis and converts to carbon dioxide.
- the melting point of aluminum is 657 ° C, and that of the cryolite is around 1000 ° C, but it can be reduced to about 915 ° C by the presence of 5% alumina.
- the addition of other substances such as calcium fluoride or aluminum fluoride, reduce its point to about 800 ° C.
- Electrolyte compositions containing potassium fluoride, in addition to calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride and sodium cryolite are known.
- Compound potassium fluoride produces a decrease in operating temperature and an increase in alumina solubility.
- the essential parameter of the electrolytic cell for the production of aluminum is the alumina solubility.
- Potassium fluoride although it gives rise to beneficial effects in the electrolytic process as mentioned above, is a very hydroscopic salt and can be the source of unwanted water in the electrolyte.
- KF * HF Another possible source of potassium fluoride can be KF * HF but this compound has a great drawback and is that it decomposes and evolves into very aggressive and harmful hydrofluoric acid.
- the present invention aims at providing an improved electrolyte for the production of metallic aluminum, which results in lower melting points and high current efficiency, avoiding the inconveniences of other known electrolytes.
- the present invention relates to the composition of an electrolyte for obtaining aluminum.
- the electrolyte contains as a source of potassium fluoride (KF) a mixture of KAIF 4 and K3AIF6 (potassium cryolite).
- KF potassium fluoride
- the mixture of KAIF 4 and K 3 AIF 6 has advantageous properties because it has low hydroscopic properties, unlike potassium fluoride and has no harmful and aggressive effect such as KF * HF.
- the direct addition of potassium fluoride in the electrolyte can be harmful since it transforms water into electrolyte, something that is avoided using KAIF 4 and K3AIF6.
- the electrolyte composition of the present invention for obtaining aluminum by an electrolytic process comprises the following compounds:
- Potassium cryolite used as a source of KF, refers to a mixture of KAIF 4 and K 3 AIF6, where the percentage by weight varies between 90-100% for KAIF 4 and between 0-10% for K3AIF6. From now on we will refer to the mixture of KAIF4 and 3AIF6 as potassium cryolite.
- the electrolyte composition may include other compounds such as calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), lithium fluoride (LiF) and magnesium fluoride (NaF).
- CaF 2 calcium fluoride
- MgF 2 magnesium fluoride
- LiF lithium fluoride
- NaF magnesium fluoride
- the proportions by weight of these components may vary within the ranges indicated below:
- the percentage by weight in the sodium cryolite electrolyte composition can be 20-80% by weight, the alumina can vary between 2% -5%, the aluminum fluoride can vary between 0 % and 15%.
- the percentage by weight in the potassium cryolite electrolyte composition is 0-80% by weight.
- composition by weight is indicated below:
- Lithium Fluoride 0-3% by weight
- Example 1 Electrolyte Composition for Aluminum Electrolysis
- the electrolytic process was carried out at a temperature of 960 ° C, with a current intensity of 100A for 100 hours.
- the bath voltage is 5.7 ⁇ 0.2V and the current density of the cathode and anode is 0.5 A / cm 2 .
- Example 2 Electrolyte composition for Aluminum electrolysis Aluminum electrolysis was performed using the following electrolyte composition:
- the electrolytic process was carried out at a temperature of 880 ° C, with a current intensity of 100A for 100 hours.
- the bath voltage is 5.7 ⁇ 0.3V and the current density of the cathode and anode is 0.4 A / cm 2 .
- Example 3 Electrolyte Composition for Aluminum Electrolysis
- the electrolytic process was carried out at a temperature of 800 ° C, with a current intensity of 100A for 72 hours.
- the bath voltage is 4.7 ⁇ 0.2V and the current density of the cathode and anode is 0.4 A / cm 2 .
- Table 4 shows the impurity content (% by weight) of the aluminum obtained in the electrolyte
- the aluminum obtained using the electrolyte object of the present invention allows to obtain high purity aluminum after 48 hours of electrolysis.
Abstract
The invention relates to an electrolyte composition for obtaining aluminium using an electrolytic process, which contains a mixture of KAIF4 and K3AIF6 (potassium cryolite) as a source of potassium fluoride (KF). The composition also contains sodium cryolite (Na3AIF6), alumina (Al203) and aluminium fluoride (AIF3). Optionally, the composition can contain calcium fluoride (CaF2), magnesium fluoride (MgF2), lithium fluoride (LiF) and/or magnesium fluoride (NaF). The electrolyte of the invention has melting points below known electrolyte compositions and high current efficiency and, consequently, the yield and purity of the resulting aluminium are improved.
Description
COMPOSICIÓN DE ELECTROLITO PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DE ALUMINIO ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION FOR ALUMINUM OBTAINING
METÁLICO Sector técnico de la invención METAL Technical sector of the invention
La presente invención está relacionada con la producción de aluminio metálico a partir de un proceso electrolítico. En particular, la presente invención está relacionada con la composición del electrolito empleado en tal producción y que permite llevar a cabo la reacción en las condiciones óptimas para obtener un alto rendimiento en la obtención del aluminio. The present invention is related to the production of metallic aluminum from an electrolytic process. In particular, the present invention is related to the composition of the electrolyte used in such production and which allows the reaction to be carried out under optimum conditions to obtain a high yield in obtaining the aluminum.
Antecedentes de la invención Background of the invention
Desde el punto de vista industrial, el aluminio metálico se obtiene a través de un proceso de reducción electrolítica de alúmina. La electrólisis en cuestión se lleva a cabo en baño de criolita (Na3AIF6) fundida en el que está disuelta la alúmina. La criolita y la alúmina son pues los componentes principales del electrolito. From an industrial point of view, metallic aluminum is obtained through an alumina electrolytic reduction process. The electrolysis in question is carried out in a molten cryolite bath (Na 3 AIF 6 ) in which the alumina is dissolved. Cryolite and alumina are thus the main components of the electrolyte.
El proceso de electrólisis se efectúa en una cuba electrolítica llamada también baño de aluminio. El tamaño de la celda depende en gran manera de la corriente de electrólisis que se haya de emplear. La celda electrolítica es una caja de acero revestida interiormente de carbono. El dispositivo de cátodo está dotado de una envoltura revestida interiormente de la capa de material refractario y de carbono. El cátodo sirve de superficie del aluminio líquido que se halla en contacto con el electrolito. The electrolysis process is carried out in an electrolytic cell, also called an aluminum bath. The cell size depends largely on the electrolysis current to be used. The electrolytic cell is a carbon-coated steel case. The cathode device is provided with an internally coated envelope of the layer of refractory and carbon material. The cathode serves as the surface of the liquid aluminum that is in contact with the electrolyte.
El dispositivo de ánodo consta del ánodo de carbón sumergido parcialmente en el electrólito. El carbono del ánodo se oxida en el curso de la electrólisis y se convierte en dióxido de carbono. The anode device consists of the carbon anode partially submerged in the electrolyte. The anode carbon oxidizes in the course of electrolysis and converts to carbon dioxide.
Con objeto de minimizar las pérdidas de calor y de corriente, es deseable llevar a cabo la electrólisis a la temperatura más baja posible. In order to minimize heat and current losses, it is desirable to carry out electrolysis at the lowest possible temperature.
El punto de fusión del aluminio es de 657°C, y el de la criolita está alrededor de 1000°C, pero se puede reducir a unos 915°C por la presencia de un 5% de alúmina. La adición de otras sustancias como fluoruro de calcio o fluoruro de aluminio, reducen su punto hasta unos 800°C. The melting point of aluminum is 657 ° C, and that of the cryolite is around 1000 ° C, but it can be reduced to about 915 ° C by the presence of 5% alumina. The addition of other substances such as calcium fluoride or aluminum fluoride, reduce its point to about 800 ° C.
Son conocidos las composiciones de electrolito que contiene fluoruro de potasio, además de fluoruro de calcio, fluoruro de magnesio y criolita de sodio. El fluoruro de potasio compuesto produce una disminución de la temperatura de operación y una subida de la solubilidad de la alúmina. Electrolyte compositions containing potassium fluoride, in addition to calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride and sodium cryolite are known. Compound potassium fluoride produces a decrease in operating temperature and an increase in alumina solubility.
El parámetro esencial de la pila electrolítica para la producción de aluminio es la
solubilidad de la alúmina. Cuanta más alta sea la solubilidad de la alúmina y más alta sea la densidad de corriente, más productiva será la electrólisis. The essential parameter of the electrolytic cell for the production of aluminum is the alumina solubility. The higher the alumina solubility and the higher the current density, the more productive the electrolysis will be.
Durante la electrólisis los componentes del electrolito se vaporizan y ello da lugar al cambio de su composición. De este modo existe la necesidad de suministrar el electrolito con diversos componentes para poder mantener la composición correcta. El fluoruro de potasio, aunque da lugar a efectos beneficiosos en el proceso electrolítico como los citados anteriormente, es una sal muy hidroscopica y puede ser la fuente de agua no deseada en el electrolito. During electrolysis the electrolyte components vaporize and this results in the change of their composition. In this way there is a need to supply the electrolyte with various components to maintain the correct composition. Potassium fluoride, although it gives rise to beneficial effects in the electrolytic process as mentioned above, is a very hydroscopic salt and can be the source of unwanted water in the electrolyte.
Otra fuente posible de fluoruro de potasio puede ser KF*HF pero este compuesto presenta un gran inconveniente y es que se descompone y evoluciona a ácido fluorhídrico muy agresivo y dañino. Another possible source of potassium fluoride can be KF * HF but this compound has a great drawback and is that it decomposes and evolves into very aggressive and harmful hydrofluoric acid.
Para solucionar los inconvenientes antes mencionados, la presente invención tiene por objeto la provisión de un electrolito mejorado para la producción de aluminio metálico, que da lugar a más bajos puntos de fusión y alta eficiencia de corriente, evitando los inconvenientes de otros electrolitos ya conocidos. In order to solve the aforementioned drawbacks, the present invention aims at providing an improved electrolyte for the production of metallic aluminum, which results in lower melting points and high current efficiency, avoiding the inconveniences of other known electrolytes.
Descripción de la invención Description of the invention
La presente invención se refiere a la composición de un electrolito para la obtención de aluminio. El electrolito contiene como fuente de fluoruro de potasio (KF) una mezcla de KAIF4 y K3AIF6 (criolita de potasio). La mezcla de KAIF4 y K3AIF6 presenta propiedades ventajosas debido a que posee propiedades hidroscópicas bajas, al contrario que el fluoruro potásico y no tiene efecto dañino y agresivo como el KF*HF. La adición directa de fluoruro potásico en el electrolito puede ser dañina ya que transforma el agua en electrólito, algo que se evita utilizando KAIF4 y K3AIF6. La composición del electrolito de la presente invención para la obtención de aluminio mediante un proceso electrolítico comprende los siguientes compuestos: The present invention relates to the composition of an electrolyte for obtaining aluminum. The electrolyte contains as a source of potassium fluoride (KF) a mixture of KAIF 4 and K3AIF6 (potassium cryolite). The mixture of KAIF 4 and K 3 AIF 6 has advantageous properties because it has low hydroscopic properties, unlike potassium fluoride and has no harmful and aggressive effect such as KF * HF. The direct addition of potassium fluoride in the electrolyte can be harmful since it transforms water into electrolyte, something that is avoided using KAIF 4 and K3AIF6. The electrolyte composition of the present invention for obtaining aluminum by an electrolytic process comprises the following compounds:
- Criolita de sodio ( a3AIF6) - Sodium cryolite (a3AIF 6 )
- Alumina (Al203) - Alumina (Al 2 0 3 )
- Fluoruro de aluminio (AIF3) - Aluminum fluoride (AIF 3 )
- Criolita de potasio. La criolita de potasio, utilizada como fuente de KF, se refiere a una mezcla de KAIF4 y K3AIF6, donde el porcentaje en peso varía entre 90-100% para KAIF4 y entre 0-10% para K3AIF6. A partir de ahora nos referiremos a la mezcla de KAIF4 y 3AIF6 como criolita de potasio. - Potassium cryolite. Potassium cryolite, used as a source of KF, refers to a mixture of KAIF 4 and K 3 AIF6, where the percentage by weight varies between 90-100% for KAIF 4 and between 0-10% for K3AIF6. From now on we will refer to the mixture of KAIF4 and 3AIF6 as potassium cryolite.
Opcionalmente, la composición de electrolito puede incluir otros compuestos como el fluoruro de calcio (CaF2), fluoruro de magnesio (MgF2), fluoruro de litio (LiF) y fluoruro de magnesio (NaF).
Las proporciones en peso de estos componentes puede variar dentro de los rangos que de indican a continuación: Optionally, the electrolyte composition may include other compounds such as calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), lithium fluoride (LiF) and magnesium fluoride (NaF). The proportions by weight of these components may vary within the ranges indicated below:
El porcentaje en peso en la composición de electrolito de criolita de sodio ( a3AIF6) puede ser de 20-80% en peso, el de alúmina puede variar entre el 2%-5%, el de fluoruro de aluminio puede variar entre el 0% y el 15 %. The percentage by weight in the sodium cryolite electrolyte composition (a3AIF 6 ) can be 20-80% by weight, the alumina can vary between 2% -5%, the aluminum fluoride can vary between 0 % and 15%.
El porcentaje en peso en la composición de electrolito de criolita de potasio es de 0- 80% en peso. The percentage by weight in the potassium cryolite electrolyte composition is 0-80% by weight.
En el caso de que la composición incluya los componentes opcionales indicados anteriormente, su composición en peso se indica a continuación: In the event that the composition includes the optional components indicated above, its composition by weight is indicated below:
Fluoruro de Calcio 2-5% en peso Calcium Fluoride 2-5% by weight
Fluoruro de Magnesio 0-2% en peso Magnesium Fluoride 0-2% by weight
Fluoruro de Litio 0-3% en peso Lithium Fluoride 0-3% by weight
Fluoruro de Sodio 0-5% en peso Sodium Fluoride 0-5% by weight
Para complementar cuanto antecede, y con el objeto de ayudar a una mejor comprensión de las características de la invención, se muestran unos ejemplos con carácter meramente indicativo y no limitativo de la presente invención In order to complement the foregoing, and in order to help a better understanding of the features of the invention, examples are shown merely indicative and not limiting of the present invention.
Ejemplo 1: Composición de electrolito para electrólisis de Aluminio Example 1: Electrolyte Composition for Aluminum Electrolysis
Se realizó una electrólisis utilizando criolita de potasio. La composición del electrolito es la siguiente: An electrolysis was performed using potassium cryolite. The composition of the electrolyte is as follows:
Tabla 1 : Composición de electrolito Table 1: Electrolyte Composition
El proceso electrolítico se llevó a cabo a una temperatura de 960°C, con una intensidad de corriente de 100A durante 100 horas. El voltaje de baño es de 5,7±0,2V y la densidad de corriente del cátodo y ánodo es de 0,5 A/cm2. The electrolytic process was carried out at a temperature of 960 ° C, with a current intensity of 100A for 100 hours. The bath voltage is 5.7 ± 0.2V and the current density of the cathode and anode is 0.5 A / cm 2 .
El cambio de nivel de fusión debido a la evaporación de sal fue compensado con la mezcla de la siguiente composición: The change in melting level due to the evaporation of salt was compensated by mixing the following composition:
asAIFg. 33,8 % en peso asAIFg. 33.8% by weight
Criolita de potasio: 39,2 % en peso Potassium cryolite: 39.2% by weight
AIF3: 27,0 % en peso
Ejemplo 2: Composición de electrolito para electrólisis de Aluminio Se realizó una electrólisis de aluminio utilizando la siguiente composición de electrolito: AIF 3 : 27.0% by weight Example 2: Electrolyte composition for Aluminum electrolysis Aluminum electrolysis was performed using the following electrolyte composition:
Tabla 2: Composición de electrolito Table 2: Electrolyte Composition
El proceso electrolítico se llevó a cabo a una temperatura de 880°C, con una intensidad de corriente de 100A durante 100 horas. El voltaje de baño es de 5,7±0,3V y la densidad de corriente del cátodo y ánodo es de 0,4 A/cm2. The electrolytic process was carried out at a temperature of 880 ° C, with a current intensity of 100A for 100 hours. The bath voltage is 5.7 ± 0.3V and the current density of the cathode and anode is 0.4 A / cm 2 .
El cambio de nivel de fusión debido a la evaporación de sal fue compensado con la mezcla de la siguiente composición: The change in melting level due to the evaporation of salt was compensated by mixing the following composition:
NasAIFe: 18,8% en peso NasAIFe: 18.8% by weight
Criolita de potasio: 64,3% en peso Potassium cryolite: 64.3% by weight
AIF3: 15,9 % en peso IDA 3 : 15.9% by weight
Ejemplo 3: Composición de electrolito para electrólisis de Aluminio Example 3: Electrolyte Composition for Aluminum Electrolysis
Se realizó una electrólisis de aluminio utilizando la siguiente composición de electrolito: An aluminum electrolysis was performed using the following electrolyte composition:
Tabla 3: Composición de electrolito Table 3: Electrolyte Composition
El proceso electrolítico se llevó a cabo a una temperatura de 800°C, con una intensidad de corriente de 100A durante 72 horas. El voltaje de baño es de 4,7±0,2V y la densidad de corriente del cátodo y ánodo es de 0,4 A/cm2. The electrolytic process was carried out at a temperature of 800 ° C, with a current intensity of 100A for 72 hours. The bath voltage is 4.7 ± 0.2V and the current density of the cathode and anode is 0.4 A / cm 2 .
El cambio de nivel de fusión debido a la evaporación de sal fue compensado con la mezcla de la siguiente composición: The change in melting level due to the evaporation of salt was compensated by mixing the following composition:
Na3AIF6 : 10,1 % en peso Na 3 AIF 6 : 10.1% by weight
Criolita de potasio: 80,2 % en peso Potassium cryolite: 80.2% by weight
LiF: 0,4 % en peso
AIF3: 9,3 % en peso LiF: 0.4% by weight AIF 3 : 9.3% by weight
En la tabla siguiente (Tabla 4) se muestra el contenido de impurezas (% en peso) del aluminio obtenido en el electrolito The following table (Table 4) shows the impurity content (% by weight) of the aluminum obtained in the electrolyte
Tabla 4:
Table 4:
En la tabla siguiente (Tabla 5) se muestra el contenido de impurezas (% en peso) en el electrolito The following table (Table 5) shows the impurity content (% by weight) in the electrolyte
Tabla 5: Table 5:
El aluminio obtenido utilizando el electrolito objeto de la presente invención permite obtener aluminio de alta pureza tras 48 horas de electrólisis.
The aluminum obtained using the electrolyte object of the present invention allows to obtain high purity aluminum after 48 hours of electrolysis.
Claims
1. Composición de electrolito para la obtención de aluminio metálico caracterizada por comprender: 1. Electrolyte composition for obtaining metallic aluminum characterized by comprising:
- Criolita de sodio (Na3AIF6) - Sodium cryolite (Na 3 AIF 6 )
- Alumina (Al203) - Alumina (Al 2 0 3 )
- Fluoruro de aluminio (AIF3) - Aluminum fluoride (AIF 3 )
-Criolita de potasio, siendo dicha criolita de potasio una mezcla de KAIF y K3AIF6, donde el porcentaje en peso varía entre 90-100% para KAIF4 y entre 0-10% paraPotassium cryolite, said potassium cryolite being a mixture of KAIF and K3AIF6, where the percentage by weight varies between 90-100% for KAIF 4 and between 0-10% for
2. Composición de electrolito según reivindicación 1 caracterizada por contener además fluoruro de calcio (CaF2), fluoruro de magnesio (MgF2), fluoruro de litio (LiF) y/o fluoruro de magnesio (NaF). 2. Electrolyte composition according to claim 1 characterized in that it also contains calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), lithium fluoride (LiF) and / or magnesium fluoride (NaF).
3. Composición de electrolito según reivindicación 1 caracterizada porque comprende: 3. Electrolyte composition according to claim 1 characterized in that it comprises:
20-80% en peso de criolita de sodio 20-80% by weight sodium cryolite
0-80% en peso de criolita de potasio 0-80% by weight potassium cryolite
0-15% en peso de fluoruro de aluminio 0-15% by weight of aluminum fluoride
2-5% en peso de alúmina 2-5% by weight alumina
4. Composición de electrolito según reivindicación 2 caracterizada porque comprende entre 4. Electrolyte composition according to claim 2 characterized in that it comprises
2-5% en peso de fluoruro de calcio 2-5% by weight calcium fluoride
0-2% en peso de fluoruro de magnesio 0-2% by weight magnesium fluoride
0-3% en peso de fluoruro de litio 0-3% by weight of lithium fluoride
0-5% en peso de fluoruro de sodio 0-5% by weight sodium fluoride
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESP201001262 | 2010-10-01 | ||
| ES201001262A ES2379434B2 (en) | 2010-10-01 | 2010-10-01 | COMPOSITION OF ELECTROLYTE FOR OBTAINING METAL ALUMINUM |
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| WO2012042075A1 true WO2012042075A1 (en) | 2012-04-05 |
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| WO (1) | WO2012042075A1 (en) |
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| WO2012159590A1 (en) * | 2012-05-23 | 2012-11-29 | 深圳市新星轻合金材料股份有限公司 | Electrolyte supplement system in aluminum electrolytic process and manufacturing method therefor |
| WO2012159591A1 (en) * | 2012-05-23 | 2012-11-29 | 深圳市新星轻合金材料股份有限公司 | Potassium cryolite applicable in aluminum electrolysis industry and preparation method therefor |
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| US20130112570A1 (en) * | 2012-05-23 | 2013-05-09 | Shenzhen Sunxing Light Alloys Materials Co.,Ltd | Sodium cryolite for aluminum electrolysis industry and preparation method thereof |
| CN103820818A (en) * | 2013-12-30 | 2014-05-28 | 中国神华能源股份有限公司 | Aluminum electrolysis plastidome for aluminum oxide electrolysis of one-step acid solution method production and application of aluminum electrolysis plastidome |
| WO2015005817A1 (en) * | 2013-07-09 | 2015-01-15 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Объединенная Компания РУСАЛ Инженерно-технологический центр" | Electrolyte for producing aluminum by molten electrolysis |
| CN106191927A (en) * | 2016-09-30 | 2016-12-07 | 河南科技大学 | A kind of low-temperature molten salt system used for aluminium electrolysis and using method thereof |
| CN107130260A (en) * | 2017-05-23 | 2017-09-05 | 中南大学 | A kind of fusion method process aluminum electrolytic breeze additive and its application method |
| CN109841821A (en) * | 2019-03-18 | 2019-06-04 | 贵州梅岭电源有限公司 | A kind of high potential high-power type thermal cell positive electrode and preparation method thereof |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2379434A1 (en) | 2012-04-26 |
| ES2379434B2 (en) | 2012-09-06 |
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