WO2011136727A1 - A method for plasma treatment of waste - Google Patents
A method for plasma treatment of waste Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011136727A1 WO2011136727A1 PCT/SE2011/050500 SE2011050500W WO2011136727A1 WO 2011136727 A1 WO2011136727 A1 WO 2011136727A1 SE 2011050500 W SE2011050500 W SE 2011050500W WO 2011136727 A1 WO2011136727 A1 WO 2011136727A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- waste
- gas
- water
- gases
- quenching
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
- A62D3/00—Processes for making harmful chemical substances harmless or less harmful, by effecting a chemical change in the substances
- A62D3/10—Processes for making harmful chemical substances harmless or less harmful, by effecting a chemical change in the substances by subjecting to electric or wave energy or particle or ionizing radiation
- A62D3/19—Processes for making harmful chemical substances harmless or less harmful, by effecting a chemical change in the substances by subjecting to electric or wave energy or particle or ionizing radiation to plasma
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
- G21F9/04—Treating liquids
- G21F9/06—Processing
- G21F9/16—Processing by fixation in stable solid media
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
- G21F9/04—Treating liquids
- G21F9/06—Processing
- G21F9/16—Processing by fixation in stable solid media
- G21F9/162—Processing by fixation in stable solid media in an inorganic matrix, e.g. clays, zeolites
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 1, and more particular to a method for treatment of waste and especially to waste which is flowable at room temperature, such as liquids and slurries to minimize the volume of the so treated waste.
- One particular waste product to be treated by the method according to the invention is waste produced during operation and maintenance of nuclear power plants, except for the nuclear fuel.
- radioactive waste having low or medium radioactivity which has to be treated in a particular way and stored in particular places.
- One type of such waste is, but not limited to, water produced when washing clothes, floors etc. Since this type of waste water is produced in large amounts, leading to storage problems, one way of reducing the amount of such waste water is to evaporate the water whereby a so called evaporator concentrate is formed containing organic and inorganic
- waste is ion exchange materials and other materials used for the operation of nuclear power plants, such as decontamination agents and other chemicals in liquid form.
- a problem is that the composition of the waste from nuclear power plants changes from year to year, depending on the chemicals used for cleaning, decontamination and laundry procedures, and also depending on which type of maintenance work is performed.
- the solid phase of the waste water may vary from 1-2% up to 25%.
- a further problem is that, even though the volume of the waste water is reduced by evaporation, the volume of evaporator concentrate is still very large.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method by which it is possible to reduce the volume of flowable waste in an economical and environment friendly way, and in particular to minimize the residue volume/quantity of the so treated waste, which residue after treatment is preferably bounded in the form of a leach-proof glass matrix/slag.
- flowable waste is meant a waste which is flowable at room temperature and which may be pumped by a suitable pump, such as but not limited to slurries comprising organic, inorganic compounds and solid particles.
- the evaporator concentrate comprises as a non- limiting example about 15% organic and inorganic material and about 25% salts.
- the chemical composition of the liquid phase of the evaporator concentrate may be:
- Oxidizing gas preferably air, and electricity are supplied to the plasma generator thereby forming a strongly heated gas having controlled oxidizing atmosphere and an enthalpy of 2-4kW/Nm 3 gas depending i.a. the composition of the waste treated.
- Evaporator concentrate or any flowable material is fed from a storage tank not shown to the mixing zone in which the heated gas from the plasma generator is mixed with the waste.
- the evaporator concentrate is mixed/heated whereby the water is volatilized, the organic component (s) is (are) totally decomposed and partially combusted, and the inorganic material (s) is (are) melted and oxidized, whereby three main components are formed, viz. gases, glass matrix/slag, and salts.
- the gases comprise carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and water vapour, the glass matrix/slag comprises metals and oxides, and the salts comprise different salts such as NaCl, Na 2 S0 4 , and CaS0 4.
- the temperature in the mixing zone is determined by the composition of the waste and is controlled by the ratio power/waste flow.
- the degree of oxidation in the mixing zone id determined by properties of the waste and is controlled by the ratio gas/waste.
- a separator is provided in which liquid inorganic material (s) except for NaCl , for instance, is (are) separated from the gas stream.
- the inorganic material (s) from the separator is (are) preferably bound in a leach-proof silicate slag.
- the glass/slag may then be transported to final storage possibly without any further treatment. This means that it is no longer necessary to remove possible radioactive Cesium and/or Strontium.
- the gas stream depleted of glass/slag is fed to a quenching step where the gas stream is cooled to a temperature where salts, and possible remaining metals and oxides, are
- the gas is then filtered, preferably by sleeve filters, and fed preferably to at least one condenser where steam is condensed to water.
- Salts in form of dust and other particles from the filters will then be compacted by granulation and/or melting before final storage.
- the water so collected in the condenser is sent to evaporation in an evaporator.
- the gas leaving the condenser is recycled to the quenching step and excess gas is combusted in a burner for combustion of CO and H 2 to C0 2 and H 2 0.
- the gas leaving the burner may be cooled and filtered in a further cooling/filtering step where after the gas is discharged into the atmosphere.
- organic component (s) is (are) completely decomposed to carbon dioxide and water vapour, and thus a sequestering agent, for instance, which is most suitable for a particular field of application may be used without having in mind possible restriction regarding final storage.
- the glass matrix/silicate slag formed is water- resistant and thus leach-proof which has great advantages in view of long-time storage.
- a suitable slag forming material such as crushed glass, sand/quarts, etc. may be added to the mixing zone or the flowable waste so as to improve the formation of leach-proof glass matrix/slag.
- One particular feature of the invention is that the heating of the mixing zone is made homogenously, controllably regarding the temperature and analysis and practically instantaneously.
- the melted particles which mainly consist of salts and other inorganic compounds and which are formed in the mixing zone and are not soluble in glass/slag, are separated from the gas flow by quenching by cooling gas so fast and to such an extent that they form a dust without adhering to the walls of the quenching chamber. More particularly, the melted salt particles are quenched to such an extent that they no longe are sticky while still being suspended and thus will not adhere to the walls of the quenching chamber.
- the concentration of salts in the incoming evaporator concentrate is about 45.000 times highe than the concentration of salts of the water leaving the condenser .
Abstract
A method for plasma treatment of flowable waste comprising the steps of : - supplying an oxidizing gas to and heating it in a plasma generator, - feeding the so heated oxidizing gas and the waste to a mixing zone, - volatilizing possible water in the waste, - oxidizing organic material (s) in the waste to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and water vapour, - melting and oxidizing inorganic material (s) in the waste to corresponding oxide (s) so as to form a slag product, - separating and collecting the slag product in a separator, - quenching the gases from the separator in a quenching chamber whereby melted particles in the gas is quenched by gas quenching so fast and to such an extent that they will not adhere to the walls of the quenching chamber, - removing particles and dust from the quenched gases in at least one filter, and - cooling possible formed steam to water in at least one condenser.
Description
A METHOD FOR PLASMA TREATMENT OF WASTE
Field of the invention
The invention relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 1, and more particular to a method for treatment of waste and especially to waste which is flowable at room temperature, such as liquids and slurries to minimize the volume of the so treated waste. One particular waste product to be treated by the method according to the invention is waste produced during operation and maintenance of nuclear power plants, except for the nuclear fuel.
Background of the invention
In the society of today a lot of industrial and consumer waste is produced which has to be either deposited or destructed. For instance, when deposited leachate is formed which has to be collected and treated in a way which is harmless to the environment .
Another type of waste is formed during operation and
maintenance of nuclear power plants, and particular
radioactive waste having low or medium radioactivity which has to be treated in a particular way and stored in particular places. One type of such waste is, but not limited to, water produced when washing clothes, floors etc. Since this type of waste water is produced in large amounts, leading to storage problems, one way of reducing the amount of such waste water is to evaporate the water whereby a so called evaporator concentrate is formed containing organic and inorganic
compounds, organic and inorganic salts, plastics, sand, particles of concrete and different type of radioactive and non-radioactive metal ions, etc.
Another type of waste is ion exchange materials and other materials used for the operation of nuclear power plants, such as decontamination agents and other chemicals in liquid form.
A problem is that the composition of the waste from nuclear power plants changes from year to year, depending on the chemicals used for cleaning, decontamination and laundry procedures, and also depending on which type of maintenance work is performed.
Another problem is that the solid phase of the waste water may vary from 1-2% up to 25%.
A further problem is that, even though the volume of the waste water is reduced by evaporation, the volume of evaporator concentrate is still very large.
Today one way of disposal of such evaporator concentrate is to mix it with cement and thus to form concrete, whereby binding the impurities.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to provide a method by which it is possible to reduce the volume of flowable waste in an economical and environment friendly way, and in particular to minimize the residue volume/quantity of the so treated waste, which residue after treatment is preferably bounded in the form of a leach-proof glass matrix/slag.
This object is achieved by the method according to the invention by plasma treatment of flowable waste, comprising the steps of:
- supplying an oxidizing gas to and heating it in a plasma generator ,
- feeding the so heated oxidizing gas and the waste to a mixing zone,
- volatilizing possible water in the waste,
- oxidizing organic material (s) in the waste to carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and water vapour,
- melting and oxidizing inorganic material (s) in the waste to corresponding oxide (s) so as to form a slag product,
- separating and collecting the slag product in a separator,
- quenching the gases from the separator in a quenching chamber whereby melted particles in the gas is quenched by gas quenching so fast and to such an extent that they will not adhere to the walls of the quenching chamber,
- removing particles and dust from the quenched gases in at least one filter, and
- cooling possible formed steam to water in at least one condenser .
Preferred embodiments are described in the dependent claims.
Brief description of drawings The invention is described below with reference to the
drawing, on which Figs, la-lc shows a flow chart of plasma treatment of evaporator concentrate.
Description of preferred embodiment
In the below description the invention is described in
relation to a method for plasma treatment of a flowable waste in the form of evaporator concentrate from nuclear power plants, but it is obvious to the man skilled in the art that other types of flowable waste can be treated.
By flowable waste is meant a waste which is flowable at room temperature and which may be pumped by a suitable pump, such
as but not limited to slurries comprising organic, inorganic compounds and solid particles.
For instance, the evaporator concentrate comprises as a non- limiting example about 15% organic and inorganic material and about 25% salts. As an example the chemical composition of the liquid phase of the evaporator concentrate may be:
CaS04 2.5 kg/m3
MgS04 10.1 kg/m3
K2S04 10.5 kg/m3
Na3P04 4.0 kg/m3
NaN03 1.4 kg/m3
NaHC03 51 kg/m3
NaCl 54 kg/m3
Na2S04 1.6 kg/m3
NaOH 7.0 kg/m3
Tensides 20 kg/m3
Co-60 2.21 E+08 Bq/m3
Cs-134 8.31 E+07 Bq/m3
Cs-137 4.84 E+08 Bq/m3 As can be seen from the drawing a plasma generator is
provided. Oxidizing gas, preferably air, and electricity are supplied to the plasma generator thereby forming a strongly heated gas having controlled oxidizing atmosphere and an enthalpy of 2-4kW/Nm3 gas depending i.a. the composition of the waste treated.
Evaporator concentrate or any flowable material is fed from a storage tank not shown to the mixing zone in which the heated gas from the plasma generator is mixed with the waste. In said zone the evaporator concentrate is mixed/heated whereby the water is volatilized, the organic component (s) is (are) totally decomposed and partially combusted, and the inorganic
material (s) is (are) melted and oxidized, whereby three main components are formed, viz. gases, glass matrix/slag, and salts. The gases comprise carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and water vapour, the glass matrix/slag comprises metals and oxides, and the salts comprise different salts such as NaCl, Na2S04, and CaS04.
The temperature in the mixing zone is determined by the composition of the waste and is controlled by the ratio power/waste flow. The degree of oxidation in the mixing zone id determined by properties of the waste and is controlled by the ratio gas/waste.
After the mixing zone a separator is provided in which liquid inorganic material (s) except for NaCl , for instance, is (are) separated from the gas stream. The inorganic material (s) from the separator is (are) preferably bound in a leach-proof silicate slag. The glass/slag may then be transported to final storage possibly without any further treatment. This means that it is no longer necessary to remove possible radioactive Cesium and/or Strontium.
The gas stream depleted of glass/slag is fed to a quenching step where the gas stream is cooled to a temperature where salts, and possible remaining metals and oxides, are
solidified while water remains as vapour. The gas is then filtered, preferably by sleeve filters, and fed preferably to at least one condenser where steam is condensed to water.
Salts in form of dust and other particles from the filters will then be compacted by granulation and/or melting before final storage.
The water so collected in the condenser is sent to evaporation in an evaporator.
The gas leaving the condenser is recycled to the quenching step and excess gas is combusted in a burner for combustion of CO and H2 to C02 and H20. The gas leaving the burner may be cooled and filtered in a further cooling/filtering step where after the gas is discharged into the atmosphere.
This means that organic component (s) is (are) completely decomposed to carbon dioxide and water vapour, and thus a sequestering agent, for instance, which is most suitable for a particular field of application may be used without having in mind possible restriction regarding final storage.
By treatment of the waste according to the method of the invention it is possible to reduce the amount of said waste having need of particular regulations regarding storage.
Moreover, the glass matrix/silicate slag formed is water- resistant and thus leach-proof which has great advantages in view of long-time storage. If necessary a suitable slag forming material such as crushed glass, sand/quarts, etc. may be added to the mixing zone or the flowable waste so as to improve the formation of leach-proof glass matrix/slag.
One particular feature of the invention is that the heating of the mixing zone is made homogenously, controllably regarding the temperature and analysis and practically instantaneously.
Another particular feature of the invention is that the melted particles, which mainly consist of salts and other inorganic compounds and which are formed in the mixing zone and are not soluble in glass/slag, are separated from the gas flow by quenching by cooling gas so fast and to such an extent that they form a dust without adhering to the walls of the
quenching chamber. More particularly, the melted salt particles are quenched to such an extent that they no longe are sticky while still being suspended and thus will not adhere to the walls of the quenching chamber.
It should be noted that the concentration of salts in the incoming evaporator concentrate is about 45.000 times highe than the concentration of salts of the water leaving the condenser .
Claims
1. A method for plasma treatment of flowable waste,
characterized by the steps of :
- supplying an oxidizing gas to and heating it in a plasma generator,
- feeding the so heated oxidizing gas and the waste to a mixing zone,
- volatilizing possible water in the waste,
- oxidizing organic material (s) in the waste to carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and water vapour,
- melting and oxidizing inorganic material (s) in the waste to corresponding oxide (s) so as to form a slag product,
- separating and collecting the slag product in a separator,
- quenching the gases from the separator in a quenching chamber whereby melted particles in the gas is quenched by gas quenching so fast and to such an extent that they will not adhere to the walls of the quenching chamber,
- removing particles and dust from the quenched gases in at least one filter, and
- cooling possible formed steam to water in at least one condenser .
2. The method according to claim 1, characterized by the further step of :
- binding the slag product in the form of a leach-proof slag.
3. The method according to claim 2, characterized by the binding is improved by adding to the mixing zone or the flowable waste a material selected from the group consisting of crushed glass and sand/quarts so as to form a leach-proof silicate slag.
4. The method according to any one of the claims 1-3,
characterized by cooling the gases from the separator to a temperature where salts are solid and water is evaporated.
5. The method according to any one of the claims 1-4,
characterized by compacting by granulation and/or smelting the salts and other particles obtained by said at least one filter.
6. The method according to any of the claims 1-5,
characterized by the further steps of:
- burning the gases originating from the condenser so as to eliminate carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and
- cooling and filtering said burnt gases before they are released to the atmosphere.
7. The method according to any of the claims 1-6,
characterized by supplying the oxidizing gas to and heating it in the plasma generator so that the enthalpy of the gas is adjusted within the range of 2-4 kWh/Nm3 determined by
composition of the waste treated.
8. The method according to any of the claims 1-7,
characterized by the particles being quenched are particles of salts and other inorganic compounds.
9. The method according to any one of the claims 1-8,
characterized by the waste being produced during operation and maintenance of nuclear power plants, except for the nuclear fuel.
10. The method according to claim 9, characterized by the waste being evaporator concentrate.
11. The method according to claim 9, characterized by the waste being slurry of ion exchange materials.
12. The method according to any one of the claims 1-11, characterized by the flowable waste being flowable at room temperature .
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE1050416-5 | 2010-04-27 | ||
| SE1050416A SE534709C2 (en) | 2010-04-27 | 2010-04-27 | Process for plasma treatment of waste |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2011136727A1 true WO2011136727A1 (en) | 2011-11-03 |
Family
ID=44861779
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/SE2011/050500 WO2011136727A1 (en) | 2010-04-27 | 2011-04-26 | A method for plasma treatment of waste |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| SE (1) | SE534709C2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2011136727A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2015113629A1 (en) * | 2014-01-31 | 2015-08-06 | Peter Jeney | Apparatus and method to clean contaminated water from radioactive materials |
| WO2016156394A1 (en) | 2015-04-03 | 2016-10-06 | Metallo Chimique | Improved slag from non-ferrous metal production |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5134946A (en) * | 1991-07-22 | 1992-08-04 | Poovey Gary N | Neutralizer for toxic and nuclear waste |
| US6355904B1 (en) * | 1996-06-07 | 2002-03-12 | Science Applications International Corporation | Method and system for high-temperature waste treatment |
| GB2445420A (en) * | 2007-01-05 | 2008-07-09 | Tetronics Ltd | Hazardous Waste Treatment Process |
-
2010
- 2010-04-27 SE SE1050416A patent/SE534709C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2011
- 2011-04-26 WO PCT/SE2011/050500 patent/WO2011136727A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5134946A (en) * | 1991-07-22 | 1992-08-04 | Poovey Gary N | Neutralizer for toxic and nuclear waste |
| US6355904B1 (en) * | 1996-06-07 | 2002-03-12 | Science Applications International Corporation | Method and system for high-temperature waste treatment |
| GB2445420A (en) * | 2007-01-05 | 2008-07-09 | Tetronics Ltd | Hazardous Waste Treatment Process |
| GB2448556A (en) * | 2007-01-05 | 2008-10-22 | Tetronics Ltd | Treatment of nuclear sludge |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| FLORENCE LEMONT ET AL.: "The Plasma Technology: One Way to Improve the Nuclear Wastes Processing", HIGH TEMPERATURE MATERIALS AND PROCESSES, vol. 27, no. 5, 2008 * |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2015113629A1 (en) * | 2014-01-31 | 2015-08-06 | Peter Jeney | Apparatus and method to clean contaminated water from radioactive materials |
| JP2017511888A (en) * | 2014-01-31 | 2017-04-27 | クリーンカーボンコンバージョン、パテンツ、アクチエンゲゼルシャフトＣｌｅａｎｃａｒｂｏｎｃｏｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎ Ｐａｔｅｎｔｓ Ａｇ | Apparatus and method for purifying contaminated water from radioactive materials |
| US10014087B2 (en) | 2014-01-31 | 2018-07-03 | Cleancarbonconversion Patents Ag | Apparatus for cleaning contaminated water from radioactive materials |
| WO2016156394A1 (en) | 2015-04-03 | 2016-10-06 | Metallo Chimique | Improved slag from non-ferrous metal production |
| EP3865598A1 (en) | 2015-04-03 | 2021-08-18 | Metallo Belgium | Improved use of a slag from non-ferrous metal production |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE1050416A1 (en) | 2011-10-28 |
| SE534709C2 (en) | 2011-11-29 |
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