WO2011155839A1 - Appareil et procédé permettant d'obtenir un ion spécifique à partir d'un fluide - Google Patents

Appareil et procédé permettant d'obtenir un ion spécifique à partir d'un fluide Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011155839A1
WO2011155839A1 PCT/NL2011/050418 NL2011050418W WO2011155839A1 WO 2011155839 A1 WO2011155839 A1 WO 2011155839A1 NL 2011050418 W NL2011050418 W NL 2011050418W WO 2011155839 A1 WO2011155839 A1 WO 2011155839A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
membrane
fluid
specific ion
electrodes
ion
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NL2011/050418
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Cees Jan Nico Buisman
Pieter Maarten Biesheuvel
Henk Miedema
Machiel Saakes
Original Assignee
Stichting Wetsus Centre Of Excellence For Sustainable Water Technology
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Stichting Wetsus Centre Of Excellence For Sustainable Water Technology filed Critical Stichting Wetsus Centre Of Excellence For Sustainable Water Technology
Publication of WO2011155839A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011155839A1/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
    • B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
    • B01D61/46—Apparatus therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
    • A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
    • B01D61/422—Electrodialysis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
    • B01D61/425—Electro-ultrafiltration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
    • B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/58—Multistep processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
    • C02F1/4693—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis electrodialysis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
    • A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
    • B01D2313/34—Energy carriers
    • B01D2313/345—Electrodes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
    • B01D61/025—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
    • B01D61/027—Nanofiltration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/442—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by nanofiltration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an apparatus for obtaining a specific ion from a fluid. More specifically, such fluid relates to sea water.
  • An example of specific ions is an alkali metal like lithium.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for obtaining a specific ion as an alternative to the existing operations for obtaining such specific ion.
  • the apparatus comprising:
  • first and second electrodes are of an opposite polarity; and at least one membrane placed between the first and second electrodes, wherein the membrane is
  • the ions in the fluid tend to move towards their preferred electrode.
  • the membrane By placing at least one membrane between the first and second electrodes, with the membrane being from a specific ion selective material, a specific type of ion is separated from the fluid. Other ions can not however pass through the selective membrane, at least not in substantial amounts. This enables obtaining such specific ion from a fluid .
  • alkali metals can be obtained with the apparatus according to the present invention. More
  • lithium can be obtained by providing a
  • the membrane may contain spinel-type manganese- oxide with high lithium-intercalating capacity.
  • At least one of the electrodes is provided with a membrane layer comprising ion selective material.
  • the electrode is a membrane layer comprising ion selective material
  • the membrane layer comprises PVC and/or polyamide.
  • the (impermeable) polymer matrix material is impregnated with an ion selective
  • Ionophores are either produced by bacteria or
  • the ionophores act as an ion
  • Ionophores have a high selectivity for their respective ligand and by that can discriminate between two ion species of equal valence and very similar (dehydrated) ionic radius.
  • the mechanical strength of a coated electrode arises from the electrode itself. This has the advantage that the thickness of the membrane can be as thin as possible. This ensures a minimal resistance of the membrane, thereby improving the overall efficiency of the apparatus according to the present invention.
  • ionophore content of the polymer matrix should be as high as possible.
  • One way to achieve high ionophore concentrations is to attach the ionophores covalently to the polymer following a two-step chemical procedure.
  • Employing controlled radical polymerization or living anionic/cationic polymerization macromolecules will be functionalized by attaching, for instance, a hydroxy or amine group.
  • the advantage of such living polymerization reactions is that polymer growth cannot end because of chain termination (as in classical polymerization reactions) . This, in turn, implies a monomer functionalization success rate of virtually 100%.
  • functional groups on the ionophore couple to those attached to the polymer.
  • the ionophore-containing polymer membranes can be coated directly on porous carbon electrodes, for example. Alternatively, a polymer layer is coated on a (low
  • Such support can be of Teflon, for example.
  • Such composite polymer-Teflon membrane can be attached to, or positioned in front of, an electrode.
  • the advantage of using the electrode (and Teflon) as support is that the support provides the desired mechanical strength whereas the polymer coating solely serves to render the ion selectivity.
  • the ionophore-containing support provides the desired mechanical strength whereas the polymer coating solely serves to render the ion selectivity.
  • polymer coating can be as thin as possible, which, in turn, promotes a low resistance and thus high fluxes.
  • the selective ion is lithium and the fluid relates to sea water the lithium selective ionophore
  • the membrane layer involves a coating that is applied to the electrodes. As mentioned above the mechanical strength of the coated
  • the electrode may arise from the electrode itself. This has as an advantage that the thickness of the membrane can be limited or as thin as possible, for example a few
  • the membrane should contain an ionophore density as high as possible.
  • a spinal- type manganese-oxide is used that possesses a relative high lithium-intercalating capacity.
  • the electrode comprises a porous material.
  • the specific ions that have passed through the membrane can be absorbed by the electrode. This enables an efficient
  • the porous material comprises activated carbon.
  • the apparatus further comprises a reverse osmosis unit and/or a nanofiltration unit.
  • the reverse osmosis unit receives a fluid, for example sea water containing Na, CI, Mg, Li and
  • the remaining flow is used as an input flow for the specific ion recovery.
  • a membrane permeable for Na, CI and water and not for Mg and Ca is provided.
  • the concentrated brine of magnesium and calcium is subjected to further treatments.
  • the remaining flow is used to recover a specific ion such as lithium, using a membrane with a high lithium over sodium selectivity.
  • the present invention also relates to an artificial kidney comprising an apparatus as described above.
  • kidney provides the same effects and advantages as described above.
  • the membrane has a high K over Na selectivity. More specifically, such kidney enables a type of continuous dialysis that would improve lives of people suffering from kidney failure significantly.
  • the kidney or apparatus enabling blood dialysis is a wearable device to improve its applicability.
  • a kidney regulates the potassium level in the blood plasma the ion selective membrane material possesses a high selectivity of potassium over sodium.
  • blood plasma contains about 135 mM sodium and 4 mM potassium.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for obtaining a specific ion from a fluid, comprising the steps of:
  • the method according to the present invention enables obtaining a specific ion.
  • this specific ion is an alkali metal like lithium and/or K.
  • the fluid that is provided to the operation for obtaining a specific ion is sea water, biological waste flow and/or surface water, for example.
  • the type of input flow depends amongst other things on the desired specific ion that needs to be obtained.
  • the fluid is pretreated involving a reverse osmosis operation.
  • the combination of the recovery and the reverse osmosis enables an increased efficiency and cost effectiveness of the overall operation.
  • a membrane is incorporated in between the different processing steps to separate the concentrated brine of magnesium and calcium. Especially, the separation of magnesium is
  • - figure 1 shows an apparatus according to the present invention
  • FIG. 6 shows a schematic overview of a combination of reverse osmosis and specific ion recovery.
  • An apparatus 2 (figure 1) comprises a process
  • Compartment 4 comprises a fluid compartment 6 and a porous carbon electrode 8 that is separated from fluid compartment 6 by anion exchange membrane 10. Electrode 8 is provided with the current collector 12. Furthermore,
  • compartment 4 comprises a second porous carbon electrode 14 acting as cathode that is separated from the fluid compartment 6 by cation exchange membrane 16. Electrode 14 is provided with a current collector 18. Current collectors 12, 18 enable connection to external circuitry enabling the provision of charged electrodes thereby driving the specific ion recovery from the fluid.
  • membrane layers 10,16 involve coated membrane layers
  • apparatus 20 (figure 2) comprises a first sub-compartment 22 and a second sub-compartment 24 that are separated by membrane 26.
  • membrane 26 is selective for NH 4 + and K + .
  • Sub- compartment 22 is provided with a first electrode 28 and second sub-compartment 24 is provided with a second
  • Sub-compartment 22 is provided with an input 34 for the input of a flow or organic compounds (COD) . Electrochemically active bacteria oxidize these organic compounds and are able to funnel produced electrons directly to anode 28. The oxidation of the organic compounds produces H + and CO 2 , the latter leaving sub-compartment 22 through output 36. Remaining components in sub-compartment 22 exit through output 38.
  • Sub-compartment 24 is provided with input 40 through which water enters sub-compartment 24. At the cathode water is reduced into OH ⁇ en 3 ⁇ 4 . 3 ⁇ 4 exits sub- compartment 24 through exit 42.
  • apparatus 20 serves to selectively remove K + and NH + for, for instance, waste waters. It will be understood however that the precise system functioning, i.e. the components and reactions mentioned above, depend on the incoming flows and used membrane characteristics.
  • Membranes 10,16,26 used in the apparatuses 2,20 according to the present invention discriminate between types of ion species, including discriminating between ion species with the same valence and similar size.
  • the basic material for the polymer membrane can be PVC that is
  • plasticized with NPOE or DOS for example.
  • a metacrylic can be used as basic material in which case plasticizer can be omitted.
  • permeability is realized by impregnating the matrix with specific ion selective ionophores.
  • the ionophore-containing polymer membranes 10,16 can be coated directly on porous carbon electrodes 8,14.
  • the polymer layer is coated on a (low resistance) support (e.g., Teflon) first.
  • This composite polymer-Teflon membrane can be attached to or positioned in front of an electrode.
  • the advantage of using the electrode (and Teflon) as support is that the support provides the desired mechanical strength whereas the polymer coating solely serves to render the ion selectivity.
  • the ionophore-containing polymer coating can be as thin as possible, which, in turn, promotes a low
  • a fluid 48 is fed to a reverse osmosis membrane 50 that is permeable for water but not for salt.
  • the flow of desalinated drinking water 52 is separated from the
  • the retentate 54 which in turn is forwarded to membrane 56 that is permeable for Na, CI and not for magnesium and calcium.
  • the flow 58 of concentrated brine of magnesium and calcium is separated from the rest flow 60.
  • Flow 60 is fed to the separation or recovery unit 62 for separation of lithium from sodium such that the flow of lithium 64 is separated from the Na 66.
  • the separation of lithium is possible using the apparatuses 2,20.
  • the input flow 48 may be sea water containing Na, CI, Mg and Li, for example. It will be understood that other combinations may be possible in accordance with the present invention.
  • Li selective ionophore requires a high Li over Na selectivity to guarantee obtaining of Li from the fluid.
  • Such Li selective ionophore in the membrane material assures that Li and not Na reaches the electrode.
  • Li selective ionophore is, for example, the commercially available 12-crown-4.
  • the cathode will be coated with a Li selective membrane consisting of PVC impregnated with ionophore. This membrane will prevent
  • the reverse osmosis (RO) unit receives a fluid, for example, sea water containing Na, CI, Mg, Li, Ca and separates desalinated drinking water from this incoming flow by using standard RO technology. The remaining concentrated solution is used as an input flow for specific ion recovery.
  • a fluid for example, sea water containing Na, CI, Mg, Li, Ca
  • a (nanofiltration) membrane permeable for Na and Li but not for Mg and Ca Magnesium is recovered from the retentate, i.e., the (impermeable) concentrated brine containing Mg and Ca.
  • the permeate, containing Na and Li, is fed into a unit to recover Li, using a membrane with high Li over Na selectivity. K + regulation by an artificial kidney device.
  • Kidney dialysis with the patient linked up to an apparatus in a hospital environment is far from ideal, both from the physiological as social point of view.
  • a device or apparatus 2,20 enables a wearable blood cleansing device that enables continuous dialysis and by that improves the lives of people suffering from kidney failure significantly.
  • the apparatus enabling blood dialysis is a wearable device to improve its applicability .
  • the kidney plays a key role in K homeostasis and the blood K level is tightly regulated in between 2 and 4 mM.
  • the Na concentration in blood is tightly regulated in between 2 and 4 mM.
  • the artificial kidney device 2,20 possesses a membrane 10,16,26 with a high K over Na
  • the K selective membrane will prevent that the excretion of K will be accompanied by the (undesired)
  • Anammox (anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing) bacteria are widely used for the denitrification of waste water.
  • a disadvantage of this method remains however the production of the greenhouse gas N 2 O.
  • device 20 acts as a type of electrobiochemical fuel cell possessing a membrane that separates the bioanode and cathode compartment and is permeable for NH 4 and K only.
  • Membrane 26 contains both a K selective ionophore and a NH4 selective ionophore.
  • Anode 28 is covered by a layer of electrochemically active bacteria. While oxidizing organic compounds (COD), these bacteria funnel the liberated electrons directly to the anode.
  • COD oxidizing organic compounds
  • the oxidation of COD produces H+ and CO 2 .
  • the reaction at the cathode comprises the reduction of 3 ⁇ 40 into OH- and 3 ⁇ 4 . Due to the presence of the NH 4 /K selective membrane, in solution the current is carried exclusively by NH 4 and K. The fact that the NH 4 /K membrane is impermeable for OH- (liberated after the
  • Typical ion species desirable to remove are 03 ⁇ , Cl ⁇ and heavy metals like arsene (As 3+ ) . Taking the bacteria out of the fuel cell formed by apparatus 20 leaves a set up for electrodialysis . This is another technology that in
  • combination with an ion-selective membrane separating both electrode compartments can be used to selectivity isolate one specific ion species, e.g., Cl ⁇ or 03 ⁇ , from waste water .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Anesthesiology (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)

Abstract

Appareil et procédé permettant d'obtenir un ion spécifique à partir d'un fluide, l'appareil selon l'invention comprenant : - un compartiment destiné à contenir le fluide ; - une première et une seconde électrode logées dans ledit compartiment, lesdites première et seconde électrodes étant de polarité opposée, en utilisation ; et - au moins une membrane placée entre les première et seconde électrodes, ladite membrane étant sélective vis-à-vis d'ions spécifiques.
PCT/NL2011/050418 2010-06-09 2011-06-09 Appareil et procédé permettant d'obtenir un ion spécifique à partir d'un fluide WO2011155839A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL2004860A NL2004860C2 (en) 2010-06-09 2010-06-09 Apparatus and method for obtaining a specific ion from a fluid.
NL2004860 2010-06-09

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2011155839A1 true WO2011155839A1 (fr) 2011-12-15

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PCT/NL2011/050418 WO2011155839A1 (fr) 2010-06-09 2011-06-09 Appareil et procédé permettant d'obtenir un ion spécifique à partir d'un fluide

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WO (1) WO2011155839A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2016182439A1 (fr) 2015-05-11 2016-11-17 Stichting Wetsus, European Centre Of Excellence For Sustainable Water Technology Procédé et système de mise en œuvre d'une désionisation capacitive et/ou d'une production d'énergie électrique capacitive

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3455804A (en) * 1962-10-17 1969-07-15 Siemens Ag Process for reversible electrodialysis
US4636295A (en) * 1985-11-19 1987-01-13 Cominco Ltd. Method for the recovery of lithium from solutions by electrodialysis
WO1998059385A1 (fr) * 1997-06-23 1998-12-30 Pacific Lithium Limited Recuperation et purification de lithium
US20060000713A1 (en) * 2004-07-01 2006-01-05 Carus Corporation Methods and apparatus for electrodialysis salt splitting

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3455804A (en) * 1962-10-17 1969-07-15 Siemens Ag Process for reversible electrodialysis
US4636295A (en) * 1985-11-19 1987-01-13 Cominco Ltd. Method for the recovery of lithium from solutions by electrodialysis
WO1998059385A1 (fr) * 1997-06-23 1998-12-30 Pacific Lithium Limited Recuperation et purification de lithium
US20060000713A1 (en) * 2004-07-01 2006-01-05 Carus Corporation Methods and apparatus for electrodialysis salt splitting

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2016182439A1 (fr) 2015-05-11 2016-11-17 Stichting Wetsus, European Centre Of Excellence For Sustainable Water Technology Procédé et système de mise en œuvre d'une désionisation capacitive et/ou d'une production d'énergie électrique capacitive

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