WO2011147416A2 - A wind turbine component having a surface layer to prevent adhesion of ice - Google Patents

A wind turbine component having a surface layer to prevent adhesion of ice Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011147416A2
WO2011147416A2 PCT/DK2011/050169 DK2011050169W WO2011147416A2 WO 2011147416 A2 WO2011147416 A2 WO 2011147416A2 DK 2011050169 W DK2011050169 W DK 2011050169W WO 2011147416 A2 WO2011147416 A2 WO 2011147416A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wind turbine
surface layer
turbine component
component according
ice
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/DK2011/050169
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2011147416A3 (en
Inventor
Premkumar Jeromerajan
Srikanth Narasimalu
Original Assignee
Vestas Wind Systems A/S
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Vestas Wind Systems A/S filed Critical Vestas Wind Systems A/S
Publication of WO2011147416A2 publication Critical patent/WO2011147416A2/en
Publication of WO2011147416A3 publication Critical patent/WO2011147416A3/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/06—Rotors
    • F03D1/065—Rotors characterised by their construction elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F03D80/40—Ice detection; De-icing means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2230/00—Manufacture
    • F05B2230/90—Coating; Surface treatment
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a wind turbine component having a surface layer to prevent adhesion of ice and to a method for preventing ice formation on a wind turbine component.
  • Wind turbines are exposed to various impacts and they are typically designed to resist the worst imaginable conditions.
  • Formation of ice, moist, or dirt on the nacelle and tower of a wind turbine may increase the weight and shape of these components and necessitate an increased strength of the carrying structure.
  • formation on the wind turbine blades and rotor may change the aerodynamic properties of the wind turbine and thus decrease the efficiency of the turbine.
  • EP 0 772 514 discloses self-cleaning surfaces having a surface structure of elevations and depressions. At least the elevations are made of hydrophobic polymers or materials made durably hydrophobic.
  • the invention provides a wind turbine component having a surface layer forming an outer surface of the component, providing a contact angle to water of above 100 degrees, and being made from a super-hydrophobic polymer material, to prevent adhesion of ice.
  • the contact angle is defined as the angle at which a liquid/vapor interface meets a solid surface. If a liquid drop is very strongly attracted to the solid surface, the droplet will completely spread out on the solid surface and the contact angle will be close to 0°. However some materials with a rough surface or made from a hydrophobic material may have water contact angle greater than 100°.
  • hydrophobic material herein covers any kind of material lacking affinity to water and tending to repel and not absorb water. The term also covers materials which tend not to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by water.
  • the surface layer may comprise a material selected from the group consisting of: fluoro, silicone, and epoxy compounds, e.g. Teflon, fluoropolyurethane, fluorosilicate, siliconised polyurethane, epoxyfluoroinated compound, siliconised polyurea, etc., or any combination hereof.
  • fluoro silicone
  • epoxy compounds e.g. Teflon, fluoropolyurethane, fluorosilicate, siliconised polyurethane, epoxyfluoroinated compound, siliconised polyurea, etc., or any combination hereof.
  • the surface layer may comprise an adhesive surface providing bonding to a surface of a fibre composite element of the component with a bonding strength in the range of 1-8 MPa, such as 2-5 MPa.
  • the surface layer may be elastic so that it relatively easily can be shaped to follow the outer shape of the wind turbine component when being attached hereto.
  • the weight increase of the wind turbine component may be seen as negligible.
  • aerodynamic changes may be seen as negligible, thereby allowing for at wind turbine component practically without changes in weight and surface shape when applying the surface layer.
  • the surface layer may have a texture with a roughness in the range of 10-100 microns. Due to the texture, the surface layer may act as a Lotus leaf and thereby prevent ice formation even further.
  • the Lotus leaf effect refers to the very high water repellence (super- hydrophobicity) exhibited by the leaves of the lotus flower. Due to their high surface tension, water droplets tend to minimize their surface trying to achieve a spherical shape. On contact with a surface, adhesion forces may result in wetting of the surface. Either complete or incomplete wetting may occur depending on the structure of the surface and the fluid tension of the droplet.
  • the cause of self-cleaning properties is the hydrophobic water-repellent double structure of the surface. This enables the contact area and the adhesion force between surface and droplet to be significantly reduced resulting in a self-cleaning process, and thereby improving prevention of ice formation .
  • the texture of the surface layer may comprise a uniform pattern of elevated areas.
  • the uniform pattern may be formed by solid particles distributed in a liquid slurry which may subsequently be solidified.
  • the bonding of the particles may be relatively flexible, as the liquid slurry may form the contact to the wind turbine component without separate contact between the solid particles and the wind turbine component.
  • the liquid slurry may be made of either a hydrophilic material, such as organo silane, or a solvent, such as water, alcohol, etc.
  • a hydrophilic material such as organo silane
  • a solvent such as water, alcohol, etc.
  • the liquid slurry may also be made of combinations hereof.
  • the solid particles may comprise particles made from a material selected from the group consisting of: fluoro, silicone, and epoxy, or any combination hereof.
  • the wind turbine component may form housing for the drive train and generator, i .e. a so called nacelle for the wind turbine.
  • the component may form part of the tower, or form the entire tower to prevent icing of the tower, or the component may form part of the rotor or rotor blades.
  • the invention may protect against dimensional changes due to icing and thus reduced efficiency due to the changed aerodynamic shape of the blades. Specific areas of the blades may be more important than other areas of the blades, and an outer surface of the surface layer may thus form an outer surface of a trailing and/or a leading edge of a wind turbine blade.
  • the surface layer may be an advantage at least to provide the surface layer on the trailing edge of the blade, or on the trailing edge and on the side surfaces towards the leading edge, e.g. to cover 25-50 percent of the total outer surface of the blades.
  • the surface layer may be peel-able from an exterior surface of the component without destruction of the exterior surface.
  • bonding of particles may be relatively flexible when forming a pattern by solid particles in a liquid slurry. This may be obtained by primarily forming the contact to the wind turbine component by the liquid slurry without separate contact between the solid particles and the wind turbine component.
  • the surface layer may act as paint protection and rust protection for the wind turbine component at areas covered by the surface layer. This may prolong the life of painting covering the wind turbine component.
  • the surface layer may be combined with at least one heating element embedded in or attached to the wind turbine component below the surface layer.
  • an element providing mechanical movement of the component may form part of the component.
  • the mechanical movement may be in the form of high frequency vibrations, as vibrations may reduce the ability of adhesion of ice.
  • the invention provides a method of preventing ice formation on a wind turbine component, the method comprising the step of applying a surface layer providing a contact angle to water of above 100 degrees, and being made from a super-hydrophobic polymer material to an exterior surface of the component.
  • the above-mentioned features of the first aspect of the invention may also be applicable in relation to the method of preventing ice formation according to the second aspect of the invention.
  • the second aspect may comprise any combination of features and elements of the first aspect of the invention .
  • the exterior surface of the wind turbine component may be treated with a laser beam before the surface layer is applied.
  • the surface layer may be removed from the exterior surface after 1-5 years from the date where it was applied to the exterior surface. Subsequently, a new surface layer may be applied.
  • bonding of particles is relatively flexible when forming a pattern by solid particles in a liquid slurry. This may be obtained by primarily forming the contact to the wind turbine component by the liquid slurry without separate contact between the solid particles and the wind turbine component.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates schematically an enlarged view of a part of four different embodiments of wind turbine component having a surface layer providing a contact angle to water of above 100 degrees
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a wind turbine blade according to the invention. Detailed description of the drawings
  • Fig. 1 illustrates schematically an enlarged view of a part of four different embodiments of wind turbine component 1 having a surface layer 2 forming an outer surface of the component, providing a contact angle o to water of above 100 degrees, and being made from a super-hydrophobic polymer material, to prevent adhesion of ice. Water is illustrated as a water droplet 3.
  • the surface layer 2 has a texture with a roughness in the range of 10-100 microns.
  • the texture comprises a uniform pattern of elevated areas.
  • the four embodiments schematically illustrate four different patterns.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a wind turbine component 1 in the form of a wind turbine blade.
  • the surface layer 2 covers a part of the total outer surface of the blade 1.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a wind turbine component having a surface layer forming an outer surface of the component. The surface layer provides a contact angle to water of above 100 degrees and is made from a super-hydrophobic polymer material to prevent adhesion of ice.

Description

A WIND TURBINE COMPONENT HAVING A SURFACE LAYER TO PREVENT ADHESION OF ICE Field of the invention
The present invention relates to a wind turbine component having a surface layer to prevent adhesion of ice and to a method for preventing ice formation on a wind turbine component. Background of the invention
Wind turbines are exposed to various impacts and they are typically designed to resist the worst imaginable conditions.
Formation of ice, moist, or dirt on the nacelle and tower of a wind turbine may increase the weight and shape of these components and necessitate an increased strength of the carrying structure. In a similar manner, such formation on the wind turbine blades and rotor may change the aerodynamic properties of the wind turbine and thus decrease the efficiency of the turbine.
Weather conditions leading to specific weight or aerodynamic changes are typically at least partly unpredictable and, naturally, the change in weight and surface shape is unwanted. Until now, various non-stick surface coatings have been proposed for prevention of adherence of water and dirt to the exterior surfaces. None of these, presently known, surfaces have proven reliable and effective in practise.
EP 0 772 514 discloses self-cleaning surfaces having a surface structure of elevations and depressions. At least the elevations are made of hydrophobic polymers or materials made durably hydrophobic.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method for preventing ice formation on a wind turbine component and to provide a wind turbine component having a surface layer to prevent adhesion of ice. Thus, in a first aspect, the invention provides a wind turbine component having a surface layer forming an outer surface of the component, providing a contact angle to water of above 100 degrees, and being made from a super-hydrophobic polymer material, to prevent adhesion of ice.
It should be understood, that the contact angle is defined as the angle at which a liquid/vapor interface meets a solid surface. If a liquid drop is very strongly attracted to the solid surface, the droplet will completely spread out on the solid surface and the contact angle will be close to 0°. However some materials with a rough surface or made from a hydrophobic material may have water contact angle greater than 100°.
Due to the high contact angle to water in combination with the super-hydrophobic polymer material, it has been found that formation of ice can be reduced or completely prevented, and formation of dirt and moist on the surface may be limited effectively.
The term "hydrophobic" material herein covers any kind of material lacking affinity to water and tending to repel and not absorb water. The term also covers materials which tend not to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by water.
The surface layer may comprise a material selected from the group consisting of: fluoro, silicone, and epoxy compounds, e.g. Teflon, fluoropolyurethane, fluorosilicate, siliconised polyurethane, epoxyfluoroinated compound, siliconised polyurea, etc., or any combination hereof.
To attach the surface layer to a wind turbine component, the surface layer may comprise an adhesive surface providing bonding to a surface of a fibre composite element of the component with a bonding strength in the range of 1-8 MPa, such as 2-5 MPa.
To facilitate attachment of the surface layer, the surface layer may be elastic so that it relatively easily can be shaped to follow the outer shape of the wind turbine component when being attached hereto.
Due to the relatively low thickness of the surface layer, the weight increase of the wind turbine component may be seen as negligible. Likewise, aerodynamic changes may be seen as negligible, thereby allowing for at wind turbine component practically without changes in weight and surface shape when applying the surface layer.
The surface layer may have a texture with a roughness in the range of 10-100 microns. Due to the texture, the surface layer may act as a Lotus leaf and thereby prevent ice formation even further. The Lotus leaf effect refers to the very high water repellence (super- hydrophobicity) exhibited by the leaves of the lotus flower. Due to their high surface tension, water droplets tend to minimize their surface trying to achieve a spherical shape. On contact with a surface, adhesion forces may result in wetting of the surface. Either complete or incomplete wetting may occur depending on the structure of the surface and the fluid tension of the droplet. The cause of self-cleaning properties is the hydrophobic water-repellent double structure of the surface. This enables the contact area and the adhesion force between surface and droplet to be significantly reduced resulting in a self-cleaning process, and thereby improving prevention of ice formation .
The texture of the surface layer may comprise a uniform pattern of elevated areas.
Furthermore, the uniform pattern may be formed by solid particles distributed in a liquid slurry which may subsequently be solidified. By forming the uniform pattern by solid particles in a liquid slurry, the bonding of the particles may be relatively flexible, as the liquid slurry may form the contact to the wind turbine component without separate contact between the solid particles and the wind turbine component.
The liquid slurry may be made of either a hydrophilic material, such as organo silane, or a solvent, such as water, alcohol, etc. The liquid slurry may also be made of combinations hereof.
The solid particles may comprise particles made from a material selected from the group consisting of: fluoro, silicone, and epoxy, or any combination hereof.
The wind turbine component may form housing for the drive train and generator, i .e. a so called nacelle for the wind turbine. The component may form part of the tower, or form the entire tower to prevent icing of the tower, or the component may form part of the rotor or rotor blades. In particular with regards to the blades, the invention may protect against dimensional changes due to icing and thus reduced efficiency due to the changed aerodynamic shape of the blades. Specific areas of the blades may be more important than other areas of the blades, and an outer surface of the surface layer may thus form an outer surface of a trailing and/or a leading edge of a wind turbine blade. In this regards, it may be an advantage at least to provide the surface layer on the trailing edge of the blade, or on the trailing edge and on the side surfaces towards the leading edge, e.g. to cover 25-50 percent of the total outer surface of the blades. To facilitate maintenance of wind turbine components, the surface layer may be peel-able from an exterior surface of the component without destruction of the exterior surface. In this embodiment, it may be an advantage if bonding of particles may be relatively flexible when forming a pattern by solid particles in a liquid slurry. This may be obtained by primarily forming the contact to the wind turbine component by the liquid slurry without separate contact between the solid particles and the wind turbine component.
Furthermore, the surface layer may act as paint protection and rust protection for the wind turbine component at areas covered by the surface layer. This may prolong the life of painting covering the wind turbine component.
In order to prevent adhesion of ice to the wind turbine component, the surface layer may be combined with at least one heating element embedded in or attached to the wind turbine component below the surface layer. In addition to the heating element or as an alternative hereto an element providing mechanical movement of the component may form part of the component. As an example, the mechanical movement may be in the form of high frequency vibrations, as vibrations may reduce the ability of adhesion of ice.
In a second aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing ice formation on a wind turbine component, the method comprising the step of applying a surface layer providing a contact angle to water of above 100 degrees, and being made from a super-hydrophobic polymer material to an exterior surface of the component.
It should be understood, that the above-mentioned features of the first aspect of the invention may also be applicable in relation to the method of preventing ice formation according to the second aspect of the invention. Thus, the second aspect may comprise any combination of features and elements of the first aspect of the invention . To facilitate attachment of the surface layer, the exterior surface of the wind turbine component may be treated with a laser beam before the surface layer is applied.
As the surface layer may become less effective over time, the surface layer may be removed from the exterior surface after 1-5 years from the date where it was applied to the exterior surface. Subsequently, a new surface layer may be applied. To facilitate removal of the surface layer it may be an advantage if bonding of particles is relatively flexible when forming a pattern by solid particles in a liquid slurry. This may be obtained by primarily forming the contact to the wind turbine component by the liquid slurry without separate contact between the solid particles and the wind turbine component. Brief description of the drawings
Embodiments of the invention will now be further described with reference to the drawings, in which :
Fig. 1 illustrates schematically an enlarged view of a part of four different embodiments of wind turbine component having a surface layer providing a contact angle to water of above 100 degrees, and
Fig. 2 illustrates a wind turbine blade according to the invention. Detailed description of the drawings
It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description .
Fig. 1 illustrates schematically an enlarged view of a part of four different embodiments of wind turbine component 1 having a surface layer 2 forming an outer surface of the component, providing a contact angle o to water of above 100 degrees, and being made from a super-hydrophobic polymer material, to prevent adhesion of ice. Water is illustrated as a water droplet 3.
In the illustrated embodiments, the surface layer 2 has a texture with a roughness in the range of 10-100 microns. The texture comprises a uniform pattern of elevated areas. The four embodiments schematically illustrate four different patterns.
Fig. 2 illustrates a wind turbine component 1 in the form of a wind turbine blade. In the illustrated embodiment, the surface layer 2 covers a part of the total outer surface of the blade 1.

Claims

1. A wind turbine component having a surface layer forming an outer surface of the component, providing a contact angle to water of above 100 degrees, and being made from super-hydrophobic polymer material, to prevent adhesion of ice.
2. A wind turbine component according to claim 1, wherein the surface layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: fluoro, silicone, and epoxy compounds.
3. A wind turbine component according to claim 1, wherein the surface layer comprises an adhesive surface providing bonding to a surface of a fibre composite element of the component with a bonding strength in the range of 2-5 MPa.
4. A wind turbine component according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the surface layer has a texture with a roughness in the range of 10-100 microns.
5. A wind turbine component according to claim 4, wherein the texture comprises a uniform pattern of elevated areas.
6. A wind turbine component according to claim 5, wherein the uniform patter is formed by solid particles distributed in a liquid slurry which is subsequently solidified.
7. A wind turbine component according to claim 6, wherein the liquid slurry is made of a hydrophilic material or a solvent.
8. A wind turbine component according to claim 6, wherein the solid particles comprises particles made from a material selected from the group consisting of: fluoro, silicone, and epoxy.
9. A wind turbine component according to any of the preceding claims, wherein an outer surface of the surface layer forms an outer surface of a trailing or a leading edge of a wind turbine blade.
10. A wind turbine component according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the surface layer is peel-able from an exterior surface of the component without destruction of the exterior surface.
11. A method of preventing ice formation on a wind turbine component, the method comprising the step of applying a surface layer providing a contact angle to water of above 100 degrees, and being made from a super-hydrophobic polymer material to an exterior surface of the component.
12. A method according to claim 11, where the exterior surface is treated with a laser beam before the surface layer is applied.
13. A method according to claim 11 or 12, where the surface layer is removed from the exterior surface after 1-5 years from the date where it was applied to the exterior surface.
PCT/DK2011/050169 2010-05-26 2011-05-24 A wind turbine component having a surface layer to prevent adhesion of ice WO2011147416A2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US34846210P 2010-05-26 2010-05-26
US61/348,462 2010-05-26
DKPA201070217 2010-05-26
DKPA201070217 2010-05-26

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WO2011147416A2 true WO2011147416A2 (en) 2011-12-01
WO2011147416A3 WO2011147416A3 (en) 2012-03-22

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US20140166473A1 (en) * 2012-12-17 2014-06-19 General Electric Company Erosion and corrosion resistant components and methods thereof
WO2018059763A1 (en) * 2016-09-30 2018-04-05 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Protective cap for protecting a leading edge of a wind turbine rotor blade

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105761606A (en) * 2016-05-12 2016-07-13 湖南科技大学 Wind driven generator freezing simulation system and simulation method thereof

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DE29805833U1 (en) * 1998-03-31 1998-10-08 Fa. Holger Müller, 01855 Sebnitz Formation of the surface of a rotor blade of a wind turbine
ES2230913T5 (en) * 1998-12-09 2014-03-07 Aloys Wobben Rotor blade for a wind turbine
EP1750018A3 (en) * 2005-08-03 2011-12-14 General Electric Company Surfaces and articles resistant to impacting liquids
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20140166473A1 (en) * 2012-12-17 2014-06-19 General Electric Company Erosion and corrosion resistant components and methods thereof
WO2018059763A1 (en) * 2016-09-30 2018-04-05 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Protective cap for protecting a leading edge of a wind turbine rotor blade

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