WO2011147048A1 - 网络数控 - Google Patents

网络数控 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2011147048A1
WO2011147048A1 PCT/CN2010/000748 CN2010000748W WO2011147048A1 WO 2011147048 A1 WO2011147048 A1 WO 2011147048A1 CN 2010000748 W CN2010000748 W CN 2010000748W WO 2011147048 A1 WO2011147048 A1 WO 2011147048A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
numerical control
network
cnc
production
unit
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2010/000748
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
刘文祥
Original Assignee
Liu Wenxiang
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Liu Wenxiang filed Critical Liu Wenxiang
Priority to PCT/CN2010/000748 priority Critical patent/WO2011147048A1/zh
Publication of WO2011147048A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011147048A1/zh

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05BCONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B19/00Programme-control systems
    • G05B19/02Programme-control systems electric
    • G05B19/418Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control [DNC], flexible manufacturing systems [FMS], integrated manufacturing systems [IMS] or computer integrated manufacturing [CIM]
    • G05B19/4185Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control [DNC], flexible manufacturing systems [FMS], integrated manufacturing systems [IMS] or computer integrated manufacturing [CIM] characterised by the network communication
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05BCONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/30Nc systems
    • G05B2219/31From computer integrated manufacturing till monitoring
    • G05B2219/31198VPN virtual private networks
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P90/00Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
    • Y02P90/02Total factory control, e.g. smart factories, flexible manufacturing systems [FMS] or integrated manufacturing systems [IMS]

Definitions

  • Network numerical control will be widely used in the industrial field of building proprietary networks using the Internet (Internet) and / or public wireless networks (including public optical networks), or a combination of them, including mechanical, chemical, petroleum, exploration, military, manufacturing , textiles, automobiles, steel, metallurgy, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, etc.
  • Internet Internet
  • public wireless networks including public optical networks
  • a numerical control system is based on a personal computer (PC) numerical control (NOT system, PC_NC for short.
  • PC personal computer
  • PC_NC personal computer
  • PC is the core of the CNC system, and it uses hardware and software to control the realization of various numerical control functions.
  • the most widely used and basic one is the industrial personal computer (IPC), also known as the industrial control computer, which is called the industrial computer. It can operate reliably in industrial environments; the actuators and objects that can be used with industrial objects
  • Direct interface is a series of microcomputers that complete measurement and control tasks. It can be used in production sites to complete real-time data collection, real-time data processing and real-time control tasks in the production process. It can also be used as an integral part of industrial equipment. The task of industrial equipment.
  • the methods and steps taken to solve a problem can generally be divided into two categories: numerical algorithms and non-numeric algorithms.
  • the ability to determine the production process through mathematical formulas or numerical calculations is a numerical algorithm; it has been mature and standardized. On the contrary, it belongs to non-numeric or mathematical model algorithms; non-numeric algorithms have a wide variety of requirements and require different calculations based on specific production mathematical models.
  • interpolation In the industrial field, the work of filling each interpolation point of a production element segment in the production process is called interpolation.
  • the operation of processing or calculating the interpolation point is called interpolation operation.
  • Unit refers to independent organizations and institutions such as state organs, military, administrative groups and institutions, or private individuals and their organizations and institutions.
  • Virtual private network technology actually transforms into point-to-point communication after applying the microprocessor and Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) technology.
  • VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
  • the central radiation layout is connected to many remote sites by a central site.
  • User edge routers at the central site location are very expensive and their price is related to the number of remote sites connected.
  • its latency is much longer than the packet delay time when communicating directly between two sites.
  • the number of tunnels that the full network layout needs to support increases geometrically as the number of sites increases. It is unrealistic to use a slightly more unit of the site.
  • firewalls are another major issues with VPN. Every user edge router connected to the Internet must take security measures such as a firewall to Make sure each site is secure. However, each firewall must be open to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to access related devices, which is a security risk. Managing firewalls is also difficult when the network is large.
  • ISPs Internet Service Providers
  • SSL Secure Socket Layer
  • the public networks referred to below are: Internet (Internet) and/or public wireless networks (including public optical networks), or a combination thereof.
  • a wireless terminal, an access station (AP), a wireless computer device, a wireless switch, or a wireless router in a wireless network all include a wireless transceiver.
  • the task of the present invention is to connect the information networks of various production, procurement, marketing, and partner network of the unit to the same public network through the identification machine, and to establish an interoperable proprietary between the network of the priority machines. network.
  • the combination of different proprietary networks and their controlled machines together constitute various network numerical control.
  • the unit adopts the network topology, and the hardware and software of the network form an interoperable information interconnection network with full control rights.
  • the dnternetwor is called an independent network of the unit. It can be a local area network, a metropolitan area network, or a wide area network: it can be wired, wireless (including light), or a combination of them.
  • a general-purpose computer with a network address translation (Network Address Translation) program which is best equipped or artificially designated, is called a superior function computer in the network.
  • An independent network with and only one high-end machine is called a good machine network. It can be a local area network, a metropolitan area network or a wide area network; it is a wired or wireless (including optical) network.
  • the U-machine network can have only one general-purpose computer, and the station is a superior machine. It is a special case of the UF network.
  • a unit can have several high-performance networks at the same time.
  • a general-purpose computer that is interconnected with a high-performance machine (or its network) and a public network and controls the secure interoperability between them, called a universal computer that can identify the identity, referred to as the identification machine ( Figure 1) .
  • the public network (excluding the identification machine) is called a network.
  • the proprietary network integrates the security and service quality of the U-machine network, as well as the advantages of simple public network structure and low cost, and establishes an internal security information channel.
  • the information flow of the system is encrypted or fully processed when it passes through the public network. This guarantees the confidentiality and/or integrity of the information.
  • the characteristics of the public network are anytime, anywhere, convenient and easy to use, and instant interaction. It provides good technical support for the interaction and sharing of information flow, transaction flow, capital flow, logistics, etc. in various production and business areas in the industrial field, and all-weather cross-regional and low-cost processing and transmission.
  • Each of the high-performance networks in the proprietary network is logically isolated from the public network by means of a separate machine; and the control functions of the machine are used to make the common network interoperate with each other. All high-performance networks ensure the safety of production and the authenticity, reliability and confidentiality of information.
  • the discriminator solves four key technical problems of security, authenticity, anonymity and separability of proprietary network information. It is a server class computer or peer. For small networks, the program module of the excellent machine can be directly inserted into the expansion function slot of the identification machine. The machine is directly connected to the network of the machine.
  • the numerical control process consists of one or several sequential processes.
  • the process is the basic unit that constitutes the process; it is the process of part of the task. It is also the basic unit for making production plans and conducting economic accounting.
  • the methods and steps to be solved in the production process may be different, and different production processes (including different processes) should be developed. It is therefore necessary to consider the method and quality of the production process, and to select the appropriate operating method and set the production parameters.
  • NC program consists of blocks. Each of these instructions has a fixed format. Different CNC production equipment has different instruction formats. Therefore, it is necessary to write a numerical control instruction in accordance with the instruction format of the equipment. CNC programming should refer to the programming instructions of the automation equipment.
  • a microprocessor that is associated with a controlled object by certain auxiliary components and that can obtain a certain control purpose or specific control function is called a numerical control processor. That is, the numerical control processor is a microprocessor capable of performing automatic control and management on the controlled object. It can execute programs with specific code and other compliance with the coding instructions. It is generally a single chip microcomputer, a digital signal processor (DSP), and a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC).
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • PLC Programmable Logic Controller
  • the interpolation program for the production element segment in the numerical control processor knows the type of the starting point, the end point, various parameter values, and the rate of parameter change after processing an assembly block and its data. Next, the numerical control processor performs an interpolation operation between the start point and the end point of the production element segment.
  • the external signal of the CNC processor must be processed through the external interface to match the interface requirements of its external line. It can also be equipped with a keyboard and display hardware structure of the ft CNC processor, which can contain not less than one microprocessor. Each processor can run independent programs and assume some functions of the CNC equipment. It can also exchange information with other processors through the connection line or shared memory, coordinate steps and control the relevant production segments.
  • the hardware of the CNC processor has modular features. If the performance of the numerical control device is improved, only the function module needs to be added.
  • controlled automatic machine The device, machine or automated production equipment controlled by the numerical control processor is called the controlled automatic machine, referred to as the controlled machine.
  • a system capable of completing tasks and/or processes of not less than one production element segment called a computer numerical control device, referred to as a numerical control device.
  • the numerical control equipment is generally composed of a numerical control processor, a programmable controller, a servo system, a driving device, and a controlled machine (S1). They are coupled to cables, or related structures, etc. through interfaces.
  • CNC equipment is essentially an existing NC system that does not contain manual (or automatic) CNC programming and compilation functions, but in a different form.
  • the workflow of the numerical control device is: the numerical control processor first inputs and stores the assembler and data of a compiled production element segment, and then processes the assembly program of the production element segment. That is, the execution sequence of each production process in the production element segment is handed to the programmable controller for processing.
  • the interpolation work of each production element segment is directly processed by the interpolator in the numerical control processor, and the obtained result is output to the servo system, and the driven device is executed to enable the controlled machine to execute the relevant numerical control instruction or automatically produce the production element segment. product.
  • the numerical control equipment utilizes special function hardware and the processing software of the numerical control processor to realize the functions of the numerical control equipment, and to make it automatic and intelligent.
  • the numerical control equipment is automatic, fast and convenient for picking up, storing, processing and analyzing the information in the controlled machine.
  • CNC equipment can replace all existing automated control equipment and instruments.
  • the internals of the numerical control equipment can use different computer operating systems and connection lines; if the external interface circuit is compatible with the Internet Protocol (IP), it can directly interface with the standard interface circuits of the public network, the superior machine, and the identification machine. connection.
  • IP Internet Protocol
  • the external interface circuit of the numerical control device is generally compatible with the Internet Protocol ⁇ ).
  • Middleware is software that provides communication between the system operation software and application software that provides and connects the numerical control equipment. It is soft for system operation A standard interface is provided between the component and the application software; no matter how the underlying layer of the numerical control processor is updated, as long as the interface is unchanged, the application software does not have to be greatly modified, and the cross-platform resources can be transmitted to achieve the sharing effect.
  • the numerical control device can replace or utilize all the functions except the programming and compilation in the existing 0 device (ie CNC dedicated computer).
  • CNC equipment can be used to continuously monitor and control the production process.
  • numerical control processors can be used to collect flow, pressure, temperature and other parameter information about production materials such as gas and liquid. Once some production parameters deviate from the predetermined standard, the numerical control processor will immediately pass the servo. The system controls the air pump, the liquid pump, the wide door, the heating equipment, etc. to make corresponding adjustments, so that the parameter value of the raw material reaches a predetermined standard value, so that the production process is timely controlled.
  • CNC machines vary from industry to industry. These include the 0C machine tools in the machinery industry and many other equipment, such as electric fire processing machines, laser and flame cutting machines, pipe bending machines, plotters, punching and shearing machines, measuring machines, engraving machines, etc.
  • closed-loop controlled controlled machines are generally equipped with position detection instruments and feedback of position changes and various production status signals to the CNC unit. But most of them are dedicated.
  • auxiliary devices Other systems in the numerical control equipment other than the numerical control processor are called auxiliary devices. It is a comprehensive device that is a combination of hardware and software systems. Hardware and software configured by various auxiliary devices, auxiliary tasks for controlling and operating the device, and the like. Each auxiliary device has the auxiliary function necessary to complete the production element segment.
  • the CNC processor can be flexibly selected by using a standardized and universal auxiliary device interface. '
  • the auxiliary device can take the PLC, servo system, drive unit and controlled machine in the existing CNC system. These equipment and equipment work with hardware and software support. As long as they have the same hardware and software, the production process or function is the same.
  • the programmable logic controller accepts the auxiliary function control commands issued by the numerical control processor, mainly to realize the order of the production elements of the numerical control equipment and the control of the production sequence. It has control functions such as logic operation, counting, timing, analog control, and data processing. It is an indispensable control device for various high-performance numerical control equipment. It consists of a central processing unit (CPU), memory, interface circuits, programmers, power supplies, and external devices. The internals are typically connected via a bus. The input/output interface circuit is a connection platform between the numerical control processor and other auxiliary devices. Each connected interface circuit component, called a point PLC, is used for programming, editing, debugging, and job monitoring of user programs.
  • each interface circuit has an indicator light.
  • the corresponding indicator light is on; when it is off, the indicator light is off.
  • the user can check the continuation status of each point.
  • the PLC controls the auxiliary functions of the numerical control device. Such as the selection and replacement of tools on the machine.
  • the servo system consists of a drive control circuit and servo software. It is connected to the drive through the interface circuit; it accepts the NC commands of the CNC processor and the programmable controller.
  • the servo system controls various parameters of the production state and its errors according to the parameter commands and servo control programs output by the numerical control processor, and converts them into modified instructions of the parameters, and feeds them back to the numerical control processor, and the servo system corrects the generated errors.
  • the servo system is divided into an open loop servo system, a closed loop servo system and a semi-closed loop servo system according to its control mode.
  • a detection instrument is also installed in the closed loop servo system and the semi-closed loop servo system.
  • the basic requirements of the servo system are mainly stability, high precision and fast response.
  • the actuator or the drive control circuit firstly power-amplifies the command pulse from the numerical control processor and the programmable controller, and then converts it into an execution signal or a control signal form required to drive the control circuit. This control signal is transmitted to the actuator or mechanical transmission component circuit of the drive unit; the relevant production equipment is driven to make corresponding production and auxiliary operations, and the production element segment tasks specified in the program section are implemented.
  • the drive unit is the transfer and transition system between the servo system and the production equipment. It is the basic requirement of a powerful electric coil of an electric appliance to be executed or a bearing of a machine to be executed. The main requirements are flexibility, high precision and good dynamic response.
  • Each actuator of the servo system or the corresponding drive control circuit is equipped with a set of drives.
  • the drive unit drives the relevant components of the production equipment for production activities.
  • the drive unit is in various production processes in the industrial field, The components or objects of the controlled production equipment are different.
  • the servo system can be flexibly selected using a standardized and universal drive interface.
  • the existing drive devices in various production fields can also be selected according to environmental changes or upgrade requirements, and the relevant standardized and generalized drive interfaces are selected to increase the technical added value of the manufactured products.
  • the controlled machine is the body of the numerical control device.
  • the numerical control component of the controlled machine itself has a programmed production or functional program.
  • the numerical control equipment generally needs to test the various production parameters of the controlled machine and control various switches.
  • a general-purpose computer with numerical control programming and compiling functions and controlling and managing several numerical control devices called industrial control editing machine, referred to as industrial control editing machine by industrial control editing machine and several numerical control devices, etc., according to physical topology (star, Rings, trees or buss, etc., are connected to each other by short distances of the transmission medium to form a numerical control unit (Fig. 2).
  • industrial control editing machine referred to as industrial control editing machine by industrial control editing machine and several numerical control devices, etc., according to physical topology (star, Rings, trees or buss, etc., are connected to each other by short distances of the transmission medium to form a numerical control unit (Fig. 2).
  • Each CNC device undertakes one of a part of the production tasks, or one or more tasks of the production element segments.
  • the industrial control editor stores the operating system software of the numerical control unit and controls the operation of the numerical control unit.
  • the CNC unit is equipped with an automated workpiece change (AWC) pallet or industrial robot and automatic detection and control technology to form a flexible CNC unit.
  • AWC automated workpiece change
  • Industrial control editing system software including operating system software of CNC unit, database and its management software, language processing (CNC programming and compiling software, etc.
  • the numerical control unit supports the data format of NC program, can transmit and process specific tasks in time, and drive
  • the numerical control equipment is automatically produced. It uses the real-time operating system of the industrial control editor itself or a real-time operating system that is extended by the computer.
  • the operating system for the numerical control unit is operated by the industrial control editing machine; real-time control is realized.
  • This type of operating system has DOS, UNIX/Li nUX , Wind OWS, and so on. This is an operating system that is independent of the hardware platform and independent of the manufacturer.
  • the industrial control editing machine has no less than one microprocessor structure, which can control the numerical control unit in real time.
  • the communication transmission medium between the industrial control editor and the numerical control device is the channel through which they transmit information. With this channel, the industrial control machine transmits the compiled NC blocks and commands to the CNC device. The CNC equipment returns the production status and information to the industrial control editor.
  • the numerical control unit adopts the object-oriented modular design, which makes the numerical control unit have a large function coverage and can be reduced in cutiness, which is convenient for meeting the needs of different users. This is the flexible performance of the CNC unit. It is a modern industrial production and manufacturing system.
  • the numerical control unit has automatic control and automatic generation of process parameters; it can automatically optimize the production process according to the changes of various parameters in production, so as to improve productivity, increase the life of numerical control equipment and ensure the quality of products. It can establish an intelligent expert system supported by parameters such as production or process to guide production. In addition, the intelligentization of the numerical control unit is also manifested in the numerical control equipment fault self-diagnosis function and pattern recognition technology, which enables the numerical control unit to recognize the graphics and technology and produce according to natural language commands. CNC industrial computer can also be used to continuously monitor and control the modeling of CNC equipment and efficient simulation test production process. As long as it can describe the mathematical model of a product throughout its production cycle, the CNC unit can produce the product and standardize it.
  • the numerical control unit has the openness of the architecture, and the text data and numerical control programming tools are rich and easy to transplant.
  • the star topology is generally used between the industrial control editor and the numerical control device, and is connected by an interface circuit and a cable. This is equivalent to a production line that connects a group or a family of CNC systems.
  • the industrial control editor has all the programming and compiling software series of all CNCs in the group; it undertakes the NC programming and compilation and management of the CNC. .
  • the comprehensive processing capability of the numerical control unit is strong, and the workpiece can complete more processing contents after one clamping, and the processing precision is high. In particular, it can complete many kinds of processing that cannot be completed by ordinary equipment, and is more suitable for single-piece processing with high-complexity and high precision requirements or multi-variety production of small and medium-sized batches.
  • 4. 1 CNC unit has a system of quality tracking and quality assurance. Stable quality (or superior performance) is the first core competency in the industry.
  • Simulation technology Static or dynamic mode is applied to the structure and production of numerical control equipment through the industrial control editor to predict or evaluate the behavior of the numerical control equipment, and provide information and basis for decision-making.
  • Efficient modeling or virtual manufacturing is the second core competency in the industry.
  • machining center or flexible production unit hardware and software, so that the machining center or flexible manufacturing unit has different software and hardware modules, different programming languages, multiple real-time operating systems, non-standardized interfaces, etc. Not only does it bring complexity in use and maintenance, but it also brings great difficulties to shop logistics applications.
  • the numerical control unit In the industrial field, the numerical control unit is used, as long as the industrial editing machine matches the existing CNC system; it can inherit the valuable resources of its existing numerical control system to ensure the utilization of existing auxiliary equipment resources and the normal operation of the existing CNC system; At the same time, it is able to formulate uniform standards for its production tasks, ensure the standardization of software and hardware communication, and facilitate networking, leaving room for future expansion of the unit.
  • the Network Operating System (NOS) of the UFI is the function required to add an information network to the original operating system of UFI and each industrial editing machine.
  • the NOS runs on a server class computer and is shared by networked computer users.
  • the special machine has a microprocessor chip, an data memory (EEPRd), a work memory (RAM), and a program memory (EPR0M), and is equipped with an input button, an information display, and the like.
  • the U-machine network has interoperability (Gnteroperability), portability, scalability (expandability ⁇ scalability, and phig&play). It is generally based on distributed control. System, subsystem and module hierarchical control structure; its construction is portable and transparent.
  • Each machine has an output ⁇ /output interface circuit to the outside world.
  • the industrial control editing machine or numerical control equipment of the excellent machine network can also communicate and exchange business information directly through the transmission medium.
  • the network of CNC units greatly meets the needs of production lines or manufacturing systems, the demand for information integration by manufacturing units, and is the basic unit for implementing new production models such as agile manufacturing, virtual units and global production.
  • UFIDA provides a neutral mechanism platform that does not depend on the specific system, and is a brand-new production concept. It can pass the production code through the network to the industrial control editor, and then assign the production task to the corresponding numerical control equipment to complete the task.
  • the network of high-performance machines with network functions can fully realize the sharing of resources and information within the unit, and fully adapt to the production mode of the shop-oriented task order.
  • Using the U-machine network to optimize the reconfigurability of the CNC unit and data communication can develop various controllers for a large number of controlled machines.
  • various automation systems in various factories in the fields of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, automobiles, aircraft manufacturing, and foundry industries are networked and controlled, and key components for each production automation line. Prepare for supporting development. .
  • the existing flexible manufacturing system consisting of multiple CNC machine tools connected into an adjustable machining system does not allow interoperability between CNC machines. That is to say, a CNC machine tool cannot control the production process of other CNC machine tools.
  • any CNC unit of the same U-machine network can interoperate with other CNC units.
  • Industrial browsers are devices that provide browsers, microprocessors, displays, and the like for use by users. It contains a program that accesses and displays information (contains multiple applications and resolves the object with a program determined by the object name).
  • the database server of the machine network stores the data of the production or task of the unit. After it operates on the database file, it closes the library file in time to avoid human error or other failures, resulting in damage to the current library file. After the table structure of the database is defined, it can be modified as needed.
  • UFI's Network File System allows applications to open a remote file, move it to a specific location in the file, and start reading and writing data at that location.
  • CNC proprietary network formed by several CNC machine networks and/or production-dedicated networks is called a CNC proprietary network.
  • the CNC proprietary network is a production operation mode; it includes industrial browsers, servers, clients, and database servers ( Figure 2).
  • the CNC proprietary network meets the requirements of interactive applications and stability; it is interoperable; it can distinguish the different security requirements of each part of a specific file; the public key infrastructure can be used for authentication and key distribution.
  • the CNC proprietary network can not only realize remote production and video control in the network environment, but also remote software modification and fault diagnosis of the numerical control equipment through the network to realize group control.
  • the system backup automation solution of the CNC proprietary network can be composed of a backup client, a primary backup server, a media server, a backup storage unit, and backup management software.
  • a backup client is usually an application, database, or file server; a family of software that can read data from online storage and transfer it to a backup server; the primary backup server is used to schedule backups and restores, and maintain data storage. Media; The media server copies data to the backup media in accordance with the instructions of the primary backup server.
  • the backup storage unit is a data tape, a disk, or a disc.
  • the existing private network composed of network interconnections of various CN systems distributed at a long distance must use expensive dedicated lines.
  • firewalls including hardware devices, related software code and security policies
  • VPN Virtual Private Network
  • HACK hackers
  • Anti-port technology to invade the units behind the firewall.
  • Network computers or data devices are one of the main drawbacks.
  • the firewall is not able to defend against computer virus attacks, and it is one of its main defects.
  • the CNC Proprietary Network can establish a global network of information-operated, closely-connected industrial production units (including wireless networks).
  • the unit's CNC proprietary network and the unit's raw material procurement, product design, logistics and other auxiliary production of the superior machine network, application computer or private network are connected to the same public network through the identification machine; There is a network, called the procurement proprietary network ( Figure 2).
  • the unit is important for factory manufacturing, it is more important to assist in the production of raw materials, product design and logistics.
  • the existing computer integrated manufacturing system (CI S) is not suitable for virus detection; it cannot prevent data-driven virus attacks; it cannot completely defend against various virus attacks; it is one of its main defects.
  • the unit On the procurement of proprietary networks, the flow of information transmitted over the public network is integrity-encrypted; information confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity are guaranteed: and it is resistant to hackers attacking the network. It can also have the ability to authenticate. 8, the unit is distributed in different geographical locations, a number of high-performance network to reduce its superior machine) or unit order processing, wholesale and retail and after-sales service and other network (or its superior machine), respectively, through the same machine
  • the public network is connected to build a secure and reliable unit business network called the business network.
  • each unit of the unit is equipped with the same procedures for the procedures of the Apocalypse program, the Peng-end encryption program and the shrink-end decryption program. In this way, each computer controls the information entering and leaving the network of the superior machine, and refuses to illegally access the network of the unit.
  • each unit of the unit can also be equipped with the same tree unit identity authentication and authorization procedures, and other standard procedures, and each of these machines has an IP address table for each machine and each network. Access control list for each host name domain address in ). In this way, each machine will control the information of the U-machine network that enters and exits the CNC intranet, and refuses to illegally access the U-machine network.
  • the existing firewall technology is easily overcome by hackers using "anti-port" technology, and the computer or data device behind the firewall is one of its main defects.
  • the firewall is not able to defend against computer virus attacks, and it is one of its main defects.
  • a unit's procurement proprietary network or CNC intranet can exchange information and provide security protection with the partner network of the unit partner to prevent illegal access to the procurement proprietary network or CNC intranet system.
  • one or several high-performance network designated by the partner can be passed through the standard program of the unit equipped with the unit, or the identification of the authentication and authorization procedures, and the same public network of the CNC intranet.
  • the router is connected.
  • the CNC Extranet can integrate the feedback of product quality into every aspect of R&D and production through the tracking system, and obtain better products through improvement.
  • the existing virtual outreach network technology can't do anything to illegally access and spoof internal resources by masquerading the address of an external network or a private network; nor can it avoid hackers bypassing identity authentication and authentication mechanisms, disguising identity, and destroying internal Computer connection.
  • the remote client of the unit connected to the same public network of the CNC intranet, can log in to the unit's CNC intranet to achieve secure and reliable information interoperability with these networks.
  • the system consisting of these clients and the CNC intranet is called the unit numerical control remote access internet, referred to as the CNC access network ( Figure 2).
  • It is a system of a remote client connected to the same public network and connected to the CNC internal network by a remote client with a program such as a program for checking the program, a source encryption program, and a decryption program. Used to provide remote users with secure and accurate information access to the unit's CNC intranet.
  • the remote client is equipped with a tree unit identity authentication and authorization program, etc., and can recognize various information coming in from the public network. It only allows the information in the source network of the unit to be entered into the remote client and decrypted to become plaintext information.
  • Remote Client Authentication The method of authorized access to be implemented: access to the information to be authenticated and authenticated and authorized by the client.
  • the method of authorized access to be implemented the access information is authenticated and authorized by the remote client's discriminating program.
  • the existing remote access virtual private network technology cannot perform corresponding security encryption according to different security levels of some sections in a file; there is nothing to do with many address spoofings that illegally access internal resources through masquerading remote access addresses.
  • the numerical control access network information flow transmitted on the public network is encrypted, fully inspected and authenticated; the information confidentiality, integrity and authenticity are guaranteed; the ability to resist hacker attacks on the network is DRAWINGS
  • Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the structure of the numerical control equipment. It consists of a numerical control processor, a programmable controller, a servo system, a drive unit, and a controlled machine.
  • FIG. 2 shows the structure of the CNC proprietary network (including CNC unit, USB network, etc.), procurement proprietary network, CNC intranet, CNC extranet, and CNC access network.
  • a number of high-performance network or special-purpose network in the private network are connected to the same public network through the identification machine; the proprietary! 3 ⁇ 4
  • Check program program function: The checker of the sink checks the received plaintext information (or the decrypted plaintext information), finds any instructions, codes, and programs, arranges them together, and sequentially circulates the temporary storage. In the external memory, the first program is simultaneously presented on the display screen of the designated computer. If some programs are legitimate programs that are allowed to access them, the user selects the "Allow all” option when prompted for the first time. When the computer encounters these programs, it will not ask again and allow access. When the user does not reply within a certain period of time or selects the "Do not allow” option, the machine discards the program. The terminal computer runs this program; it can prevent the virus attack from attacking the machine protection network.
  • the source end machine adds the symmetric encryption key after the plaintext information to be sent through the public network: input the combined data into a one-way hash function (Message Digest) to obtain a hash ( Hash) value (called the source hash value); then add the source hash value after the plaintext information (excluding the key), encrypt it with the key, and become the ciphertext; finally send the ciphertext to the sink Identify the machine.
  • a one-way hash function Message Digest
  • Hash hash
  • the source hash value add the source hash value after the plaintext information (excluding the key), encrypt it with the key, and become the ciphertext
  • the easiest way to authenticate is to create a database of usernames and passwords in the machine.
  • the machine authenticates through an access control list (AccessControlList, ACL).
  • AccessControlList ACL
  • the username and password database list is simply identified by the identity of the different types of source network (represented by its modem IP address).
  • the Authorization Control List specifies what the user can do after gaining access to the network.
  • a new approach to authentication and authorization is to create a database of user or organization names, addresses, passwords, and authorization rights.
  • the unit's access control list is used to authenticate other users, partner units, or remote customers or organizations.
  • the list identifies the different types of source broker names) the address and the user's password. Address-based authentication is guaranteed to take effect only if the username, IP address, and user's password are the same as in the access control list.
  • the discriminator has the standard of sending, to the public network (or the network of the superior machine), the information of one computer in the unit network of the unit, to (or receiving) the computer of the other network machine of the unit, after being encrypted (or decrypted).
  • Programs, etc. It contains programs that process information streams and the like. The discriminator can monitor the information entering and leaving the U-machine network and refuse illegal access to the U-machine network.
  • the numerical control processor contains a processor, internal memory, various drivers and input/output devices. It has a computer operating system; generally uses more than 16 CPUs; host frequency is more than 5MHz; memory is more than 1MB and sufficient capacity of hard disk storage.
  • the common operating systems of CNC processors are Disk Operation System (DOS), X/Linux ⁇ fWindows, etc.; control the resources and operation of the digital control device.
  • DOS Disk Operation System
  • It uses a multi-processor architecture, in addition to data input, program processing, process parameters and auxiliary motion, interpolation operations and servo systems for the production of various functions of the production process, in addition to real-time control and management; Interrupts caused by signals and fault signals are processed.
  • It can make multi-channel programs cross, such as data input processing during the idle time of interpolation operation and control pulse output, calling various function sub-programs, completing the reading and data processing of the next data segment, and ensuring that During the production process of the production element segment, the assembler of the next production element segment is entered and prepared. Once the current production element segment task is completed, the interpolation operation and interpolation real-time control of the next production element segment are started immediately.
  • a production task or a high-level program for producing products which is divided into high-level programs for each production element segment, and then translated into the production element segment assembler by the compiler, can be undertaken by an industrial editing machine having such a function: And after the completion of the compilation, through the transmission medium, segmentally output to the numerical control processor of the numerical control device.
  • the CNC processor is the core of the CNC equipment. It performs the program of the production element segment and its data, and controls and manipulates various functions of the numerical control device according to the assembly procedure of the stored production element segment task or the International Standard Organization (ISO) C standard.
  • the task of producing element segments Thanks to the use of a general-purpose computer, many difficult-to-implement production functions can be realized by the software and hardware of the numerical control processor and improve the performance and reliability of the numerical control device.
  • the CNC processor has real-time processing and transmission capabilities, supports the data format and production sequence of the production element segments, and drives the automated production of equipment. It generally uses a real-time system of a numerical control processor or a real-time system expanded by its own system as a numerical control unit operating system.
  • the digital signal processor is a single-chip programmable processing chip that addresses real-time processing requirements.
  • the current DSP generally uses a Harvard-type structure different from the general-purpose processor; the program instructions are separated from the data storage space, and each has its own address and data bus. This allows processing instructions and data to be executed simultaneously, which greatly increases the speed of operation.
  • the hardware multiplier and multiplier and its accumulator are set in the digital signal processor to make it faster in operations such as multiplication and common accumulation. It is tens of millions or even billions of fixed-point or floating-point operations per second.
  • the DSP is flexible and faster and more efficient than a typical microcontroller.
  • This digital control chip can overcome the shortcomings of analog controllers well, and has many advantages that analog controllers do not have, such as: generating smooth reference signals in real time, vector control of brushless motors and induction motors. , production of high-resolution P-leg output, the use of neural networks and fuzzy logic control algorithms.
  • the numerical control processor can directly use DSP or microprocessor according to the specific conditions of the actual application.
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • microprocessors for numerical control processors.
  • the read-only memory (EPR0M) of the numerical control processor is used to store its operating system software; the random access memory (RAM) is used to store the assembler or functional program of the production element segment written in accordance with the ISO C standard, and intermediate results.
  • CNC processor input/output interface circuit for information exchange with industrial control editor, programmable controller, servo system and detection instrument. Its input keyboard can directly input programs or data and display the input information on the display.
  • a production task or a high-level program for producing products which is divided into various production element segments by the industrial control editor, and then edited by the industrial control
  • the relevant compiler in the machine is compiled into several production element segment assemblers that can be identified and executed by the numerical control device connected thereto; and after the compilation is completed, the transmission medium is sequentially outputted to the production medium according to the order of production.
  • the CNC processor processes and completes the specified production tasks by the CNC device.
  • the hardware structure of the numerical control processor is divided into a single processor structure and a multiprocessor structure according to the number of CPUs.
  • the single processor architecture consists of a central processing unit CPU, internal memory, input/output interface, and other signal lines (usually buses) that connect them.
  • CPU central processing unit
  • memory internal memory
  • input/output interface input/output interface
  • other signal lines usually buses
  • a multiprocessor architecture system consists of more than one microprocessor connected together by a physical topology (star, ring, tree, bus, etc.). Each processor assumes no less than one function of the numerical control device. It can run the assembler independently, and can exchange information with other processors through the communication medium line or shared memory, coordinate the steps, and complete the production tasks of the numerical control equipment in real time.
  • CNC processors generally use the Linux operating system.
  • the source code of the Linux kernel is mainly written in ISO C language, and only some of the source code related to the driver is written in assembly language.
  • the numerical control processor adopts a corresponding multi-processor structural system.
  • each processor is responsible for the processing of a functional module.
  • Multiple processors work simultaneously to complete the corresponding real-time production tasks assigned to the CNC device by the assembler.
  • the computational and real-time processing capabilities of multiprocessor industrial control machines can be adapted to complex production tasks.
  • Linux can be extended to a real-time control system.
  • Linux is also compatible with a variety of hardware platforms, and can get source code.
  • the CNC processor can also use D0S, UNIX tlWirKkws and other operating systems.
  • the interpolation program of the production element segment in the numerical control processor after processing an assembly block and its data, knows the type, starting point, end point, various parameter values and parameter changes of the production element segment. Rate, etc.
  • the numerical control processor performs an interpolation operation between the process start point and the end point of the production element segment.
  • the interpolator sends a pulse control signal to each servo system based on the calculation result.
  • the main function of the interpolation program in the numerical control processor is to calculate the parameter increment of each production element segment within one sampling period in the production process as a control command.
  • the interpolator interpolates the production process of this production element segment and outputs the result of the interpolation.
  • the interpolator in the CNC processor has an interpolation cycle, which is the processing cycle.
  • the interpolator sends a pulse control signal to each servo system based on the calculation result.
  • the microcomputer in the numerical control processor is a typical real-time control method, so the speed of the interpolation operation directly affects the quality of the production process of the production element segment.
  • the computation time must be as short as possible, which is the key to interpolation.
  • the interpolation algorithm is divided into algorithms such as pulse incremental interpolation and data sampling interpolation.
  • the characteristic of pulse incremental interpolation is that the interpolator performs interpolation operation on a production element segment process, and continuously sends mutually coordinated parameter variation pulses to the physical or chemical parameters of each production element during the calculation process, each of which The pulse corresponds to the increment of a production parameter, that is, the pulse equivalent. Only one increment of the production parameter is generated at the end of each interpolation, and is output to the servo system in a pulse manner, so that the respective production parameters are inversely changed accordingly to realize production.
  • the parameter control is within the allowable range.
  • This interpolation requires only addition and shifting to complete the interpolation, and the implementation method is simple. Therefore, it is generally implemented in hardware, and its operation speed is very fast.
  • the pulse delta interpolation algorithm is suitable for some medium and medium rate automation device control.
  • the pulse incremental interpolation algorithms which are more mature and widely used, there are point-by-point comparison method, digital integration method and comparative integration method.
  • this interpolator uses the time division method to calculate each time within a given time interval (sampling period) according to the programming speed. The incremental increase in the production process of the production element segment.
  • the result of the interpolation is a digital signal, not a single pulse.
  • This interpolation algorithm enables high-speed, high-precision control. Therefore, it is suitable for semi-closed loop or closed-loop CNC equipment driven by DC servo motor or AC servo motor.
  • the numerical control processor adopts a typical real-time control method, so the speed of the interpolation operation directly affects the quality of the production process of the production element segment.
  • Interpolators with integrated circuit chips process information and operations very quickly and can run stably for long periods of time. It can perform data input processing in the idle time of interpolation operation and control pulse output, that is, call various function subroutines, complete the reading and data processing of the next data segment, and ensure the production process of the production element segment. In the middle, the assembler for the next production element segment is ready. Once the production element segment task is completed, the interpolation operation and interpolation real-time control of the next production element segment are started immediately.
  • the function of the diagnostic program of the numerical control processor is to discover the hiddenness of the system and indicate the type of fault in the running of the program. It is also possible to check the function of the main components of the system before operation or after the fault occurs, and indicate the location where the fault occurred.
  • the numerical control equipment consists of a numerical control processor, a programmable controller, a servo system, a driving device and a controlled machine (Fig. 1). They are connected to each other by an interface circuit or a transmission component.
  • the driver enables multiple processes to access resources (such as memory, I/O, interrupt sources, etc.) at the same time, enabling multi-process real-time operation.
  • the hardware and software of the numerical control device control and complete the production tasks of the production element segment according to the program of the production element segment and its data.
  • the production function of CNC equipment is not unique. It is based on the assembly program stored by the CNC processor to determine the specific function. Therefore, CNC equipment is simpler than the hardware of existing CNC production equipment in the industrial sector.
  • a CNC machine can be used as several different controlled machines to complete several different production functions or tasks through the control of different production assembly programs.
  • the numerical control device controls and manages a certain production element segment action of the controlled machine through an input numerical control assembler, etc., and executes an automated production process of the production element segment.
  • Computer system software for numerical control equipment including operating system, production element segment function program, ISOC standard program, etc.) and management system.
  • the CNC processor has real-time processing and transmission capabilities, supports the data format and production sequence of the production element segment tasks, and drives the device to automate production.
  • the application and the operating system are separate.
  • the operating system code runs in kernel mode and has access to system data and hardware.
  • the application runs in user mode, and the interfaces that can be used and the access to system data are restricted.
  • Operating system software has a higher privilege level than the application software. This mechanism makes the application's misbehavior generally not destabilize the system.
  • a CNC device driver that provides an interface to the CNC processor hardware.
  • User applications access the hardware in a standardized way through device drivers, regardless of how the hardware must be controlled.
  • the driver software After the driver software is loaded, it becomes part of the CNC processor operating system kernel. It enables one or more devices that can be used in user mode programs. Each device represents a physical or logical hardware.
  • the programmable controller is an industrial microcontroller. It differs from general-purpose computers in that it is specifically developed for the industrial field, with more features, powerful input/output interfaces, and programming languages for industrial engineers.
  • the PLC is based on its different components of the microcomputer, and the number of points in the interface circuit is different. For example, the C28P has 28 points, 16 ft out interface and 12 input interfaces.
  • the PLC works well with the software that works with it. Its hardware and software are highly reliable, easy to program, easy to serialize and generalize, and can be modified to suit different control objects and adapt to harsh production environments.
  • the PLC accepts the numerical control auxiliary function commands issued by the numerical control processor to realize the sequential control of the automatic production process of the production element segments.
  • the output module of the PLC there is a function module that is directly used to drive the strong wire ⁇ . In this module, the output is in the form of a high power transistor and a control relay. Therefore, the PLC has a strong driving capability, and generally can directly drive the coil of the electric appliance to turn on or off the strong electric circuit.
  • the PLC can be combined with the CNC processor to form an equipment; it can also be combined with the servo system to form a device.
  • the PLC is small in size, light in weight, low in power consumption, high in efficiency, and easy to be installed in the control cabinet of the relevant servo system to realize electromechanical integration.
  • PLC programming is simple, programming methods are generally divided into two categories, one is language programming; the other is ladder programming.
  • the internal working mode of PLC generally adopts the cyclic scanning working mode, and the interrupt working mode is added in some PLCs. After the user has finished debugging the user program, the program is written into the PLC memory by the programmer; at the same time, the input signal of the field and the controlled actuator are connected to the input of the input module and the output of the production module, respectively.
  • the PLC working mode is selected as the running working mode, and the rest of the work is completed by the PLC according to the user program.
  • the PLC mainly completes the processing of six modules. Perform verification and testing of software and hardware starting from the operation of the self-diagnostic module. After the test is finished, if the Pic control switch has been dialed to the programming mode, enter the programmer processing module. At this time, ⁇ immediately transfers the bus control right to the programmer. The user can perform online monitoring and modify the user program according to the needs of the PLC. operating. When the programmer completes the processing or reaches the specified information exchange time, the CPU regains control of the bus. After the programming of the processor module, if the PLC is configured with the information exchange function module, then the scan is executed to execute the module. This module mainly completes the information exchange between PLC and PLC, PLC and tape drive, PLC and CNC processor.
  • the PLC After processing the above two modules, the PLC enters the user program processing.
  • User program processing is the basic function of the PLC.
  • the process can adopt a cyclic scanning method or a carrier Sense Multipte Access With Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) distributed coordination scheme and a binary exponential backoff technique.
  • the user program is processed in three stages: input sampling, program execution, and output refresh.
  • the first step is to input the sample phase.
  • the PLC scans all the input signal status (ON/OFF) of the input terminal into the input image register and registers it. Then perform user program execution.
  • relevant scene information can be extracted in the input image area as needed, and relevant history information is extracted in the output image area, and after processing, the result is stored in the output image area for use in the next processing or for output.
  • the output refresh service is executed.
  • the CPU transfers the status value to be outputted in the output image area to the output data register in order, and then converts it to the execution unit of the control site through the output module.
  • the production process is performed by the actuator.
  • the PLC After processing the module with the information exchange module and the production process, the PLC starts executing the timeout check module. If the scan cycle time does not exceed the set time, the next scan cycle is continued. If it is exceeded, the I! ICPU will stop running, reset to the input/output status, and go to the stop scan process after an alarm. When the timeout or self-diagnosis error occurs, the PLC enters the error processing module, and performs an alarm, displays an error, and simultaneously processes it accordingly, then stops scanning.
  • the information exchange between PLC and CNC processor is carried out in two directions: one direction is that the numerical control processor sends information to the PLC.
  • the main information has various function codes: preparation function word code, auxiliary function word code and address character function word code. Information such as manual/interrupt mode information, various function information, etc.
  • the other direction is that the PLC sends information to the numerical control processor.
  • the main information includes response information of various function codes and related reference information of the controlled machine.
  • the exchange of information between the PLC and the servo system is also divided into two directions: one direction is the information sent by the PLC to the servo system.
  • the main information includes the actuators that control the controlled machine, various status indications, and fault alarms.
  • the other direction is that the servo system sends information to the PLC.
  • the main information includes the input information of the servo system operation panel and the input information of the operation panel and various switches and buttons on the operation panel. There are also various switches for the production of moving parts and production status monitoring. Signal and servo system operation preparation signals, etc.
  • PLC control of each device is achieved by designing a corresponding program.
  • the control logic needs to be changed during on-site assembly and commissioning, it is not necessary to change the external circuit, as long as the rewrite program is re-solidified. Its program can be modified for different control objects. Therefore, PLC can be used not only for the control of a single device, but also for the control system of multiple devices.
  • the output module of the PLC there is a function module for directly driving the high-power coil, so it has a strong driving capability, and generally can directly drive the execution electric line of the servo system, and turn on or off the strong electric circuit.
  • the device after deducting the numerical control processor is the auxiliary device. It includes a servo system such as a servo system, a drive unit, a controlled machine, and a detection device, and is composed of an actuator or a drive control circuit. It is connected to the driving device through the interface circuit; it accepts the numerical control commands of the numerical control processor and the PLC.
  • the servo system is divided into an open loop servo system, a closed loop servo system and a semi-closed loop servo system according to its control mode. In the closed loop servo system and the semi-closed loop servo system, a detection instrument is also installed.
  • the basic requirements of the servo system are mainly stability, high precision and fast response.
  • the actuator or the drive control circuit is a power signal that first amplifies the command pulse sent by the numerical control processor and the PLC, and then converts it into an execution element or a control signal form required to drive the control circuit.
  • This kind The control signal is transmitted to the actuator of the driving device or the mechanical transmission component circuit; the various controlled machines are driven to perform corresponding actions, and the production element segment tasks specified in the program segment are implemented.
  • the controlled machine needs to measure various material parameters and various switch quantity control.
  • the parameter value of the production link belongs to dynamic information, which is not only large in data volume, but also numerous in name and complexity. These production parameters have functions such as quality tracking, and data must be guaranteed to be accurate and up to date. Therefore, the data feedback can be completed by the non-contact real-time data acquisition system; to ensure the real-time, accurate and timely feedback of data collection.
  • the detecting instrument monitors the controlled machine, indirectly or directly collects the actual production parameter information of the relevant substance in the controlled machine, and compares it with the production instruction parameter, according to the closed-loop principle,
  • the error conversion is amplified and transmitted to the execution unit, and the actual production parameters are controlled to reach a predetermined command parameter [standard value range.
  • the servo system feeds back the parameter values to the automation device, and the relevant actuators make corresponding adjustments to the relevant drive control circuits, etc., so that the production parameters reach a predetermined standard.
  • the range of values so that the production process is controlled in a timely manner, so that the production is carried out in accordance with the specified process requirements or parameter value range requirements.
  • the numerical control equipment implements the production process and is a complex process with a combination of multivariable control and production processes. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of multi-parameter control of the production process and improve the quality of the finished product, a closed control mode must be adopted; variables of various parameters of the production process are dynamically adjusted during the production process. In this mode, it is easy to integrate computer real-time intelligent technology, multimedia technology, CAD/CA technology, servo control, adaptive control, dynamic data management, dynamic compensation and dynamic simulation to form a closed-loop control system for production process. This enables integration, intelligence and automation.
  • the digital servo system features high speed, high precision, anti-interference and no drift. It digitizes production process control. CNC equipment generally controls the servo system and drives the controlled machine through a digital communication interface and communication protocol.
  • the drive device is a transfer and transition system between the servo system and the controlled machine. It is a strong electric coil of an electric appliance to be executed or a bearing of an executed machine.
  • the basic requirements of the drive unit are mainly flexible, high precision and dynamic responsiveness.
  • Each actuator of the servo system or the corresponding drive control circuit is equipped with a set of drive units.
  • the drive unit drives the relevant components of the controlled machine for production activities.
  • the components or objects of the controlled controlled machine are different in various production processes in the industrial field.
  • the servo system can be flexibly selected using a standardized and universal drive interface.
  • Drivers typically interact with the hardware by invoking routines in the hardware abstraction layer.
  • the hardware abstraction layer provides a processor platform independent method to perform the actual output lambda output operation.
  • the driver completes the I/O request by accessing the hardware.
  • the driver's action is to read the I/O port or register.
  • the device driver manages data transfer and controls the operation of a particular type of physical device, including starting and completing input/output operations, handling interrupts, and performing any error handling of device requirements, such as real-time, device-associated operations. It is designed according to the specific hardware of the specific device and is compatible with the CNC processor. Each physical device corresponds to a driver, and different hardware has different drivers.
  • the controlled machine is the controlled production equipment and is the main body of the numerical control equipment. Its own CNC system allows automatic programming and control of its automated production.
  • the numerical control system of the machine tool itself has a cycle function, a mirror function, a fixed subroutine function, and a macro command function. Advanced machine tools enable general programming calculations and graphical interactive processing.
  • Universal software hardware resources for CNC equipment can be adopted, absorbed and compatible with existing 0 systems.
  • Various CNC systems in the industrial field can be changed to CNC equipment or CNC processors and auxiliary devices by selecting relevant standardized and generalized integrated circuit interfaces according to environmental changes or upgrade requirements.
  • the numerical control unit generally uses the numerical control processor in each numerical control device to be connected to the industrial control editor. This is a star topology (fetal topology) structure ( Figure 3). Depending on the specific situation, physical topologies such as rings, trees, or buses can also be used.
  • the digital unit signal can be transmitted in both directions at the same time, that is, full duplex transmission. If the signal is transmitted in two directions, it is half duplex transmisson. .
  • the industrial control editing software in the numerical control unit includes the disk operating system DOS or the leg X/Linux ⁇ Windows, language processing (such as: compiler, etc.) and the database and its management system.
  • the CNC unit has real-time multi-tasking processing capability, supports the data format of the production task, can transmit and process specific tasks in time, and drives the controlled machine to automate production.
  • the industrial control editor generally uses more than 16 CPUs; the host frequency is above 5MHz; the hard disk memory with more than 2MB of memory and sufficient capacity is often used to store the fixed information required by the computer, such as product model data, production material data, and production tool data required for automatic programming. And archived NC programs, etc.
  • the communication transmission medium between it and the numerical control device is the channel through which they transmit information. With this channel, the industrial control editor transmits programs and commands to the CNC equipment. The CNC equipment returns or returns the production status and other information to the industrial control editor. They are connected by cables through interface circuits.
  • the hardware structure of the industrial control editor is divided into a single processor structure and a multiprocessor structure according to the number of CPUs required.
  • the single processor architecture consists of a central processing unit CPU, internal memory, input/output interface, and the like, and a signal line that connects them (usually buses).
  • There is only one microprocessor in the system which centrally controls the entire industrial control editor, and processes non-real-time programming, management, and output and output tasks in a time-sharing manner.
  • a multi-processor architecture system consists of not less than one microprocessor connected by a physical topology (I-type, ring, bus, etc.) connection lines.
  • Each processor assumes a part of the functions of the industrial control editor. It can run programs independently, exchange information with other processors through communication medium lines or shared memory, coordinate steps, and complete control of the CNC unit. Because multiple processors can work simultaneously. Therefore, the numerical control unit's computing and real-time processing capabilities are greatly enhanced, and it can adapt to the complex and special requirements of production tasks.
  • CNC unit software can be divided into system software and application software.
  • the system software is directly related to the computer hardware, which plays a role in managing the system and reducing the burden on the application software.
  • the industrial control editor can use operating system software such as DOS, UNIX/Linux, and Windows.
  • operating system software such as DOS, UNIX/Linux, and Windows.
  • DOS DOS
  • UNIX/Linux UNIX/Linux
  • Windows UNIX/Linux
  • Linux UNIX/Linux
  • Linux UNIX/Linux
  • the operating system of the industrial control editor generally uses the Linux core software.
  • Linux inherits the design philosophy of the UNIX core; therefore, it is efficient, secure, and stable.
  • the continuous running time of its server is generally in units of years.
  • Linux supports a variety of hardware platforms. It can even run on mainframes in PC, workstation, and can run on X 86 / MIPS / P OWe rPC other mainstream architecture.
  • Linux is a UNIX-compatible operating system. It can be applied to both PCs and network servers.
  • the Linux kernel adopts a modular structure. Its main modules include: storage management, CPU and process management, file system management, device management and driver, network communication, system boot, system call, and so on. Limn allows users to customize the Linux kernel based on the actual configuration of their own CNC unit, effectively simplifying the Linux kernel, increasing system startup speed, and freeing up more memory resources.
  • the Linux system structure is divided into two states: user mode and core state.
  • the program can execute all privilege-level instructions, and the code can access all system memory.
  • the operating system software has a higher privilege level than the application software. Through this mechanism, the misconduct of the application does not generally destabilize the system.
  • GUI graphical user interface
  • X-Window System The graphical user interface (GUI) solution provided by Linux is the industry standard X-Window System. It is similar to the Windows graphical interface. Users can use the mouse to operate easily, intuitively and quickly. Lirm is superior to other operating systems in terms of communication and network functions; it is a multi-tasking, multi-user operating system that can support multiple users to simultaneously use and share system resources such as disks and external devices.
  • One of the most important features of the X-Window System is its device-independent structure. Any hardware that is compatible with the X protocol can execute an X program and display a series of windows containing graphics without recompiling and linking.
  • the X-Window System is built in the Client/Server structure and has transparency of network operations. The application's window can be displayed on the screen of the computer itself, or it can be displayed on the screen of other computers via the network.
  • the Linux operating system itself is separate from the X-Window System.
  • the operating system code runs in kernel mode and has access to system data and hardware.
  • the X-Window System runs in user mode, and the permissions of the interfaces that can be used and access to system data are limited.
  • the processor captures the call and then switches the calling thread to the core state.
  • the operating system service When the operating system service is completed, it switches the thread description table back to the user state, allowing the caller to continue running, just like an interrupt handler, except that the interrupt processing becomes a kernel-mode operating system call. Therefore, if there is a fault when running the program in the X-Window System graphical user interface, it can normally exit normally, it will not affect the programs running under other character interfaces, and it is not necessary to restart the computer.
  • the basic functions of the numerical control unit are composed of multiple functional modules; different software structures have different ways of arranging and managing these functional modules. It features multi-tasking and real-time, and the corresponding software technology can be used for multi-task simultaneous processing and multiple real-time interrupt processing. Multitasking simultaneous processing is to enable the industrial editing machine to perform two or more jobs of the same or different nature at the same time or at the same time interval. In a multiple real-time interrupt processing system, interrupt management is mainly done by hardware, and the software structure of the numerical control unit depends on the interrupt structure of the system. The real-time tasks of the CNC unit are arranged into interrupt service programs of different priority levels or in the same interrupt program in priority order.
  • the numerical control unit can have two kinds of software structures, one is the front and back-end structure, and the other is the interrupt type structure.
  • the front-end structure software consists of a foreground program and a background program.
  • the foreground program is a real-time interrupt service program that takes on all the real-time functions and implements functions directly related to the production of CNC equipment.
  • a daemon is a program that executes loops and completes the processing of input/output, programming, and compilation.
  • the interrupt type structure software arranges various functional modules of the numerical control unit in different levels of interrupt service programs.
  • the management and scheduling of the CNC unit is mainly solved by the mutual operation letter between the interrupt programs. .
  • High-speed CPU integrated chip, RISC chip, multi-CJ control system and AC digital servo device with high-resolution detection components while further improving the dynamic and static characteristics of production equipment, enabling CNC unit to produce at high speed, high precision and high efficiency.
  • the CNC unit can control all automated production processes such as computer aided design (CAD), computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and production management. It makes an agreement on the interface between the various numerical control devices or devices. These agreements start with CAD and production management, are divided into CM and production control, integrated into production task scheduling, and then use each functional module to explain, form the information and data required by PLC and servo system, and the servo and actuator of production equipment. Take control.
  • CAD computer aided design
  • CAM computer aided manufacturing
  • the simulation technology is applied to the analysis design of production tasks. It is necessary to build the model according to the requirements of the modeling, and obtain the actual production behavior characteristics by tracking or simulating the state of the corresponding model, and checking the various real processes of the numerical control unit in production. And dangerous.
  • the simulation method can be used in each stage of the production element segment design of each numerical control unit.
  • the mathematical and empirical models are combined to obtain the simulation operation data by simulating the production operation to verify the correctness of the NC code. And the accuracy of the production process.
  • the input data processing program function of the industrial control editor receiving or compiling the manufacturing or production task program, decoding and processing the production instructions and data represented by the standard code in the numerical control program, and the assembly program and data in the prescribed format.
  • the input program mainly has two tasks, one is to input the production task from the photoelectric reader or the keyboard, program the program and store it in the task program memory: The other is to transfer the production program section out of the task program memory one by one. , is sent to the buffer for decoding use.
  • Application software is software that runs manufacturing or tasks, automated programming software, and its auxiliary software, such as CAD/CAM software. It requires the system software of the CNC unit to be related to the computer hardware.
  • the automatic programming software according to the input mode of programming information, it can be divided into: batch processing automatic programming and human-machine interactive automatic programming.
  • the numerical control unit can perform two or more jobs of the same or different nature at the same time or at the same time interval. This requires multi-task parallel processing for each functional module of the industrial editing machine software. To this end, in the industrial control editor software design, resource-time sharing parallel processing and resource overlapping pipeline parallel processing technology can be adopted.
  • Resource time sharing and parallel processing are applicable to single processor systems, mainly using time sharing of CRJ to solve parallel processing of multitasking.
  • Resource Overflow Flow Parallel processing is applied to multiprocessor systems that process two or more tasks at the same time interval. Due to the different technical treatments of the two jobs, the corresponding CNC unit software can also be designed in different structural forms. Different software structures have different ways of arranging tasks and different management methods. Among them are the front-end software structure and the interrupt-type software structure.
  • the system software of the interrupt type software structure arranges the respective function modules of the numerical control unit in different levels of interrupt programs.
  • the interrupt program has different interrupt priority levels, and the high level interrupt program can interrupt the interrupt program with a low level.
  • the CNC unit software itself is a large multi-interrupt service program that is processed through communication between interrupt service routines.
  • the priority level of each interrupt service routine is closely related to its role and execution time.
  • the communication transmission medium between the industrial control editor and the numerical control device is the channel through which they transmit information. With this channel, the industrial control editor transfers the compiled programs and instructions to the CNC device. The CNC device returns or transmits the production status and other information to the industrial control editor. They are connected by interface circuits.
  • the CNC unit is a diversified C C system that is suitable for use in various industries in the industrial sector. It combines a set of CNC devices with different functions through RS-232 and RS-422 short-range serial interfaces to form various types of production line series; and exchanges various data with industrial control editors.
  • the numerical control unit uses large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits, which can greatly reduce the failure rate of the numerical control unit.
  • AI artificial intelligence
  • the numerical control unit also has an artificial intelligence (AI) function fault diagnosis system, that is, the various fault causes and disposal methods that experts have mastered are stored in the database as a knowledge base, and the software is developed based on the knowledge base, analyzed and searched. The cause of the failure, the method of troubleshooting.
  • AI artificial intelligence
  • the machine has a microprocessor and memory, and is equipped with input buttons, displays and so on. Its memory integrated circuit has circuits of data memory (EEPROM), work memory (RAM), and program memory (EPROM). Utilizes the network operating system (Network Operating
  • NOS NoS
  • the ideal machine uses more than 32 CPU bits: the host frequency is above 20MHz; the memory is more than 8MB and is equipped with a hard disk storage with sufficient capacity. It is the core of the machine network, running network operating system software, managing communication between various CNC units, managing the resources of the CNC unit and the user's use of these resources.
  • the high-performance machine generally adopts wavelength division, time division or real-time control; it has multi-functional and multi-tasking processing capability, supports the data format of production tasks, can transmit and process specific tasks in time, and drives the implementation of automatic production of numerical control unit.
  • the industrial control editing machine of each numerical control unit is connected through the network interface card and the communication transmission cable of the special machine network, so that any one of the industrial control editing machines can mutually operate the letter and can share the network resources of the excellent machine.
  • N e tWare386 takes full advantage of the microprocessor performance of the Intel microcomputer series and is the industry standard for the UFIDA network. It is a multi-tasking, multi-user network operating system; installed on a superior machine.
  • the CNC unit memory NetWare shell (NetWareSeH) intercepts the user service request of the CNC unit and judges it. If the access is to the numerical control unit, the request is handed over to the industrial control editor of the numerical control unit; if it is a request to the high-performance machine, the request is sent to the superior machine for processing by the superior machine, and the result is sent back to the user. .
  • Each industrial control editor or numerical control device of the U-machine network can also communicate information directly through the transmission medium. It also manages the security level of the various information transmitted: for certain sections of a message, it can also be securely encrypted according to its different security levels.
  • the excellent machine has various standard interface circuits, and some special interface circuits are connected to the interface circuits of special numerical control units.
  • the UTI also includes programs for managing the U-machine network and ensuring its security and reliability. In addition to sending documents to the CNC unit in the U-machine network, it can also do other things according to the specific requirements of the CNC unit (such as writing the input data to the database, or querying its data). Processing such as adding, modifying, and deleting, and sending the required results to the numerical control unit, etc.).
  • the advantages of several high-performance network or private network of a certain unit are connected to the routers of the same public network through the identification machine. This is formed into a CNC proprietary network of the unit.
  • the identification machine generally uses more than 32 CPUs; the host frequency is above 20MHz; the memory is more than 4MB.
  • the program module of the excellent machine can be directly inserted into the expansion function slot of the identification machine. That is, the machine and the machine are directly combined.
  • the CNC proprietary network meets the requirements of interactive applications and stability; it is interoperable; it can distinguish the different security requirements of each part of a specific file; the public key infrastructure can be used for authentication and key distribution.
  • the machine also records all external access in detail; it also prevents unauthorized access to external information on the public network. It allows the external machine or CNC unit to access the U.S. network, and can only concentrate on the machine. This ensures the reliability and safety of all the high-performance machines or CNC units on the U-machine network.
  • the machine also allows the high-end machines connected to it to transmit and receive encrypted information of other high-performance networks of the system through the public network. In the event that the CNC proprietary network is attacked by a virus on the public network, it will only be identified, and it will not affect the normal operation of the CNC machine network.
  • the identification machine of the CNC proprietary network not only contains the workstation program, but also encodes the transmission data by using the message authentication code (MAC) technology to ensure the integrity of the information that is maliciously attacked.
  • MAC message authentication code
  • Its typical encoding mechanism is a bryptographic hashing mechanism.
  • VertasNefiackup software provides complete data protection.
  • VertasNefiackup software uses a four-level hierarchy to centrally manage and adapt to multiple application structures. Its technical features include flexible setup, disaster recovery, parallel processing, reliable data, ease of use, control capabilities, and system data recovery.
  • the inactive data in the archive backup directory is automatically archived and backed up to the near-line storage (NearStore) device, and the historical data is automatically archived and backed up to the offline storage device.
  • NearStore near-line storage
  • the historical data is automatically archived and backed up to the offline storage device. 7.
  • each of the detectors connected to the same public network is equipped with the same procedures for the procedures of the inspection program, the source encryption program, and the shrink-end decryption program. .
  • Each computer will control the information coming in and out of the network, and will refuse to illegally access the proprietary network.
  • each computer can also be equipped with the same tree unit identity authentication and authorization procedures standard procedures, and each of these machines has a list of addresses and addresses in each network. An access control list for each host name (or address). In this way, each machine will control the information of the U-machine network that enters and exits the purchase-only network, and refuses to illegally access the U-machine network.
  • Purchasing proprietary network organically combines one unit of raw material procurement, product design, logistics and production activities to achieve higher efficiency, more flexible and intelligent production, and can realize CAD/CM, CAT and production management. Automation of all production processes.
  • each of the detectors connected to the same public network is equipped with the same procedures of the procedures of the inspection program, the source encryption program, and the shrink-end decryption program.
  • Each computer will control the information entering and leaving the U.S. network and refuse to illegally access the U.S. network.
  • the standard program of the "Stop Decryption Program” is connected to the same public network. Then the unit's procurement proprietary network or CNC intranet, with one or several network of partners, their respective machines and public networks, build a safe and reliable CNC extranet 02). The identification machine with the same procedures of the "check program”, “source encryption program” and “sink-end decryption program” will control the access to the information of the network.
  • each computer can also be equipped with the same tree unit identity authentication and authorization procedure standard procedures, and each of these machines has an IP address table for each computer and a network designated by the network of partners and partners. An access control list for each host name (or address) in . In this way, each machine will control the information of the U.S. network that enters and exits the CNC extranet and refuses to illegally access these UF networks and partner networks.
  • Each of the discriminating machines connected to the unit's superior machine network is equipped with "Procedures for Checking Programs", “Source Encryption Program” and “Stop Decryption Program”, etc., capable of decrypting various information coming in from the public network, and Only the information of the other source end machine network of the unit or the computer in the source network designated by the partner is allowed to enter the receiving computer in the sinking machine network after decryption.
  • the identification machine connected to the network designated by the partner equipped with the "Checking Program”, “Source Encryption Program” and “Stop Decryption Program” functions, can decrypt various information coming in from the public network, and only allow After the computer information in the source network of the unit is decrypted, it enters the partner's client and then forwards it to the receiving computer.
  • each unit of the unit and the network designated by the partner can also be equipped with the same «unit identity authentication and authorization.
  • the right program is a standard program, and each of these machines has an IP address table for each machine and an access control list for each host name (or address) in the network specified by the client network and the partner. Each machine will control the information of the U-machine network that enters and exits the CNC extranet, and refuses to illegally access the U-machine network and the partner U-network.
  • the remote client, the CNC proprietary network and the same public network which are equipped with the program of the unit's check program, the source encryption program and the decryption program, are the system of the CNC access network. (figure 2).
  • the remote client After the remote client is connected to the public network, it can also log in to the purchase proprietary network of the unit, and the remote client and the private network's discriminating function enable the information sent or received by the user to be transmitted in the ciphertext on the public network. Ensure the security and reliability of information transmission.
  • public key cryptography algorithm Public-Key Ciyptograp WcAlgorilhms
  • symmetric encryption and decryption technology is used for information encryption and decryption.
  • the remote client is equipped with a tree unit identity authentication and authorization program; the identification machine of the unit numerical control machine network is equipped with the identity authentication and authorization procedure of the tree user, and these remote clients are included in each of the remote client and the unit.
  • the user's remote client and the unit's proprietary network's discriminating function enable the information sent or received by the user to be transmitted in cipher text on the same public network, ensuring the security and reliability of information transmission, and preventing important data from being stolen on the public network. .
  • a remote client that is connected to the network of the user's network of the unit's CNC intranet and that is equipped with a tree user's identity authentication and authorization program, or a tree client's identity authentication and authorization program, can encrypt various information. And only the information of the source end machine network and the remote client of the unit is allowed to enter the public network after being encrypted.
  • the identification machine connected to the unit's high-performance network equipped with the tree user's identity authentication and authorization program" function, can identify various information coming in from the public network, and only allows the information of the remote client, after decryption, enters To the receiving computer in the sink network.
  • the remote client is equipped with a tree unit identity authentication and authorization program, etc., and can recognize various information coming in from the public network. It only allows information about the computers in the source network of the unit, and after decryption, enters the remote client.
  • the remote client of the CNC access network and the CNC internal control network can communicate safely and accurately through the same public network. It is used to provide remote users with secure access to the unit's CNC intranet. It is a private network for non-fixed lines. For different forms of access technology, this technology can be implemented by simply updating the access strategy of the private network.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Numerical Control (AREA)
  • General Factory Administration (AREA)

Description

网 络 数 控 技术领域 本发明涉及网络技术(Network Technology)、信息技术( oraation Technology, IT)、计算机技 术 Computer Technology)、计算机数控 6omputer numerical control , C D技术、数据库技术 (Database Technology) 互联网(Internet)、信息显示(Inforaation Display)技术和集成电路(IC)技术等。网络数控也称为智能工厂、数 控工厂、网络工厂、智能数控、分布式数控等。
网络数控将广泛应用于利用因特网(Internet)和 /或公用无线网络(包括公用光网络)、或它们组合的系统而构建 专有网的工业领域, 包括机械、化工、石油、勘探、军工、制造、纺织、汽车、钢铁、冶金、化工、药品、陶瓷等。
背景技术 数控系统基于个人电脑(Personal Computer, PC)数控 (numerical control, NO系统,简称 PC_NC。 个人计算机(PC)是 CNC系统的核心,其用硬件和软件来控制各种数控功能的实现。其中应用最广泛、最基本的是 工业个人计算机 (industry personal computer, IPC),也称为工业控制计算机,简称工控机。它能够在工业环境中可 靠运行; 能够与工业对象的传感器、对象的执行机构直接接口,是完成测控和管理任务的微型计算机系列。它可以用于 生产现场,完成生产过程的实时数据釆集、实时数据处理及实时控制任务, 也可以作为工业设备的一个有机组成部分, 执行工业设备的任务。
CNC系统的各个生产厂家分别自行设计其硬件和软件,具有不同的软件和硬件模块、不同的编程语言、五花八门的人 机界面、多种实时操作系统、非标准化接口等,不仅给用户带来了使用上和维修上的复杂性,还给系统改造和升级带来 了很大困难。
C C系统无法通过因特网而安全和精确地互操作;不便于形成"全球生产"的基础单元。
为解决一个问题而釆取的方法和步骤,一般可以分为两大类:数值算法和非数值算法。能够通过数学公式或者数值 计算等,确定生产过程,都是属于数值算法; 己经比较成熟和规范。反之, 就是属于非数值或数学模型算法;非数值算 法的种类繁多,要求各异, 需要根据具体生产的数学模型进行运算。
在工业领域中,填补某个生产元素段在生产过程之中各个插补点的工作,称为插补。处理或者计算插补点的运算, 称为插补运算。具有插补的逻辑运算功能的集成电路芯片, 能够实施一个生产元素段生产过程之间插补运算的装置,称 为插补器。插补运算一般通过插补软件实施。
"单位"是指国家机关、军队、行政团体和事业单位等独立组织和机构,或者私人及其组织和机构等。
开放式数控系统技术中,某个单位分散于各地的计算机自动化生产线, 必需通过租用昂贵的专线或者虚拟专用网 (Virtual Private Network, VPN)技术, 建立该单位内部互操作(Interoperability)的专用广域网。
租用昂贵的专线对于许多小型的或者中型的单位,甚至大型单位,都是一种沉重的负担。虛拟专用网技术应用微处 理器和虚拟局域网(Virtual Local Area Network, VLAN)技术后,实际上转变为点对点通信。 目前存在两种网络布局 中心辐射布局和全网络布局。中心辐射布局由一个中心站点同许多远程站点相连。位于中心站点位置的用户边缘路由器 非常昂贵,其价格同相连的远程站点的数目有关。 同时,其延迟时间大大超过两个站点之间直接通信时的数据包延迟时 间。全网络布局需要支持的隧道(Tunnel)数量,随着站点数目呈几何级数增加。站点稍微多的单位采用它是不现实的。
安全性是 VPN另一个重大问题。每个连接到因特网的用户边缘路由器,都必须采取诸如防火墙这样的安全措施, 以 便确保每个站点的安全。但每个防火墙必须对因特网服务供应商(Internet Service Provider, ISP)开放, 以便访问 有关设备,这是安全隐患。当网络规模较大时, 管理防火墙也很困难。
安全套接字层(Secure Socket Layer, SSL) VPN只适合站点对网络的连接,无法实现多个网络之间的安全互操作 现有的防火墙无法抵抗计算机病毒的侵犯。
以下所指的公用网络是: 因特网(Internet)和 /或公用无线网络(包括公用光网络)、或它们组合的系统。 无线网络中的无线终端、访问台 (AP)、无线计算机类设备、无线交换机或无线路由器等,都自含有无线收发装置。 发明内容 本发明任务是将单位各个生产、采购、营销、合作伙伴的优机网络等的信息网络,分别通过辨机与同一 个公用网络相连,组建这些优机网络之间能互操作的专有网。不同专有网的组合及其被控机,共同构成各种网络数控。
单位采用网络拓扑结构,将网络的硬件和软件组成一个其拥有完全支配权的互操作的信息互联网络 dnternetwor 称为该单位的一个独立网络。它可以是局域网、城域网或广域网: 可以是有线的、无线(包括光)的或者它们组合的网 络。在独立网络中, 含有网络地址转换(Network Address Translation, 暫)程序的、功能配备最佳的或者人为指定 的一台通用计算机,称为该网络中优势功能计算机,简称优机。
有并且只有一个优机的独立网络,称为优机网络。它可以是局域网、城域网或广域网;是有线或无线(包括光)网。 优机网络可以只有一台通用计算机, 则该台就是优机。它是优机网络的特例。单位可以同时拥有若干个优机网络。 分别与一个优机(或其网络)和公用网络互相连接的、并控制它们之间能够安全和可靠地互操作的通用计算机,称 为能辨别身份的通用计算机,简称为辨机(图 1)。该公用网络(不包括辨机),称为辨机网络。
单位的若干个优机网络,分别通过辨机与同一个公用网络的路由器相连,构建安全和可靠互操作的信息网络,称为 该单位的专有(私有)信息互联网络(图 2),简称专有网(Private Network) 。
专有网综合了优机网络的安全和服务质量, 以及公用网络结构简单和成本低廉等优点,建立内部安全的信息通道。 该系统的信息流在通过公用网络时,是经过加密《或完整处理的。这就保证信息的保密性和 /或完整性。
公用网络的特点就是随时随地、方便易用、即时交互等。它为工业领域的各种生产和业务的信息流、交易流、资金 流、物流等的交互与共享、全天候跨地区与低成本处理和传输, 提供了很好的技术支撑。
专有网(图 1)中优机网络之间,安全和可靠的通信- 从优机网络中的源端计算机发送的信息;经源端优机,到达装有《源端加密程序》等的源端辨机;信息经过加密之 后;通过公用网络: 到装有《宿端解密程序》和《检查程序的程序》等的宿端辨机;信息经过解密和检査病毒后;转到 宿端优机; 最后到达宿端接收计算机。显然,辨机可以对进出优机网络的信息监控,并拒绝非法对优机网络的访问。
专有网中的每一个优机网络,都分别通过辨机,与公用网络相互逻辑隔离;又通过辨机的控制功能,使各个优机网 络之间利用公用网络互操作。所有优机网络,都能确保生产的安全性和信息的真实性、可靠性与保密性。
辨机解决了专有网的信息的安全性、真实性、匿名性和可分性四个关键的技术问题。它是服务器类计算机或对等机。 对于小型网络, 优机的程序模块可以直接插在辨机的扩展功能槽上。辨机直接与优机网络相连接。
一件产品的生产过程或者一件生产任务虽然看起来很复杂,实际上大多数都可以分解成一些简单的生产元素 序) 段。各个生产元素段,按照一定的步骤进行。每个步骤都是按照一定的顺序实施;缺一不可,步骤或者次序错了都不行. 在这些生产元素段中,各个过程事实上都是按照一定的规律自动化进行。 数控工艺过程是由一个或若干个顺序排列的工序组成。工序是组成工艺过程的基本单元; 是部分任务的工艺过程 它也是制定生产计划、进行经济核算的基本单元。
对于同一个生产元素段,在生产过程中所需要解决的方法和步骤可能不同,应制定不同的生产工艺(包含不同的工 序)。因此必需考虑生产过程的方法以及质量,并选择合适的运行方法和设置生产参数。
数控程序由程序段(Block)组成。其中每一个指令都有固定格式。不同 CNC的生产装备,其指令格式也不同。因 此需要按照该装备的指令格式编写数控指令。数控编程要参照自动化装备的编程说明书。
1、借助某些辅助部件与被控制对象相联系的并可对其获得一定控制目的或特定控制功能的微处理器,称为数控处 理器。即数控处理器是能够对被控制对象执行自动化控制和管理的微处理器。它能执行具有特定代码和其他符合编码指 令规定的程序。 它一般为单片微型计算机(single chip microcomputer )、 数字信号处理器(digital signal processor, DSP)、可编程序控制器 (Programmable Logic Controller, PLC)。
数控处理器中生产元素段的插补程序,将一个汇编程序段及其数据处理完毕之后,就知道了这个生产元素段的种类 起始点、终止点、各种参数值以及参数变化速率等。接下来,数控处理器在该生产元素段的起始点和终止点之间进行插 补运算工作。
数控处理器对外信号都要经过外界接口进行处理, 以匹配其外界线路的接口需要。它还可以备有键盘和显示装 ft 数控处理器的硬件结构中,可以含有不少于一个的微处理器。每个处理器既能运行独立程序,承担数控设备一部分 功能;又能通过连接线路或共享的存储器,与其他处理器交换信息,协调步骤,控制相关生产段。
利用数控处理器硬件的通用性和软件的柔性化,并采用数控处理器来实现数控技术,可以集成不同开发商提供的软 件并且适合联网需要,而且具有与硬件无关的优点。
数控处理器的硬件具有模块化特点,如果提高数控设备的性能时, 只需增加功能模块。
数控处理器所控制的装置、机器或自动化生产设备,称为被控制的自动化机器, 简称被控机。
2、在数控处理器作用下,能完成不少于一个生产元素段的任务和 /或工序的系统,称为计算机数控设备,简称数控 设备。数控设备一般由数控处理器、可编程序控制器、伺服系统、驱动装置和被控机等组成(S1)。它们之间通过接口 与电缆、或者相关结构等耦合。数控设备实质上是不含有手工(或自动)的数控编程和编译功能的现有 NC 系统,但结 构形式不同。
数控设备的工作流程是:数控处理器首先输入和存储已经经过编译完好的一个生产元素段的汇编程序和数据等然 后对该生产元素段的汇编程序进行相关处理。即对该生产元素段中的各个生产过程的执行顺序交给可编程序控制器进行 处理。各个生产元素段插补工作由数控处理器中的插补器直接处理, 得出的结果,输出到伺服系统,经过驱动装置,使 被控机执行相关的数控指令或者自动化生产出该生产元素段产品。
数控设备利用专用功能硬件,配合数控处理器的处理软件, 以实现数控设备的功能, 并使其自动化、智能化等。 数控设备对被控机中信息的拾取、存储、处理、分析是自动、快捷、方便的。在自动控制领域中,数控设备可以代 替一切现有的自动化控制的设备和仪器。
2. 1数控设备的内部可以采用不同的计算机操作系统和连接线路等; 如果其外界接口电路与网际协议(IP)兼容, 则可以直接与公用网络、优机、辨机等的标准接口电路相连接。数控设备的外界接口电路,一般采用兼容网际协议 σρ)。
2.2中间件(Middleware)是提供和连接数控设备的系统操作软件和应用软件之间相互沟通的软件。它为系统操作软 件和应用软件之间提供标准接口;不管数控处理器的底层怎样更新, 只要接口不变,应用软件也不必大幅修改, 就能传 输跨平台资源, 实现共享的效果。数控设备可取代或者利用现有的 0 装置(即 CNC专用计算机)中除了编程和编译之 外的所有功能。
数控设备可以用于连续不断地监测、控制生产过程。例如,在化学工业领域,可以用数控处理器随时收集有关气体 液体等生产原料的流量、压力、温度等参数信息,一旦某些生产参数值偏离了预定的标准,数控处理器就会立即通过伺 服系统,控制气泵、液泵、阔门、加热装备等作出相应的调整,使原料的参数值达到预定的标准值,从而使生产过程得 到及时的控制。
现有的 CNC系统,在工业领域中的不同行业是各不相同的。其中包括机械行业的 0C机床和其他许多装备, 如电火 花加工机、激光与火焰切割机、弯管机、绘图机、冲剪机、测量机、雕刻机等。在 CNC机床中, 闭环控制的被控机,一 般都装有位置检测仪器,并且将位置变化和各种生产状态信号反馈给 CNC装置。但它们大部分是专用的。
3、数控设备中除了数控处理器以外的其他系统,称为辅助装置。它是由硬件系统和软件系统有机结合在一起的综合 装置。各种辅助装置所配置的硬件和软件,控制和运行该装置的辅助任务等。各个辅助装置具有其完成生产元素段所必 需的辅助功能。采用标准化、通用化的辅助装置接口,可以灵活选用数控处理器。 '
辅助装置可以取用现有的 CNC系统中的 PLC、伺服系统、驱动装置和被控机等。这些装备和设备都是在硬件和软件支 持下工作的。 只要它们相应硬件和软件相同,生产过程或功能也相同。
3. 1可编程序控制器(PLC)接受数控处理器发出的辅助功能控制命令,主要实现数控设备的各个生产元素段的次序 及其生产顺序的控制。它具有逻辑运算、计数、计时、模拟控制、数据处理等控制功能,是各种高性能数控设备等不可 缺少的控制装置。它由中央处理器(CPU)、存储器、接口电路、编程器、电源和外部设备等组成,内部一般通过总线连 接。其中输入 /输出接口电路是数控处理器和其他辅助装置之间的连接平台。每一个连接的接口电路组件, 被称为一点 PLC用于用户程序的编制、编辑、调试检查和工作监视。它一般是单独的专用芯片,通过通信接口与 CPU模块连接< 在数控处理器正常工作时,不一定需要编程器。为了便于检査,每个接口电路都有指示灯。当接口电路接通时,相应的 指示灯发亮;断开时,指示灯熄灭。用户可以核对各点的续断状态。 PLC控制数控设备的辅助功能。如机床上刀具的选择 与更换等。
3.2伺服系统由驱动控制电路和伺服软件构成。它通过接口电路与驱动装置相连接;接受数控处理器和可编程序控 制器的数控指令。伺服系统根据数控处理器输出的参量指令和伺服控制程序,控制生产状态各种参数及其误差, 并转化 成该参数的修改指令,反馈给数控处理器, 由伺服系统去纠正所产生误差。
伺服系统按其控制方式分为开环伺服系统、闭环伺服系统和半闭环伺服系统。在闭环伺服系统和半闭环伺服系统中, 还装有检测仪器。伺服系统的基本要求主要是稳定性好、精确度高以及快速响应性。其执行元件或者驱动控制电路, 是 先将数控处理器和可编程序控制器发出的指令脉冲进行功率放大,然后转化为执行元件或者驱动控制电路所需的控制信 号形式。这种控制信号传输给驱动装置的执行元件或者机械传动部件电路;驱动相关生产设备做出相应的生产及辅助动 作, 实施程序段规定的生产元素段任务。
3.3驱动装置是伺服系统与生产设备之间的传递和过渡系统。它是被执行电器的强电线圈或者被执行机械的轴承等 驱动装置的基本要求主要是反应灵活、精确度高以及动态响应性好。伺服系统每个执行元件或者相应的驱动控制电路, 都配有一套驱动装置。由驱动装置带动生产设备的相关组件进行生产活动。驱动装置在工业领域不同的各个生产过程中, 控制的生产设备的组件或者对像是不同的。采用标准化、通用化的驱动装置接口,可以灵活选用伺服系统。
现有的各个生产领域中的驱动装置,也可以根据环境改变或者升级要求,选用相关的标准化、通用化的驱动接口, 以提高生产产品的技术附加值。
3.4被控机是数控设备的本体。被控机本身的数控组件,具有编好的生产或功能程序。同时在生产中,数控设备一般 还需要对被控机的各个生产参数进行测试和各种开关进行控制。
现有的 CNC系统中的硬件和数控软件,大都是专用的和封闭的;很难对 CNC进行升级换代的改造。
4、具有数控编程和编译功能并控制和管理若干个数控设备的通用计算机,称为工业控制编辑机,简称工控编辑机 由工控编辑机和若干个数控设备等,按照物理拓扑结构(星形、环形、树形或总线形等),通过传输介质短距离互相联 接,就构成数控单元(图 2)。每台数控设备分别承担一部分生产任务中的一种,或者一种以上生产元素段的任务。工控 编辑机存放数控单元的操作系统软件等,控制数控单元的运行。
数控单元再配上自动更换工件(automated workpiece change, AWC)的随行托盘 (pallet)或者工业机器人以及自 动检测与控制技术装备,就组成柔性的数控单元。
由于数控单元中数控设备,具有数控程序配置的灵活性和开发的便宜性,为发展特种数控设备的集成电路控制器 开辟新的广阔市场。例如激光加工、水射流切割、虚拟轴机床、机器人等。
工控编辑机系统软件,含有数控单元的操作系统软件、数据库及其管理软件、语言处理(数控编程和编译程 软 件等。数控单元支持数控程序的数据格式, 能及时传输和处理具体任务,并驱动数控设备实施自动化生产。它采用工控 编辑机本身的实时操作系统,或者由该计算机扩展成的实时操作系统。
用于数控单元的操作系统,借助工控编辑机操作平台;实现实时控制。这一类操作系统有 DOS、UNIX/LinUX、WindOWS 等。这是一种独立于硬件平台、与制造商无关的操作系统。
工控编辑机的不少于一个的微处理器结构, 能对数控单元进行实时控制。
工控编辑机和数控设备之间的通信传输介质是它们传输信息的通道。凭借这个通道,工控编辑机传送经编译的数控 程序段和指令给数控设备。而数控设备回传生产状态及信息给工控编辑机。
数控单元采用面向对象的模块化设计,使得数控单元的功能覆盖面大,可裁减性增强, 便于满足不同用户的需求。 这是数控单元的柔性化表现。它是一种现代化的工业生产和制造系统。
数控单元带有自适应控制和工艺参数自动生成功能;可以在生产中根据各个参数的变化, 自动优化生产过程,从而 达到提高生产率、增加数控设备的寿命和保证产品的质量。它可以建立以生产或者工艺等参数为支撑的、具有智能化的 专家系统来指导生产。此外,数控单元的智能化还表现在数控设备故障自诊断功能和模式识别技术,使数控单元能够自 己辨识图形和工艺,按照自然语言命令进行生产。数控工控机也可以用于连续不断地监测、控制数控设备的建模和高效 仿真试验生产过程。只要能够描述某种产品整个生产周期内的数学模型,数控单元就能生产出该产品,并实现标准化。
数控单元具有体系结构的开放性,文本资料和数控编程工具丰富,且便于移植。工控编辑机与数控设备之间一般采 用星型拓扑结构,用接口电路和电缆连接。这相当于将一组或一族 CNC系统相连接的生产线。工控编辑机具有该组所有 CNC的编程和编译软件系列; 承担该组 CNC的数控编程和编译以及管理。。
数控单元的综合加工能力较强,工件一次装夹后能完成较多的加工内容,加工精度较高。特别是它能够完成许多普 通设备不能完成的加工,对形状较复杂、精度要求高的单件加工或者中小批量多品种生产更为适应。 4. 1数控单元具有质量跟踪和质量保证等体系。稳定质量(或性能卓越)是工业领域第一个核心竞争力。
4.2仿真技术通过工控编辑机对数控设备的结构和生产进行静态或动态模 从而预测或者评价该数控设备的行为效 果,为决策提供信息和依据。高效建模(或虚拟制造)是工业领域第二个核心竞争力。
4.3自动控制 -一反馈可贯彻于生产每个环节。精细制造(或及时更新)是工业领域第三个核心竞争力。
4.4采用数控单元可以使系统软件开发者、设备制造商和最终用户均能适应当前环境改变,或者新技术出现,而要求 的修改、扩充或设计新的数控单元。这种方案能够使这三方面人员都 *大限度地受益。
现有的加工中心或者现有的柔性生产单元(flexible manufacturing cell. FMC), 需要开发专用的软件来追随硬件 的进步,一般技术滞后于生产要求的变化。它包含专用硬件和通信方式,组网成本高。
现有生产厂家自行设计加工中心或者柔性生产单元的硬件和软件,使这种加工中心或者柔性制造单元具有不同的软 件和硬件模块、不同的编程语言、多种实时操作系统、非标准化接口等,不但带来使用上和维修上的复杂性,而且还给 车间物流应用带来了很大困难。
工业领域中釆用数控单元, 只要工控编辑机与现有 CNC系统相匹配;就既能够继承其现有的数控系统的宝贵资源 保证现有辅助装置资源的利用和现有 CNC系统的正常运转; 同时又能够制定其生产任务的统一标准,确保软件、硬件 通信的标准化,容易组网,为单位将来的拓展留有余地。
数控单元可以应用于船舶、飞机、汽车、建筑物、桥梁、水坝和服装等工业领域。
5、若干个数控单元、数据库、服务器、数控设备等组成的优机网络,称为数控优机网络(图 2),简称优机网络。 优机具有的网络操作系统(Network Operating Sestem, NOS),是在优机和每个工控编辑机原有操作系统上增加信 息网络所需要的功能。 N0S运行在服务器类计算机上,并由联网的计算机用户共享。
优机具有微处理器芯片、数据存储器(EEPRd)、工作存储器 (RAM)和程序存储器 (EPR0M),并装有输入按键、 信息显示器等。优机网络具有互操作性 Gnteroperability)、可移植性(portability)、可扩展性(expandability ι 可縮放性(scalability)和即插即用 (phig&play)特征。它一般是以分布式控制为原则,采用系统、子系统和模块分 级式的控制结构;其构造是可移植的和透明的。
每个优机都有对外界的输 λ/输出接口电路。优机网络的工控编辑机或者数控设备之间也可以直接通过传输介质进行 通信和业务信息交流。
数控单元的网络化极大地满足生产线或制造系统的需要、制造单位对信息集成的需求,是实现新的生产模式(如敏 捷制造、虚拟单位和全球生产)的基础单元。
优机网络提供一种不依赖于具体∞系统的中性机制平台, 是一种崭新的生产理念。它可以通过网络传递生产代码 到工控编辑机,再由其分配生产任务到相应的数控设备, 由其完成任务。
为了在计算机中心或其他设备上控制网络内某台设备的运行状况,可在每台设备上安装摄像头。采用多媒体技术, 可以实现优机网络内的视频实时发布。
具有网络功能的优机网络,可以充分实现单位内部的资源和信息共享,完全适应车间面向任务订单的生产模式。 利用优机网络对数控单元的可重构性和数据通信的兼容 可以为大批被控机开发各种控制器。例如对化工、药品, 陶瓷、汽车、飞机制造和代工业等领域的各个工厂中的各种自动化系统,进行联网控制,并对各个生产自动线的关键设 备进行配套开发。。
在机械工业行业,现有的由多台数控机床连接成可调加工系统所组成的柔性制造系统,还无法使各个数控机床之间 互操作。即某台数控机床不能对其他的数控机床互相进行生产过程的控制。
依据优机网络的相关性原理, 同一个优机网络的任意一个数控单元可以对其他的一个数控单元进行互操作。 工业浏览器是提供给用户使用的装有浏览器软件的微处理器和显示器等的装置。其中装有存取和显示信息的程序 (包含多个应用程序,并利用对象名所确定的程序解决该对象)。
优机网络的数据库服务器存贮该单位的生产或者任务的数据。它对数据库文件操作之后,及时关闭该库文件,以免 人为的误操作或者发生其他故障,而导致当前库文件的损坏。数据库的表结构定义之后,可以根据需要进行修改。
优机网络的网络文件系统(Network File System, NFS)允许应用程序打开一个远程文件,在文件中移动到一个指 定位置,并且在该位置开始读写数据。
现有的 C C将制造程序一般都集中在单个计算机上;这些程序一般是专用的、是封闭的。
6、由若干个数控优机网络和 /或者生产专用网络所组建的专有网,称为数控专有网。
数控专有网是一种生产运营模式; 包含工业浏览器、服务器、客户机和数据库服务器等(图 2) 。
数控专有网满足交互式应用和稳定性要求;具有互操作性;可以区分一个具体文件的各部分不同安全性要求;可以 使用公钥基础结构,进行认证和密钥分配。
数控专有网不仅能在网络环境下,实现远程生产和视频控制;而且能通过网络对数控设备进行远程软件修改、故障 诊断,实现群控。
数控专有网的系统备份自动化解决方案可以由备份客户端、主备份服务器、介质服务器、备份存储单元和备份管理 软件等组成。备份客户端通常是指应用程序、数据库或者文件服务器;表示能从在线存储上读取数据并且将数据传送到 备份服务器的软件系列;主备份服务器用于安排备份和恢复工作, 并维护数据的存放介质; 介质服务器是按照主备份服 务器的指令,将数据复制到备份介质上。备份存储单元为数据磁带、磁盘或者光盘等。
现有的分布于远距离的各个 CN系统的网络互联组成的专用网络,必须采用昂贵的专用线路。
现有的防火墙(包括硬件设备、相关的软件代码和安全策略)或者虚拟专用网(Virtual Private Network, VPN) 技术, 容易被黑客(HACK)采用 "反端口"技术攻克,入侵到防火墙后面的单位网络的计算机或者数据设备,是其主要 缺陷之一。防火墙无法防御计算机病毒的攻击,也是其主要缺陷之一。
数控专有网可以建立一个全球信息互操作、联系紧密的工业化的生产单位专有网(包括无线网络)。
7、单位的数控专有网与该单位的原料采购、产品设计和物流运输等辅助生产的优机网络、应用计算机或专用网络 分别通过辨机与同一个公用网络相连;构建能互操作的专有网,称为采购专有网(图 2) 。
单位对工厂制造虽然重要; 但原料采购、产品设计和物流运输等辅助生产,更为重要。
现有的计算机集成制造系统(computer integrated manufacturing system, CI S)不适合进行病毒检测;无法防范 数据驱动型病毒攻击;无法完全防御各种病毒攻击行为; 都是其主要缺陷之一。
在采购专有网上,通过公用网络传输的信息流是经过完整性加密处理的;可以保证信息保密性、完整性和真实性: 并且具有抵抗黑客攻击网络的能力。它还可以具有身份认证的功能。 8、单位分布于不同地理位置的跨地区的若干个优机网络减其优机)或者单位订单处理、批发零售和售后服务等优 机网络(或其优机),分别通过辨机与同一个公用网络连接起来,构建一个安全可靠的单位商务网络,称为商务网。
单位的采购专有网和商务网,共同组成的网络(包括同一个公用网络),称为数控内联网(图 2) 。
8. 1在数控内联网中,单位的各个辨机装有相同的傲查程序的程序》、 鹏端加密程序》和缩端解密程序》标准 程序。这样,每台辨机对进出优机网络的信息进行控制,并拒绝非法对单位优机网络访问。
8.2在数控内联网中,单位的各个辨机也可以装有相同的树单位身份认证和授权程序》等标准程序,并且这些辨机 中都有各个辨机的 IP地址表和每个优机网络中的各个主机名称域者地址)的访问控制列表。这样,每台辨机都会对进 出数控内联网的优机网络的信息进行控制,并且拒绝非法对单位优机网络的访问。
现有的防火墙技术,容易被黑客采用 "反端口"技术攻克,入侵到防火墙后面的计算机或者数据设备,是其主要缺 陷之一。防火墙无法防御计算机病毒的攻击,也是其主要缺陷之一。
9、某个单位的采购专有网或者数控内联网,可以与单位合作伙伴的优机网络之间,进行信息交流并提供安全保护, 防止对采购专有网或者数控内联网系统的非法访问。为了达到这个目标,可以让合作伙伴指定的一个或者几个优机网络 分别通过装有该单位的辨机标准程序,或者身份认证和授权程序的辨机,与数控内联网的同一个公用网络的路由器相连 接。该单位的采购专有网或者数控内联网,与这个合作伙伴的一个或者几个优机网络,共同构建一个安全可靠和信息互 操作专有网,称为单位的数控外联网(图 2) 。
数控外联网可以通过追踪系统,将产品质量的反馈融入到研发和生产的每一个环节中,通过改进获得更好产品。 现有虚拟外联网络技术,对于通过伪装外联网络或者专用网络的地址进行非法的单位内部资源访问和欺骗,无能为 力; 也无法避免黑客绕开身份认证和鉴别机制,伪装身份,破坏己有内部计算机连接。
10、单位的远程客户机, 与数控内联网的同一个公用网络相连接后,能够登录单位的数控内联网, 实现其与这些网 络之间安全可靠的信息互操作。这些客户机和数控内联网共同组成的系统,称为单位数控远程访问互联网络,简称数控 访问网(图 2)。它是由装有〈猃査程序的程序》、 〈源端加密程序》和縮端解密程序》等程序的单位远程客户机,连接 到同一个公用网络之后,与数控内联网共同组成的系统,用于提供远程用户对单位数控内联网的安全和精确信息访问。
远程客户机装有树单位的身份认证和授权程序》功能等,能够识别从公用网络进来的各种信息。它只允许该单位 的源端优机网络中的信息,进入到远程客户机经过解密之后,变成明文信息。
10.1远程客户机身份验证要实现的授权访问的方法:访问信息要经过辨机的程序,对该客户机的身份认证和授权。
102单位身份验证要实现的授权访问的方法:访问信息要经过远程客户机的辨机程序,对该单位的身份认证和授权。 现有的远程访问虚拟专用网技术,无法根据一个文件中的部分段落不同的安全等级,进行相应的安全加密;对于许 多通过伪装远程访问地址进行非法的内部资源访问的地址欺骗, 无能为力。
在公用网络上传输的数控访问网信息流,是经过加密处理、完整检査和身份认证的;就保证信息保密性、完整性和真 实性; 具有抵抗黑客攻击网络的能力 附图说明
图 1 数控设备结构示意图。它由数控处理器、可编程序控制器、伺服系统、驱动装置和被控机等组成。
图 2数控专有网 (包括数控单元、优机网络等)、采购专有网、数控内联网、数控外联网、数控访问网的结构示意 图。若干个优机网络或者专用网络中的优机,分别通过辨机与同一个公用网络连接;组建专有! ¾
具体实施方式 自由、开放式的数控专有网及其各种组合,能够在整合各种计算机平台上运行,可以与其他系统的 网络互操作,并且能够提供一种统一风格的交互方式。
辨机的标准程序为-
《检查程序的程序》功能: 宿端的辨机对接收的明文信息 (或解密后的明文信息)进行检查,发现其中的任意指令、 代码、程序之后,把它们排列在一起,并且依次循环暂时存储在外存储器中, 同时将第一道程序呈现在指定计算机的显 示屏上。如果某些程序是允许其访问的合法程序; 则用户在第一次出现提示时,选择"以后都允许"复选项,辨机以后 碰到这些程序时,不会再次询问, 并允许其访问。当用户在一定时间内没有答复或者选择"不允许 "复选项,辨机就丢 弃该程序。宿端辨机运行这个程序; 可防止病毒攻击辨机保护的优机网络。
《源端加密程序》功能:源端辨机把欲通过公用网络发送的明文信息后面,添加对称加密的秘钥:将此组合数据输 入单向散列函数(Message Digest),得出散列(Hash)值(称为源端散列值); 然后将明文信息(不包含密钥)后面 添加源端散列值, 用密钥进行加密,变成密文;最后将该密文送行宿端辨机。
《宿端解密程序》功能:宿端辨机用单位或者单位事先约定的共享的密钥,将接收的密文解密变成明文,得到明文 信息和源端散列值;把明文信息(不包含散列值)后面添加密钥;将此组合数据,输入事先约定的单向散列函数,得到 散列值(称为宿端散列值); 该宿端散列值与接收到的源端散列值相比较; 如果这两个散列值相同; 则确认该信息是从 合法源端辨机发出的,接受该信息; 否则丢弃该信息。
身份验证(Authentication)最简单办法,是在辨机中建立一个用户名和密码数据库。
辨机通过访问控制列表(AccessControlList , ACL)来进行身份验证。该用户名和密码数据库列表简单地对不同类 型的源端优机网络(以其辨机 IP地址为代表)身份进行识别。
授权控制列表(Authorization ControlList , ACL)则规定了用户在获得访问该网络资格后, 能做什么。
身份验证和授权新办法,是建立一个用户或单位名、 Π»地址、密码和授权权限数据库。
单位的辨机访问控制列表,用来进行用户 其他单位、合作伙伴单位或者远程客户或者组织)身份验证。该列表 对不同类型的源端佣户名)溯 Π»地址和用户的密码进行身份识别。只有用户名、 IP地址和用户的密码,与该访问控 制列表中相同时,基于地址的身份验证才能保证生效。
数控专有网(图 1)中的优机网络、专用网络之间,安全和可靠的通信- 从源端计算机发送的信息;经源端优机, 到达装有《源端加密程序》等的源端辨机; 信息经过加密之后;通过公用 网络; 到装有《宿端解密程序》的宿端辨机,信息经过解密; 再由《检查程序的程序》等检查病毒后;转到宿端优机; 最后到达宿端接收计算机。 显然辨机具有将单位一个优机网络中计算机,送往(或者接收)该单位另一个优机网络计算机的信息,加密(或解 密)后,转发给公用网络(或者该优机网络)的标准程序等: 它含有处理信息流等的程序。辨机可以对进出优机网络的 信息监控,并拒绝非法对优机网络的访问。
1、 '数控处理器含有处理器、 内存储器、各种驱动器和输入 /输出装置等。它具有计算机操作系统;一般采用 CPU16 位以上;主机频率 5MHz以上; 内存 1MB以上和足够容量的硬盘存储器。
数控处理器常用操作系统是磁盘操作系统(Disk Operation System, DOS)、匿 X/Linux ^fWindows等;控制数 控设备的资源和运行。它釆用多处理器结构,除了承担数据输入、程序处理、工艺参数和辅助运动、插补运算和伺服系 统等为生产过程服务的各种功能, 进行实时控制和管理之外;还要对时钟信号和故障信号等引起的中断进行处理。它可 以使多道程序交叉进行,如在插补运算与控制脉冲输出的空闲时间进行数据输入处理, 既调用各种功能子程序,完成下 一数据段的读入和数据处理工作,又保证在执行生产元素段的生产过程中,将下一个生产元素段的汇编程序输入和准备 完毕。一旦当前生产元素段任务完成,就立即开始下一个生产元素段的插补运算和插补实时控制。
一个生产任务或者一种生产产品的高级程序,划分为各个生产元素段的高级程序之后,再经过编译程序翻译成该生 产元素段汇编程序的工作,可以由具有这种功能的工控编辑机承担: 并在编译完成之后,通过传输介质,分别分段输出 给数控设备的数控处理器。
数控处理器是数控设备的核心。它根据存储的生产元素段任务的汇编程序或者以国际标准化组织(International Standard Organization , ISO) C标准等,编写的该生产元素段的程序及其数据,控制和操纵数控设备的各种功能完 成该生产元素段的任务。由于采用了通用计算机,使许多难以实现的生产功能,能通过数控处理器的软件和硬件来实现 并提高数控设备的性能和可靠性。
数控处理器具有实时处理和传输能力,支持生产元素段的数据格式和生产顺序,并驱动设备自动化生产。它一般采 用数控处理器的实时系统或者由本身系统扩展成的实时系统,作为数控单元操作系统。
数字信号处理器(digital signal processor, DSP)专为信号处理而设计,是解决实时处理要求的单片可编程序处 理芯片。 目前的 DSP为了提高运算速度, 一般釆用不同于通用处理器的哈佛式结构; 程序指令与数据的存储空间分离, 各自有自己的地址和数据总线。这就使得处理指令和数据可以同时执行,从而大大提高了运行速度。数字信号处理器中 设置硬件乘法器和乘法及其累加器,使它在进行乘法和常用的累加之类的运算时速度更快。它的计算速度达每秒数千万 次甚至数十亿次定点或者浮点运算。
DSP使用灵活,与一般微型控制器相比,其速度更快、效率更高。这种数字式控制芯片, 能很好地克服模拟式控制 器的缺点,而且具有很多模拟式控制器所没有的优点, 如: 实时产生平滑的参考信号、对无刷电机和感应电机做矢量控 制、生产高分辨率的 P腿输出、采用神经网络和模糊逻辑控制算法等。
数控处理器可根据实际应用的具体情况,直接采用 DSP或微处理器等。例如在机械工业行业, 以 8031、 8051等单片 机作为数控处理器的微处理器。
数控处理器的只读存储器(EPR0M)用于存储其操作系统软件;随机存储器(RAM)用于存储汇编程序或者按照 ISO C 标准编写的生产元素段的功能程序,以及中间结果等。数控处理器输入 /输出接口电路,供其与工控编辑机、可编程序控 制器、伺服系统和检测仪器等进行信息交流。它的输入键盘可以直接将程序或数据输入,将输入的信息显示在显示器上。
一个生产任务或者一种生产产品的高级程序,通过工控编辑机划分为各个生产元素段的程序之后,再经过工控编辑 机中相关的编译程序, 编译成适应于与其相连接的数控设备能识别和执行的若干个生产元素段汇编程序; 并在编译完成 之后,通过传输介质, 依照生产的顺序,先后分段输出给数控处理器处理,并由数控设备完成指定的生产任务。
数控处理器的硬件结构根据 CPU的数量,分为单处理器结构和多处理器结构。
单处理器结构系统由中央处理器 CPU、 内存储器、输入 /输出接口等三部分以及将它们连接起来的信号线(一般为总 线)组成。该系统中只有一个微处理器,集中控制整个数控设备,处理实时的编程、管理和输入 /输出等任务。它是专用 的软件通过分时共享或中断技术来实现实时多任务的控制。
多处理器结构系统由通过某种物理拓扑(星型、环状、树形和总线等)结构线路连接在一起的一个以上微处理器组 成。每个处理器承担数控设备的不少于一个的功能。它既能独立运行汇编程序等,又能通过通信介质线路或者共享的存 储器与其他处理器交换信息,协调步骤,实时完成数控设备的生产任务。
数控处理器一般采用 Linux操作系统。 Linux内核的源代码主要用 ISO C语言编写,只有部分与驱动相关的源代码 用汇编语言编写。
根据数控设备的多种不同具体功能,数控处理器采用相应的多处理器结构系统。一般情况下每个处理器承担一个功 能模块的处理工作。多个处理器同时工作,共同完成汇编程序指定给数控设备的相应实时生产任务。多处理器的工控编 辑机的运算和实时处理的能力可以适应复杂的生产任务。
采用这种多处理器的方法, Linux就可以扩展成实时控制系统。同时 Linux还能够兼容多种硬件平台,并可以得到源 代码。数控处理器还可以釆用 D0S、 UNIX tlWirKkws等操作系统。
数控处理器中的生产元素段的插补程序,将一个汇编程序段及其数据处理完毕之后,就知道了这个生产元素段生产 过程的种类、起始点、终止点、各种参数值以及参数变化速率等。接下来,数控处理器在该生产元素段的过程起始点和 终止点之间进行插补运算工作。插补器根据运算结果,分别向各伺服系统发出脉冲控制信号。数控处理器中插补程序的 主要功能:是计算出每个生产元素段在生产过程中一个采样周期内的参数增量, 作为控制指令。插补器一边对这个生产 元素段生产过程进行插补,一边将插补的结果输出。数控处理器中的插补器有一个插补周期, 即处理周期。通过一个插 补周期,形成了该生产元素段之中填补某个生产过程之间各个微小的过程点。经过若干个周期后,完成一个生产元素段 的该生产过程之间各点的插补。插补器根据运算结果,分别向各伺服系统发出脉冲控制信号。数控处理器中的微型计算 机是一种典型的实时控制方式, 所以插补运算的快慢直接影响到生产元素段的生产过程质量。必须尽可能地縮短运算时 间,这是插补运算的关键。由于利用集成电路芯片的插补器, 处理信息和运算速度非常快,并可以长时间稳定地运行, 其用于自动控制过程可以大大地增加生产的安全性,提高产品的质量, 降低原村料的消耗,使生产效率大幅度地提高。 插补算法分为脉冲增量插补和数据釆样插补等算法。
脉冲增量插补的特点是:这种插补器一边对一个生产元素段过程进行插补运算,在计算过程中不断向各个生产元素 的物理或者化学参量发出相互协调的参量变化脉冲,每一个脉冲对应一个生产参量的增量, 即脉冲当量,每次插补结束 只产生一个生产参量的增量, 以一个个脉冲的方式输出给伺服系统, 从而使各个生产参量作相应逆改变, 实现生产参量 控制在允许范围之内。这种插补只需进行加法和移位就能完成插补, 实现方法简单。所以一般采用硬件实现,其运算速 度很快。脉冲增量插补算法适合于一些中等精度和中等速率的自动化设备控制。脉冲增量插补算法中较为成熟并且得到 广泛应用的有逐点比较法、数字积分法和比较积分法等。
数据采样插补算法的特点是:这种插补器采用时间分割法, 按照编程速度计算出给定时间间隔(采样周期)内各个 生产元素段生产过程的参量增量。插补结果是数字信号,而不是单个脉冲。这种插补算法可以实现高速、高精度控制。 因此它适用于以直流伺服电机或者交流伺服电机为驱动装置的半闭环或闭环数控设备。
数控处理器采用一种典型的实时控制方式,所以插补运算的快慢直接影响到生产元素段生产过程的质量。利用集成 电路芯片的插补器处理信息和运算速度非常快,并且可以长时间稳定地运行。它可以在插补运算与控制脉冲输出的空闲 时间中进行数据输入处理, 即调用各种功能子程序,完成下一数据段的读入和数据处理工作,并且保证在执行生产元素 段的生产过程中,将下一个生产元素段的汇编程序准备完毕。一旦本生产元素段任务完成,就立即开始下一个生产元素 段的插补运算和插补实时控制。
数控处理器的诊断程序的功能是在程序运行中及时发现系统的故隐并且指出故障的类型。也可以在运行前或者故 障发生后,检查系统主要部件的功能是否正常,并且指出发生故障的部位。
2、数控设备由数控处理器、可编程序控制器、伺服系统、驱动装置和被控机等组成(图 1)。它们之间通过接口 电路或者传动部件互相连接。驱动程序可使多个进程同时访问资源(如内存、 I/O、中断源等), 实现多进程实时运行。
数控设备的硬件和软件根据生产元素段的程序及其数据,控制和完成该生产元素段的生产任务。数控设备的生产功 能并不是唯一的。它是根据数控处理器所存储的汇编程序,来决定具体功能。因此, 数控设备比工业部门现有的 CNC生 产设备的硬件更简单。一台数控设备通过不同的生产汇编程序的控制, 能够作为几台不同的被控机使用, 完成不同的几 种生产功能或者任务。
数控设备通过输入的数控汇编程序等,控制和管理被控机的某种生产元素段动作,执行该生产元素段的自动化生产 过程等。数控设备的计算机系统软件,含有操作系统、生产元素段功能程序 编程序、 ISOC标准程序等)和管理系统 等。数控处理器具有实时处理和传输能力,支持生产元素段任务的数据格式和生产顺序, 并且驱动设备自动化生产。
在 Linux平台中,应用程序和操作系统本身是分开的。操作系统代码运行在内核态并有权访问系统数据和硬件。应 用程序运行在用户态, 能够使用的接口和访问系统数据的权限受到限制。操作系统软件的特权级别高于应用程序软件。 这种机制使应用软件的不当行为在总体上不会破坏系统的稳定性。
数控设备驱动程序,提供连接到数控处理器硬件的接口。用户应用程序通过设备驱动程序以一种规范的方式访问硬 件,而不必考虑必须如何控制硬件。驱动软件在装入后,成为数控处理器操作系统内核的一部分。它使一个或多个设备, 可用于用户态程序。每个设备代表一个物理的或逻辑的硬件。
可编程序控制器是一种工业微控制器。它不同于通用计算机的是:它是专门为工业现场领域开发的,具有更多功能 强大的输入 /输出接口和面向工业领域的工程技术人员的编程语言。 PLC基于其不同组成的微型计算机,接口电路的点数 不同。例如 C28P有 28点, 16ft出接口和 12个输入接口。
PLC正常工作还需要与之配套的软件。其硬件和软件可靠性高、编程简单、容易系列化和通用化, 稍微修改就可用 于不同的控制对象,并且能够适应恶劣的生产环境。 PLC接受数控处理器发出的数控辅助功能命令,实现生产元素段自动 化生产过程的顺序控制。在 PLC的输出模块中,有直接用于驱动强电线圏的功能模块。在这种模块中,采用了大功率晶 体管和控制继电器的形式进行输出。所以, PLC具有强大的驱动能力,一般都能直接驱动执行电器的线圈,接通或者断开 强电电路。 PLC可以与数控处理器合并组成一个装备;也可以与伺服系统合并组成一个装置。
PLC体积小、重量轻、功耗低、效率高,容易装入相关伺服系统的控制柜内,实现机电一体化。
PLC编程简单, 编程方法一般分成两大类, 一类是语言编程; 另一类是梯形图编程。 PLC内部工作方式一般采用循环扫描工作方式,在一些 PLC中增加了中断工作方式。当用户将用户程序调试完成之后, 通过编程器将其程序写入 PLC存储器中; 同时将现场的输入信号和被控制的执行元件相应地连接在输入模块的输入端和 生产模块的输出端,接着将 PLC工作方式选择为运行工作方式,后面其余的工作就由 PLC根据用户程序去完成。
PLC在工作过程中,主要完成六个模块的处理。从自诊断模块的运行开始执行,对软件和硬件进行校验和测试。测试 结束后,如果 Pic控制开关已经拨向编程工作方式, 则进入编程器处理模块, 这时 συ立即将总线控制权交给编程器, 用户可以根据需要对 PLC工作进行在线监视和修改用户程序等操作。当编程器完成处理工作或者达到所规定的信息交换 时间后, CPU重新获得总线控制权。当进行完编程处理器模块后,如果 PLC配置了信息交换功能模块,这时开始扫描执行 此模块。该模块主要完成 PLC与 PLC之间、 PLC与磁带机、 PLC与数控处理器之间进行信息交换。
在处理完成上面两个模块之后, PLC进入用户程序处理过程。用户程序处理是 PLC的基本功能。其处理过程可采用循 环扫描方式或者多路存取载波侦听 /冲突检测(Carrier Sense Multipte Access With Collision Detect, CSMA/CD)的 分布协调方案和二进制幂重发(binary exponential backoff)技术, 其分为输入采样、程序执行、输出刷新三个阶段 对用户程序进行的处理,首先是输入釆样阶段。这时 PLC以扫描方式将所有的输入端的输入信号状态(ON/OFF)读入到 输入影像寄存器中寄存起来。然后进行用户程序执行。这时根据需要可以在输入影像区中提取有关现场信息,在输出影 像区中提取有关历史信息,并且在处理后将结果存入输出影像区,供下次处理时使用或者以备输出。最后执行输出刷新 服务。 CPU将输出影像区中要输出的状态值按顺序传输到输出数据寄存器,然后再通过输出模块转换后送去控制现场的执 行元件。由执行元件进行生产过程处理。
经过用信息交换模块和生产过程处理模块之后, PLC开始执行超时检查模块。若扫描周期时间没有超过设定的时间 则继续执行下一个扫描周期。若超过了,贝! ICPU将停止运行,复位至输入 /输出状态,并且在进行报警后转入停机扫描过 程。当超时或者自诊断出错时, PLC进入出错处理模块, 并进行报警、显示错误, 同时作相应处理,然后停止扫描过
PLC与数控处理器之间的信息交换分两个方向进行:一个方向是数控处理器向 PLC发送信息,主要信息有各种功能代 码:准备功能字代码、辅助功能字代码和地址符功能字代码等的信息,手动 /中断方式信息,各种功能信息等。另一个方 向是 PLC向数控处理器发送信息,主要信息有各种功能代码的应答信息和被控机的有关参考信息等。
PLC与伺服系统之间的信息交换也分为两个方向进行:一个方向是 PLC向伺服系统发送的信息,主要信息有控制被控 机的执行元件、各种状态指示和故障报警等。另一个方向是伺服系统向 PLC发送信息,主要信息有伺服系统操作面板输 给生产设备的输入信息和操作面板上各种开关、按钮等信息;还有各种生产运动部件的开关、生产状态监视信号和伺服 系统运行准备信号等。
PLC控制各个设备是通过设计相应的程序来实现的。当在现场装配和调试过程中需要改变控制逻辑时,就不必改变外 部电路, 只要改写程序重新固化即可。它的程序稍微修改就可用于不同的控制对象。因此 PLC不仅可以用于单台设备的 控制,而且可以用于多台设备的控制系统之中。在 PLC的输出模块中有直接用于驱动强电线圈的功能模块,所以具有较 强的驱动能力, 一般都能直接驱动伺服系统的执行电器线圏,接通或者断开强电电路。
3、在数控设备中,扣除数控处理器后的装置,就是辅助装置。它包括伺服系统、驱动装置、被控机和检测设备等 伺服系统由执行元件或者驱动控制电路构成。它通过接口电路与驱动装置相连接;接受数控处理器和 PLC的数控指 令。伺服系统按其控制方式分为开环伺服系统、闭环伺服系统和半闭环伺服系统。在闭环伺服系统和半闭环伺服系统中, 还装有检测仪器。伺服系统的基本要求主要是稳定性好、精确度高以及快速响应性。其执行元件或者驱动控制电路是先 将数控处理器和 PLC发出的指令脉冲进行功率放大,然后转化为执行元件或者驱动控制电路所需的控制信号形式。这种 控制信号传输给驱动装置的执行元件或者机械传动部件电路;驱动各种被控机做出相应的动作, 实施程序段规定的生产 元素段任务。
被控机需要对各种物质参数测量和各种开关量控制。生产环节参数值属于动态信息,不仅数据量大、名目繁多且形 式复杂。这些生产参数具有对质量跟踪等功能,必须保证数据准确和及时更新。所以数据反馈可以由非接触式实时数据 采集系统完成; 以保证数据采集的实时、准确和数据反馈的及时。
在闭环伺服系统和半闭环伺服系统中,检测仪器对被控机进行监测, 间接或者直接釆集被控机中的有关物质的实际 生产参数信息,与该生产指令参数进行比较,按闭环原理,将其误差转换放大后传输给执行部件,控制实际生产参数达 到预定的指令参 i [标准值范围。一旦某些生产参数值偏离了预定的标准值范围,伺服系统将该参数值反馈给自动化装置 由相关的执行元件对有关的驱动控制电路等做出相应的调整, 使该生产参数达到预定的标准值范围,从而使生产过程得 到及时的控制,使生产按照规定的工艺要求或者参数值范围要求进行。
数控设备实施生产过程, 是一个具有多变量控制和生产工艺综合作用的复杂过程。因此要实现生产过程的多参数控 制的目标和提高成品的质量,必须采用闭式控制模式;在生产过程中动态调整生产过程各个参数的变量。在这种模式下, 易于将计算机实时智能技术、多媒体技术、 CAD/CA 技术、伺服控制、自适应控制、动态数据管理、动态补偿和动态仿真 等技术融于一体,构成生产过程闭环控制体系,从而实现集成化、智能化和自动化。
数字伺服系统具有高速度、高精度、抗干扰和无漂移等特点。它使生产过程控制实现数字化。数控设备一般通过数 字通信接口和通信协议来控制伺服系统和驱动被控机。
驱动装置是伺服系统与被控机之间的传递和过渡系统。它是被执行电器的强电线圈或者被执行机械的轴承等。驱动 装置的基本要求主要是反应灵活、精确度高以及动态响应性好。伺服系统每个执行元件或者相应的驱动控制电路, 都配 有一套驱动装置。由驱动装置带动被控机的相关组件进行生产活动。驱动装置在工业领域不同的各个生产过程中,控制 的被控机的组件或者对像是不同的。采用标准化、通用化的驱动装置接口,可以灵活选用伺服系统。驱动程序一般通过 调用硬件抽象层的例程来和硬件交互。硬件抽象层提供一种与处理器平台无关的方法来执行实际的输 λ输出操作。驱动 程序通过访问硬件来完成 I/O请求。在程序控制的 I/O方式下的读请求,驱动程序的动作为读 I/O端口或者寄存器。
设备驱动程序管理数据传输和控制特定类型的物理设备的操作,包括开始和完成输 λ/输出操作, 处理中断和执行 设备要求的任何差错处理等实时性很强、与设备相关联的操作。其是根据具体设备的具体硬件设计的,并与数控处理器 兼容。每一个物理设备对应一个驱动程序,不同硬件有不同的驱动程序。
被控机是被控制的生产设备,是数控设备的主体。它本身的数控系统可以进行自动编程和控制其自动化生产。例如 在机械加工业中,机床本身的数控系统具有循环功能、镜像功能、固定子程序功能、宏指令功能等。先进的机床能够进 行一般性的编程计算和图形交互处理功能。
数控设备的通用软件硬件资源可采纳、吸收和兼容现有的 0 系统。工业领域各个 CNC系统,可以根据环境改变或 者升级要求,通过选用相关的标准化、通用化的集成电路接口, 改变为数控设备或者数控处理器与辅助装置。
4、遵守电子工业协会(ΕΙΑ)标准 RS— 232¾#RS— 422等, 由一台工控编辑机和若干台数控设备,按照物理拓 扑结构,短距离(连线在 15米之内)互相联接在一起,就构成数控单元(图 2) 。
数控单元一般采用将各个数控设备中的数控处理器,都连接在工控编辑机上。这是一种星形拓扑 fetar topology) 结构(图 3)。根据具体的情况,还可以采用环形、树形或者总线形等物理拓扑结构。 RS— 232定义的连接线上,数控单元信号可以同时在两个方向上传输,就是全双工传输 foil duplex transmisson) 如果信号轮流在两个方向上传输, 就是半双工传输(half duplex transmisson) 。
数控单元中的工控编辑机软件, 含有磁盘操作系统 DOS或者腿 X/Linux ^ Windows等、语言处理(如:编译程 序等)和数据库及其管理系统等。数控单元具有实时多任务的处理能力,支持生产任务的数据格式, 能及时传输和处理 具体任务,并且驱动被控机自动化生产。
工控编辑机一般采用 CPU16位以上;主机频率 5MHz以上;内存 2MB以上和足够容量的硬盘存储器,常用于存放计算 机所需要的固定信息, 如自动编程需要的产品模型数据、生产材料数据、生产工具数据和归档的数控程序等。它和数控 设备之间的通信传输介质是它们传输信息的通道。凭借这个通道,工控编辑机传送程序和指令给数控设备。而数控设备 返回或传回生产状态及其他一些信息给工控编辑机。它们之间通过接口电路用电缆连接。
在数控单元中,工控编辑机的硬件结构根据所需要的 CPU数量,分为单处理器结构和多处理器结构。
单处理器结构系统由中央处理器 CPU、 内存储器、输入 /输出接口等三部分以及将它们连接(一般为总线)起来的信 号线组成。该系统中只有一个微处理器,集中控制整个工控编辑机,分时处理非实时的编程、管理和输^输出等任务。
多处理器结构系统通过由某种物理拓扑(I型、环状、总线等)连接线路连接在一起的不少于一个的微处理器组成 每个处理器承担工控编辑机的一部分功能。它既能独立运行程序,又能通过通信介质线路或者共享的存储器与其他处理 器交换信息, 协调步骤,共同完成数控单元的控制。由于多个处理器可以同时工作。因此数控单元的运算和实时处理的 能力大大增强,可以适应生产任务复杂和特殊的要求。
数控单元软件可以分为系统软件和应用软件。
系统软件是直接与计算机硬件发生关系的, 起到管理系统和减轻应用软件负担的作用。
工控编辑机可以采用 DOS、 UNIX/Linux赫 Windows等的操作系统软件。一 用 Linux。
工控编辑机的操作系统一般采用 Linux核心软件。 Linux继承了 UNIX核心的设计思想; 因此高效安全稳定。其服务 器连续运行时间一般是以年作为单位。 Linux支持多种硬件平台。它能在 PC、工作站, 甚至大型机上运行, 并能在 X86/MIPS/POWerPC等主流的体系结构上运行。 Linux是一种与 UNIX兼容的操作系统。它既可以应用于 PC机, 又可以应 用于网络服务器。
Linux内核采用模块化的结构,其主要模块包括:存储管理、 CPU和进程管理、文件系统管理、设备管理和驱动、 网络通信以及系统的引导、系统调用等。 Limn允许用户根据自己数控单元的实际配置定制 Linux的内核,从而有效地简 化 Linux内核,提高系统启动速度, 并且释放更多的内存资源。
数控单元的软件平台,在很大程度上决定了其工作方式、工作效率及其生产的结果。
Linux系统结构被分为两个态: 用户态和核心态。
在核心态中,操作系统和 CPU没有任何限制。程序可以执行所有特权级指令,代码可以访问所有系统内存。操作系 统软件的特权级别高于应用程序软件。通过这种机制,应用程序的不当行为在总体上不会破坏系统的稳定性。
Linux提供的图形用户界面(GUI)方案是工业标准 X— Window System。它类似 Windows图形界面。用户可以使用 鼠标方便、直观和快捷地进行操作。 Lirm在通信和网络功能方面优于其他操作系统; 是多任务、多用户的操作系统可 以支持多个用户同时使用并共享系统的磁盘、外部设备等系统资源。 X— Window System最重要的特点之一是它的与设备 无关的结构。任何硬件只要和 X协议兼容,就可以执行 X程序并显示一系列包含图文的窗口,而不需要重新编译和链接。 X— Window System 于 Client/Server结构建立的,具有网络操作的透明性。应用程序的窗口可以显示在本身的 计算机的屏幕上,也可以通过网络显示在其他计算机的屏幕上。
Linux操作系统本身和 X— Window System是分开的。操作系统代码运行在内核态并有权访问系统数据和硬件。
X— Window System运行在用户态, 能够使用的接口和访问系统数据的权限受到限制。当 X— Window System调用操作系 统程序时,处理器捕获该调用,然后把调用的线程切换到核心态。当操作系统服务完成之后,其将线程描述表切换回用 户态,允许调用者继续运行,就像一个中断处理过程一样,只不过中断处理变成了内核态的操作系统调用。因此 X— Window System图形化用户界面中运行程序时如果出现故障, 一般是可以正常退出的,不会影响其他字符界面下运行的程序, 也 不需要重新启动计算机。
Lirm在字符界面下利用 Shell命令以及相关程序和文件就能够实现系统管理、网络服务等基本功能。 Shell是用户 态与操作系统内核之间的接口,起着协调用户与系统的一致性和在用户与系统之间进行交互。
工控编辑机软件是为实现数控单元各项功能所编制的专用软件,也称为控制软件。其存放在工控编辑机的 £?!¾»3中[ 各种数控单元的功能设置和控制方案各不相同,主要根据具体的要求而确定。
数控单元的基本功能由多个功能模块组成;不同的软件结构对这些功能模块的安排与管理方式也不同。它的特点是 多任务和实时性,可以采用的相应软件技术为多任务同时处理和多重实时中断处理。多任务同时处理是使工控编辑机在 同一时刻或者同一时间间隔内完成两种或两种以上性质相同或不同的工作。多重实时中断处理系统中, 中断管理主要由 硬件完成,而数控单元的软件结构则取决于系统的中断结构。数控单元各项实时任务被安排成不同优先级别的中断服务 程序或在同一个中断程序中按优先级高低顺序执行。
数控单元根据生产的具体情况, 可以有两种软件结构,一种是前后台型结构, 另一种是中断型结构。
前后台型结构软件由前台程序和后台程序组成。前台程序是一个实时中断服务程序,承担了全部的实时功能,实现 与数控设备的生产直接相关的功能。后台程序是一个执行循环的程序,并且完成输入 /输出、编程和编译等处理工作的程 序。程序一经启动, 经过一段初始化程序后便执行后台程序。同时开始定时中断,每隔一定时间间隔发生一次中断,执 行一次实时中断程序, 此时后台程序停止运行,实时中断程序执行完毕之后又返回后台程序。如此循环往复,共同完成 数控生产的全部功能。
中断型结构软件除了初始化程序之外,将数控单元的各种功能模块分别安排在不同级别的中断服务程序中。数控单 元的管理调度主要靠各中断程序之间的相互操作信来解决。。
采用高速 CPU集成芯片、 RISC芯片、多 C J控制系统以及带高分辨率检测元件的交流数字伺服装置, 同时进一步改 善生产设备的动态、静态特性,可以使数控单元高速、高精度和高效率进行生产。
数控单元能控制计算机辅 ¾设计(computer aided design, CAD ) 、 计算机辅助制造(computer aided manufacturing, CAM )与生产管理等全部自动化生产过程。它对各个数控设备或装置之间的接口制定协议。这些协议从 CAD 和生产管理开始,分为 CM和生产控制,综合成为生产任务调度,然后利用各个功能模块进行解释, 形成 PLC和伺服系 统所需要的信息和数据,对生产设备的伺服和执行机构进行控制。
将仿真技术用于生产任务的分析设计, 需要按建模的要求建立模型, 并通过对相应模型的状态跟踪或者模拟而得到 实际生产的行为特性,检査数控单元在生产中的各种真实过程和危险。仿真法可用于各个数控单元生产元素段设计的各 个阶段,将数学的和经验的模型结合在一起,通过模拟生产的运行情况,得到仿真运行数据, 以检验数控代码的正确性 和生产过程的准确性。
工控编辑机的输入数据处理程序功能:接收或编制生产制造或者生产任务的程序,将数控程序用标准代码表示的生 产指令和数据进行译码、数据处理,并将汇编程序和数据按规定的格式存放。其中输入程序主要有两个任务,一个是从 光电阅读机或者键盘输入生产任务, 编制程序并将其存放在任务程序存储器中: 另一个是从任务程序存储器中把生产程 序段逐段往外调出,送入缓冲区, 以便译码使用。
应用软件为运行生产制造或者任务的软件、 自动编程软件及其辅助软件,例如 CAD/CAM软件等。它需要通过数控单 元的系统软件,才能与计算机硬件发生关系。
在自动编程软件中,按编程信息的输入方式,可分为:批处理方式自动编程和人机对话式自动编程。
数控单元可以在同一时间或者同一时间间隔内完成两种以上性质相同或者不同的工作。这需要对工控编辑机软件的 各个功能模块实现多任务并行处理。为此,可以在工控编辑机软件设计中,采用资源分时共享并行处理和资源重叠流水 并行处理技术。
资源分时共享并行处理适用于单处理器系统, 主要采用对 CRJ的分时共享来解决多任务的并行处理。资源重叠流水 并行处理适用于多处理器系统, 是在同一段时间间隔内处理两个或者多个任务。由于两种工作的技术处理方式不同,相 应的数控单元软件也可设计成不同的结构形式。不同的软件结构,对各个任务的安排方式不同, 管理方式也不同。其中 有前后台型软件结构和中断型软件结构。
中断型软件结构的系统软件除初始化程序之外,将数控单元的各个功能模块分别安排在不同级别的中断程序中。但 中断程序有不同的中断优先级别, 级别高的中断程序可以打断级别低的中断程序。数控单元软件本身就是一个大的多重 中断服务程序,通过各级中断服务程序之间的通信来进行处理。各个中断服务程序的优先级别与其作用和执行时间密切 相关。
工控编辑机和数控设备之间的通信传输介质, 是它们传输信息的通道。凭借这个通道, 工控编辑机传送经编译的程 序和指令给数控设备。而数控设备返回或者传送生产状态及其他一些信息给工控编辑机。它们之间用接口电路连接。
数控单元是 C C系统的多元化,适用于工业领域中各个行业。它将一组不同功能的数控设备通过 RS— 232和 RS— 422 近距离串行接口,组成各种类型的生产线系列; 与工控编辑机进行多种数据交换。
数控单元使用大规模和超大规模集成电路, 可大幅度降低数控单元的故障率。 同时它还具有人工智能(AI)功能的 故障诊断系统, 即把专家们所掌握的各种故障原因及其处置方法作为知识库储存到数据库中, 以知识库为依据来开发软 件,分析并査找故障原因,提出排除故障的方法。
5、数控优机网络(图 2)中,优机具有微处理器和存储器, 并装有输入按键、显示器等。其存储器集成电路具有数 据存储器 (EEPROM)、工作存储器(RAM)和程序存储器(EPROM)的电路。优机存放网络操作系统(Network Operating
System, NOS)。它控制数控优机网络的资源,操作数控优机网络的运行; 并可以并发运行多个数控单元。
优机一 用 CPU32位以上:主机频率 20MHz以上;内存 8MB以上并配有足够容量的硬盘存储器。它是优机网络的 核心,运行网络操作系统软件, 管理各个数控单元之间的通信,管理数控单元的资源和用户对这些资源的使用。优机一 般采用波分、时分或者实时控制;具有多功能、多任务的处理能力, 支持生产任务的数据格式, 能及时传输和处理具体 任务,并且驱动数控单元的自动化生产的实施。 各个数控单元的工控编辑机通过网络接口卡和优机网络的通信传输电缆连接起來使任意一台工控编辑机之间都能 够相互操作信并且可以共享优机网络资源。
NetWare386充分利用了 Intel微机系列的微处理器性能, 是优机网络的工业标准。它是一个多任务、多用户网络操 作系统;安装在优机上。数控单元内存 NetWare的外壳程序 (NetWareSeH) ,截取数控单元的用户服务请求,并加以判 断。如果是对该数控单元的访问,就把请求交给数控单元的工控编辑机处理;如果是对优机的请求,则将请求送到优机 由优机进行处理, 再将结果送回给用户。
优机网络的各个工控编辑机或者数控设备,也可以直接通过传输介质进行信息交流。它还可以对传输的各种信息实 行安全性等级管理:对于一个信息中的某些部分段落,还可以根据其不同的安全等级,进行相应的安全加密。
优机具有读、译数控单元和工控编辑机的所有逻辑功能,能辨识数控单元的各种功能。
优机有各种标准接口电路,还有一些专用接口电路, 以便与特殊数控单元等的接口电路相互连接。
优机还包含有对优机网络进行管理并且保证其安全可靠等的程序。它除了可以给优机网络中数控单元发送文档之 外,还可以根据数控单元的具体请求的需要,去做一些其他的事情(如把输入的数据,写入数据库, 或者对其数据进行 査询、添加、修改和删除等处理, 并把需要的结果发送给数控单元等)。
6、某个单位的若干个优机网络或者专用网络中的优 分别通过辨机,与同一个公用网络的路由器连接。这就组建 成该单位数控专有网。辨机一般采用 CPU32位以上;主机频率 20MHz以上; 内存 4MB以上。
对于小型数控专有网,优机的程序模块可以直接插在辨机的扩展功能槽上。即优机和辨机直接合并。
数控专有网满足交互式应用和稳定性要求;具有互操作性; 可以区分一个具体文件的各部分不同安全性要求; 可以 使用公钥基础结构,进行认证和密钥分配。
辨机还会详细记录所有的外部访问;同时防止公用网络上外部信息的非法访问。它使外界优机或者数控单元对于优 机网络的访问, 只能先集中在辨机上。这就保证优机网络上的所有优机或者数控单元的可靠和安全。辨机还允许与其相 连的优机,通过公用网络,传送和接收本系统的其他优机网络的加密信息。万一数控专有网遭到公用网络上病毒攻击, 也只有辨机瘫痪,并不会影响到其中数控优机网络正常运行。
数控专有网的辨机不但含有工作站的程序,还可以采用信息验证码(message authentication code, MAC)技术对 传输数据进行编码,确保受到恶意攻击的信息的完整性。其典型的编码机制是密码散列(bryptographic hashing)机制。
备份软件提供完整的数据保护。例如 VertasNefiackup软件采用四级层次结构,集中管理,适应多种应用结构。其 技术特点为灵活设置、灾难恢复、并行处理、数据可靠、使用简便、控制能力和系统数据恢复等。
对于数控专有网之中的优机网络, 目前可能办理的各种业务,放在在线存储 (OnStore)设备中,保证随时读取这些信 息。为防范可能发生的数据灾难,使用离线存储 (Of fStore)设备对这些业务的数据进行备份存储。
使用虚拟存储(Storage Virtual ization)备份管理软件,提供一个透明的存储系统。按照优机的指令,将归档备 份目录下的非活动数据, 自动归档备份到近线存储 (NearStore)设备中,将历史数据自动归档备份到离线存储设备中。 7、在采购专有网(图 2)中,与同一个公用网络相连接的各个辨机装有相同的〈验查程序的程序》、 〈源端加密程 序》和縮端解密程序》标准程序。每台辨机都会对进出优机网络的信息进行控制,并且拒绝非法对采购专有网的访问。
对于拥有众多优机网络的采购专有网,满足交互式应用和稳定性的要求;具有互操作性:可以区分一个具体文件的 不同安全性要求; 可以使用公钥基础结构,进行认证和密钥分配。
在采购专有网中,各个辨机也可以装有相同的树单位身份认证和授权程序》标准程序,并且这些辨机中都有各个 辨机的 Π»地址表和每个优机网络中的各个主机名称(或者地址)的访问控制列表。这样, 每台辨机都会对进出采购专有 网的优机网络的信息进行控制, 并且拒绝非法对单位优机网络的访问。
采购专有网将一个单位的原料采购、产品设计、物流运输和生产活动等进行有机的组合,以实现更高效益、更高柔 性的智能化生产,可以实现 CAD/CM、 CAT与生产管理等全部生产过程的自动化。
8、在数控内联网(®2)中,与同一个公用网络相连接的各个辨机装有相同的〈验査程序的程序》、 〈源端加密程 序》和縮端解密程序》标准程序。每台辨机都会对进出优机网络的信息进行控制,并拒绝非法对单位优机网络的访问。
在数控内联网中,单位的各个辨机还可以装有相同的树单位身份认证和授权程序》标准程序,并且这些辨机中都 有各个辨机的 IP地址表和每个优机网络中的各个主机名称(或者地址)的访问控制列表。每台辨机都会对进出公用网络 的优机网络的信息进行控制,并且拒绝非法对单位优机网络的访问。
9、单位合作伙伴的一个或者几个优机网络的优机,分别通过装有该单位《检查程序的程序》、 《源端加密程 和
《宿端解密程序》标准程序的辨机, 与同一个公用网络相连接。那么单位的采购专有网或者数控内联网, 与合作伙伴的 一个或者几个优机网络,各自的辨机以及公用网络,就构建一个安全可靠的数控外联网 02)。其中装有相同的〈检査 程序的程序》、 《源端加密程序》和《宿端解密程序》标准程序的辨机,都会对进出优机网络的信息进行访问控制。
在数控外联网中各个辨机,也可以装有相同的树单位身份认证和授权程序》标准程序,并且这些辨机中都有各个 辨机的 IP地址表和优机网络与合作伙伴指定的网络中的每个主机名称(或者地址)的访问控制列表。这样,每台辨机都 会对进出数控外联网的优机网络的信息进行控制,并且拒绝非法对这些优机网络和合作伙伴网络的访问。
与单位的优机网络相连接的各个辨机,装有《检査程序的程序》、 《源端加密程序》和《宿端解密程序》等, 能够 解密从公用网络进来的各种信息, 并且只允许该单位的其他源端优机网络或者合作伙伴指定的源端网络中的计算机的信 息,经过解密之后,进入到该宿端优机网络中的接收计算机。
与合作伙伴指定的网络相连接的辨机,装有《检查程序的程序》、 《源端加密程序》和《宿端解密程序》功能等 能够解密从公用网络进来的各种信息,并且只允许该单位的源端优机网络中的计算机信息, 经过解密之后,进入到合作 伙伴的宿端优机,再转发给接收计算机。
在采购专有网中,单位的各个辨机与合作伙伴指定的网络相连接的辨 也可以装有相同的 «单位身份认证和授 权程序》标准程序,并且这些辨机中都有各个辨机的 IP地址表和优机网络与合作伙伴指定的网络中的每个主机名称(或 者地址)的访问控制列表。每台辨机都会对进出数控外联网的优机网络的信息进行控制,并拒绝非法对单位优机网络和 合作伙伴优机网络的访问。
10、装有单位的啦査程序的程序》、 〈源端加密程序》和縮端解密程序》等程序的远程客户机、数控专有网和 同一个公用网络共同组成的系统,为数控访问网(图 2)。远程客户机与公用网络相连接后,还能登录单位的采购专有网, 用户的远程客户机和专有网的辨机功能,使用户发送或接收的信息在公用网络上被密文传送,保证信息传输安全可靠性。
为了确保远程客户机和单位数控内联网或外联网之间,通过同一个公用网络进行互操作,也可以采用加密强度高的 数据加密和身份认证方法。一般采用公钥密码算法(Public-Key CiyptograpWcAlgorilhms)技术进行身份认证和密钥交换; 采用对称加密解密技术进行信息的加密和解密。
远程客户机装有树单位身份认证和授权程序》;单位数控优机网络的辨机装有树用户的身份认证和授权程序》, 并且远程客户机和单位的各个辨机中都有这些远程客户机和辨机的 IP地址表和被允许访问的优机网络中的每个主机名称 (或者地址)的访问控制列表。用户的远程客户机和单位专有网的辨机功能, 使用户发送或接收的信息在同一个公用网 络上被密文传送, 保证信息传输的安全可靠性, 防止重要数据在公用网络上被窃。
与单位数控内联网的优机网络相连接的装有树用户的身份认证和授权程序》的辨机,或者装有树单位的身份认 证和授权程序》的远程客户机, 能够加密各种信息,并且只允许该单位的源端优机网络和远程客户机的信息,经过加密 之后,进入到公用网络。
与单位优机网络相连接的辨机,装有树用户的身份认证和授权程序》功能等,能够识别从公用网络进来的各种信 息,并且只允许远程客户机的信息,经过解密之后,进入到该宿端优机网络中的接收计算机。
远程客户机装有树单位的身份认证和授权程序》功能等,能够识别从公用网络进来的各种信息。它只允许该单位 的源端优机网络中的计算机的信息, 经过解密之后,进入到远程客户机。
数控访问网的远程客户机和数控内 )联网中主机,通过同一个公用网络可以进行安全和精确的通信。用于提供 远程用户对单位数控内联网的安全访问, 是一种非固定线路的专用网。对于不同形式的访问技术, 只要更新专用网络的 访问策略,就可以实现该技术。

Claims

1、数控处理器是能够对被控制对象执行自动化控制和管理的微处理器;它能执行具有特定代码和其他符合编码指令 规定的程序; 它一般为单片微型计算机、数字信号处理器、可编程序控制器;
数控处理器对外信号都要经过外界接口进行处理, 以匹配其外界线路的接口需要;它还可以备有键盘和显示装置; 数控处理器的硬件结构中,可以含有不少于一个的微处理器;每个处理器既能运行独立程序,承担数控设备一部分功 能;又能通过连接线路或共享的存储器,与其他处理器交换信息,协调步骤,控制相关生产段;
利用数控处理器硬件的通用性和软件的柔性化,并采用数控处理器来实现数控技术,可以集成不同开发商提供的软件 并且适合联网需要,而且具有与硬件无关的优点;
数控处理器的硬件具有模块化特点,如果提高数控设备的性能时, 只需增加功能模块。
2、数控设备一般由数控处理器、可编程序控制器、伺服系统、驱动装置和被控机等组成;它们之间通过接口与电缆、 或者相关结构等耦合;数控设备实质上是不含有手工域自动)的数控编程和编译功能的现有 NCN系统,但结构形式不同; 数控设备利用专用功能硬件,配合数控处理器的处理软件, 以实现数控设备的功能,并使其自动化、智能化等; 数控设备对被控机中信息的拾取、存储、处理、分析是自动、快捷、方便的;数控设备可以代替一切现有的自动化控 制的设备和仪器;
2. 1数控设备的内部可以采用不同的计算机操作系统和连接线路等;如果其外界接口电路与网际协议(IP)兼容,则 可以直接与公用网络、优机、辨机等的标准接口电路相连接;数控设备的外界接口电路,一般采用兼容网际协议(IP);
2.2中间件是提供和连接数控设备的系统操作软件和应用软件之间相互沟通的软件;它为系统操作软件和应用软件之间 提供标准接口;不管数控处理器的底层怎样更新, 只要接口不变,应用软件也不必大幅修改,就能传输跨平台资源;数控 设备可取代或者利用现有的 C C装置(即 CNC专用计算机)中除了编程和编译之外的所有功能。
3、数控设备中除了数控处理器以外的其他系统,称为辅助装置;它是由硬件系统和软件系统有机结合在一起的综合装 置;各种辅助装置所配置的硬件和软件,控制和运行该装置的辅助任务等;各个辅助装置具有其完成生产元素段所必需的 辅助功能;采用标准化、通用化的辅助装置接口,可以灵活选用数控处理器;
辅助装置可以取用现有的 CNC系统中的 PLC、伺服系统、驱动装置和被控机等;这些装备和设备都是在硬件和软件支持 下工作的; 只要它们相应硬件和软件相同,生产过程或功能也相同;
3. 1可编程序控制器(PLC)接受数控处理器发出的辅助功能控制命令,主要实现数控设备的各个生产元素段的次序及 其生产顺序的控制;它具有逻辑运算、计数、计时、模拟控制、数据处理等控制功能;
3.2伺服系统通过接口电路与驱动装置相连接;接受数控处理器和可编程序控制器的数控指令;根据数控处理器输出的 参量指令和伺服控制程序,控制生产状态各种参数及其误差,反馈给数控处理器, 由伺服系统去纠正所产生误差;
3.3驱动装置是被执行电器的强电线圈或者被执行机械的轴承等;驱动装置的基本要求主要是反应灵活、精确度高以及 动态响应性好;伺服系统每个执行元件或者相应的驱动控制电路,都配有一套驱动装置;
3.4被控机是数控设备的本体;被控机本身的数控组件,具有编好的生产或功能程序;同时在生产中,数控设备一般还 需要对被控机的各个生产参数进行测试和各种开关进行控制。
4、由工控编辑机和若干个数控设备等,按照物理拓扑结构(星形、环形、树形或总线形等),通过传输介质短距离 互相联接,就构成数控单元;每台数控设备分别承担一部分生产任务中的一种,或者一种以上生产元素段的任务; 工控编 辑机存放数控单元的操作系统软件等,控制数控单元的运行; 数控单元再配上自动更换工件的随行托盘或者工业机器人以及自动检测与控制技术装备,就组成柔性的数控单元; 由于数控单元中数控设备,具有数控程序配置的灵活性和开发的便宜性,为发展特种数控设备的集成电路控制器,开 辟新的广阔市场;
工控编辑机系统软件,含有数控单元的操作系统软件、数据库及其管理软件、语言处理激控编程和编译程序)软件 等;数控单元支持数控程序的数据格式,能及时传输和处理具体任务,并驱动数控设备实施自动化生产;它采用工控编辑 机本身的实时操作系统,或者由该计算机扩展成的实时操作系统;
工控编辑机和数控设备之间的通信传输介质是它们传输信息的通道;凭借这个通道,工控编辑机传送经编译的数控程 序段和指令给数控设备;而数控设备回传生产状态及信息给工控编辑机;
数控单元采用面向对象的模块化设计,使得数控单元的功能覆盖面大, 可裁减性增强,便于满足不同用户的需求;这 是数控单元的柔性化表现; 它是一种现代化的工业生产和制造系统;
数控单元带有自适应控制和工艺参数自动生成功能;可以在生产中根据各个参数的变化, 自动优化生产过程,从而达 到提高生产率、增加数控设备的寿命和保证产品的质量;它可以建立以生产或者工艺等参数为支撑的、具有智能化的专家 系统来指导生产;此外,数控单元的智能化还表现在数控设备故障自诊断功能和模式识别技术,使数控单元能够自己辨识 图形和工艺,按照自然语言命令进行生产;数控工控机也可以用于连续不断地监测、控制数控设备的建模和高效仿真试验 生产过程; 只要能够描述某种产品整个生产周期内的数学模型,数控单元就能生产出该产品,并实现标准化;
数控单元具有体系结构的开放性,文本资料和数控编程工具丰富,且便于移植;工控编辑机与数控设备之间一般采用 星型拓扑结构,用接口电路和电缆连接;这相当于将一组或一族 CNC系统相连接的生产线;工控编辑机具有该组所有∞ 的编程和编译软件系列;承担该组 CNC的数控编程和编译以及管理; ;
4. 1数控单元具有质量跟踪和质量保证等体系;稳定质量(或性能卓越)是工业领域第一个核心竞争力:
4. 2仿真技术通过工控编辑机对数控设备的结构和生产进行静态或动态模拟, 从而预测或者评价该数控设备的行为效 果,为决策提供信息和依据: 高效建模(或虚拟制造)是工业领域第二个核心竞争力;
4. 3自动控制一一反馈可贯彻于生产每个环节;精细制造(或及时更新)是工业领域第三个核心竞争力;
4.4采用数控单元可以使系统软件开发者、设备制造商和最终用户均能适应当前环境改变,或者新技术出现,而要求的 修改、扩充或设计新的数控单元;这种方案能够使这三方面人员都最大限度地受益;
工业领域中采用数控单元, 只要工控编辑机与现有 CNC系统相匹配;就既能够继承其现有的数控系统的宝贵资源,保 证现有辅助装置资源的利用和现有 CNC系统的正常运转;同时又能够制定其生产任务的统一标准,确保软件、硬件、通信 的标准化, 容易组网,为单位将来的拓展留有余地;
数控单元可以应用于船舶、飞机、汽车、建筑物、桥梁、水坝和服装等工业领域。
5、若干个数控单元、数据库、服务器、数控设备等组成的优机网络,就是数控优机网络;
优机具有的网络操作系统,是在优机和每个工控编辑机原有操作系统上増加信息网络所需要的功能; NOS运行在服务器 类计算机上,并由联网的计算机用户共享;
优机具有微处理器芯片、数据存储器、工作存储器和程序存储器,并装有输入按键、信息显示器等;优机网络具有互 操作性、可移植性、可扩展性、可縮放性和即插即用特征; 它一般是以分布式控制为原则,采用系统、子系统和模块分级 式的控制结构;其构造是可移植的和透明的: 数控单元的网络化极大地满足生产线或制造系统的需要、制造单位对信息集成的需求,是实现新的生产模式(如敏捷 制造、虚拟单位和全球生产)的基础单元;
为了在计算机中心或其他设备上控制网络内某台设备的运行状况,可在每台设备上安装摄像头;采用多媒体技术,可 以实现优机网络内的视频实时发布;
利用优机网络对数控单元的可重构性和数据通信的兼容性,可以为大批被控机开发各种控制器。
6、 由若干个数控优机网络和 /或者生产专用网络所组建的专有网,就是数控专有网;
数控专有网满足交互式应用和稳定性要求;具有互操作性;可以区分一个具体文件的各部分不同安全性要求;可以使 用公钥基础结构,进行认证和密钥分配;
数控专有网不仅能在网络环境下,实现远程生产和视频控制;而且能通过网络对数控设备进行远程软件修改、故障诊 断,实现群控;
数控专有网的系统备份自动化解决方案可以由备份客户端、主备份服务器、介质服务器、备份存储单元和备份管理软 件等组成;
数控专有网可以建立一个全球信息互操作、联系紧密的工业化的生产单位专有网(包括无线网络)。
7、单位的数控专有网与该单位的原料采购、产品设计和物流运输等辅助生产的优机网络、应用计算机或专用网络, 分别通过辨机与同一个公用网络相连;构建采购专有网;
在采购专有网上,通过公用网络传输的信息流是经过完整性加密处理的;可以保证信息保密性、完整性和真实性; 并 且具有抵抗黒客攻击网络的能力; 它还可以具有身份认证的功能。
8、单位分布于不同地理位置的跨地区的若干个优机网络域其优机)或者单位订单处理、批发零售和售后服务等优机 网络(或其优机),分别通过辨机与同一个公用网络连接起来,构建成为商务网;
单位的采购专有网和商务网,共同组成的网络(包括同一个公用网络),就是数控内联网;
8. 1在数控内联网中,单位的各个辨机装有相同的〈裣査程序的程序》、 源端加密程序》和縮端解密程序》标准程 序;这样,每台辨机对进出优机网络的信息进行控制,并拒绝非法对单位优机网络访问;
8.2在数控内联网中,单位的各个辨机也可以装有相同的树单位身份认证和授权程序》等标准程序,并且这些辨机 中都有各个辨机的 IP地址表和每个优机网络中的各个主机名称(或者地址)的访问控制列表。
9、某个单位的釆购专有网或者数控内联网,可以与单位合作伙伴的优机网络之间,构建单位的数控外联网; 数控外联网可以通过追踪系统,将产品质量的反馈融入到研发和生产的每一个环节中,通过改进获得更好产品。
10、单位的远程客户机,与数控内联网的同一个公用网络相连接后,能够登录单位的数控内联网,实现其与这些网络 之间安全可靠的信息互操作;
远程客户机装有树单位的身份认证和授权程序》功能等,能够识别从公用网络进来的各种信息;它只允许该单位的 源端优机网络中的信息,进入到远程客户机经过解密之后,变成明文信息;
10.1远程客户机身份验证要实现的授权访问的方法:访问信息要经过辨机的程序,对该客户机的身份认证和授权; 102单位身份验证要实现的授权访问的方法:访问信息要经过远程客户机的辨机程序,对该单位的身份认证和授权。
PCT/CN2010/000748 2010-05-25 2010-05-25 网络数控 WO2011147048A1 (zh)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/CN2010/000748 WO2011147048A1 (zh) 2010-05-25 2010-05-25 网络数控

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/CN2010/000748 WO2011147048A1 (zh) 2010-05-25 2010-05-25 网络数控

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2011147048A1 true WO2011147048A1 (zh) 2011-12-01

Family

ID=45003180

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/CN2010/000748 WO2011147048A1 (zh) 2010-05-25 2010-05-25 网络数控

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2011147048A1 (zh)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113219912A (zh) * 2021-03-31 2021-08-06 成都飞机工业(集团)有限责任公司 一种基于Multi-Agent的数控加工柔性制造系统加工过程预警方法

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101083657A (zh) * 2007-06-29 2007-12-05 华中科技大学 数控系统实时同步网络控制器及通信控制方法
WO2009037154A2 (de) * 2007-09-14 2009-03-26 Index-Werke Gmbh & Co. Kg Hahn & Tessky Werkzeugmaschine
CN101592938A (zh) * 2009-06-30 2009-12-02 刘文祥 数控网络及其各种系统
CN101610190A (zh) * 2009-07-22 2009-12-23 刘文祥 数据网络和系统

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101083657A (zh) * 2007-06-29 2007-12-05 华中科技大学 数控系统实时同步网络控制器及通信控制方法
WO2009037154A2 (de) * 2007-09-14 2009-03-26 Index-Werke Gmbh & Co. Kg Hahn & Tessky Werkzeugmaschine
CN101592938A (zh) * 2009-06-30 2009-12-02 刘文祥 数控网络及其各种系统
CN101610190A (zh) * 2009-07-22 2009-12-23 刘文祥 数据网络和系统

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113219912A (zh) * 2021-03-31 2021-08-06 成都飞机工业(集团)有限责任公司 一种基于Multi-Agent的数控加工柔性制造系统加工过程预警方法
CN113219912B (zh) * 2021-03-31 2022-03-15 成都飞机工业(集团)有限责任公司 一种基于Multi-Agent的数控加工柔性制造系统加工过程预警方法

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
AU2022202972B2 (en) Tools and methods for real-time dataflow programming language
CN101592938A (zh) 数控网络及其各种系统
RU2273874C2 (ru) Способ эксплуатации технической установки и система управления процессом эксплуатации технической установки
Lehner et al. Digital twin platforms: requirements, capabilities, and future prospects
US20080208374A1 (en) Testing utilizing controller engine instances
KR100563291B1 (ko) 컴퓨터 네트워크를 사용하는 이종 전기기계 시스템의객체지향 제어를 위한 시스템 및 방법
CN101825890A (zh) 物网
De Melo et al. Controller Interface for Industry 4.0 based on RAMI 4.0 and OPC UA
CN115102827B (zh) 一种中小型制造业的数字产品实时监测通用互联网平台
US20080082577A1 (en) Module classification and searching for industrial control systems
CN107817756A (zh) 网络化分布式数控系统靶场设计方法
CN112398860A (zh) 一种安全控制的方法和装置
US20210382989A1 (en) Multilevel consistency check for a cyber attack detection in an automation and control system
Folgado et al. Review of Industry 4.0 from the Perspective of Automation and Supervision Systems: Definitions, Architectures and Recent Trends
Tanveer et al. Secure links: secure-by-design communications in IEC 61499 industrial control applications
CN109783064B (zh) 一种基于大数据的智能应用集成开发系统
CN113534744A (zh) 用于构成数控系统的软件架构和硬件架构
WO2011147048A1 (zh) 网络数控
CN111078444A (zh) 用于故障行为的安全分析的系统和方法
WO2019066883A1 (en) DEPLOYMENT OF READY-TO-USE DECLARATIVE SECURITY FUNCTIONALITY FOR ENGINEERING PLATFORM
Han et al. Modeling and verifying real-time properties of reactive systems
Yahiaoui A practical approach to representation of real-time building control applications in simulation
Göbe et al. Synthesis tool for automation controller supervision
Rocher et al. An actuation conflicts management flow for smart iot-based systems
Zhou et al. Digital twin based cyber range for industrial internet of things

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 10851920

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 10851920

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1