WO2012039595A1 - Dual coding coherent phase protocol - Google Patents
Dual coding coherent phase protocol Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012039595A1 WO2012039595A1 PCT/MY2010/000303 MY2010000303W WO2012039595A1 WO 2012039595 A1 WO2012039595 A1 WO 2012039595A1 MY 2010000303 W MY2010000303 W MY 2010000303W WO 2012039595 A1 WO2012039595 A1 WO 2012039595A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- bits
- coding
- phase
- qkd
- intensity
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
- H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
- H04L9/0858—Details about key distillation or coding, e.g. reconciliation, error correction, privacy amplification, polarisation coding or phase coding
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for dual coding coherent phase protocol in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system using a coherent laser source, an intensity modulator and a phase modulator.
- QKD Quantum Key Distribution
- Quantum key distribution involves establishing a key between a sender (known as "Alice” in computer security literature) and a receiver (known as “Bob” in computer security literature) using weak optical signals transmitted over a "quantum channel”.
- Quantum cryptography represents a recent technological development that provides for the assured privacy of a communications link.
- Conventional QKD system at present fails to adequately handle the situation in which eavesdropping is present on a communications link.
- US Patent Application No. 11/071,696 discloses a method of synchronizing the operation of a two-way QKD system by sending a sync signal in only one direction.
- the method includes phase-locking the sync signal at one QKD station and the method further includes rapidly switching the operation of the QKD system between three different operating states each having a different timing for the quantum signal. This allows for variations in the timing of all of the timed elements in the QKD system.
- the uniqueness of the present invention lies in the one-way transmission between parties exchanging secret encrypted keys to improve the secret key length, comprising two levels of encoding end six types of decoy bits to further improve security of the secret keys. Additionally, the prior art did not disclose the usage of intensity modulator and phase modulator in the QKD system.
- '298 EP patent discloses a phase and 5 intensity coding in secure transmission in optical transmission application which covers secret keys, binary bits and the like.
- the system and method disclosed in the '298 EP patent comprises an emitter and a receiver and an receiving line extending between said emitter and said receiver.
- the method of differential phase coding and intensity coding as revealed in the present invention is different from the EP patent due to the fact that the D present invention employs intensity coding in a different manner, i.e. using decoy bits.
- the reach out distance of a QKD system is currently limited because of its plug and play configuration.
- This coherent pulse QKD system (adopting BB84 protocol) sends weak optical or quantum signals between a sender and a receiver.
- This weak pulse QKD system works in i the return path, which limits the reach out distance of the system.
- the security of the BB84 protocol in the QKD system is also susceptible towards Photon Number Splitting (PNS) attacks that can reduce the level of security in the system.
- PPS Photon Number Splitting
- the conventional QKD system typically includes a single shared network between all parties to exchange keys or information. Members communicate and exchange keys by using public keys or shared private keys to send messages through the network.
- public keys are easy to decipher.
- the logistics of distributing the shared private keys can be complex. Therefore, the present invention discloses a an optical setup that utilizes only one way transmission which improves the length of key that can be transmitted and additionally employs 6 types of decoy bits of other orientation among the transmitted data to further improve the security of the secret keys.
- the present invention relates to a method which employs coherent light as carrier for the secret keys.
- the method outlines use of Dual Coding Coherent Phase Protocol in Quantum 5 key distribution (QKD) system which allows only one way communication between two parties exchanging secret encryption keys.
- QKD Quantum 5 key distribution
- the apparatus and method (100) for Dual Coding Coherent Phase Protocol in QKD system which comprises:
- phase modulator for differential phase coding, wherein the intensity coded secret keys is further coded with
- Phase values are encoded onto each bit to improve the level of security.
- the phase difference between the weak pulses is used as a code for the second coding.
- Phase difference of ⁇ represents the key value of '1' while phase difference 0 (no phase difference at all) represent the key value of ⁇ ' (subject that the signal before interference follows the coded intensity as mentioned above).
- Measurements at the receiving end (“Bob") have to follow this rule before extracting the key from the transmitting end (“Alice").
- This technique improves the shifted key generation and the security of the QKD scheme.
- bit data ⁇ ' represented by a vacuum pulse followed by WCP and the phase difference of two pulses is ⁇
- bit data ⁇ represented by a WCP followed by another WCP and the phase difference of two pulses is ⁇ '.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the setup of the Dense Coding Coherent Phase Protocol in the QKD system of the present invention
- FIG. 2 illustrates the detailed setup of the Dense Coding Coherent Phase Protocol in the QKD system
- FIG. 3 illustrates the key generation process at sender's (ALICE) end
- FIG. 4 illustrates the key retrieval process at receiver's (BOB) end
- the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for dual coding coherent phase protocol in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system.
- QKD Quantum Key Distribution
- the present invention discloses an apparatus and method for dual coding coherent phase protocol in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system using a coherent laser source, an intensity modulator and a phase modulator.
- QKD Quantum Key Distribution
- a key generation process at sender's end (Alice) transmitted to receiver's end (Bob) wherein the system includes employs coherent light as carrier for the secret keys.
- the method for Dual Coding Coherent Phase Protocol in QKD system as claimed by the present invention comprises:
- intensity modulator (104) for intensity coding wherein a secret key is coded to generate a train of pulses with bits '1' for weak coherence pulse (WCP) and bits '0' for vacuum pulse,
- WCP weak coherence pulse
- variable attenuator (106) to intensify each signal and to randomly attenuate the decoy bits
- phase modulator (108) for differential phase coding, wherein the intensity coded secret keys is further coded with
- bits '1' for phase difference of 0 bits ⁇ ' for phase difference of ⁇ for weak coherence pulse (WCP);
- the transmitter phase generates the pulses randomly, and as the system relies on the difference between phases, it is termed as phase differential coding.
- the transmitter later transmits the pulses to the receiver.
- Prior art '696 US application and '298 EP patent
- the variable attenuator (106) was added to intensify each signal to the intensity of either signal state or weak decoy or vacuum state randomly.
- the phase value is encoded on each bit as ⁇ ' or V and the addition of an attenuator to a QKD system achieves better performance as evidenced by a higher key generation rate and longer distance.
- the return transmission path of the QKD system uses different kinds of decoy bits to improve security of the security keys.
- the QKD system and method thereof alters a single bit data system or dense coding for 2 bits data or 3 bits data system as illustrated in FIG. 2.
- Dense Coding Protocol the protocol alters the secret and decoy keys.
- the decoy keys include 3 quantum bits of data rather than 1 bit data.
- the combination of phase and vacuum pulses reconstruct the code for the density coding as below:
- Bit data 000 is represent by the WCP followed by another vacuum pulses and phase different between the two pulses of vacuum pulses and WCP is ⁇
- Bit data 001 is represented by the vacuum pulses followed by another WCP and phase different between the two pulses of WCP and WCP is 0
- Bit data 010 is represented by the vacuum pulses followed by another WCP and phase different between the two pulses of WCP and WCP is ⁇
- Bit data 011 is represented by the WCP followed by another WCP and phase different between the two pulses of WCP and WCP is 0
- Bit data 100 is represented by the WCP followed by another WCP and phase different between the two pulses of WCP and WCP is ⁇
- Bit data 101 s represented by the WCP followed by another WCP and phase different between the two pulses of WCP and vacuum is 0
- Bit data 110 is represented by the WCP followed by another WCP and phase different between the two pulses of WCP and vacuum is ⁇
- Bit data 111 is represented by the WCP followed by another vacuum pulses and phase different between the two pulses of vacuum pulses and WCP is 0
- the present invention is novel over and above other prior art due to the use of different kinds of decoy bits to improve security when there is an increase in the uncertainty level. Level of security of the transmitted key is further increased by introducing 6 types of decoy bits of other orientation among the transmitted data.
- Another novel feature of the present invention is by altering the system from a single bit data system to dual coding, or dense coding using 2 bits data or 3 bits data system.
- the present invention utilizes only one way transmission which improves the length of key that can be transmitted using this technique.
Abstract
An apparatus and method (100) for dual coding coherent phase protocol in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system using a coherent laser source (102), an intensity modulator (103) and a phase modulator (105) is disclosed. The system comprises two levels of encoding and six types of decoy bits to further improve security of the secret keys. The system comprises an intensity modulator for intensity coding wherein a secret key is coded, means to generate a train of pulses with bits '1' for weak coherence pulse (WCP and bits O' for vacuum pulse; and a phase modulator for differential phase coding comprises the intensity coded secret key further coded with bits T for phase difference of 0; bits '0' for phase difference of TT for weak coherence pulse (WCP); and decoy bits for other orientation phase difference of vacuum pulse and WCP.
Description
DUAL CODING COHERENT PHASE PROTOCOL
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for dual coding coherent phase protocol in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system using a coherent laser source, an intensity modulator and a phase modulator.
BACKGROUND ART
At present, conventional QKD system utilizes the return transmission path which limits the coverage distance and includes single coding with the use of a single decoy bit. Quantum key distribution involves establishing a key between a sender (known as "Alice" in computer security literature) and a receiver (known as "Bob" in computer security literature) using weak optical signals transmitted over a "quantum channel". Quantum cryptography represents a recent technological development that provides for the assured privacy of a communications link. Conventional QKD system at present fails to adequately handle the situation in which eavesdropping is present on a communications link.
US Patent Application No. 11/071,696 ('696 US application) discloses a method of synchronizing the operation of a two-way QKD system by sending a sync signal in only one direction. The method includes phase-locking the sync signal at one QKD station and the method further includes rapidly switching the operation of the QKD system between three different operating states each having a different timing for the quantum signal. This allows for variations in the timing of all of the timed elements in the QKD system. The uniqueness of the present invention lies in the one-way transmission between parties exchanging secret encrypted keys to improve the secret key length, comprising two levels of encoding end six
types of decoy bits to further improve security of the secret keys. Additionally, the prior art did not disclose the usage of intensity modulator and phase modulator in the QKD system.
In another patent EP Patent No. 2,067,298 B1 ("'298 EP patent") discloses a phase and 5 intensity coding in secure transmission in optical transmission application which covers secret keys, binary bits and the like. The system and method disclosed in the '298 EP patent comprises an emitter and a receiver and an receiving line extending between said emitter and said receiver. However, the method of differential phase coding and intensity coding as revealed in the present invention is different from the EP patent due to the fact that the D present invention employs intensity coding in a different manner, i.e. using decoy bits.
The reach out distance of a QKD system is currently limited because of its plug and play configuration. This coherent pulse QKD system (adopting BB84 protocol) sends weak optical or quantum signals between a sender and a receiver. This weak pulse QKD system works in i the return path, which limits the reach out distance of the system. The security of the BB84 protocol in the QKD system is also susceptible towards Photon Number Splitting (PNS) attacks that can reduce the level of security in the system.
The conventional QKD system typically includes a single shared network between all parties to exchange keys or information. Members communicate and exchange keys by using public keys or shared private keys to send messages through the network. However, public keys are easy to decipher. The logistics of distributing the shared private keys can be complex. Therefore, the present invention discloses a an optical setup that utilizes only one way transmission which improves the length of key that can be transmitted and additionally employs 6 types of decoy bits of other orientation among the transmitted data to further improve the security of the secret keys.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method which employs coherent light as carrier for the secret keys. The method outlines use of Dual Coding Coherent Phase Protocol in Quantum 5 key distribution (QKD) system which allows only one way communication between two parties exchanging secret encryption keys.
In one embodiment of the present invention is the apparatus and method (100) for Dual Coding Coherent Phase Protocol in QKD system which comprises:
D (a) an intensity modulator (102), for intensity coding wherein a secret key is coded to generate a train of pulses with bits '1' for weak coherence pulse (WCP) and bits '0' for vacuum pulse; and
(b) a phase modulator (108), for differential phase coding, wherein the intensity coded secret keys is further coded with
Ϊ (i) bits Ί ' for phase difference of 0;
(ii) bits Ό' for phase difference of π for WCP; and
(ii) decoy bits for other orientation phase difference of vacuum pulse and WCP.
Phase values are encoded onto each bit to improve the level of security. The phase difference between the weak pulses is used as a code for the second coding. Phase difference of π represents the key value of '1' while phase difference 0 (no phase difference at all) represent the key value of Ό' (subject that the signal before interference follows the coded intensity as mentioned above). Measurements at the receiving end ("Bob") have to follow this rule before extracting the key from the transmitting end ("Alice"). This technique improves the shifted key generation and the security of the QKD scheme. In order to extract the bit data, the scheme below is implemented:
(a) bit data Ό', represented by a vacuum pulse followed by WCP and the phase difference of two pulses is π
(b) bit data Ύ, represented by a WCP followed by another WCP and the phase difference of two pulses is Ό'.
The present invention consists of several novel features and a combination of parts hereinafter fully described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it being understood that various changes in the details may be made without departing from the scope of the invention or sacrificing any of the advantages of the present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
To further clarify various aspects of some embodiments of the present invention, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by references to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated, in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates the setup of the Dense Coding Coherent Phase Protocol in the QKD system of the present invention
FIG. 2 illustrates the detailed setup of the Dense Coding Coherent Phase Protocol in the QKD system
FIG. 3 illustrates the key generation process at sender's (ALICE) end FIG. 4 illustrates the key retrieval process at receiver's (BOB) end
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for dual coding coherent phase protocol in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system. Hereinafter, this specification will describe the present invention according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention. However, it is to be understood that limiting the description to the preferred embodiments of the invention is merely to facilitate discussion of the present invention and it is envisioned that those skilled in the art may devise various modifications and equivalents without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
The present invention discloses an apparatus and method for dual coding coherent phase protocol in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system using a coherent laser source, an intensity modulator and a phase modulator.
In FIG. 1, a key generation process at sender's end (Alice) transmitted to receiver's end (Bob) is disclosed, wherein the system includes employs coherent light as carrier for the secret keys. The method for Dual Coding Coherent Phase Protocol in QKD system as claimed by the present invention comprises:
(a) coherent laser source (102) which employs coherent light as carrier for the secret keys
(b) intensity modulator (104) for intensity coding wherein a secret key is coded to generate a train of pulses with bits '1' for weak coherence pulse (WCP) and bits '0' for vacuum pulse,
(c) variable attenuator (106) to intensify each signal and to randomly attenuate the decoy bits, and
(d) phase modulator (108) for differential phase coding, wherein the intensity coded secret keys is further coded with
(i) bits '1' for phase difference of 0;
(ii) bits Ό' for phase difference of π for weak coherence pulse (WCP); and
(iii) decoy bits for other orientation phase difference of vacuum pulse and WCP.
The transmitter phase generates the pulses randomly, and as the system relies on the difference between phases, it is termed as phase differential coding. The transmitter later transmits the pulses to the receiver. Prior art ('696 US application and '298 EP patent) does not disclose the use of intensity coding and/or differential phase coding as described in the present invention. To implement the weak decoy and vacuum protocol, the variable attenuator (106) was added to intensify each signal to the intensity of either signal state or weak decoy or vacuum state randomly. In dual coding, the phase value is encoded on each bit as Ό' or V and the addition of an attenuator to a QKD system achieves better performance as evidenced by a higher key generation rate and longer distance. The return transmission path of the QKD system uses different kinds of decoy bits to improve security of the security keys. To accomplish these objectives, the QKD system and method thereof alters a single bit data system or dense coding for 2 bits data or 3 bits data system as illustrated in FIG. 2. In Dense Coding Protocol, the protocol alters the secret and decoy keys. The decoy keys include 3 quantum bits of data rather than 1 bit data. The combination of phase and vacuum pulses reconstruct the code for the density coding as below:
(a) Bit data 000 is represent by the WCP followed by another vacuum pulses and phase different between the two pulses of vacuum pulses and WCP is π
(b) Bit data 001 is represented by the vacuum pulses followed by another WCP and phase different between the two pulses of WCP and WCP is 0
(c) Bit data 010 is represented by the vacuum pulses followed by another WCP and phase different between the two pulses of WCP and WCP is π
(d) Bit data 011 is represented by the WCP followed by another WCP and phase different between the two pulses of WCP and WCP is 0
(e) Bit data 100 is represented by the WCP followed by another WCP and phase different between the two pulses of WCP and WCP is π
(f) Bit data 101 s represented by the WCP followed by another WCP and phase different between the two pulses of WCP and vacuum is 0
(g) Bit data 110 is represented by the WCP followed by another WCP and phase different between the two pulses of WCP and vacuum is π
(h) Bit data 111 is represented by the WCP followed by another vacuum pulses and phase different between the two pulses of vacuum pulses and WCP is 0
(i) The other combination of pulses is decoy signal which improve the security of the system during communication system.
The present invention is novel over and above other prior art due to the use of different kinds of decoy bits to improve security when there is an increase in the uncertainty level. Level of security of the transmitted key is further increased by introducing 6 types of decoy bits of other orientation among the transmitted data. Another novel feature of the present invention is by altering the system from a single bit data system to dual coding, or dense coding using 2 bits data or 3 bits data system. The present invention utilizes only one way transmission which improves the length of key that can be transmitted using this technique.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing descriptions. All changes, which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims, are to be embraced within their scope.
Claims
1. An apparatus for dual coding coherent phase protocol in a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system, comprising:
an intensity modulator (104) for intensity coding; and
a phase modulator (108) for differential phase coding the at least one intensity coded secret key and a plurality of decoy bits.
2. The apparatus for dual coding coherent phase protocol in a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system according to claim 1 wherein the intensity modulator codes the at least one secret key with a train of pulses having bits '1' for a weak coherence pulse (WCP) and bits '0' for vacuum pulse; and
the phase modulator further codes the at least one intensity coded secret key with bits for a phase difference of 0, bits Ό' for a phase difference of π for a weak coherence pulse (WCP), and the plurality of decoy bits for other orientation phase difference of vacuum pulse and WCP.
3. The apparatus for dual coding coherent phase protocol in a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system according to claim 1, further comprising:
a variable attenuator (106).
4. The apparatus for dual coding coherent phase protocol in a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system according to claim 1 , further comprising:
a telecommunication fiber communicating with the phase modulator to a decoder.
5. A method (100) for dual coding coherent phase protocol in a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system, comprising:
means to intensity coding at least one secret key with an intensity modulator (104); means to generate a train of pulses with bits Ύ for weak coherence pulse (WCP and bits Ό' for vacuum pulse; and
means for differential phase coding the at least one intensity coded secret key with a phase modulator (108).
6. The method for dual coding coherent phase protocol in a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system according to claim 5 wherein the at least one intensity coded secret key is coded with bits for a phase difference of 0, bits Ό' for a phase difference of π for weak coherence pulse (WCP), and
coding a plurality of decoy bits for any phase difference of vacuum pulse.
7. The method for dual coding coherent phase protocol in a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system according to claim 6 wherein the plurality of decoy bits is randomly attenuated by a variable attenuator.
8. The method for dual coding coherent phase protocol in a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system according to claim 7 wherein the plurality of decoy bits have a phase difference of '0' or V.
9. A method for dense coding coherent phase protocol in a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system, comprising:
means to intensity coding at least one secret key with an intensity modulator (104); and
means for coding a plurality of decoy bits to have three quantum bits for one bit data.
10. The method for dense coding coherent phase protocol in a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system according to claim 9, wherein the at least one secret key has 3 quantum bits of data.
11. The method for dense coding coherent phase protocol in a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system according to claim 9, wherein each of the at least one secret key has a phase difference of Ό' or Ίτ\
12. The method for dense coding coherent phase protocol in a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system according to claim 11, wherein the phase difference and bit data of the at least one secret key are altered to have a bit data of 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, or 111.
13. The method for dense coding coherent phase protocol in a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system according to claim 9, wherein the plurality of decoy bits has six different combinations of 3 quantum bits for one bit data.
14. The method for dense coding coherent phase protocol in a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system according to claim 13, wherein a first level of coding is intensity coding the plurality of secret keys to have a bit data of 000, 001 , 010, 011 , 100, 101 , 110, or 111 ; and a second level of coding is coding the plurality of decoy bits with 3 quantum bits for one bit data to improve the security of the plurality of secret keys.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| MYPI2010004432A MY153911A (en) | 2010-09-23 | 2010-09-23 | Dual coding coherent phase protocol |
| MYPI201004432 | 2010-09-23 |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| WO2012039595A1 true WO2012039595A1 (en) | 2012-03-29 |
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| PCT/MY2010/000303 WO2012039595A1 (en) | 2010-09-23 | 2010-11-29 | Dual coding coherent phase protocol |
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| MY (1) | MY153911A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2012039595A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| EP2885886A4 (en) * | 2012-08-17 | 2016-04-27 | Los Alamos Nat Security Llc | Quantum communications system with integrated photonic devices |
| US9866379B2 (en) | 2011-09-30 | 2018-01-09 | Los Alamos National Security, Llc | Polarization tracking system for free-space optical communication, including quantum communication |
| CN108880802A (en) * | 2018-07-11 | 2018-11-23 | 长春大学 | Classic network accesses quantum-key distribution network encryption fused controlling method |
| CN109167663A (en) * | 2018-10-30 | 2019-01-08 | 成都信息工程大学 | A kind of multi-user quantum cryptographic key distribution method and system based on dense coding |
| JP2019148794A (en) * | 2018-02-22 | 2019-09-05 | 株式会社東芝 | Transmitter for quantum communication system, quantum communication system, and method of generating intensity modulated photon pulses |
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| US20070127932A1 (en) * | 2005-12-01 | 2007-06-07 | Bing Qi | Method, system and apparatus for optical phase modulation based on frequency shift |
| WO2009095644A1 (en) * | 2008-01-28 | 2009-08-06 | Qinetiq Limited | Optical transmitters and receivers for quantum key distribution |
| WO2009141585A1 (en) * | 2008-05-19 | 2009-11-26 | Qinetiq Limited | Multiplexed quantum key distribution |
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- 2010-09-23 MY MYPI2010004432A patent/MY153911A/en unknown
- 2010-11-29 WO PCT/MY2010/000303 patent/WO2012039595A1/en active Application Filing
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20070127932A1 (en) * | 2005-12-01 | 2007-06-07 | Bing Qi | Method, system and apparatus for optical phase modulation based on frequency shift |
| WO2009095644A1 (en) * | 2008-01-28 | 2009-08-06 | Qinetiq Limited | Optical transmitters and receivers for quantum key distribution |
| WO2009141585A1 (en) * | 2008-05-19 | 2009-11-26 | Qinetiq Limited | Multiplexed quantum key distribution |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9866379B2 (en) | 2011-09-30 | 2018-01-09 | Los Alamos National Security, Llc | Polarization tracking system for free-space optical communication, including quantum communication |
| EP2885886A4 (en) * | 2012-08-17 | 2016-04-27 | Los Alamos Nat Security Llc | Quantum communications system with integrated photonic devices |
| US9819418B2 (en) | 2012-08-17 | 2017-11-14 | Los Alamos National Security, Llc | Quantum communications system with integrated photonic devices |
| JP2019148794A (en) * | 2018-02-22 | 2019-09-05 | 株式会社東芝 | Transmitter for quantum communication system, quantum communication system, and method of generating intensity modulated photon pulses |
| CN108880802A (en) * | 2018-07-11 | 2018-11-23 | 长春大学 | Classic network accesses quantum-key distribution network encryption fused controlling method |
| CN108880802B (en) * | 2018-07-11 | 2020-11-24 | 长春大学 | Encryption fusion control method for classical network access quantum key distribution network |
| CN109167663A (en) * | 2018-10-30 | 2019-01-08 | 成都信息工程大学 | A kind of multi-user quantum cryptographic key distribution method and system based on dense coding |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| MY153911A (en) | 2015-04-15 |
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