WO2012010720A1 - Concentrateur de rayonnement solaire, à multiples miroirs paraboliques indépendants - Google Patents

Concentrateur de rayonnement solaire, à multiples miroirs paraboliques indépendants Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012010720A1
WO2012010720A1 PCT/ES2011/000209 ES2011000209W WO2012010720A1 WO 2012010720 A1 WO2012010720 A1 WO 2012010720A1 ES 2011000209 W ES2011000209 W ES 2011000209W WO 2012010720 A1 WO2012010720 A1 WO 2012010720A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
mirror
receiver
mirrors
angle
central point
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/ES2011/000209
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English (en)
Spanish (es)
Inventor
José María MARTÍNEZ-VAL PEÑALOSA
Manuel VALDÉS DEL FRESNO
Alberto ABÁNADES VELASCO
Rubén AMENGUAL MATAS
Javier MUÑOZ ANTÓN
Mireia Piera Carrete
María José MONTES PITA
Antonio Rovira De Antonio
Original Assignee
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Universidad Nacional De Educación A Distancia
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Application filed by Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Universidad Nacional De Educación A Distancia filed Critical Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Publication of WO2012010720A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012010720A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S30/00—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules
    • F24S30/40—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules for rotary movement
    • F24S30/42—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules for rotary movement with only one rotation axis
    • F24S30/425—Horizontal axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S23/74—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors with trough-shaped or cylindro-parabolic reflective surfaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S2020/10—Solar modules layout; Modular arrangements
    • F24S2020/16—Preventing shading effects
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S2023/87—Reflectors layout
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/47—Mountings or tracking

Definitions

  • the invention falls within the field of solar power plants that require concentration of the original radiation, which in this case is reflected by a series of longitudinal mirrors whose longer axes are horizontal or slightly inclined, and rotatable in direction to rotate around its axis of longitudinal symmetry; focusing the radiation reflected on a similarly longitudinal receiver, with its long horizontal axis or slightly inclined, and with some inclination in a transverse direction, and parallel to the axes of the mirrors.
  • Said receiver can have very different structures and be composed of very different materials, since it can be dedicated to high temperature thermal uses, photovoital conversion, photochemical or thermochemical processes, or any phenomenon that needs electromagnetic radiation of a visible, infrared or ultraviolet type.
  • the receiver will have an active surface or face, which is what is truly relevant for the purposes of this invention, and is the area in which the concentrated radiation is affected and absorbed.
  • the invention is framed in the so-called solar field, which is the set of mirrors with their frames and corresponding focus elements, to reflect solar radiation directly from the sun on said active face, accumulating on it an intensity much higher than solar radiation original, because the radiation coming from several reflective surfaces has an impact on the active surface unit of the receiver, which in total adds up to a surface several times larger than said surface unit.
  • the invention has an immediate antecedent, which is patent application P201000644, which deals with a concentrating device for solar radiation, with longitudinal mirrors, rotating around its longest axis, these axes being parallel to each other and parallel in turn to the active face of the receiver in its longitudinal direction
  • patent application P201000644 deals with a concentrating device for solar radiation, with longitudinal mirrors, rotating around its longest axis, these axes being parallel to each other and parallel in turn to the active face of the receiver in its longitudinal direction
  • the inventors of said application are the same as signing fa present.
  • the fundamental difference between the two lies in the straight section profile used in the longitudinal mirrors that make up the solar field.
  • the straight section of the mirrors corresponds to circular arcs, which do not produce a perfect concentration of the rays parallel to their axis of symmetry, but provide an acceptable concentration when the angular aperture with which the mirror is illuminated from the
  • the central point of the active face of the receiver is small enough that its value, in radians, coincides with the sine of the angle, at least in the first three decimal places.
  • a perfect concentration of the rays parallel to the axis of symmetry of each receiver-mirror assembly is sought, which is achieved with parabolic profiles in the straight sections of the mirrors.
  • the mirrors only perfectly concentrate the sun's rays in a position of the sun in the celestial vault; and the invention serves to give the precise constructive prescriptions so that the concentration of radiation on the receiver is as high as possible, with the restrictions that impose on the width of the mirrors.
  • This low value of the radiation received Prevents the heating fiuido, which circulates through the absorber tubes, from reaching high temperatures. Or in the photovoltaic case, it prevents the necessary radiation from reaching high-performance cells, which can only be manufactured in small quantities because they are very expensive, but that provide good performance when they are heated with an intensity tens of times greater than natural,
  • the problem to be solved is to reach said sufficiently high concentration values in a device of this basic geometry, dimensioning its constituent elements in a novel way, taking into account the natural opening of the solar light and drift, or displacement of the path , of the rays reflected by a pattern, when it is turned to focus on the sun in any position that does not coincide with that of reference, which is used to define its geometry.
  • the invention starts from a set of slightly concave mirrors in a transverse direction, parallel to each other, of markedly longitudinal geometry, that is, with a length much greater than its width.
  • the mirrors have only a degree of freedom of rotation, and specifically their axis of rotation coincides with their axis of longitudinal symmetry, which in turn is the axis that takes support in standard cylindrical bearings, which are based on the pillars that , every certain length of length, they are embedded in the ground and rigidly support the aforementioned bearings, whereby the clamping axis, which is also the axis of rotation, it is always fixed in that straight line position, although it can rotate on its imaginary center axis!
  • a cogwheel, an auger or a rotating pulley is attached jointly, which by means of an electric motor or a hydraulic pusher, either acting through a direct gear, or through chain or transmission belt, forces the mirror to rotate on its longitudinal central axis, taking the corresponding inclination so that its reflected rays are focused on the active surface of the longitudinal receiver.
  • the invention includes specific novel aspects about the straight section profile of each mirror, according to its position relative to the receiver.
  • the solar astronomical tables allow to know the situation of the sun at all times, so it is possible to determine with total precision, within (as natural solar tolerances, what the inclination of each mirror should be so that its reflected rays affect the receiver, whose Longitudinal axis is parallel to the set of axes of the mirrors.It is important to remember that the maximum angular height at which the sun rises above the local horizon, when passing through the meridian in the summer solstice, is the sum of the complementary angle to the latitude of the place, plus 23 ° 27 '(degrees and sexagesimal minutes) being this last value the inclination of the ecliptic axis, and the lowest angular height being the difference between both quantities, in the winter solstice.
  • this geometric set of concentration of solar radiation has two different basic assemblies: one according to the meridian, in which the longitudinal axes of the mirrors and the receiver go in a North-South direction; and another according to the local parallel, in which the longitudinal axes of the mirrors and the receiver go in an East-West direction; other mounts are also possible, the longitudinal axes going in any direction in e! local horizontal plane.
  • the optical plane or work plane which is a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axes, and therefore cuts transversely and perpendicularly to the receiver and the mirrors. Said cut can be fixed at any point along the length of the axes.
  • the arrangement can be as jarga as desired, but transversely it must meet the specifications set forth in the invention.
  • the diurnal orbit of the so! It varies between seasons.
  • the sun rises well below the heading of 90 °, which is the East, rises little in the southern part of the celestial vault, and sets south of heading 270 ", which is the West.
  • the projection of this orbit in the work plane is a trace, practically straight, that rises with little slope from, its ortho, to the south of the location that it has, still pointing further south, and higher, staying at the angular height already explained, of the difference of the complementary latitude and inclination of the ecliptic axis.
  • the real inclination is measured, with all its components, the maximum value is obtained when it passes through the local meridian.
  • the real inclination is around 25 ° (in Spanish latitudes, at the beginning of the summer).
  • the parameter "a" of proportionality between the square of the abscissa the ordinate, has a value that is exactly equal to a quarter of the inverse of the focal length, this being the distance from the apex to the focus.
  • a mirror of those employed in this invention is given a parabolic profile, such that its focal length is equal to that between the midpoint of the mirror and the midpoint of the receiver, all the rays that They go parallel to the axis of symmetry, converge at the midpoint of the receiver. This is not the case of rays not parallel to the axis of symmetry, which is one of the main causes of loss of performance in Fresne assemblies! of reflection, and what motivates this invention, which aims to remedy that weakness as a solar device.
  • the fundamental problem is that only for a solar position on the work plane, given the fixed locations of the receiver and of! center of the mirror, you can take advantage of the above property of radiation concentration on a focus. For the rest of the solar positions projected on the work plane in their daily trajectory, which are a majority, that property is not given.
  • the invention precisely addresses this reality, and provides such a device configuration that achieves high concentrations on the receiver, from a field of longitudinal mirrors such as the classic Fresnel reflection assemblies, but with unique novel specifications.
  • the invention consists in configuring the high concentration solar device with the following elements, optically connected to each other by the solar radiation paths:
  • a solar radiation receiver longitudinally, supported high by pillars or structural frames, in general! braced transversely, with a height on the ground in accordance with the reflection of the radiation reflected by the mirrors, and consisting of an active surface or face that is where the concentrated radiation affects, said transverse face having a certain inclination on the ground, and the receiver also being constituted by elements that will depend on the ultimate purpose of the power plant in question, which may be photovoltaic generation, activation of photochemical processes, or heating of a thermal fluid to reach high temperatures;
  • the longitudinal axis of symmetry of each mirror being parallel to the longitudinal axis of the receiver
  • the specular surface being seated 1 in a structure composed of a longitudinal rigid axis that coincides with the longitudinal symmetry axis of the specular surface , and serves as its fundamental support, also having small rigid crossbars integral to said material axis, which it is.
  • the specular surface rotates, the rotation materializing by the action of any gear mechanism or transmission belt that is located at one end of the shaft or at an intermediate position of its length, which can be activated either by electric motor either by hydraulic drive; and the material axis being supported inside cylindrical bearings, whose outer part is fixed and integral with the supporting pillars or feet of the mirror and its structure, which are embedded in the corresponding foundations in the field, the bearing-pillar assembly existing every certain distance, coinciding with that provision with a small interruption of the specular surface, if it is chosen because it rotates the entire circumference, which is unnecessary for the radiation approach, but it may be of interest for reasons of cleaning and reducing the dynamic wind load against the mirror; or keeping the specular surface continuous, above the support structure, if the complete circumference rotation is not chosen; the concave surface mirrors being towards its reflective side, said concavity materializing, for each mirror, with the profile of the parabola passing through the center of the mirror and focusing on the central point of the active face of the receiver,
  • the invention can preferably be realized in two geographical configurations: according to the local meridian, or North-South, and according to the local parallel, or East-West.
  • the meridian there is a field of mirrors on each side of the receiver, by symmetry of the daytime solar movement, and instead of a single central receiver, there may be two, eri dual or double mounting, with the faces active looking at each of the fields, respectively.
  • an optical or working plane is used, which is a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axes, and therefore cuts transversely and perpendicularly to the receiver and mirrors. Said cut or can be fixed at any point along the length of the axes.
  • the corresponding work plane is used to specify in it the transverse inclination of the mirror, whose axis of longitudinal symmetry will cut the mentioned plane at a point, which is designated as the center of the mirror in question.
  • angles that form some lines (generally associated with rays and visuals from one point to another) with the abscissa axis are defined, and these angles are measured according to the usual trigonometry pattern flat, turning counterclockwise or levógiro from the positive axis of abscissa.
  • This trigonometric criterion is also applied when it comes to the local coordinate system, associated with each mirror, in which case the ordinate axis is the normal line to the mirror at its central point, and its abscissa axis is perpendicular to the previous axis in the center of the mirror, which is the origin of coordinates.
  • the complete parabola that passes through the center of the mirror is determined, which is its center of rotation in said plane of work, and which focuses on the central point of the active face of the recipient.
  • the mirror in question is the arc of that parabola contained in a circle of radius E / 2, centered on the center of rotation of the mirror, E being what is called the effective width of the mirror; which is determined in such a way that the drift, or lateral displacement, of the rays reflected from the ends of the mirror, does not exceed a fraction P, less than 1, of the apparent width W of the active face of the receiver seen from the mirror, which is equal to the real width of its active face, R, which is where the radiation affects, multiplied by the cosine of the angle formed by the visual to the central point of the active face of the receiver from the central point of the mirror, and the normal line to the active face of the receiver at its central point.
  • R is set by the aforementioned property of having the original solar radiation an opening of 1/107 radians.
  • the width of the active face of the receiver, R is set at 1/107 of the length that * results from dividing the distance from the center of the mirror farthest from the receiver, to the center of the active face of the receiver, by the cosine from the angle formed by the visual to the central point of the active face of the receiver from the central point of said mirror, and the normal line to the active face of the receiver at its central point.
  • the invention contains a complete set of prescriptions to uniquely determine the geometric characteristics of the elements of the device, depending on the optical relationships established between them, and specifically refer to the height at which the receiver is located, the width of the active face of the receiver and its inclination; as well as the position of the successive mirrors across the solar field, their width and, above all, the profile of their straight section. Additionally, the prescription of focus is given to so! of each mirror at every moment.
  • the reference situation of the sun to determine the parabolic profile of the mirrors must be astronomically representative, that is, it must represent a situation in which solar energy has a relevant value and is in turn average of the relevant situations, as it is when the parabola is perfectly focused on the central point of the receiver.
  • the situation or position of reference is defined by the inclination with which the solar rays affect the horizontal, always expressed in the work plane.
  • This inclination in the methodology to determine the parabolic profiles of the mirrors, is measured by the angle formed by the solar rays of the reference position with the vertical axis, which is the ordinate of the device's coordinate system.
  • it is measured by the angle of position of the solar rays in relation to the axis of abscissa of the reference system associated to the work plane, counted in a levógiro sense from the positive semi-axis of abscissa.
  • the angle taken as the position of the reference corresponds to the semi-sum of 90 ° with the maximum solar height angle, which is the sum of the complementary latitude of the place plus 23 ° 27 '; which is equivalent to that the angle of the reference solar rays, with respect to the vertical axis, is the complement of said semi-sum.
  • the situation angle that is taken as a reference has as a value the semi-sum of 90 ° sexagesimal with the supplementary angle of maximum solar height, being the latter the sum of complementary angle of the latitude of the place plus 23 ° 27 '; which means that the angle of the reference solar rays, with respect to the vertical axis, is negative, and corresponds to the value 90 ° less! to the above-mentioned semi-sum, having the solar rays of reference negative slope in the system of coordinates of the installation ; given the symmetrical situation in the assemblies according to the parallel in the southern hemisphere,
  • a capital specification is the height at which the receiver is placed, and its inclination with respect to the horizontal, which depends on the distance to the mirror furthest from the field in question. For reasons of having a good transparency to pass through the receiver cover, it is convenient that the reflected beams impinge near the perpendicular on the active face of the receiver. Elf leads to place the receiver at a certain height, giving indirect prescriptions, because the inclination of the active face of the receiver is defined because it must be normal to the bisector of the field from the central point of the active face of the receiver, said being bisector of the angle that is formed with the lines that go from the central point of the active face of the receiver to the central point of the mirror closest to the receiver, and to the center point of the furthest mirror.
  • the value of the acute angle that horizontally forms the line that joins the center point of the furthest mirror in the field with the center point of the active surface of the receiver is selected in a range of values between 10 ° and 80 °, with a reference value of 45 °.
  • the length of the mirrors must be at least the length of the receiver, but a somewhat longer length is recommended, with a length added by the side from which solar radiation is to be received in the hours of efficient heat stroke, which is the south, in the Northern Hemisphere, for assemblies according to the meridian, the mirrors can be shortened equally by the north side, and vice versa in the southern hemisphere, For assemblies according to the parallel, or east-west orientation, the mirrors must be longer on both sides, with respect to the length of the receiver.
  • the added length is equal to the height of the midpoint of the active face of the receiver, divided by the tangent of an angle formed by solar radiation and the horizontal or abscissa axis, selected in the design between 20 degrees and 90 sexagesimal degrees.
  • receiver-mirror assemblies In a solar power plant there can be a plurality of these receiver-mirror assemblies, which will be parallel to each other; being able to have equal, or different lengths, according to the terrain orography.
  • the operation of the invention incorporates a method of specifying the angle of rotation or inclination that each mirror must have at each moment with respect to the general coordinate system of the field, consisting in that the central beam of the solar beam that strikes the central point of the
  • the mirror in question which is the central point of its straight section, as seen in the optical or working plane, is reflected on the central point of the face or active surface of the corresponding receiver, which means that it is normal to the mirror in its central point it coincides with the bisector of the angle that forms, in the optical plane, the projection on this plane of the mentioned incident ray and the line that joins the central point of that mirror with the central point of the receiver, being called the reference line of the mirror to this last straight.
  • the position angle of this line is defined, which joins the central point of the mirror in question with the central point of the receiver, as the angle formed by this line with respect to the positive axis of abscissa of the general coordinate system, which is parallel to the horizontal of the place. All the lines have their corresponding angle of situation, in the general coordinate system of the device, with respect to the axis of abscissa, always counted in a levógiro sense, from the positive semi-axis of abscissa.
  • the central rays of the solar radiation beams have an angle of incidence on the horizontal one that will be given by the astronomical data for each moment, although said angle of incidence has to be defined in the work plane, and therefore corresponds to the projection of solar radiation on this plane.
  • the inclination prescription of each mirror is that the normal to the mirror at its central point has a situation angle that is the semi-sum of the position angle of the reference line of the mirror and the angle of incidence of solar radiation, all in its expression or in its projection in the work plane, and remembering that all these angles are measured with respect to the positive axis of abscissa, in a levogyral sense.
  • the invention includes a variant in the prescription of the focus of the parabola on the central point of the adiva face of the recipient, since this approach can produce very high values of the intensity of the radiation around said point.
  • the variant consists in defining as a focus of the parabola a point beyond the aforementioned central point of the active face of the receiver, although the new focus must be on the same line that joins the center of the mirror with the central point of the active surface. of the receiver.
  • the distance between the central point of the active face and the focus can be defined by design in a specific application, the distance between the central point of the active face and the focus being generally set as a fraction of the distance from the center of the mirror to the center of the active face of the receiver, said fraction being selected between 0 and 1.
  • the basic prescription of this variant is that said distance is proportional to the distance from the center of the mirror to the center of the active face of! receiver, in the same proportion as the maximum drift of rays reflected from the mirror with respect to its width.
  • the centers of the mirrors which are their centers of rotation in the work plane, are preferably located in a horizontal line, that is, all the mirrors are at the same height, for a few hours they will receive solar radiation from the East, and others from the West.
  • the effective lighting is always from the Sür, in the Northern Hemisphere, and from the North in the Southern Hemisphere, except in the tropics, and except in the very early hours of the morning and very early! sunset, when the sun is at the end of spring and beginning of summer, farther north than the local parallel, in the northern hemisphere, but then its illumination is not thermally effective.
  • This lighting asymmetry means that, for the mirror field north of the receiver, in the northern hemisphere, the height of the centers of the mirrors on the work plane, and therefore at local altitude, can go increasing as the mirrors move away from the receiver, to have a better reflectivity of the radiation on it, with the only limitation of the shadow that the last mirrors would cast on the next set of receiver-mirrors that can be found further north of the set under consideration, in the Northern Hemisphere.
  • the symmetric situation with respect to the equator, occurs and the increase in this height is applied to the fields south of the receiver.
  • the invention is applicable to any purpose, since the receiver can be configured with devices selected from thermal type, photovoltaic type, or other phenomena that involve physicochemical or molecular transformations by radiation action,
  • Figure 1 shows a diagram, in straight section, of the solar device, corresponding to a double reflector mount, or dual mount.
  • Figure 2 shows the three-dimensional scheme of a receiver-mirror assembly in the assembly according to the parallel, arranged north of the parallel in the northern hemisphere.
  • Figure 3 shows a cross-section of the reflection of rays on an arc of parabolic mirror, in the solar situation chosen as reference, showing the concentration of rays on the focus of the parabola, which coincides with the center of the receiver. It serves to determine the parable in question. It is noted that the symbols included to identify the incident ray with its reflection, and both with its bisector, are specific to each figure, so they cannot be used to analyze others.
  • Figure 4 shows the same mirror focused for another solar position.
  • the phenomenon of ia is derived from extreme rays.
  • Figure 5 schematically shows the straight section of a mirror that rotates around its central point, in an assembly according to the parallel and to the south of the receiver (in the Northern Hemisphere), from the position considered effective solar ortho to the maximum height of the sun, passing through an intermediate taken as a reference, indicating the drift of the rays reflected from each end.
  • Figure 6 shows the geometric scheme for calculating the value of fa derived from the rays reflected from a mirror like that of the previous figure, between the two extreme situations of position of the sun for a typical case.
  • Figure 7 shows the scheme of dimensions of the device, with a field of mirrors serving a receiver, and its inclination with respect to the horizontal and mirrors in general.
  • Figure 8 shows the diagram of an assembly according to the parallel, with the mirrors to the north of the receiver, in the Northern hemisphere, indicating the elements for the calculation of the parabolic arc of each mirror.
  • Figure 9 shows the scheme of an assembly according to the parallel, with the mirrors to the north of the receiver, in the Northern hemisphere, indicating the representative angles of the rotation of a mirror along the tracking of the daytime solar path.
  • Figure 10 shows, enlarged, the representative angles presented in Figure 9, to calculate the drift of the rays at the ends of! mirror.
  • Figure 11 shows the coordinate system X *, Y * as most suitable for the construction of the mirror parabola.
  • Figure 12 shows the variant of the parabola approach, one point beyond the central point of the active face of the receiver
  • Figure 13 shows an assembly according to the parallel, with the mirrors north of the receiver, in the Northern Hemisphere, with increasing elevation at the central points of the consecutive mirrors.
  • Solar radiation receiver whose transverse width of its active face, where the radiation is affected and absorbed, is R. It can take various positions depending on whether the assembly is according to the meridian or according to the parallel, but its properties are generic, and it is mounted on pillars or rods that support it at a considerable height on the ground.
  • the receiver may consist of various elements according to their purposes. It can be a set of photovoltaic cells; or a bundle of radiation absorption tubes within which a heating fluid circulated; or any other arrangement to fulfill the function of capturing the energy reflected by the field of mirrors.
  • Figure 1 shows two receivers placed symmetrically, in a double or dual assembly.
  • Active surface or face of the receiver (1) whose transverse width is R, where concentrated solar radiation is absorbed.
  • Longitudinal mirror that reflects the original solar radiation on the receiver (1), and that is closer to the receiver.
  • Curdled pillars that maintain in their height and position the axes of the mirrors, generically represented by (7).
  • System axis of the system (X, Y) in the work plane for a specific field of mirrors and is the vertical axis that passes through the central point (3) of the active face (2) of the receiver (1).
  • System abscissa axis (X, Y) in the work plane which is the horizontal line that passes through the central point (88) of the mirror (5) closest to the receiver (1), and is therefore perpendicular to the axis of ordinates (10). Origin of coordinates, which is the intersection between the axes (10) and (11).
  • Interior elements of the receiver (1) can be a set of longitudinal tubes, within which the heating fluid that carries most of the heat deposited by the radiation on the active surface (2) of the receiver (1) circulates; or it can be the set of photovoltaic cells and cables in the case of the photovoltaic application, or the elements of any other system of use of concentrated radiation.
  • Right endpoint of a generic mirror (7) It adopts various positions (36a, 36b and 36c) depending on the position of the sun, depending on the arrival of the rays (46a, 46b and 46c).
  • the angle taken as the reference position corresponds to the semi-sum of 90 ° with the maximum solar height angle, which is the sum of the complementary latitude of the place plus 23 ° 27 '; and with the mirrors of the field to the north of the receiver, the situation angle that is taken as a reference has as a value the semi-sum of 90 ° sexagesimal with the supplementary angle of maximum solar height, the latter being the sum of the complementary angle of the latitude of the place more 23 ° 27 '. .
  • Position angle of the normal to the mirror at its central point representing exclusively by the elements (54a, 54b and 54c), which varies from the reference position (54a) to that of focusing on the sun in the effective ortho, ( 54b) or at the maximum solar height (54c) in the assemblies according to the parallel,
  • Second mirror of a consecutive couple of them, used in the procedure of determining the separation between them.
  • angles are identified by the letter A followed by their reference number, and are used with this designation in the explanation of the embodiments.
  • the angles are in several cases of the situation of a line, and in this case they are measured levógiro from the positive axis of abscissa of the system in which they are defined, which can be the general of the field, or the specific one of a mirror.
  • A42 is the complementary angle of the angular height of the sun in the work plane.
  • the angular height of the sun is represented generically by A20 (element 20).
  • A47a which is the reference angle of sunlight, as explained in element 47.
  • A55 which is the angle of the straight line that joins the central point of a mirror with the central point of the receiver. There is therefore an A55 for each mirror.
  • A74 Angle of inclination of the beam that comes out of one end of the mirror in a situation of focus in the reference position, with respect to the straight line (48).
  • D is the distance from the central point (25) of a mirror to the central point (3) of the active face of the receiver (1).
  • Dmax is the maximum value of D, which corresponds to the last mirror (24) of the field (the furthest from the receiver (1)).
  • E is the width of a mirror, which is determined based on the drift produced, so that it is bounded to a fraction of R.
  • F focal length, which is the distance from the focus to the apex. In figure 3 it corresponds to the distance between the center point (3) of the active face of the receiver (1) and the apex (37).
  • H is the height of! central point (3) of the receiver (1), on the origin of coordinates (1).
  • P is the ratio between the maximum ray drift that is allowed in the mirrors, and the value of the visual width W of the active surface (2) of the receiver.
  • Q mirror quality factor which is greater than 1 when the mirror is of good quality and its manufacturing tolerances do not introduce deformations significant in the reflection of rays; and is less than 1 when introduced.
  • its value is limited between 0.5 and 2.
  • R is the transverse width of the active face of the receiver (1), which is equal to the distance from the center point (64) of the furthest mirror (24) to the center point (3) of the active face of the receiver (1) , divided by 107; and also divided by a quality factor Q of said mirror; and also divided by the cosine of the angle A100, which is the particularized A99 for said mirror.
  • T is an angle that modifies the inclination of the active face of the receiver, depending on the orientation that you want to give with respect to the bisector of the field.
  • V is the maximum drift of the rays in a mirror, which depends on the construction data and the type of assembly, as well as the reference situation of the so! That is chosen by design.
  • W is the visual or apparent transverse width of the active face (2) of the receiver (1), as seen from the center of a mirror, which is equal to the value of R multiplied by the cosine of the angle A99 of the mirror in question.
  • mirrors (7) of elongated rectangular shape, which can be made of any reflective material, the mirrors having a lower structural framework to maintain their shape and be able to be rotated around its longitudinal clamping axis (14) that coincides with e! axis of symmetry of the specular surface.
  • These mirrors are located on low pillars (9), provided at their upper end with a clamp that clings to a bearing (15) which in turn is attached to the structural axis (14) of rotation of the mirror (7).
  • Several mirrors of these characteristics are mounted in parallel. Its location is determined by a fixed point, which is its central point (25).
  • This location is fixed consecutively, starting with the mirror closest (5) to the receiver (1) whose location is at the choice of the specific application of the invention.
  • the abscissa of the central point of that first mirror can be 0, that is, that it is in the vertical of the central point (3) of the active face of the receiver. Allowed variants are any, depending on the inclination of the active face (2) of the receiver, although this in turn is dependent on where the first mirror (5) is located - and the last (24).
  • the angle of situation of the straight line that goes from the central point of the nearest mirror (5) to the central point (3) of the active face of the receiver must be chosen between 90 "and 110 °, A From there, the mirrors are arranged in contiguity, leaving only two mounting tolerance between two consecutive, evaluated between 0.1% and 5% of the average width of the consecutive mirrors, so the fundamental prescription is the of the width, identified by E.
  • the invention includes a variant for determining the separation between consecutive mirrors, whose centers may even be at a different height, and which is developed later, in relation to Figure 13.
  • the transverse length of the mirror field, as well as the longitudinal dimension of the receiver and the mirrors, are design parameters that are selected based on the concentration of the solar radiation that is intended to be obtained in the receiver, and do not limit the application of the invention. Nor is it limited by the materials used in each component of the system, although for elementary reasons such materials should present the optical and thermal properties appropriate to their function, and the mirrors, for example, should have a high reflectivity to the photons of radiation direct solar.
  • the central points of the mirrors are all at the same height, which is the height of the center (63) of the mirror closest (5) to the receiver, which is the one taken as a reference for set the abscissa axis of the general field coordinate system.
  • each center is at a different height, in which case there is a specific abscissa axis to define the profile of said mirror, which will be the horizontal line that passes through the center of the mirror in question, which in turn will have a ordinate given in the general field coordinate system. That allows unambiguously to define the complete assembly of the device,
  • the drift of the rays reflected by the mirror depends on the normal lines to the mirror at its central point and at its ends, so it is essential, as a fundamental previous step in the invention, to determine the parabola (44) that passes through the center ( 25) of the mirror and focuses on the central point (3) of the active face of the receiver, its axis of symmetry (43) being parallel to the rays of the original sunlight (26, 29 and 32).
  • the apex of the parabola (37) plays a fundamental role, which is also used as the origin of two coordinate systems:
  • the objective of the invention is to determine the specifications of
  • the drift being the lateral displacement, in parallel, of the rays reflected from the same point of the mirror, when it rotates by prescription of the approach;
  • the equation of the parabola in its natural system is easily written based on its focal length, F, which is the distance from the focus to the apex, which in this case corresponds to the distance between the center point (3) of the active face of the receptor and the apex (37).
  • F focal length
  • the first is defined by design.
  • the apex (37) must be determined for each mirror, depending on the location of its only fixed point, which is its center (25).
  • X 0 and Y 0 are the coordinates of the apex of the parabola in the system (X, Y).
  • the focal length F is calculated based on the coordinates of the points (3) and (37), particularly in the system (X, Y) which is where the device is to be defined, since the other systems are dependent on the mirror being calculated. For this, it is taken into account that the abscissa of point (3) is zero, and its ordinate is the height H. It has:
  • both the focus and the apex of the parabola are on the axis of symmetry (43).
  • the slope of this axis is M
  • the focal length can be expressed according to the field situation.
  • the parabola (44) must pass through the central point of the mirror (25), whose coordinates in (X, Y) are (Xc, 0); condition provided by the equation
  • the equation can be grouped by homogeneous terms in X 0 , resulting
  • the solution sought is the one that produces a negative value of Xo, since the other solution would correspond to the symmetric parabola with the concavity down and the apex above the focus, or that would be useless for the reflection of solar radiation, which comes above.
  • C1 is always positive and C3 is always negative.
  • the valid solution is:
  • A42 and X 0 and Y 0 are common values for all mirrors, but not X 0 and Y 0 , which depend on the position of each mirror (they depend on Xc).
  • This prescription applies when the assembly is according to the meridian, and in any other case where the reference position is with the sun at the zenith in the work plane.
  • This value is important, particularly because it determines the slope of the normal at the central point, Nc, which is
  • Nc -1 / (dY / dX) c
  • Both the tangent (45) at the central point and the slope (27) serve to represent the position of the mirror.
  • Each mirror is made to follow the same pattern of rotation specifications to provide the approach to the sun Included in the invention, and which is done using the normal tool (27) to the mirror (7) at its center point (25).
  • the mirror is rotated until it is normal coincides with the bisector of the angle formed by the central beam of the incident solar beam at the central point of the mirror, and the line (48) that joins said central point (25) with the central point (3 ) of the active surface of the receiver, all expressed in the projection in the optical or working plane.
  • the mirror rotates as the sun advances in its daytime path, from a position of the sun that is called effective ortho, which is from which the radiation received is relevant for practical purposes, and continues to rotate until effective sunset, when those practical effects disappear.
  • the generic mirror (7) is seen in a different position from the reference mirror (in figure 3) with the solar rays (26, 29, 32) arriving very oblique.
  • the ray (26) which is the central ray of those that affect the central point (25) of the mirror.
  • Its reflected ray goes along the straight line (48), and by prescription of the approach it affects (always, in every position of the sun) the central point (3) of the active face (2) of the receiver.
  • the other rays, and in particular those that affect the ends of the mirror, which are the rays (29) and (32) no longer affect the point (3), which is where they would affect the reference situation .
  • drift is important, which is the lateral displacement, in parallel, of the rays reflected from the same point of the mirror, when it rotates by prescription of the focus.
  • This drift is null for the center point (25) of the mirror, but it is not for the other points, and it is all the greater the farther the point considered with respect to the center of the mirror is, which is why the end drifts must be considered in the criterion of determining the width of the mirror.
  • the ray (51a) that is reflected from the Left end in its position (35a) drifts to the ray (5 b) when the mirror rotates, and its end occupies the position (35b),
  • the virtual extension of those rays to the diameter ( 53) can be seen in Figure 6, in which a series of relevant angles are also identified to calculate the drift, which is the distance (62) that separates the points (60) and (61), which are the virtual cut of (51a) and (51b) with (53).
  • A54a (A55 + A47a) / 2
  • A54b (A55 + A47b) / 2
  • A57 A55 - A56
  • the following trigonometric relationships between the various points of the diameter (53) can be written, taking into account that the radius of the circumference (52) is half the width of the mirror, that is E / 2. Points are identified by their numbering, and the distance between them is the numbering difference.
  • 60 - 25 (E / 2) -cos (A58) + (E / 2) sin (A58) -tg (A57)
  • 60 - 61 (E / 2) - (cos (A58) - cos (A59) + tg (A57) (sen (A58) - sen (A59))
  • 60 - 61 (E / 2) '(cos ((A55 - A47a) / 2) - cos ((A55 - A47b) / 2)) - V
  • V This maximum drift value has been called V, which must be limited to a fraction P of the visual or apparent width of the active face (2) of the receiver, contemplated from the central point of the mirror in question ( Figure 7). .
  • A99 is the angle formed by the normal to the active face (2) at its center point (3) and the line (48) that joins this point with the center (25) of the mirror, thus:
  • the mirrors should be symmetrical with respect to the middle plane of the device, where two receivers will have to be installed at the corresponding height, each looking at a semi-field of mirrors, one to the east, another to the west.
  • Figure 7 shows the scheme of a field of mirrors in the assembly according to the parallel, with the mirrors to the south, in the Northern Hemisphere, but the arrangement of Figure 7 is also applicable to an assembly according to the meridian, in a semi-flat Figure 7 therefore represents only half of the installation in the assembly according to the meridian, where the own symmetry of the daytime solar evolution (in the work plane) has to be used to exploit the construction elements used more efficiently.
  • Figure 1 represents both semi-planes, to the east and west.
  • the bisector (69) of the angle formed by the straight lines (65) and (66) at point (3) is called the visual bisector of the mirror field, and the receiver is positioned with an inclination in which its active face is normal to said bisector.
  • the invention allows a different inclination of the receiver, in order to take into account the quality of the closest and farthest mirrors, which may be different, providing that the active face is more perpendicular to the area with higher quality mirrors.
  • Eiio leads to express, in general
  • T is a value that is selected between -20 ° and + 20 °, according to the design of the application of the invention.
  • the situation angle that is taken as a reference has the value of a semi-sum of 90 ° sexagesimal with the supplementary angle of maximum solar height, the latter being the sum of the complementary angle of latitude from the place plus 23 ° 27 '; which is equivalent to that the angle of the reference solar rays, with respect to the vertical axis, is negative, and corresponds to the value 90 ° minus the above-mentioned semi-sum, with the solar rays of reference pending negative in the system of coordinates of the installation.
  • Figure 8 represents this situation, which was useful for determining the parabolic profile of the mirror. This information about the solar movement in the work plane for these assemblies is completed with figure 9.
  • the angle of rotation of the mirror, A70 (70), to determine the drift corresponds to half of the angle formed by (the rays (46b) and (46a).
  • the drift See that it is the one that occurs when the sun is at the top in the work plane (which in principle corresponds to the vertical ta, but in the figures it is put, in general, any value) Y Vb, which is when it is at the lowest (but not 0 or , horizontal, but an effective ortho). It has:
  • Ve ( ⁇ / 2) ⁇ (1- cos (A71) - sen (A71) .tg (A74))
  • Vb (E / 2) '(1- cos (A72) - sen (A72) .tg (A74))
  • the widths of the mirrors can be determined according to their position relative to! receiver, which is measured by the value of A55.
  • the width in question E will be the smallest of the two values set forth below, Eb and Ec:
  • A55 is the position angle of the straight line (48) that joins the central point (25) of the mirror in question, with the central point (3) of the active face (2) of the receiver (1)
  • A47b (47b) being the angle of the central sun's rays (4) of each beam, in the situation of effective ortho, moment from which the effect of solar radiation on the receiver is considered relevant in the design of a specific device; and being A47c (47c) the angle of situation of the solar rays when the sun reaches its maximum height in the work plane '.
  • abs (value) means absolute value of the amount that is within the parentheses
  • the invention in addition to the basic prescription already given on contiguity between mirrors, includes a variant useful particularly for assemblies according to the parallel with the mirrors north of the receiver, which allows no optical interference between mirrors, when e! sun is above a given height, minimizing the separation between them, to obtain the maximum radiation concentration value.
  • This variant also allows the central points to have higher and higher levels when moving away from the receiver, although the case of constant dimension is included in the general prescription.
  • each mirror has to be determined with its own reference system, as stated, in which the axis of abscissa is moved so that the origin of ordinates (12) is at the same level than the center point (25) of the mirror.
  • angles being A84 (84) for the first mirror (75) and Ei A82 (82) for the second (77).
  • A83 90 ° - ((A80 + A82) / 2)
  • This prescription of the invention is applied from the mirror (5) closest to! receiver, to the furthest (24).
  • the previous prescription can be materialized by various systems for determining their unknowns, which are essentially X78 and Y78, which is the same as identifying Z as an Incognito. To determine these values so that the above prescription is strictly adhered to, which is the one that ensures the highest concentration of radiation, for specified conditions, the following set of relationships is taken into account, beginning by identifying the case data, which are :
  • Width E of the first mirror determined by the maximum drift limitation procedure, depending on the assembly.
  • Width E 'of the second mirror determined approximately by the maximum drift limitation procedure, according to the assembly, using an approximate value of the coordinates of its central point.
  • X76 and Y76 coordinates of the center of the first mirror.
  • angle A79 It can be specified a priori, or be an unknown to determine, or a value to select from several; but in the relations to be explained, it is assumed fixed (although successive determinations of the second mirror can be made, for different values of A79),
  • the indexed variable Z n is defined as
  • A82 n are tg ((H - Y78 n ) / X78 n )
  • A83 n 90 ° - ((ASO + A82 n ) / 2)
  • the mirrors can be constructed with any material, selecting the properties to meet each of its parts, from the structural to the reflexive ones.
  • the reflective surface is the one that requires special attention in the materialization of the invention, since it must follow the prescriptions of location, width and profile that have been given, and that have to be specified for each mirror; which is determined by its central point (25) and its width E, E / 2 being the radius of rotation around said central point, the extreme values of the parabolic arc of that mirror being determined by its polar coordinates, with center in the central point (25) of the mirror, and polar angle (A105) rotating counterclockwise from the axis of abscissa proper to the mirror (104), ending the mirror at each end at the points where it cuts to the circumference (52 ) centered on the central point (25) of the mirror and with radius (E / 2), whose polar coordinates are X * and Y *, which are determined below.
  • Figure 11 a replica of Figure 3 is presented in which the coordinate system (X *, Y *) has its origin in the center point (25) of the mirror (7) and its axes (104) and (103) respectively, are parallel to those of the system ( ⁇ ', ⁇ ') with its axes (41) and (40) and originating in the apex (37) of the parabola (44).
  • Transcendent equation elementary to be solved by numerical or graphical methods, and that provides 2 values of the angle A1Q5, which in turn provide the values of the coordinates of the endpoints.
  • the mirrors are defined as having a straight section corresponding to a parabolic arc, their intrinsic curvature is very small, so they can be constructed with a polygonal profile that follows, through inscribed or circumscribed straight segments, the line of the parabola in question.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif composé par plusieurs miroirs longitudinaux (7) dont les axes sont parallèles, et qui sont également parallèles à l'axe longitudinal du récepteur (1) vers lequel ils sont dirigés, dont les sections droites sont des arcs paraboliques définis par une position solaire de référence, la parabole (44) passant par le point central du miroir (25), et possédant comme foyer le point central (3) de la face active (2) du récepteur (1), où le rayonnement réfléchi vient frapper; la largeur de chaque miroir étant déterminée pour déterminer la dérive des rayons réfléchis dans d'autres positions solaires différentes de celles de référence, et une séparation entre les miroirs successifs étant définie pour éviter les ombres à partir d'une certaine hauteur du soleil.
PCT/ES2011/000209 2010-07-20 2011-06-22 Concentrateur de rayonnement solaire, à multiples miroirs paraboliques indépendants WO2012010720A1 (fr)

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Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2054829A (en) * 1979-07-20 1981-02-18 Mantinger K A focussing solar collector
US20060249143A1 (en) * 2005-05-06 2006-11-09 Straka Christopher W Reflecting photonic concentrator
US20080128017A1 (en) * 2004-06-24 2008-06-05 Heliodynamics Limited Solar Energy Collection Systems
DE102008021730A1 (de) * 2007-05-01 2008-11-06 Samland und Aatz GbR (vertretungsberechtigte Gesellschafter: Thomas Samland, 78166 Donaueschingen, Bernd Aatz, 79244 Münstertal) Solaranlage
WO2009029277A2 (fr) * 2007-08-27 2009-03-05 Ausra, Inc. Panneaux solaires de fresnel linéaires
DE102007052338A1 (de) * 2007-11-02 2009-05-07 Rev Renewable Energy Ventures, Inc. Photovoltaikanlage
WO2009121174A1 (fr) * 2008-03-31 2009-10-08 Menova Energy Inc. Capteur solaire
WO2009142524A1 (fr) * 2008-05-19 2009-11-26 Chaves Julio Cesar Pinto Concentrateur primaire à étendue ajustée combiné avec des concentrateurs secondaires associés à une pluralité de récepteurs et à réduction de convection

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2054829A (en) * 1979-07-20 1981-02-18 Mantinger K A focussing solar collector
US20080128017A1 (en) * 2004-06-24 2008-06-05 Heliodynamics Limited Solar Energy Collection Systems
US20060249143A1 (en) * 2005-05-06 2006-11-09 Straka Christopher W Reflecting photonic concentrator
DE102008021730A1 (de) * 2007-05-01 2008-11-06 Samland und Aatz GbR (vertretungsberechtigte Gesellschafter: Thomas Samland, 78166 Donaueschingen, Bernd Aatz, 79244 Münstertal) Solaranlage
WO2009029277A2 (fr) * 2007-08-27 2009-03-05 Ausra, Inc. Panneaux solaires de fresnel linéaires
WO2009029275A2 (fr) * 2007-08-27 2009-03-05 Ausra, Inc. Panneaux solaires de fresnel linéaires et composants utilisés
DE102007052338A1 (de) * 2007-11-02 2009-05-07 Rev Renewable Energy Ventures, Inc. Photovoltaikanlage
WO2009121174A1 (fr) * 2008-03-31 2009-10-08 Menova Energy Inc. Capteur solaire
WO2009142524A1 (fr) * 2008-05-19 2009-11-26 Chaves Julio Cesar Pinto Concentrateur primaire à étendue ajustée combiné avec des concentrateurs secondaires associés à une pluralité de récepteurs et à réduction de convection

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
ITTNER, W. B.: "An array of directable mirrors as a photovoltaic solar concentrator.", SOLAR ENERGY., vol. 24, 1980, pages 221 - 234, XP025452678, DOI: doi:10.1016/0038-092X(80)90478-8 *
VANT-HULL L. L. ET AL.: "Solar thermal power system based on optical transmission.", SOLAR ENERGY., vol. 18, 1976, pages 31 - 39, XP025451588, DOI: doi:10.1016/0038-092X(76)90033-5 *

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