WO2012007621A1 - Portable non-destructive testing system for test tubes with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by means of ultrasonic imaging, and associated method - Google Patents

Portable non-destructive testing system for test tubes with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by means of ultrasonic imaging, and associated method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012007621A1
WO2012007621A1 PCT/ES2011/070499 ES2011070499W WO2012007621A1 WO 2012007621 A1 WO2012007621 A1 WO 2012007621A1 ES 2011070499 W ES2011070499 W ES 2011070499W WO 2012007621 A1 WO2012007621 A1 WO 2012007621A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
ultrasonic
specimens
signals
movement
axial symmetry
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PCT/ES2011/070499
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Miguel Angel Molero Armenta
Ignacio SEGURA PÉREZ
Sofía APARICIO SECANELLAS
Margarita GONZÁLEZ HERNÁNDEZ
Dalmay LLUVERAS NÚÑEZ
Eugenio VILLANUEVA GONZÁLEZ
José Javier Anaya Velayos
Miguel Ángel GARCÍA IZQUIERDO
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Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (Csic)
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
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Publication of WO2012007621A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012007621A1/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04—Analysing solids
    • G01N29/06—Visualisation of the interior, e.g. acoustic microscopy
    • G01N29/0654—Imaging
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04—Analysing solids

Definitions

  • the field of application of the present invention is within the industrial sector dedicated to construction, and more specifically, to quality control, rehabilitation and technical assistance.
  • the main object of the present invention is a non-destructive evaluation system of structures of cementitious materials such as concrete, which is used to certify the quality of constructions in general.
  • the system is specially designed for use "in situ”, in aggressive outdoor environments, so it is considered robust, lightweight, autonomous and portable.
  • the proposed system comprises a set of modules connected to each other to provide images obtained by ultrasound techniques.
  • Another object of the invention is the process for generating and composing ultrasonic images from the measurements obtained in non-destructive tests of witnesses and specimens with axial symmetry of concrete and other cementitious materials.
  • SAFT synthetic aperture focusing technique
  • the portable system of non-destructive test of specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by ultrasonic imaging is a system designed for use in an environment outside the laboratories, which allows the creation of a radial image or maps of ultrasonic parameters in order to provide information both of the quality of the material, as of the state of deterioration of witnesses and specimens with axial symmetry of concrete.
  • an accessory subsystem it is possible to obtain an ultrasonic axial tomography of the specimen at different heights, thereby increasing the system's analysis capacity. Through the image you can determine the non-uniformity of the material due to improper manufacturing or by the progress of a degradation process.
  • the system carries out the evaluation in a non-destructive way and allows the state of the specimens or witnesses of the construction material to be estimated immediately after being extracted on site, which allows to improve the phase of witness extraction based on the results of the evaluation.
  • the invention allows a prior knowledge of whether the material is within the predefined basic parameters to later corroborate it using the usual laboratory techniques.
  • the "in situ" knowledge provided by this system can also be used to perform a possible inspection through other non-destructive evaluation systems.
  • the portable system of non-destructive tests of witnesses and specimens with axial symmetry of concrete by ultrasonic imaging comprises the following elements:
  • a) Inspection subsystem which in turn incorporates mechanical scanning means and electronic control means.
  • Ultrasonic image generation subsystem which in turn incorporates means of emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals and means of processing and digital storage of information.
  • the inspection subsystem allows a pair of transducers to be positioned so that an ultrasonic beam passes through each of the diameters and ropes of the test tube or cylindrical witness.
  • the excitation of the transducers, as well as the acquisition of the ultrasonic signal that has passed through the specimen is carried out by the means of emission-reception and acquisition of signals conveniently synchronized with the inspection subsystem.
  • the acquired ultrasonic signals are sent to the digital processing and storage means of the information that are responsible for extracting and representing by images the ultrasonic information obtained from the inspected specimen or witness allowing an evaluation thereof.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic view of a system according to the present invention, comprising an inspection subsystem and an ultrasonic image generation subsystem.
  • FIG. 2 shows an example of mechanical scanning means, belonging to the inspection subsystem, in accordance with the present invention.
  • Figure 3 shows the elevation of an adapter with grip system to the support platform of the specimen, belonging to the mechanical scanning means.
  • Figure 4 shows the plan of an adapter with grip system to the test platform of the test piece, belonging to the mechanical scanning means.
  • FIG. 5 shows another example of mechanical scanning means, in accordance with the present invention, which considers transmission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals of the type of water coupling working in transmission inspection with two single-channel transducers.
  • Figure 6 shows an example of the mechanical sweeping accessory subsystem which, by coupling it to the main one shown in Figure 2, allows to improve the performance of the present invention.
  • Figure 7 shows the detail of the electronic control means, for the main system and the accessory subsystem shown with dotted lines, comprising two limit switches, a motor position decoder and a motion controller.
  • the integration is also presented through electronic signals with the ultrasonic image generation subsystem, which in turn incorporates means of emission-reception and acquisition of Ultrasonic signals and means of processing and digital storage of information.
  • Figure 8 shows a detail of the scheme of the emission of a beam-shaped ultrasonic pulse that crosses the cylindrical specimen by one of its diameters, thanks to the synchronized, rotational movement in the specimen and vertical in the transducers.
  • Figure 9 shows a detail of the scheme of the reception emission that, by means of the accessory subsystem, allows a beam-shaped ultrasonic pulse to pass through the cylindrical specimen through each of its strings. It is achieved by having a new synchronized movement, which allows changing the relative position between sender and receiver. With this subsystem, ultrasonic computed axial tomography can be performed at the desired level.
  • Figure 10 shows three graphic examples corresponding to attenuation, flight time and ultrasonic velocity maps.
  • Figure 1 1 shows a graphic example of the axial ultrasonic attenuation tomographs obtained with the four-dimensional accessory subsystem of a control having one, two, three and four defects.
  • the portable system of non-destructive tests of witnesses and specimens with axial symmetry of concrete and other cementitious materials by ultrasonic image in question essentially comprises an inspection subsystem (1), which in turn incorporates mechanical scanning means (2) and electronic control means (3), and a Ultrasonic image generation subsystem (4), which in turn incorporates ultrasonic signal emission-reception and acquisition means (5), and digital information processing and storage means (6), which generates the ultrasonic image for its evaluation.
  • the portable system of non-destructive tests of witnesses and specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by ultrasonic imaging allows to be fed autonomously and even through the battery of a car.
  • the inspection subsystem (1) comprises mechanical scanning means (2) and electronic control means (3).
  • the mechanical scanning means (2) consist of a main system shown in Figure 2 and an accessory subsystem shown in Figure 6.
  • the main system in turn incorporates the following elements,
  • a structure (7) which in turn comprises a fixed frame (12), which provides a firm seat for the rest of the elements, and a support platform (16) that allows the specimen to be located with axial symmetry (10).
  • a mobile arm (14) adapted to have the transmission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) coupled and that when coupled to the screw (13), this determines a movement vertical with respect to the fixed frame (12).
  • Figure 3 shows the elevation of an adapter (17) which contains a grip system that makes its movement integral and coaxial to the support platform (16) of the test piece (10).
  • the adapter (17) has a cavity with axial symmetry centered on its axis, with a diameter slightly larger than that of the specimens (10) to be inspected and of minimum height but sufficient to allow the specimens (10) to be centered.
  • Figure 4 shows the plant of the adapter (17), which has in its cavity an adherent, rough or grooved surface so that it has a good support plane for the specimen (10) and that by friction its rotational sliding is prevented .
  • the adapter (17) can be of different materials but is always homogeneous and has a known ultrasonic speed and preferably similar to that of the specimen (10) to be inspected, since it will be used as a reference standard in the inspections carried out .
  • the fixed frame (12) is designed to have electronic control means (3) coupled, such as limit switches (20, 21) that delimit the vertical linear movement of the mobile arm (14) and which will be explained in the following section.
  • the movable arm (14) can advantageously have a U-shape, forming a U-shaped movable arm (38), which allows transmitting-receiving means coupled and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5), such as two transducers (18, 19) facing each other, which will be explained later.
  • the structure (7) has been optimized so that by using the electric motor (1 1) it is possible to simultaneously generate the rotation and translation movement necessary to make the radial image of the specimen (10).
  • the accessory subsystem shown in Figure 6 incorporates the following elements,
  • a ring-shaped structure (40) that will be attached to the U-shaped arm (38) of the main system.
  • the transducers (18,19) must be removed from the arms (38) and incorporated into the accessory subsystem.
  • the ring structure will guide the relative movement between the transducers.
  • the electronic control means (3) coordinate the movement of the mechanical scanning means (2) and generate the synchronism signals to obtain the ultrasonic image. Specifically they are responsible for the following procedures
  • the electronic control means comprise the following elements, most of which are represented in Figure 7:
  • a motion controller (23) that receives signals from the limit switches (20, 21) and from the position decoder (22) of the motor (1 1), among others, to coordinate and synchronize the movement of the transducers ( 18, 19) with respect to the test tube (10) for the emission and acquisition of the ultrasonic signals.
  • the limit switches (20, 21) are adjusted to the size (height) of the specimen (10) to be inspected.
  • the position of the lower limit switch (20) which is fixed, corresponds to the base of the support platform (16) of the specimen (10), while the limit switch upper (21) is adaptable to the height of the test piece (10) that you want to inspect.
  • the limit switches (20, 21) generate two drive signals (25, 26) when the arm (14), in its path along the screw (13), reaches the position of one of the two ends (20, 21). These signals are sent to the motion controller (23) that will be in charge of starting and stopping the inspection.
  • the position decoder (22) of the motor (1 1) is responsible for generating a signal of the position (27) of the motor (1 1), equivalent to the number of turns of the auger (13), which is sent to the controller of movement (23).
  • the position decoder (48) of the motor (49) will indicate the position of the mobile transducer in the ring.
  • the motion controller (23) is responsible for controlling and synchronizing the movement of the transducers (18, 19) with respect to the specimen (10) for the emission and acquisition of the ultrasonic signals.
  • the motion controller (23) receives at least the following types of input signals:
  • the motion controller would receive the following additional signals:
  • the motion controller (23) emits at least the following types of output signals:
  • a motor power signal (34) that allows you to control the speed and direction of rotation that the motor (1 1) prints to the auger (13).
  • a motor power signal (53) that allows to control its speed and the direction that the motor (49) prints to the mobile transducer.
  • a direction signal (54) that indicates whether the mobile transducer rotates clockwise or counterclockwise
  • the motion controller (23) coordinates the movement of the transducers (18, 19) in relation to the test tube (10) to be inspected and on the other, generates a synchronism signal (28) associated with the relative position of the transducers (18, 19) in the specimen (10) that will be sent to the ultrasonic image generation subsystem (4) and more specifically, to the means for the emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5), so that it generates an ultrasonic pulse (35) that allows the inspection of the specimen (10).
  • the ultrasonic image generation subsystem (4) as shown in Figure 1, also incorporates ultrasonic signal emission-reception and acquisition means (5), and digital information processing and storage means ( 6), which generates the ultrasonic image for evaluation.
  • the means of transmission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) incorporate at least one ultrasonic sensor or transducer (37) and electronic transmission, reception and digitization.
  • the ultrasonic inspection method performed by the means of emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) can be the Pulse-Eco inspection method, through a single ultrasonic sensor of the emitter and receiver type, or more advantageously because it allows greater energy transmission, the Transmission inspection method, which requires two ultrasonic sensors or transducers of the emitter or receiver type, which must be placed facing each other to detect each other.
  • the mechanical sweeping means (2) must incorporate the U-shaped mobile arm (38), so as to allow two single-channel transducers (18, 19) facing each other at their ends, as shown in figure 5.
  • the relative position between the transducers can be changed while keeping them facing each other.
  • the mechanical scanning means (2) must also include the following elements, represented in Figure 5:
  • a cuvette (8) whose dimensions are slightly larger than the structure (7) and allow the control or test tube (10) to be inspected to be completely submerged in the coupling liquid (9).
  • the structure (7) is resistant to immersion in liquids, since much of it is submerged in the bucket (8) filled with water or other ultrasonic coupling liquid (9) during inspections.
  • the running ends (20, 21, 46, 47) that are used can operate submerged in liquid since they are normally coupled in the area of the mechanical system submerged in the coupling liquid (9).
  • the position decoder (22) of the motor (1 1) like the motor itself (1 1) of the main system, needs to be conditioned to resist moisture and splashes, since it is located near the coupling liquid ( 9).
  • both the position decoder (48) of the motor (49) and the motor (49) should be submersible to simplify the mechanics, however elements similar to that of the main system can be used just by using a system transmission (45) that keeps them out of the coupling fluid during inspection.
  • the means of emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) have at least the following features:
  • the emission-reception and acquisition is synchronized by the synchronism signal (28) that it receives from the inspection subsystem (1).
  • the frequency of emission-reception and acquisition is appropriate to the inspection speed and the resolution with which the image is to be obtained. Suitable values for the pulse repetition frequency are between [50 Hz and 1 KHz].
  • the transducers (18 and 19) and the emission-reception electronics are suitable for the materials to be inspected (typically between [20 KHz and 1 MHz], with reception gain greater than 50 dB).
  • the acquisition frequency is sufficient for the bandwidth of the signals between 100KHz and 20 MHz.
  • the digital information processing and storage means (6) are responsible for composing and processing the ultrasonic information to obtain the image of the different ultrasonic properties of the specimen (10).
  • Another object of the invention is the process for generating and composing ultrasonic images from the measurements obtained in non-destructive tests of witnesses and specimens with axial concrete symmetry, which comprises the following phases:
  • the start signal of the inspection (32) is generated, which can be a consequence of the reception of the manual start signal of the inspection (29) or can be originated in a way programmatic, based on the means of processing and digital storage of information (6).
  • it is sent to the digital information processing and storage means (6) from the motion controller (23), while in the second, it is sent to the motion controller (23) from the processing means and digital storage of information (6).
  • the motion controller (23) takes the arm (14), which contains the transducers (18, 19), to the initial position to start the inspections.
  • the initial position can be, as previously mentioned, the position of any of the career ends (20, 21) and if the accessory subsystem is used, the mobile transducer (19) is placed in the central position, facing the other transducer (18).
  • the movement of the mechanical scanning means (2) begins and the movement of the arm (14), which contains the transducers (18, 19), begins to be controlled.
  • the position of the arm (14) must be known in relation to the position of the limit switches (20, 21), the speed of its movement and its direction.
  • the position of the mobile transducer (19) must be known in relation to the limit switches (46, 47).
  • the position of the mobile transducer (19) in relation to the position of the limit switches (46, 47) is provided by the signal of the position (53) of the transducer generated by the decoder engine position (48).
  • the speed of this movement is regulated by the motion controller (23) by means of the motor power signal (30) which allows to control the speed and power generated by the motor (1 1).
  • the speed of this movement is regulated by the motion controller (23) by means of the motor power signal (53) that allows to control the speed and power generated by the motor (49 ).
  • the direction of movement can be ascending or descending, depending on the value of the direction of travel signal (31). If when the start signal (29) of the inspection is activated, the arm (14) is in the position of the lower limit switch (20), the upward movement of the motor (1 1) will be activated, which will end when receive the signal from the motion controller (23) activation (26) of upper limit switch (21) and, conversely, if the arm (14) is in the position of the upper limit switch (21), motor movement (1 1) will be activated with descending direction that will end when the lower limit switch activation signal (25) is received in the motion controller (23)
  • the movement described in the previous paragraph is synchronized with the movement of the mobile transducer as follows.
  • the ring is located at the level of the specimen where it is desired to perform an axial tomography, it is located of the mobile transducer (19) at one of the ends of the ring marked by the ends of the stroke (46 or 47).
  • the movement starts clockwise or counterclockwise depending on its initial position.
  • a rotational movement of the specimen is made at a certain angle that is obtained by means of the position signal (27), the rotational movement stops and starts again the movement of the mobile transducer in the opposite direction to the previous movement. So on until at least 360 ° rotation of the specimen has been completed.
  • the ring can be positioned at any level of the specimen to perform the axial tomography of the area or even perform an axial tomography of the entire specimen, thus obtaining a three-dimensional image of the ultrasonic properties of the entire specimen or control.
  • the motion controller (23) can perform synchronization by sending the corresponding signals to the ultrasonic image generation subsystem (4), as shown in Figure 7. More specifically, the processing means and digital storage of information (6) receive the start signals of the inspection (32), of the direction of travel of both the upward movement (31) and the accessory subsystem (54) and of the end of the inspection (33), while the means of transmission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) receive the synchronization signals (28).
  • the motion controller (23) As shown in Figure 8, with synchronized, rotational movement in the specimen (10) and vertical arm (14), the motion controller (23) generates a synchronization signal (28) with which it causes a beam-shaped ultrasonic pulse (35) is emitted that passes through the cylindrical specimen (10) by one of its diameters.
  • the acquired signal is subsequently analyzed by means of digital information processing and storage (6).
  • Some types of transmission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) directly provide time and attenuation information in real time, which will have to be transmitted to the digital processing and storage of information (6) or transmitted. the entire ultrasonic signal and these parameters are obtained in the digital information processing and storage means (6).
  • the diametral images of the attenuation A, the flight time T, and the ultrasonic velocity V are obtained, for each of the diameters of the specimen (10), that is, for each height z and angle of rotation ⁇ of the test piece (10), as shown in figure 10.
  • FIG. 1 shows the image of radial attenuation information of a witness and axial tomography at four different levels 80, 100, 120 and 140 mm, showing 1, 2, 3 and
  • the quality status of the material can be assessed, considering the elastic behavior and even some of its micro-structural parameters such as the non-uniformity of the material due to an incorrect manufacturing or by the progress of a degradation process.

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Abstract

This is a system which is designed to be autonomously used in an environment outside laboratories and makes it possible to create maps and axial scans of ultrasonic parameters for the purpose of providing information relating to both the quality and the state of deterioration of specimens and test tubes with axial symmetry (10) of cementitious materials, which system comprises an inspection subsystem (1), which in turn includes mechanical scanning means (2) and electronic control means (3), and an ultrasonic image generating subsystem (4) which in turn includes ultrasonic signal acquisition and transmitting/receiving means (5) and digital information storage and processing means (6) and generates the ultrasonic image for the evaluation thereof.

Description

SISTEMA PORTATIL DE ENSAYOS NO DESTRUCTIVOS DE PROBETAS CON SIMETRÍA AXIAL DE MATERIALES CEMENTICIOS POR IMAGEN ULTRASÓNICA Y PROCEDIMIENTO ASOCIADO  PORTABLE SYSTEM OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF TESTS WITH AXIAL SYMMETRY OF CEMENTIAL MATERIALS BY ULTRASONIC IMAGE AND ASSOCIATED PROCEDURE
DESCRIPCION DESCRIPTION
OBJETO DE LA INVENCION OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
El campo de aplicación de la presente invención se encuentra dentro del sector industrial dedicado a la construcción, y más específicamente, al control de calidad, rehabilitación y asistencia técnica. The field of application of the present invention is within the industrial sector dedicated to construction, and more specifically, to quality control, rehabilitation and technical assistance.
El objeto principal de la presente invención es un sistema de evaluación no destructivo de estructuras de materiales cementicios tales como el hormigón, que se utiliza para certificar la calidad de las construcciones en general. El sistema está especialmente diseñado para su utilización "in situ", en ambientes exteriores agresivos, por lo que se considera robusto, ligero, autónomo y portátil.  The main object of the present invention is a non-destructive evaluation system of structures of cementitious materials such as concrete, which is used to certify the quality of constructions in general. The system is specially designed for use "in situ", in aggressive outdoor environments, so it is considered robust, lightweight, autonomous and portable.
Para ello, el sistema propuesto comprende un conjunto de módulos conectados entre sí para proporcionar imágenes obtenidas mediante técnicas de ultrasonidos.  For this, the proposed system comprises a set of modules connected to each other to provide images obtained by ultrasound techniques.
Adicionalmente, otro objeto de la invención es el procedimiento para generar y componer imágenes ultrasónicas a partir de las medidas obtenidas en ensayos no destructivos de testigos y probetas con simetría axial de hormigón y otros materiales cementicios.  Additionally, another object of the invention is the process for generating and composing ultrasonic images from the measurements obtained in non-destructive tests of witnesses and specimens with axial symmetry of concrete and other cementitious materials.
ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓN BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
En la actualidad, y como referencia al estado de la técnica, debe mencionarse que existen numerosos productos alternativos de evaluación de la calidad de las probetas de materiales cementicios, fundamentalmente métodos destructivos que mediante ensayos de laboratorio miden las resistencias mecánicas. En cuanto a otros métodos de Ensayos No Destructivos (END) podemos citar los basados en el esclerómetro de masas, medida de velocidad ultrasónica o medidas de resonancia acústica. En cuanto a los sistemas de generación de imagen existen sistemas automatizados de inspección que pueden permitir obtener imagen ultrasónica de probetas con simetría axial. At present, and as a reference to the state of the art, it should be mentioned that there are numerous alternative products for evaluating the quality of cementitious material specimens, mainly destructive methods that measure mechanical resistance through laboratory tests. As for other methods of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) we can mention those based on the mass sclerometer, ultrasonic velocity measurement or acoustic resonance measurements. Regarding image generation systems, there are automated inspection systems that can allow ultrasonic imaging of specimens with axial symmetry.
La numerosa normativa, que mediante los ultrasonidos evalúa de forma no destructiva el estado de estructuras y materiales de construcción, se limita a la medida de la velocidad ultrasónica, obtenida en la mayoría de los casos de forma manual. Así, la falta de automatización, implica una limitación en el número de medidas, haciendo muy costosa o poca atractiva la obtención de las imágenes.  The numerous regulations, which, by means of ultrasound, evaluate the state of structures and construction materials in a non-destructive way, are limited to the measurement of ultrasonic velocity, obtained in most cases manually. Thus, the lack of automation implies a limitation in the number of measurements, making it very expensive or unattractive to obtain the images.
Las aplicaciones que pueden encontrarse en la literatura que hacen uso de la imagen acústica para la evaluación de testigos de hormigón y otros materiales cementicios son las siguientes:  The applications that can be found in the literature that make use of the acoustic image for the evaluation of concrete and other cementitious witnesses are the following:
• Tomografía acústica para la localización de objetos (barras de acero), huecos o grietas mediante mapas de velocidad (Jalinoos et al., 1995, Schuller et al., 1995, Kim et al, 2010).  • Acoustic tomography for the location of objects (steel bars), gaps or cracks using velocity maps (Jalinoos et al., 1995, Schuller et al., 1995, Kim et al, 2010).
• Generación de mapas de amplitud y tiempo de vuelo usando los formatos de representación C-SCAN y D-SCAN mediante sistemas automáticos de posicionamiento 3D instalados en laboratorio (Molero et al., 2009, Segura et al., 2009).  • Generation of amplitude and flight time maps using the C-SCAN and D-SCAN representation formats using automatic 3D positioning systems installed in the laboratory (Molero et al., 2009, Segura et al., 2009).
• Imágenes acústicas reconstruidas usando la técnica de focalización de apertura sintética (synthetic aperture focusing technique, SAFT) (Schickert et al., 2003, Schickert, 2005).  • Acoustic images reconstructed using the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) (Schickert et al., 2003, Schickert, 2005).
Cabe mencionar que las tres aplicaciones han sido diseñadas para la localización y detección de grietas o defectos internos, y no para informar sobre la calidad o el estado de deterioro de los materiales de construcción bajo inspección. Además de necesitar un gran número de transductores o fuentes de emisión así como también de receptores para llevar a cabo la reconstrucción de la imagen acústica. Por otra parte, aunque los resultados obtenidos por la segunda aplicación han sido satisfactorios, queda el inconveniente de sólo ser aplicable en laboratorio. It is worth mentioning that the three applications have been designed for the location and detection of internal cracks or defects, and not to inform about the quality or deterioration status of the building materials under inspection. In addition to needing a large number of transducers or emission sources as well as receivers to perform the reconstruction of the acoustic image. On the other hand, although the results obtained by the second application have been satisfactory, the drawback remains only to be applicable in the laboratory.
Aunque son conocidos múltiples tipos de sistemas de evaluación de la calidad, aplicables a probetas de hormigón y materiales cementicios, debe señalarse que, por parte del peticionario, se desconoce la existencia de alguno que presente las características técnicas, estructurales y de configuración semejante a las que describe el sistema objeto de la invención.  Although multiple types of quality assessment systems are applicable, applicable to concrete specimens and cementitious materials, it should be noted that, on the part of the petitioner, the existence of one that presents the technical, structural and configuration characteristics similar to which describes the system object of the invention.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
El sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de probetas con simetría axial de materiales cementicios por imagen ultrasónica es un sistema diseñado para la utilización en un ambiente exterior a los laboratorios, que permite crear una imagen radial o mapas de parámetros ultrasónicos con el fin de proporcionar información tanto de la calidad del material, como del estado de deterioro de testigos y probetas con simetría axial de hormigón. Asimismo con la incorporación de un subsistema accesorio permite la obtención de una tomografía axial ultrasónica de la probeta a diferentes alturas con lo que se consigue aumentar la capacidad de análisis del sistema. Mediante la imagen se puede determinar la no uniformidad del material debido a una incorrecta fabricación o por el avance de un proceso de degradación. The portable system of non-destructive test of specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by ultrasonic imaging is a system designed for use in an environment outside the laboratories, which allows the creation of a radial image or maps of ultrasonic parameters in order to provide information both of the quality of the material, as of the state of deterioration of witnesses and specimens with axial symmetry of concrete. Likewise, with the incorporation of an accessory subsystem, it is possible to obtain an ultrasonic axial tomography of the specimen at different heights, thereby increasing the system's analysis capacity. Through the image you can determine the non-uniformity of the material due to improper manufacturing or by the progress of a degradation process.
El sistema realiza la evaluación de forma no destructiva y permite estimar el estado de las probetas o testigos del material de construcción inmediatamente después de ser extraídos en obra, lo que permite mejorar la fase de extracción de testigos en función de los resultados de la evaluación. Si bien, debido a los procesos normalizados de certificación siempre será necesario realizar ensayos en el laboratorio, la invención permite tener un conocimiento previo de si el material está dentro de los parámetros básicos predefinidos para posteriormente corroborarlo mediante las técnicas usuales de laboratorio. El conocimiento "in situ" que proporciona este sistema puede servir también para realizar una posible inspección mediante otros sistemas de evaluación no destructiva. The system carries out the evaluation in a non-destructive way and allows the state of the specimens or witnesses of the construction material to be estimated immediately after being extracted on site, which allows to improve the phase of witness extraction based on the results of the evaluation. Although, due to standardized certification processes, it will always be necessary to perform tests in the laboratory, the invention allows a prior knowledge of whether the material is within the predefined basic parameters to later corroborate it using the usual laboratory techniques. The "in situ" knowledge provided by this system can also be used to perform a possible inspection through other non-destructive evaluation systems.
Al ser un sistema de imagen digital permite utilizar todas las herramientas de tratamiento y clasificación de información para generar los informes de la inspección realizada.  Being a digital imaging system, it allows you to use all the information processing and classification tools to generate the reports of the inspection performed.
El sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de testigos y probetas con simetría axial de hormigón por imagen ultrasónica comprende los siguientes elementos:  The portable system of non-destructive tests of witnesses and specimens with axial symmetry of concrete by ultrasonic imaging comprises the following elements:
a) Subsistema de inspección, que incorpora a su vez medios de barrido mecánico y medios electrónicos de control.  a) Inspection subsystem, which in turn incorporates mechanical scanning means and electronic control means.
b) Subsistema de generación de imagen ultrasónica, que incorpora a su vez medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas y medios de procesamiento y almacenamiento digital de la información.  b) Ultrasonic image generation subsystem, which in turn incorporates means of emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals and means of processing and digital storage of information.
El subsistema de inspección permite situar un par de transductores de manera que un haz ultrasónico atraviese cada uno de los diámetros y cuerdas de la probeta o testigo cilindrico. La excitación de los transductores, así como la adquisición de la señal ultrasónica que ha atravesado la probeta la realizan los medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales sincronizados convenientemente con el subsistema de inspección. Las señales ultrasónicas adquiridas se envían a los medios de procesamiento y almacenamiento digital de la información que se encargan de extraer y representar mediante imágenes la información ultrasónica obtenida de la probeta o testigo inspeccionado lo que permite una evaluación del mismo.  The inspection subsystem allows a pair of transducers to be positioned so that an ultrasonic beam passes through each of the diameters and ropes of the test tube or cylindrical witness. The excitation of the transducers, as well as the acquisition of the ultrasonic signal that has passed through the specimen is carried out by the means of emission-reception and acquisition of signals conveniently synchronized with the inspection subsystem. The acquired ultrasonic signals are sent to the digital processing and storage means of the information that are responsible for extracting and representing by images the ultrasonic information obtained from the inspected specimen or witness allowing an evaluation thereof.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS DIBUJOS DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Para complementar la descripción que se está realizando y con objeto de ayudar a una mejor comprensión de las características de la invención, de acuerdo con un ejemplo preferente de realización práctica de la misma, se acompaña como parte integrante de dicha descripción, un juego de figuras en donde con carácter ilustrativo y no limitativo, se ha representado lo siguiente: To complement the description that is being made and in order to help a better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, in accordance with a preferred example of practical realization thereof, is accompanied as an integral part of said description, a set of figures in which with an illustrative and non-limiting nature, it has been represented the following:
La figura 1 muestra una vista esquemática de un sistema de acuerdo con la presente invención, que comprende un subsistema de inspección y un subsistema de generación de imagen ultrasónica.  Figure 1 shows a schematic view of a system according to the present invention, comprising an inspection subsystem and an ultrasonic image generation subsystem.
La figura 2 muestra un ejemplo de medios de barrido mecánico, pertenecientes al subsistema de inspección, de acuerdo con la presente invención.  Figure 2 shows an example of mechanical scanning means, belonging to the inspection subsystem, in accordance with the present invention.
La figura 3 muestra el alzado de un adaptador con sistema de agarre a la plataforma de apoyo de la probeta, perteneciente a los medios de barrido mecánico.  Figure 3 shows the elevation of an adapter with grip system to the support platform of the specimen, belonging to the mechanical scanning means.
La figura 4 muestra la planta de un adaptador con sistema de agarre a la plataforma de apoyo de la probeta, perteneciente a los medios de barrido mecánico.  Figure 4 shows the plan of an adapter with grip system to the test platform of the test piece, belonging to the mechanical scanning means.
La figura 5 muestra otro ejemplo de medios de barrido mecánico, de acuerdo con la presente invención, que considera unos medios de emisión- recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas del tipo de acoplamiento agua trabajando en inspección por transmisión con dos transductores de un solo canal.  Figure 5 shows another example of mechanical scanning means, in accordance with the present invention, which considers transmission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals of the type of water coupling working in transmission inspection with two single-channel transducers.
La figura 6 muestra un ejemplo del subsistema mecánico accesorio de barrido que acoplándolo al principal mostrado en la figura 2 permite mejorar las prestaciones de la presente invención.  Figure 6 shows an example of the mechanical sweeping accessory subsystem which, by coupling it to the main one shown in Figure 2, allows to improve the performance of the present invention.
La figura 7 muestra el detalle de los medios electrónicos de control, para el sistema principal y el subsistema accesorio mostrado con líneas punteadas, que comprende dos fines de carrera, un decodificador de posición de motor y un controlador de movimiento. También se presenta la integración a través de señales electrónicas con el subsistema de generación de imagen ultrasónica, que incorpora a su vez medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas y medios de procesamiento y almacenamiento digital de la información. Figure 7 shows the detail of the electronic control means, for the main system and the accessory subsystem shown with dotted lines, comprising two limit switches, a motor position decoder and a motion controller. The integration is also presented through electronic signals with the ultrasonic image generation subsystem, which in turn incorporates means of emission-reception and acquisition of Ultrasonic signals and means of processing and digital storage of information.
La figura 8 muestra un detalle del esquema de la emisión de un pulso ultrasónico en forma de haz que atraviesa la probeta cilindrica por uno de sus diámetros, gracias al movimiento sincronizado, rotacional en la probeta y vertical en los transductores.  Figure 8 shows a detail of the scheme of the emission of a beam-shaped ultrasonic pulse that crosses the cylindrical specimen by one of its diameters, thanks to the synchronized, rotational movement in the specimen and vertical in the transducers.
La figura 9 muestra un detalle del esquema de la emisión recepción que mediante el subsistema accesorio permite que un pulso ultrasónico en forma de haz atraviese la probeta cilindrica por cada una sus cuerdas. Se consigue al disponer de un nuevo movimiento sincronizado, que permite cambiar la posición relativa entre emisor y receptor. Con este subsistema se pueden realizar tomografías axiales computarizadas ultrasónicas en la cota que se desee.  Figure 9 shows a detail of the scheme of the reception emission that, by means of the accessory subsystem, allows a beam-shaped ultrasonic pulse to pass through the cylindrical specimen through each of its strings. It is achieved by having a new synchronized movement, which allows changing the relative position between sender and receiver. With this subsystem, ultrasonic computed axial tomography can be performed at the desired level.
La figura 10 muestra tres ejemplos gráficos correspondientes a mapas de atenuación, tiempo de vuelo y velocidad ultrasónica.  Figure 10 shows three graphic examples corresponding to attenuation, flight time and ultrasonic velocity maps.
La figura 1 1 muestra un ejemplo gráfico de las tomografías axiales de atenuación ultrasónica obtenidas con el subsistema accesorio a cuatro cotas de un testigo que tiene uno, dos, tres y cuatro defectos.  Figure 1 1 shows a graphic example of the axial ultrasonic attenuation tomographs obtained with the four-dimensional accessory subsystem of a control having one, two, three and four defects.
REALIZACIÓN PREFERENTE DE LA INVENCIÓN PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
A la vista de las mencionadas figuras, y de acuerdo con la numeración adoptada, se puede observar en ellas un ejemplo de realización preferente de la invención, la cual comprende las partes y elementos que se indican y describen en detalle a continuación. In view of the aforementioned figures, and in accordance with the numbering adopted, an example of a preferred embodiment of the invention can be observed therein, which comprises the parts and elements indicated and described in detail below.
Así, tal y como se observa en la citada figura 1 , el sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de testigos y probetas con simetría axial de hormigón y otros materiales cementicios por imagen ultrasónica en cuestión, comprende esencialmente, un subsistema de inspección (1 ), que incorpora a su vez medios de barrido mecánico (2) y medios electrónicos de control (3), y un subsistema de generación de imagen ultrasónica (4), que incorpora a su vez medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5), y medios de procesamiento y almacenamiento digital de la información (6), que genera la imagen ultrasónica para su evaluación. Thus, as observed in the aforementioned figure 1, the portable system of non-destructive tests of witnesses and specimens with axial symmetry of concrete and other cementitious materials by ultrasonic image in question, essentially comprises an inspection subsystem (1), which in turn incorporates mechanical scanning means (2) and electronic control means (3), and a Ultrasonic image generation subsystem (4), which in turn incorporates ultrasonic signal emission-reception and acquisition means (5), and digital information processing and storage means (6), which generates the ultrasonic image for its evaluation.
El sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de testigos y probetas con simetría axial de materiales cementicios por imagen ultrasónica permite ser alimentado de forma autónoma e incluso a través de la batería de un automóvil.  The portable system of non-destructive tests of witnesses and specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by ultrasonic imaging allows to be fed autonomously and even through the battery of a car.
A continuación se describen los elementos que incorporan los principales subsistemas que comprende la invención. The elements that incorporate the main subsystems comprising the invention are described below.
El subsistema de inspección (1 ), comprende medios de barrido mecánico (2) y medios electrónicos de control (3).  The inspection subsystem (1) comprises mechanical scanning means (2) and electronic control means (3).
Los medios de barrido mecánico (2) constan de un sistema principal representado en la figura 2 y un subsistema accesorio mostrado en la figura 6.  The mechanical scanning means (2) consist of a main system shown in Figure 2 and an accessory subsystem shown in Figure 6.
El sistema principal a su vez incorporan los siguientes elementos, The main system in turn incorporates the following elements,
• un testigo o probeta con simetría axial (10) en el que incluir el material cementicio a inspeccionar. • a witness or test tube with axial symmetry (10) in which to include the cementitious material to be inspected.
• una estructura (7) que comprende a su vez un bastidor fijo (12), que proporciona un asiento firme para el resto de los elementos, y una plataforma de apoyo (16) que permite ubicar la probeta con simetría axial (10).  • a structure (7) which in turn comprises a fixed frame (12), which provides a firm seat for the rest of the elements, and a support platform (16) that allows the specimen to be located with axial symmetry (10).
• un motor eléctrico (1 1 ) acoplado a la estructura.  • an electric motor (1 1) coupled to the structure.
• un tornillo sinfín (13) accionado por el motor eléctrico (1 1 ).  • a worm screw (13) driven by the electric motor (1 1).
• un medio de transmisión mecánica que genera un movimiento de rotación en la plataforma de apoyo (16) de la probeta (10) utilizando el movimiento del eje roscado del tornillo sinfín (13).  • a mechanical transmission means that generates a rotation movement in the support platform (16) of the specimen (10) using the movement of the threaded shaft of the auger (13).
• un brazo móvil (14) adaptado para tener acoplados los medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) y que al estar acoplado al tornillo sinfín (13), éste le determina un movimiento vertical con respecto al bastidor fijo (12). • a mobile arm (14) adapted to have the transmission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) coupled and that when coupled to the screw (13), this determines a movement vertical with respect to the fixed frame (12).
• una o varias guías (15) que dirigen y acomodan el movimiento del brazo móvil (14).  • one or more guides (15) that direct and accommodate the movement of the mobile arm (14).
• medios de sujeción y centrado de la probeta (10) en el eje de giro en la plataforma de apoyo (16).  • clamping and centering means of the specimen (10) on the axis of rotation in the support platform (16).
Respecto a los medios de sujeción y centrado de la probeta (10) en el eje de giro en la plataforma de apoyo (16), se usan los medios habituales de sujeción de material con simetría axial típicos de los tornos mecánicos o con ventaja especial, se utiliza un adaptador (17) acoplable a la plataforma de apoyo (16) específico para los diferentes diámetros de probetas (10). With respect to the clamping and centering means of the specimen (10) on the axis of rotation in the support platform (16), the usual means of fastening material with axial symmetry typical of mechanical lathes or with special advantage are used, an adapter (17) attachable to the support platform (16) specific for the different specimen diameters (10) is used.
La figura 3 muestra el alzado de un adaptador (17) el cual contiene un sistema de agarre que hace que su movimiento sea solidario y coaxial a la plataforma de apoyo (16) de la probeta (10). El adaptador (17) tiene una cavidad con simetría axial centrada en su eje, de diámetro ligeramente superior a la de las probetas (10) que se quieran inspeccionar y de mínima altura pero suficiente para permitir situar centradas las probetas (10). Figure 3 shows the elevation of an adapter (17) which contains a grip system that makes its movement integral and coaxial to the support platform (16) of the test piece (10). The adapter (17) has a cavity with axial symmetry centered on its axis, with a diameter slightly larger than that of the specimens (10) to be inspected and of minimum height but sufficient to allow the specimens (10) to be centered.
La figura 4 muestra la planta del adaptador (17), el cual tiene en su cavidad una superficie adherente, rugosa o estriada de manera que presente un buen plano de apoyo para la probeta (10) y que mediante el rozamiento se impida su deslizamiento rotacional.  Figure 4 shows the plant of the adapter (17), which has in its cavity an adherent, rough or grooved surface so that it has a good support plane for the specimen (10) and that by friction its rotational sliding is prevented .
El adaptador (17) puede ser de diferentes materiales pero siempre es homogéneo y tiene una velocidad ultrasónica conocida y preferiblemente parecida a la de la probeta (10) que se quiera inspeccionar, ya que se utilizará como patrón de referencia en las inspecciones que se realicen.  The adapter (17) can be of different materials but is always homogeneous and has a known ultrasonic speed and preferably similar to that of the specimen (10) to be inspected, since it will be used as a reference standard in the inspections carried out .
Respecto a los medios de transmisión mecánica que genera el movimiento de rotación en la plataforma de apoyo (16) de la probeta (10) utilizando el movimiento del eje roscado del tornillo sinfín (13) se proponen los medios habituales de transmisión mecánica ya sea por correa dentada o por engranajes. With respect to the mechanical transmission means generated by the rotational movement in the support platform (16) of the specimen (10) using the movement of the threaded shaft of the auger (13), the usual means of mechanical transmission either by toothed belt or by gears.
Asimismo, tal y como se puede ver en la figura 2, el bastidor fijo (12) está diseñado para tener acoplados medios electrónicos de control (3), como fines de carrera (20, 21 ) que delimitan el movimiento lineal vertical del brazo móvil (14) y que serán explicados en el siguiente apartado. Also, as can be seen in Figure 2, the fixed frame (12) is designed to have electronic control means (3) coupled, such as limit switches (20, 21) that delimit the vertical linear movement of the mobile arm (14) and which will be explained in the following section.
Por otra parte, tal y como se puede ver en la figura 5, el brazo móvil (14) puede tener ventajosamente una forma de U, conformando un brazo móvil en forma de U (38), que permita tener acoplados medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5), tales como dos transductores (18, 19) enfrentados, que serán explicados más adelante. En resumen, la estructura (7) se ha optimizado de manera que mediante el uso del motor eléctrico (1 1 ) se logra generar simultáneamente el movimiento de rotación y el de traslación necesarios para realizar la imagen radial de la probeta (10). El subsistema accesorio representado en la figura 6 incorpora los siguientes elementos, On the other hand, as can be seen in Figure 5, the movable arm (14) can advantageously have a U-shape, forming a U-shaped movable arm (38), which allows transmitting-receiving means coupled and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5), such as two transducers (18, 19) facing each other, which will be explained later. In summary, the structure (7) has been optimized so that by using the electric motor (1 1) it is possible to simultaneously generate the rotation and translation movement necessary to make the radial image of the specimen (10). The accessory subsystem shown in Figure 6 incorporates the following elements,
• Una estructura (40) en forma de anillo que se que se fijará al brazo en forma de U (38) del sistema principal. Los transductores (18,19) se deberán quitar de los brazos (38) y se incorporarán al subsistema accesorio. La estructura en anillo servirá de guía para el movimiento relativo entre los transductores.  • A ring-shaped structure (40) that will be attached to the U-shaped arm (38) of the main system. The transducers (18,19) must be removed from the arms (38) and incorporated into the accessory subsystem. The ring structure will guide the relative movement between the transducers.
• un motor eléctrico (41 ) acoplado a la estructura (40).  • an electric motor (41) coupled to the structure (40).
• una sujeción fija y regulable en sentido radial (43) para uno de los transductores (18).  • a fixed and radially adjustable clamp (43) for one of the transducers (18).
· una sujeción móvil y regulable en sentido radial (44) para el otro transductor (19). · A movable and radially adjustable clamp (44) for the other transducer (19).
un medio de transmisión mecánica que genera la traslación del transductor móvil a lo largo del anillo (45). Los medios electrónicos de control (3) coordinan el movimiento de los medios de barrido mecánico (2) y generan las señales de sincronismo para obtener la imagen ultrasónica. Concretamente son responsables de los procedimientos siguientes  a mechanical transmission means that generates the translation of the mobile transducer along the ring (45). The electronic control means (3) coordinate the movement of the mechanical scanning means (2) and generate the synchronism signals to obtain the ultrasonic image. Specifically they are responsible for the following procedures
• Inicio del sistema.  • System startup.
· Control del sentido del movimiento.  · Control of the direction of movement.
• Sincronización con el subsistema de generación de imagen ultrasónica (4).  • Synchronization with the ultrasonic image generation subsystem (4).
Los medios electrónicos de control comprenden los siguientes elementos, la mayoría de los cuales están representados en la figura 7:  The electronic control means comprise the following elements, most of which are represented in Figure 7:
« los fines de carrera (20, 21 ) que, acoplados en el bastidor fijo (12), son accionados por el brazo móvil (14) y delimitan así su movimiento lineal vertical.  «The limit switches (20, 21) which, coupled to the fixed frame (12), are actuated by the movable arm (14) and thus define their vertical linear movement.
• un decodificador de posición (22) del motor (1 1 ) que proporciona información del número de vueltas que lleva realizado el tornillo sinfín (13).  • a position decoder (22) of the motor (1 1) that provides information on the number of turns the auger (13) has been made.
• un controlador de movimiento (23) que recibe las señales de los fines de carrera (20, 21 ) y del decodificador de posición (22) del motor (1 1 ), entre otras, para coordinar y sincronizar el movimiento de los transductores (18, 19) respecto a la probeta (10) para la emisión y adquisición de las señales ultrasónicas.  • a motion controller (23) that receives signals from the limit switches (20, 21) and from the position decoder (22) of the motor (1 1), among others, to coordinate and synchronize the movement of the transducers ( 18, 19) with respect to the test tube (10) for the emission and acquisition of the ultrasonic signals.
• un teclado (24) que permite a un operario introducir órdenes al controlador de movimiento (23).  • a keyboard (24) that allows an operator to enter orders to the motion controller (23).
Si se incorpora el subsistema accesorio, indicado en la figura 7 con trazo discontinuo, se añadirían los siguientes elementos:  If the accessory subsystem is incorporated, indicated in figure 7 with dashed lines, the following elements would be added:
· dos fines de carrera (46, 47) que, acoplados al anillo (40), son accionados por sistema de sujeción del transductor móvil (44) y delimitan su movimiento de traslación. · Two ends (46, 47) which, coupled to the ring (40), are actuated by mobile transducer clamping system (44) and delimit their translation movement.
• un decodificador de posición (48) del motor (49) que proporciona información de la posición del transductor móvil.  • a motor position decoder (48) (49) that provides information on the position of the mobile transducer.
Los fines de carrera (20, 21 ) se ajustan al tamaño (altura) de la probeta (10) que se quiera inspeccionar. Tal y como se aprecia en la figura 2, la posición del fin de carrera inferior (20), que es fija, corresponde a la base de la plataforma de apoyo (16) de la probeta (10), mientras que el fin de carrera superior (21 ) es adaptable a la altura de la probeta (10) que se quiera inspeccionar. Los fines de carrera (20, 21 ) generan sendas señales de accionamiento (25, 26) cuando el brazo (14), en su recorrido a lo largo del tornillo sinfín (13), alcanza la posición de uno de los dos fines de carrera (20, 21 ). Estas señales son enviadas al controlador de movimiento (23) que será el encargado de iniciar y parar la inspección. The limit switches (20, 21) are adjusted to the size (height) of the specimen (10) to be inspected. As can be seen in Figure 2, the position of the lower limit switch (20), which is fixed, corresponds to the base of the support platform (16) of the specimen (10), while the limit switch upper (21) is adaptable to the height of the test piece (10) that you want to inspect. The limit switches (20, 21) generate two drive signals (25, 26) when the arm (14), in its path along the screw (13), reaches the position of one of the two ends (20, 21). These signals are sent to the motion controller (23) that will be in charge of starting and stopping the inspection.
El decodificador de posición (22) del motor (1 1 ) es responsable de generar una señal de la posición (27) del motor (1 1 ), equivalente al número de vueltas del tornillo sinfín (13), la cual es enviada al controlador de movimiento (23). De forma análoga en el caso de incorporar el subsistema accesorio el decodificador de posición (48) del motor (49) se encargará de indicar la posición del transductor móvil en el anillo. The position decoder (22) of the motor (1 1) is responsible for generating a signal of the position (27) of the motor (1 1), equivalent to the number of turns of the auger (13), which is sent to the controller of movement (23). Similarly, in the case of incorporating the accessory subsystem, the position decoder (48) of the motor (49) will indicate the position of the mobile transducer in the ring.
El controlador de movimiento (23) es responsable de controlar y sincronizar el movimiento de los transductores (18, 19) respecto a la probeta (10) para la emisión y adquisición de las señales ultrasónicas.  The motion controller (23) is responsible for controlling and synchronizing the movement of the transducers (18, 19) with respect to the specimen (10) for the emission and acquisition of the ultrasonic signals.
El controlador de movimiento (23) recibe al menos los siguientes tipos de señales de entrada:  The motion controller (23) receives at least the following types of input signals:
• las señales de accionamiento (25, 26) de los fines de carrera (20, 21 ). • the drive signals (25, 26) of the limit switches (20, 21).
• la señal generada por el decodificador de posición de motor (22). • the signal generated by the motor position decoder (22).
· una señal de comienzo manual de la inspección (29), proporcionada a través del teclado (24). · A manual start inspection signal (29), provided to via keyboard (24).
• una señal de paro manual de la inspección (30), proporcionada en este caso a través del teclado (24).  • a manual inspection stop signal (30), provided in this case via the keypad (24).
En el caso de que esté incorporado el subsistema accesorio el controlador de movimiento recibiría las siguientes señales adicionales:  If the accessory subsystem is incorporated, the motion controller would receive the following additional signals:
• las señales de accionamiento (50, 51 ) de los fines de carrera (46, 47). • the drive signals (50, 51) of the limit switches (46, 47).
• la señal generada por el decodificador de posición de motor (52). • the signal generated by the motor position decoder (52).
El controlador de movimiento (23) emite al menos los siguientes tipos de señales de salida: The motion controller (23) emits at least the following types of output signals:
• una señal de sincronismo (28) para permitir la posterior generación de un pulso ultrasónico (35).  • a synchronism signal (28) to allow the subsequent generation of an ultrasonic pulse (35).
• una señal del sentido de la marcha (31 ) que indica si la inspección es ascendente o descendente.  • a directional signal (31) that indicates whether the inspection is ascending or descending.
· una señal de inicio de la inspección (32).  · An inspection start signal (32).
• una señal de fin de la inspección (33), la cual puede ser consecuencia de la recepción de la señal de paro manual de la inspección (30) o bien consecuencia de la finalización del movimiento de los medios de barrido mecánico (2).  • an end of inspection signal (33), which may be a consequence of the reception of the manual inspection stop signal (30) or a consequence of the completion of the movement of the mechanical scanning means (2).
· una señal de alimentación del motor (34) que permite controlar la velocidad y el sentido de giro que el motor (1 1 ) imprime al tornillo sinfín (13).  · A motor power signal (34) that allows you to control the speed and direction of rotation that the motor (1 1) prints to the auger (13).
En el caso de incorporar el subsistema accesorio se deberán añadir al controlador de movimiento (23) las siguientes señales de salida: If the accessory subsystem is incorporated, the following output signals must be added to the motion controller (23):
• Una señal de alimentación del motor (53) que permite controlar su velocidad y el sentido que el motor (49) imprime al transductor móvil. • A motor power signal (53) that allows to control its speed and the direction that the motor (49) prints to the mobile transducer.
• Una señal de sentido de marcha (54) que indica si el transductor móvil gira en sentido horario o antihorario En resumen, el controlador de movimiento (23) por una parte, coordina el movimiento de los transductores (18, 19) con relación a la probeta (10) a inspeccionar y por otra, genera una señal de sincronismo (28) asociada a la posición relativa de los transductores (18, 19) en la probeta (10) que será enviada al subsistema de generación de imagen ultrasónica (4) y más concretamente, a los medios para la emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5), de forma que genere un pulso ultrasónico (35) que permite la inspección de la probeta (10). • A direction signal (54) that indicates whether the mobile transducer rotates clockwise or counterclockwise In summary, the motion controller (23) on the one hand, coordinates the movement of the transducers (18, 19) in relation to the test tube (10) to be inspected and on the other, generates a synchronism signal (28) associated with the relative position of the transducers (18, 19) in the specimen (10) that will be sent to the ultrasonic image generation subsystem (4) and more specifically, to the means for the emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5), so that it generates an ultrasonic pulse (35) that allows the inspection of the specimen (10).
El subsistema de generación de imagen ultrasónica (4), tal y como se muestra en la figura 1 , incorpora a su vez medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5), y medios de procesamiento y almacenamiento digital de la información (6), que genera la imagen ultrasónica para su evaluación. The ultrasonic image generation subsystem (4), as shown in Figure 1, also incorporates ultrasonic signal emission-reception and acquisition means (5), and digital information processing and storage means ( 6), which generates the ultrasonic image for evaluation.
Los medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) incorporan al menos un sensor ultrasónico o transductor (37) y electrónica de emisión, recepción y digitalización. The means of transmission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) incorporate at least one ultrasonic sensor or transducer (37) and electronic transmission, reception and digitization.
El método de inspección ultrasónica realizado por los medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) puede ser el método de inspección Pulso-Eco, a través de un único sensor ultrasónico del tipo emisor y receptor, o más ventajosamente porque permite mayor transmisión energética, el método de inspección por Transmisión, el cual requiere dos sensores ultrasónicos o transductores del tipo emisor o receptor, que deben estar colocados enfrentados para detectarse mutuamente. En este último caso, los medios de barrido mecánico (2) deben incorporar el brazo móvil en forma de U (38), para que permita tener acoplados dos transductores de un solo canal (18, 19) enfrentados en cada uno de sus extremos, tal y como se muestra en la figura 5. En el caso de incorporar el subsistema accesorio mostrado en la figura 6 al brazo móvil se puede cambiar la posición relativa entre los transductores pero manteniéndolos enfrentados. Actualmente, en el mercado podemos encontrar medios para la emisión- recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) de diferentes tipos, los cuales pueden emplear elementos ultrasónicos de acoplamiento aire o no aire. The ultrasonic inspection method performed by the means of emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) can be the Pulse-Eco inspection method, through a single ultrasonic sensor of the emitter and receiver type, or more advantageously because it allows greater energy transmission, the Transmission inspection method, which requires two ultrasonic sensors or transducers of the emitter or receiver type, which must be placed facing each other to detect each other. In the latter case, the mechanical sweeping means (2) must incorporate the U-shaped mobile arm (38), so as to allow two single-channel transducers (18, 19) facing each other at their ends, as shown in figure 5. In the case of incorporating the accessory subsystem shown in Figure 6 to the movable arm, the relative position between the transducers can be changed while keeping them facing each other. Currently, in the market we can find means for the emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) of different types, which can employ ultrasonic elements of air or non-air coupling.
En el caso más habitual de utilizar aquellos medios de emisión- recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) que incorporan elementos ultrasónicos de acoplamiento agua se requieren, para una correcta propagación del pulso ultrasónico (35), una cubeta (8) con agua u otro líquido acoplante ultrasónico (9) en la cual se sumerge la probeta (10) a inspeccionar y gran parte de la estructura del sistema de barrido, tal y como se muestra en la figura 5.  In the most common case of using those means of emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) that incorporate ultrasonic elements of water coupling, a cuvette (8) with water or for the correct propagation of the ultrasonic pulse (35) is required. another ultrasonic coupling liquid (9) in which the specimen (10) to be inspected is immersed and a large part of the structure of the scanning system, as shown in Figure 5.
En este caso, el cual es especialmente ventajoso a nivel económico, es necesario incorporar algunos requisitos a los elementos citados anteriormente y añadir también nuevos elementos. A continuación se explica este caso en detalle.  In this case, which is especially advantageous at the economic level, it is necessary to incorporate some requirements to the elements mentioned above and also add new elements. This case is explained in detail below.
Como se ha comentado, los medios de barrido mecánico (2) deben incluir además los siguientes elementos, representados en la figura 5:  As mentioned, the mechanical scanning means (2) must also include the following elements, represented in Figure 5:
· agua u otro líquido acoplante ultrasónico (9)  · Water or other ultrasonic coupling liquid (9)
• una cubeta (8) cuyas dimensiones son ligeramente superiores a la estructura (7) y permiten que el testigo o probeta (10) que se quiera inspeccionar quede totalmente sumergido en el líquido acoplante (9). En este caso, la estructura (7) es resistente a la inmersión en líquidos, ya que gran parte de ella se sumerge en la cubeta (8) llena de agua u otro líquido acoplante ultrasónico (9) durante las inspecciones.  • a cuvette (8) whose dimensions are slightly larger than the structure (7) and allow the control or test tube (10) to be inspected to be completely submerged in the coupling liquid (9). In this case, the structure (7) is resistant to immersion in liquids, since much of it is submerged in the bucket (8) filled with water or other ultrasonic coupling liquid (9) during inspections.
En cuanto a los medios electrónicos de control (3), es conveniente que los fines de carrera (20, 21 , 46, 47) que se utilicen puedan operar sumergidos en líquido ya que se encuentran normalmente acoplados en la zona del sistema mecánico sumergido en el líquido acoplante (9). El decodificador de posición (22) del motor (1 1 ), al igual que el propio motor (1 1 ) del sistema principal, es necesario que esté acondicionado para resistir la humedad y a las salpicaduras, ya que está situado cerca del líquido acoplante (9). En el subsistema accesorio tanto el decodificador de posición (48) del motor (49), como el propio motor (49) conviene que sean sumergibles para simplificar la mecánica, sin embargo se pueden utilizar elementos análogos al del sistema principal con solo utilizar un sistema de transmisión (45) que los mantenga fuera del líquido acoplante durante la inspección. As for the electronic control means (3), it is convenient that the running ends (20, 21, 46, 47) that are used can operate submerged in liquid since they are normally coupled in the area of the mechanical system submerged in the coupling liquid (9). The position decoder (22) of the motor (1 1), like the motor itself (1 1) of the main system, needs to be conditioned to resist moisture and splashes, since it is located near the coupling liquid ( 9). In the accessory subsystem, both the position decoder (48) of the motor (49) and the motor (49) should be submersible to simplify the mechanics, however elements similar to that of the main system can be used just by using a system transmission (45) that keeps them out of the coupling fluid during inspection.
Los medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) presentan, al menos, las siguientes prestaciones: The means of emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) have at least the following features:
• Permite la inspección en transmisión, es decir, utilizando un canal de emisión y otro de recepción.  • Allows inspection in transmission, that is, using an emission channel and a reception channel.
• La emisión-recepción y adquisición está sincronizada mediante la señal de sincronismo (28) que recibe del subsistema de inspección (1 ).  • The emission-reception and acquisition is synchronized by the synchronism signal (28) that it receives from the inspection subsystem (1).
• La frecuencia de emisión-recepción y adquisición es adecuada a la velocidad de inspección y a la resolución con la que se desea obtener la imagen. Los valores adecuados para la frecuencia de repetición de pulsos están entre [50 Hz y 1 KHz].  • The frequency of emission-reception and acquisition is appropriate to the inspection speed and the resolution with which the image is to be obtained. Suitable values for the pulse repetition frequency are between [50 Hz and 1 KHz].
• Los transductores (18 y 19) y la electrónica de emisión-recepción es adecuada a los materiales que se desean inspeccionar (típicamente entre [20 KHz y 1 MHz], con ganancia de recepción superior a 50 dB). • The transducers (18 and 19) and the emission-reception electronics are suitable for the materials to be inspected (typically between [20 KHz and 1 MHz], with reception gain greater than 50 dB).
• La frecuencia de adquisición es suficiente para el ancho de banda de las señales entre 100KHz y 20 MHz. • The acquisition frequency is sufficient for the bandwidth of the signals between 100KHz and 20 MHz.
Por último, los medios de procesamiento y almacenamiento digital de la información (6) son los encargados de componer y procesar la información ultrasónica para obtener la imagen de las diferentes propiedades ultrasónicas de la probeta (10). Finally, the digital information processing and storage means (6) are responsible for composing and processing the ultrasonic information to obtain the image of the different ultrasonic properties of the specimen (10).
Estas imágenes son representadas a través de medios incorporados de visualización como una pantalla o impresora. These images are represented through built-in means of Display as a screen or printer.
Un posterior análisis de los datos de estas imágenes, utilizando información tanto ultrasónica como de las características de fabricación de la probeta (10), permite estimar el estado del material así como predecir alguno de sus parámetros micro-estructurales.  A subsequent analysis of the data in these images, using both ultrasonic information and the manufacturing characteristics of the specimen (10), allows estimating the state of the material as well as predicting some of its microstructural parameters.
Otro objeto de la invención lo constituye el procedimiento para generar y componer imágenes ultrasónicas a partir de las medidas obtenidas en ensayos no destructivos de testigos y probetas con simetría axial de hormigón, el cual comprende las siguientes fases: Another object of the invention is the process for generating and composing ultrasonic images from the measurements obtained in non-destructive tests of witnesses and specimens with axial concrete symmetry, which comprises the following phases:
• Iniciar el movimiento de los medios de barrido mecánico (2) • Start the movement of the mechanical scanning means (2)
• Sincronizar los subsistemas, emitir el pulso ultrasónico (35) y obtener de pulso de medida. • Synchronize the subsystems, emit the ultrasonic pulse (35) and obtain a measurement pulse.
• Finalizar y obtener los parámetros y mapas indicadores.  • Finish and obtain the parameters and indicator maps.
A continuación se explica detalladamente cada una de estas etapas. Each of these stages is explained in detail below.
Una vez situada la probeta (10) en su posición se genera la señal de inicio de la inspección (32), la cual puede ser consecuencia de la recepción de la señal de comienzo manual de la inspección (29) o puede ser originada de forma programática, a partir de los medios de procesamiento y almacenamiento digital de la información (6). En el primer caso, es enviada a los medios de procesamiento y almacenamiento digital de la información (6) desde el controlador de movimiento (23), mientras que en el segundo, es enviada al controlador de movimiento (23) desde los medios de procesamiento y almacenamiento digital de la información (6). Once the specimen (10) is placed in its position, the start signal of the inspection (32) is generated, which can be a consequence of the reception of the manual start signal of the inspection (29) or can be originated in a way programmatic, based on the means of processing and digital storage of information (6). In the first case, it is sent to the digital information processing and storage means (6) from the motion controller (23), while in the second, it is sent to the motion controller (23) from the processing means and digital storage of information (6).
En ese momento se inicia la inspección cuya secuencia de movimientos varía ligeramente si incorpora el subsistema accesorio.  At that time the inspection begins whose sequence of movements varies slightly if it incorporates the accessory subsystem.
Una vez recibida la señal de inicio, el controlador de movimiento (23) lleva el brazo (14), que contiene los transductores (18, 19), a la posición inicial para iniciar las inspecciones. La posición inicial puede ser, como se ha comentado previamente, la posición de cualquiera de los fines de carrera (20, 21 ) y en el caso de que se utilice el subsistema accesorio el transductor móvil (19) se sitúa en la posición central, enfrentado al otro transductor (18). Once the start signal is received, the motion controller (23) takes the arm (14), which contains the transducers (18, 19), to the initial position to start the inspections. The initial position can be, as previously mentioned, the position of any of the career ends (20, 21) and if the accessory subsystem is used, the mobile transducer (19) is placed in the central position, facing the other transducer (18).
Así pues, comienza el movimiento de los medios de barrido mecánico (2) y se empieza a controlar el movimiento del brazo (14), que contiene los transductores (18, 19). Para ello se debe conocer la posición del brazo (14) en relación a la posición de los fines de carrera (20, 21 ), la velocidad de su movimiento y el sentido del mismo. De manera análoga si se utiliza el subsistema accesorio se deberá conocer la posición del transductor móvil (19) en relación a los fines de carrera (46, 47).  Thus, the movement of the mechanical scanning means (2) begins and the movement of the arm (14), which contains the transducers (18, 19), begins to be controlled. For this, the position of the arm (14) must be known in relation to the position of the limit switches (20, 21), the speed of its movement and its direction. Similarly, if the accessory subsystem is used, the position of the mobile transducer (19) must be known in relation to the limit switches (46, 47).
• La posición del brazo (14) en relación a la posición de los fines de carrera (20, 21 ) la proporciona la señal de la posición (27) del brazo (14) generada por el decodificador de posición de motor (22).  • The position of the arm (14) in relation to the position of the limit switches (20, 21) is provided by the signal of the position (27) of the arm (14) generated by the motor position decoder (22).
• En el caso de que se utilice el subsistema accesorio la posición del transductor móvil (19) en relación a la posición de los fines de carrera (46, 47) la proporciona la señal de la posición (53) del transductor generada por el decodificador de posición de motor (48). • If the accessory subsystem is used, the position of the mobile transducer (19) in relation to the position of the limit switches (46, 47) is provided by the signal of the position (53) of the transducer generated by the decoder engine position (48).
• La velocidad de este movimiento se regula por el controlador de movimiento (23) mediante la señal de alimentación del motor (30) que permite controlar la velocidad y la potencia que genera el motor (1 1 ). • The speed of this movement is regulated by the motion controller (23) by means of the motor power signal (30) which allows to control the speed and power generated by the motor (1 1).
• En el caso de que se utilice el sistema accesorio la velocidad de este movimiento se regula por el controlador de movimiento (23) mediante la señal de alimentación del motor (53) que permite controlar la velocidad y la potencia que genera el motor (49).  • In the event that the accessory system is used, the speed of this movement is regulated by the motion controller (23) by means of the motor power signal (53) that allows to control the speed and power generated by the motor (49 ).
• El sentido del movimiento puede ser ascendente o descendente, según el valor de la señal del sentido de la marcha (31 ). Si cuando se active la señal de inicio (29) de la inspección el brazo (14) se encuentra en la posición del fin de carrera inferior (20), se activará el movimiento del motor (1 1 ) con sentido ascendente que finalizará cuando se reciba en el controlador de movimiento (23) la señal de activación (26) de fin de carrera superior (21 ) y, de manera contraria, si el brazo (14), se encuentra en la posición del fin de carrera superior (21 ), se activará el movimiento del motor (1 1 ) con sentido descendente que finalizará cuando se reciba en el controlador de movimiento (23) la señal de activación (25) de fin de carrera inferior• The direction of movement can be ascending or descending, depending on the value of the direction of travel signal (31). If when the start signal (29) of the inspection is activated, the arm (14) is in the position of the lower limit switch (20), the upward movement of the motor (1 1) will be activated, which will end when receive the signal from the motion controller (23) activation (26) of upper limit switch (21) and, conversely, if the arm (14) is in the position of the upper limit switch (21), motor movement (1 1) will be activated with descending direction that will end when the lower limit switch activation signal (25) is received in the motion controller (23)
(20). (twenty).
• En el caso que se utilice el subsistema accesorio el movimiento descrito en el párrafo anterior se sincroniza con el movimiento del transductor móvil de la siguiente manera. Una vez situado el anillo en la cota de la probeta donde se desea realizar una tomografía axial, se sitúa del transductor móvil (19) en uno de los extremos del anillo marcados por los fines de carrera (46 o 47). Se inicia el movimiento en sentido horario u antihorario dependiendo de su posición inicial. Cuando este movimiento finaliza detectado por el fin de carrera final (48 o 49), se realiza un movimiento rotacional de la probeta un ángulo determinado que se obtiene mediante la señal de posición (27), se detiene el movimiento rotacional y se inicia de nuevo el movimiento del transductor móvil en el sentido contrario al del movimiento anterior. Así sucesivamente hasta que al menos se ha completado una rotación de 360° de la probeta. El anillo se puede posicionar en cualquier cota de la probeta para realizar la tomografía axial de la zona o incluso realizar una tomografía axial de toda la probeta, obteniéndose de esta última forma una imagen tridimensional de las propiedades ultrasónicas de toda la probeta o testigo.  • In the case that the accessory subsystem is used, the movement described in the previous paragraph is synchronized with the movement of the mobile transducer as follows. Once the ring is located at the level of the specimen where it is desired to perform an axial tomography, it is located of the mobile transducer (19) at one of the ends of the ring marked by the ends of the stroke (46 or 47). The movement starts clockwise or counterclockwise depending on its initial position. When this movement ends detected by the end of stroke (48 or 49), a rotational movement of the specimen is made at a certain angle that is obtained by means of the position signal (27), the rotational movement stops and starts again the movement of the mobile transducer in the opposite direction to the previous movement. So on until at least 360 ° rotation of the specimen has been completed. The ring can be positioned at any level of the specimen to perform the axial tomography of the area or even perform an axial tomography of the entire specimen, thus obtaining a three-dimensional image of the ultrasonic properties of the entire specimen or control.
En base a las señales recibidas, el controlador de movimiento (23) puede realizar la sincronización enviando las correspondientes señales al subsistema de generación de imagen ultrasónica (4), tal y como se muestra en la figura 7. Más concretamente, los medios de procesamiento y almacenamiento digital de la información (6) reciben las señales de inicio de la inspección (32), del sentido de la marcha tanto del movimiento ascendente (31 ) como del subsistema accesorio (54) y de fin de la inspección (33), mientras que los medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) reciben las señales de sincronismo (28). Based on the received signals, the motion controller (23) can perform synchronization by sending the corresponding signals to the ultrasonic image generation subsystem (4), as shown in Figure 7. More specifically, the processing means and digital storage of information (6) receive the start signals of the inspection (32), of the direction of travel of both the upward movement (31) and the accessory subsystem (54) and of the end of the inspection (33), while the means of transmission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) receive the synchronization signals (28).
Tal y como se muestra en la figura 8, con el movimiento sincronizado, rotacional en la probeta (10) y vertical del brazo (14), el controlador de movimiento (23) genera una señal de sincronismo (28) con la que ocasiona que se emita un pulso ultrasónico (35) en forma de haz que atraviesa la probeta cilindrica (10) por uno de sus diámetros.  As shown in Figure 8, with synchronized, rotational movement in the specimen (10) and vertical arm (14), the motion controller (23) generates a synchronization signal (28) with which it causes a beam-shaped ultrasonic pulse (35) is emitted that passes through the cylindrical specimen (10) by one of its diameters.
En el caso de que se utilice el subsistema accesorio como se muestra en la figura 9 no solo se recibe la señal que atraviesa por unos de los diámetros sino la que atraviesa las diferentes cuerdas de la probeta (35).  In the case that the accessory subsystem is used as shown in Figure 9, not only the signal that passes through one of the diameters is received but also the one that crosses the different strings of the test tube (35).
La señal adquirida se analiza posteriormente mediante los medios de procesamiento y almacenamiento digital de la información (6).  The acquired signal is subsequently analyzed by means of digital information processing and storage (6).
Cuando se emite alguna de las señales de accionamiento (25, 26), dependiendo del sentido de la marcha (31 ), el motor (1 1 ) se para y el controlador de movimiento (23) envía una señal de fin de la inspección (33) a los medios de procesamiento y almacenamiento digital de la información (6).  When any of the drive signals (25, 26) is emitted, depending on the direction of travel (31), the motor (1 1) stops and the motion controller (23) sends an end of inspection signal ( 33) to the means of processing and digital storage of information (6).
Algunos tipos de medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) proporcionan directamente la información de tiempo y atenuación en tiempo real, que habrá que transmitirla a los medios de procesamiento y almacenamiento digital de la información (6) o bien se transmite toda la señal ultrasónica y se obtienen estos parámetros en los medios de procesamiento y almacenamiento digital de la información (6).  Some types of transmission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) directly provide time and attenuation information in real time, which will have to be transmitted to the digital processing and storage of information (6) or transmitted. the entire ultrasonic signal and these parameters are obtained in the digital information processing and storage means (6).
Con los datos de las señales ultrasónicas adquiridas, se obtienen las imágenes diametrales de la atenuación A, el tiempo de vuelo T, y la velocidad ultrasónica V, para cada uno de los diámetros de la probeta (10), es decir, para cada altura z y ángulo de giro Φ, de la probeta (10), tal y como se muestra en la figura 10.  With the data of the acquired ultrasonic signals, the diametral images of the attenuation A, the flight time T, and the ultrasonic velocity V are obtained, for each of the diameters of the specimen (10), that is, for each height z and angle of rotation Φ of the test piece (10), as shown in figure 10.
En el caso que se utilice el subsistema accesorio, mediante la utilización de técnicas de reconstrucción tomográficas se puede obtener una imagen tomográfica axial computarizada ultrasónica de la probeta o testigo en la cota que se desee tal como aparece en la figura 1 1 . En esta figura se muestra la imagen de información radial de atenuación de un testigo y las tomografías axiales a cuatro cotas diferentes 80, 100, 120 y 140 mm, que muestran 1 , 2, 3 yIf the accessory subsystem is used, by using From tomographic reconstruction techniques an ultrasonic computerized tomographic image of the specimen or control can be obtained at the desired level as it appears in Figure 1 1. This figure shows the image of radial attenuation information of a witness and axial tomography at four different levels 80, 100, 120 and 140 mm, showing 1, 2, 3 and
4 defectos respectivamente. De esta manera no solo se tiene imagen de la información radial de la probeta sino que se puede obtener una imagen 3D de las propiedades ultrasónicas de la probeta. 4 defects respectively. In this way, not only is the image of the radial information of the specimen available, but a 3D image of the ultrasonic properties of the specimen can be obtained.
En base a estas medidas y a las características de fabricación de la probeta (10) se puede evaluar el estado de la calidad del material, considerando el comportamiento elástico e incluso algunos de sus parámetros micro-estructurales como la no uniformidad del material debido a una incorrecta fabricación o por el avance de un proceso de degradación.  Based on these measures and the manufacturing characteristics of the specimen (10), the quality status of the material can be assessed, considering the elastic behavior and even some of its micro-structural parameters such as the non-uniformity of the material due to an incorrect manufacturing or by the progress of a degradation process.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES
Sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de probetas con simetría axial de materiales cementicios por imagen ultrasónica caracterizado porque comprende: Portable system for non-destructive testing of specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by ultrasonic imaging characterized because it comprises:
• un subsistema de inspección (1 ) que a su vez comprende: • an inspection subsystem (1) which in turn includes:
o medios de barrido mecánico or mechanical sweeping means
(2) que incorporan medios para fijar la posición de una probeta con simetría axial (10) e imprimirle un movimiento giratorio, así como de medios que facilitan el montaje, el desplazamiento vertical y el relativo entre los medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) con respecto a la probeta (10) para inspección de la misma, o medios electrónicos de control (2) that incorporate means to fix the position of a test piece with axial symmetry (10) and give it a rotary movement, as well as means that facilitate the assembly, the vertical and relative displacement between the emission-reception and acquisition means of ultrasonic signals (5) with respect to the test piece (10) for its inspection, or electronic control means
(3) que controlan el movimiento de la probeta (10) y de los medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5), y (3) that control the movement of the test piece (10) and the means for emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5), and
• un subsistema de generación de imagen ultrasónica (4) que a su vez comprende: • an ultrasonic image generation subsystem (4) which in turn comprises:
o los medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) que incorporan al menos un transductor o sensor ultrasónico (37) y electrónica de emisión, recepción y digitalización, or the means for emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) that incorporate at least one ultrasonic transducer or sensor (37) and emission, reception and digitization electronics,
o medios de procesamiento y almacenamiento digital de información (6) que procesan las señales recibidas por los medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) y muestran las imágenes de las propiedades ultrasónicas de la probeta (10). or digital information processing and storage means (6) that process the signals received by the ultrasonic signal emission-reception and acquisition means (5) and show images of the ultrasonic properties of the test piece (10).
Sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de probetas con simetría axial de materiales cementicios por imagen ultrasónica según la reivindicación 1 caracterizado porque los medios de barrido mecánico (2) comprenden: Portable system for non-destructive testing of specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by ultrasonic image according to claim 1 characterized in that the mechanical scanning means (2) include:
• una estructura (7) que comprende a su vez • a structure (7) that in turn includes
o un bastidor fijo (12), or a fixed frame (12),
o y una plataforma de apoyo (16) que permite ubicar la probeta (10), or and a support platform (16) that allows the test piece (10) to be located,
• un motor eléctrico (1 1 ) acoplado a la estructura, • an electric motor (1 1) coupled to the structure,
• un tornillo sinfín (13) accionado por el motor eléctrico (1 1 ), • an worm screw (13) driven by the electric motor (1 1),
• una transmisión mecánica que genera un movimiento de rotación en la plataforma de apoyo (16) de la probeta (10) al transmitir el movimiento de giro del tornillo sinfín (13), • a mechanical transmission that generates a rotation movement in the support platform (16) of the specimen (10) by transmitting the rotation movement of the worm screw (13),
• un brazo móvil (14) adaptado para tener acoplados los medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) y que al estar acoplado al tornillo sinfín (13), éste le determina un movimiento vertical con respecto al bastidor fijo (12), • a mobile arm (14) adapted to have the means of emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) coupled and which, when coupled to the worm screw (13), determines a vertical movement with respect to the fixed frame (12). ),
• una o varias guías (15), vinculadas al bastidor fijo (12), que dirigen y acomodan el movimiento del brazo móvil (14), • one or several guides (15), linked to the fixed frame (12), which direct and accommodate the movement of the mobile arm (14),
• medios de sujeción y centrado de la probeta (10) en el eje de giro en la plataforma de apoyo (16). • means for holding and centering the specimen (10) in the axis of rotation on the support platform (16).
• un subsistema adicional (figura 6) que se puede fijar al brazo móvil en forma de U (38) que permite cambiar la posición relativa entre el sistema emisor y receptor ultrasónico. • an additional subsystem (figure 6) that can be fixed to the U-shaped mobile arm (38) that allows changing the relative position between the ultrasonic emitter and receiver system.
Sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de probetas con simetría axial de materiales cementicios por imagen ultrasónica según la reivindicación 2 caracterizado porque los medios de sujeción y centrado de la probeta (10) incorporan un adaptador (17) acoplable a la plataforma de apoyo (16) específico para los diferentes diámetros de probetas (10). Portable system for non-destructive testing of specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by ultrasonic image according to claim 2, characterized in that the means for holding and centering the specimen (10) incorporate an adapter (17) attachable to the support platform (16). specific for the different diameters of test pieces (10).
4. Sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de probetas con simetría axial de materiales cementicios por imagen ultrasónica según la reivindicación 3 caracterizado porque el adaptador (17) comprende una cavidad con simetría axial centrada en su eje, de diámetro ligeramente superior a la de las probetas (10) a inspeccionar y de mínima altura pero suficiente para permitir situar centradas las probetas (10), que proporciona un agarre que hace que su movimiento sea solidario y coaxial a la plataforma de apoyo (16) de la probeta (10). 4. Portable system for non-destructive testing of specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by ultrasonic imaging according to the claim 3 characterized in that the adapter (17) comprises a cavity with axial symmetry centered on its axis, with a diameter slightly greater than that of the specimens (10) to be inspected and of minimum height but sufficient to allow the specimens (10) to be centered. which provides a grip that makes its movement integral and coaxial to the support platform (16) of the test piece (10).
5. Sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de probetas con simetría axial de materiales cementicios por imagen ultrasónica según la reivindicación 4 caracterizado porque la cavidad del adaptador (17) comprende una superficie adherente, rugosa o estriada de manera que presente un plano de apoyo para las probetas o testigos (10) y que mediante el rozamiento se impida su deslizamiento rotacional. 5. Portable system for non-destructive testing of specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by ultrasonic image according to claim 4, characterized in that the cavity of the adapter (17) comprises an adherent, rough or grooved surface so that it presents a support plane for the test pieces or witnesses (10) and that their rotational sliding is prevented by friction.
6. Sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de probetas con simetría axial de materiales cementicios por imagen ultrasónica según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 3 a 5 caracterizado porque el adaptador (17) es homogéneo y tiene una velocidad ultrasónica parecida a la de las probetas (10) que se quieran inspeccionar, de forma que se utilice como patrón de referencia en las inspecciones ultrasónicas que se realicen. 6. Portable system for non-destructive testing of specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by ultrasonic image according to any one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the adapter (17) is homogeneous and has an ultrasonic speed similar to that of the specimens (10). ) that you want to inspect, so that it is used as a reference standard in the ultrasonic inspections that are carried out.
7. Un sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de probetas con simetría axial de materiales cementicios según reivindicación 2, caracterizado porque puede incorporar un subsistema mecánico adicional en forma de anillo (40) que permite mediante un motor eléctrico (49) cambiar la posición relativa de los sistemas de emisión recepción (18 y 19) a lo largo de su estructura. 7. A portable system for non-destructive testing of specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials according to claim 2, characterized in that it can incorporate an additional mechanical subsystem in the form of a ring (40) that allows, by means of an electric motor (49), to change the relative position of the emission reception systems (18 and 19) throughout its structure.
Sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de probetas con simetría axial de materiales cementicios por imagen ultrasónica según la reivindicación 1 caracterizado porque los medios electrónicos de control (3) comprenden Portable system for non-destructive testing of specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by ultrasonic imaging according to the claim 1 characterized in that the electronic control means (3) comprise
• unos fines de carrera (20, 21 ) que son accionados por el brazo móvil (14) para delimitar así los extremos del movimiento lineal vertical, • limit switches (20, 21) that are activated by the mobile arm (14) to delimit the ends of the vertical linear movement,
• un decodificador de posición (22) del motor (1 1 ) que genera una señal de la posición (27) del motor (1 1 ), equivalente al número de vueltas del tornillo sinfín (13), la cual es enviada a un controlador de movimiento (23), • a position decoder (22) of the motor (1 1) that generates a signal of the position (27) of the motor (1 1), equivalent to the number of turns of the worm screw (13), which is sent to a controller movement (23),
• unos fines de carrera (46,47) que son accionados por el soporte del transductor móvil (44) para delimitar su movimiento. • limit switches (46,47) that are activated by the mobile transducer support (44) to delimit its movement.
• un decodificador de posición (48) del motor (49) que genera una señal de la posición (52) del motor (48), equivalente a la posición en el anillo (40) del soporte (44) del transductor (19), la cual es enviada a un controlador de movimiento (23). • a position decoder (48) of the motor (49) that generates a signal of the position (52) of the motor (48), equivalent to the position on the ring (40) of the support (44) of the transducer (19), which is sent to a motion controller (23).
• el controlador de movimiento (23) que recibe al menos las señales de los fines de carrera (20, 21 , 46,47) y de los decodificadores de posición (22,48) de los motores (1 1 ,49), para coordinar y sincronizar el movimiento de los medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) respecto a la probeta (10), • the motion controller (23) that receives at least the signals from the limit switches (20, 21, 46,47) and the position decoders (22,48) of the motors (1 1,49), to coordinate and synchronize the movement of the means of emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) with respect to the test piece (10),
• un teclado (24) que permite a un operario introducir órdenes al controlador de movimiento (23). • a keyboard (24) that allows an operator to enter commands to the motion controller (23).
9. Sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de probetas con simetría axial de materiales cementicios por imagen ultrasónica según la reivindicación 2 caracterizado porque los fines de carrera (20, 21 ) están acoplados a la estructura (7) de tal manera que se permite colocar éstos en función de la altura de la probeta (10) que se quiera inspeccionar, siendo la posición del fin de carrera inferior (20) fija, correspondiente a la base de la plataforma de apoyo (16) de la probeta (10), mientras que el fin de carrera superior (21 ) es móvil y se ajusta a la altura de la probeta (10). 9. Portable system for non-destructive testing of specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by ultrasonic image according to claim 2, characterized in that the limit switches (20, 21) are coupled to the structure (7) in such a way that it is possible to place them. depending on the height of the specimen (10) to be inspected, the position of the lower limit switch (20) being fixed, corresponding to the base of the support platform (16) of the specimen (10), while The upper limit switch (21) is mobile and adjusts to the height of the specimen (10).
10. Sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de probetas con simetría axial de materiales cementicios por imagen ultrasónica según la reivindicación 2 caracterizado porque el brazo móvil (14) es un brazo10. Portable system for non-destructive testing of specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by ultrasonic image according to claim 2 characterized in that the mobile arm (14) is an arm
5 móvil en forma de U (38), que permite acoplar en cualquiera o en ambos de sus extremos, los medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) y también permite que se fije una estructura adicional (figura 6) en forma de anillo (40) que permita variar la posición relativa entre el medio emisor y receptor de las señales ultrasónicas (5).5 U-shaped mobile (38), which allows the means of emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) to be coupled at either or both of its ends and also allows an additional structure (figure 6) to be fixed on ring shape (40) that allows the relative position between the emitting and receiving means of the ultrasonic signals (5) to be varied.
0 0
1 1 . Sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de probetas con simetría axial de materiales cementicios por imagen ultrasónica según las reivindicaciones 1 y 2 caracterizado porque los medios de barrido mecánico (2) incorporan adicionalmente una cubeta (8), cuyas5 dimensiones son ligeramente superiores a la estructura (7), con agua u otro líquido acoplante ultrasónico (9), de tal forma que la probeta (10) a inspeccionar queda sumergida y los medios de emisión-recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) incorporan sensor/es ultrasónico/s (37) del tipo de Acoplamiento-Agua, por lo que la estructura (7), los fines de o carrera (20, 21 , 46,47) son resistente a la inmersión en líquidos, ya que gran parte de ellos sino todos, se sumergen, y los decodificadores de posición (22,48) de los motores (1 1 ,49) y los propios motores (1 1 ,49) están acondicionados para resistir la humedad y a las salpicaduras, ya que están situados cerca del líquido acoplante (9). eleven . Portable system for non-destructive testing of specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by ultrasonic imaging according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the mechanical scanning means (2) additionally incorporate a bucket (8), whose dimensions are slightly larger than the structure ( 7), with water or other ultrasonic coupling liquid (9), in such a way that the specimen (10) to be inspected is submerged and the means for emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) incorporate ultrasonic sensor(s) ( 37) of the Coupling-Water type, so the structure (7), the ends or stroke (20, 21, 46,47) are resistant to immersion in liquids, since a large part of them, if not all, are submerged, and the position decoders (22,48) of the motors (1 1,49) and the motors themselves (1 1,49) are conditioned to resist humidity and splashes, since they are located near the coupling liquid ( 9).
5 5
12. Sistema portátil de ensayos no destructivos de probetas con simetría axial de materiales cementicios por imagen ultrasónica según las reivindicaciones 1 y 10 caracterizado porque los medios de emisión- recepción y adquisición de señales ultrasónicas (5) comprende dos 0 transductores de un solo canal (18, 19) enfrentados en cada uno de los extremos del brazo móvil en forma de U (38), o adicionalmente fijados a una estructura (40) que permite variar su posición relativa para que permita realizar el método de inspección por Transmisión. 12. Portable system for non-destructive testing of specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by ultrasonic imaging according to claims 1 and 10, characterized in that the means for emission-reception and acquisition of ultrasonic signals (5) comprise two single-channel transducers ( 18, 19) faced in each of the ends of the U-shaped mobile arm (38), or additionally fixed to a structure (40) that allows its relative position to be varied so that the Transmission inspection method can be carried out.
13. Procedimiento de ensayo no destructivo de probetas con simetría axial de materiales cementicios mediante el sistema descrito en una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 12 caracterizado porque comprende las siguientes etapas: 13. Non-destructive testing procedure for specimens with axial symmetry of cementitious materials using the system described in any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that it comprises the following stages:
• posicionamiento de el/los sensor/es ultrasónico/s (37) en altura en correspondencia con uno de los finales de carrera (20,21 ), • positioning of the ultrasonic sensor(s) (37) in height in correspondence with one of the limit switches (20,21),
• posicionamiento del sensor ultrasónico móvil en la posición de inicio del barrido circular correspondiente a uno de los fines de carrera (46,47). • positioning of the mobile ultrasonic sensor in the starting position of the circular scan corresponding to one of the limit switches (46,47).
• accionamiento del movimiento giratorio de los motores (1 1 ,49) y regulación de velocidad y sentido de giro, a través de al menos las siguientes señales: • actuation of the rotary movement of the motors (1 1 .49) and regulation of speed and direction of rotation, through at least the following signals:
o una señal de comienzo manual de la inspección (29), proporcionada a través del teclado (24), or a manual inspection start signal (29), provided through the keyboard (24),
o unas señales de alimentación del motor (34,53) que permiten controlar la velocidad y el sentido de giro que el motor (1 1 ) imprime al tornillo sinfín (13) y el motor (49) imprime un desplazamiento sobre el anillo (40) al soporte (44) del transductor. or motor power signals (34,53) that allow controlling the speed and direction of rotation that the motor (1 1) prints on the worm screw (13) and the motor (49) prints a displacement on the ring (40 ) to the support (44) of the transducer.
• sincronizado de movimiento de el/los sensor/es ultrasónico/s (37) respecto de la probeta (10), a través de al menos las siguientes señales • synchronized movement of the ultrasonic sensor(s) (37) with respect to the test piece (10), through at least the following signals
o una señal de sincronismo (28) para permitir la posterior generación de un pulso ultrasónico (35), or a synchronization signal (28) to allow the subsequent generation of an ultrasonic pulse (35),
o unas señales del sentido de la marcha que indica si la inspección es ascendente o descendente (31 ), o que el movimiento relativo del transductor es sentido horario o antihorario (54). or signs of the direction of travel that indicate whether the inspection is ascending or descending (31), or that the Relative movement of the transducer is clockwise or counterclockwise (54).
o una señal de fin de la inspección (33), or an end of inspection signal (33),
emisión del pulsos ultrasónicos (35) por el/los sensor/es ultrasónico/s (37), emission of ultrasonic pulses (35) by the ultrasonic sensor(s) (37),
adquisición de señales ultrasónicas por el/los sensor/es ultrasónico/s (37) correspondientes a diferentes secciones axiales de la probeta (10), acquisition of ultrasonic signals by the ultrasonic sensor(s) (37) corresponding to different axial sections of the test piece (10),
finalización del movimiento, a través de al menos las siguientes señales: completion of the movement, through at least the following signals:
o unas señales de accionamiento (25, 26, 50, 51 ) de los fines de carrera (20, 21 ,46,47), or activation signals (25, 26, 50, 51) of the limit switches (20, 21, 46, 47),
procesamiento de las señales recibidas para obtención de parámetros característicos tales como la atenuación, el tiempo de vuelo y la velocidad ultrasónica y posterior almacenamiento, visual ización de mapas indicadores tales como imágenes diametrales de la atenuación, el tiempo de vuelo y la velocidad ultrasónica. processing of the received signals to obtain characteristic parameters such as attenuation, time of flight and ultrasonic speed and subsequent storage, display of indicator maps such as diametric images of attenuation, time of flight and ultrasonic speed.
visualización de tomografías axiales computarizadas de parámetros ultrasónicos como atenuación, tiempo de vuelo y velocidad ultrasónica. CT scan visualization of ultrasonic parameters such as attenuation, time of flight, and ultrasonic velocity.
PCT/ES2011/070499 2010-07-12 2011-07-08 Portable non-destructive testing system for test tubes with axial symmetry of cementitious materials by means of ultrasonic imaging, and associated method WO2012007621A1 (en)

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ES201031058A ES2375858B1 (en) 2010-07-12 2010-07-12 PORTABLE SYSTEM OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF TESTS WITH AXIAL SYMMETRY, OF CEMENTITY MATERIALS BY ULTRASONIC IMAGE AND ASSOCIATED PROCEDURE.

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