WO2011126909A2 - Procédé et appareil de gestion de batteries multiéléments - Google Patents

Procédé et appareil de gestion de batteries multiéléments Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2011126909A2
WO2011126909A2 PCT/US2011/030616 US2011030616W WO2011126909A2 WO 2011126909 A2 WO2011126909 A2 WO 2011126909A2 US 2011030616 W US2011030616 W US 2011030616W WO 2011126909 A2 WO2011126909 A2 WO 2011126909A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cells
voltage
battery
charging
individual
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2011/030616
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2011126909A3 (fr
Inventor
John M. Wade
Jaime H. Bohorquez
Shalom Arie Lev
Original Assignee
Grrreen, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US13/075,152 external-priority patent/US20120249055A1/en
Priority claimed from US13/075,145 external-priority patent/US20110248678A1/en
Priority claimed from US13/075,137 external-priority patent/US8564246B2/en
Application filed by Grrreen, Inc. filed Critical Grrreen, Inc.
Publication of WO2011126909A2 publication Critical patent/WO2011126909A2/fr
Publication of WO2011126909A3 publication Critical patent/WO2011126909A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0018—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using separate charge circuits
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0046—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/04—Cutting off the power supply under fault conditions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/30—Constructional details of charging stations
    • B60L53/305—Communication interfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
    • B60L58/14—Preventing excessive discharging
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
    • B60L58/15—Preventing overcharging
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/22—Balancing the charge of battery modules
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/24—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/441—Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/46—Accumulators structurally combined with charging apparatus
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H02J7/007182—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/545—Temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/547—Voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/549—Current
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/60—Navigation input
    • B60L2240/62—Vehicle position
    • B60L2240/622—Vehicle position by satellite navigation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/70—Interactions with external data bases, e.g. traffic centres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2250/00—Driver interactions
    • B60L2250/12—Driver interactions by confirmation, e.g. of the input
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
    • G01R19/165—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values
    • G01R19/16533—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application
    • G01R19/16538—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application in AC or DC supplies
    • G01R19/16542—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application in AC or DC supplies for batteries
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/371—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC] with remote indication, e.g. on external chargers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/396—Acquisition or processing of data for testing or for monitoring individual cells or groups of cells within a battery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/443—Methods for charging or discharging in response to temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H01M2010/4271—Battery management systems including electronic circuits, e.g. control of current or voltage to keep battery in healthy state, cell balancing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H01M2010/4278—Systems for data transfer from batteries, e.g. transfer of battery parameters to a controller, data transferred between battery controller and main controller
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/12—Electric charging stations
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/16—Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates in general to a system and method for managing the charging and discharging functions of multiple-cell batteries. It more particularly relates to an intelligent system and method for managing the charging and discharging functions of multiple-cell batteries, while collecting and analyzing cell performance data to optimize or at least improve battery operation and to permit the monitoring of such cell performance data within fleets or groups of battery-powered vehicles, mobile equipment, and others.
  • the present invention also relates in general to a battery charging system and method, and it more particularly relates to such a system and method for managing the charging of multiple cell batteries efficiently and effectively.
  • the present invention relates in general to an individual cell charger and a method of using it. It more particularly relates to an individual cell charger and method for charging multi-cell series connected batteries.
  • Li Ion cells typically display terminal voltages in the range of 3 to 4 volts, which is not high enough to power typical drive motors. This limitation can be overcome by connecting Li Ion cells in series, so their voltages add up until an appropriate pack voltage is achieved to power the particular application.
  • battery manufacturers specify the operating parameters for cells in terms of the maximum voltage during charge, and the minimum voltage during discharge. Batteries must be charged and discharged within these parameters, to deliver an expected number of charge / discharge cycles during their lifetime. In order to control and manage battery charging and discharging within the specified parameters, most applications require use of a Battery Management System (BMS).
  • BMS Battery Management System
  • the BMS typically monitors the individual cells and is able to control both the charge and discharge functions to insure that the cells are charged and discharged in accordance with their specifications.
  • the cells need to be balanced in both energy capacity and charge in order to deliver their optimum performance. For example, if an individual cell within in a battery pack of cells connected in series is under-charged relative to other cells within the pack, the under-charged cell will discharge to its minimum voltage before the other cells. In this case the BMS will shut down the discharge process, even though useable charge remains in the other cells.
  • battery powered devices There are many different kinds and types of battery powered devices and apparatus.
  • battery powered vehicles are coming into increasing use.
  • New battery technologies such as Lithium Ion are playing an increasing role in that application.
  • Lithium Ion cells provide substantial advantages over the old lead acid technology, such as larger capacity to weight and capacity to volume ratios, they have also presented certain challenges to realizing their full potential.
  • electrically powered vehicles it is necessary to connect cells in series in order to achieve practical voltage levels to be compatible with available controllers and motors.
  • BMS Battery Management System
  • a charge imbalance can occurfrom several sources. For example, different cells in series may store energy at different rates even though they all share the same charge current. Also, some cells in use may have more discharge current than others if, for example, they comprise a portion of the cells that are sometimes used to power a low voltage load such as lights. Thus, it may be desirable for some applications to provide substantial charge balance in a series string of cells, to improve the amount of useable energy stored in them. In a vehicle application, this may provide the delivery of an improved range for given applications.
  • FIG. 2 This limitation can be seen by referring to FIG. 2.
  • the voltage is shown as a function of energy flowing into a partially discharged Li-Ion cell. It can be seen that the voltage is almost constant during most of the charging process, and only changes near the end of charge. It is therefore difficult to determine the state of charge by looking at the cell voltage until it is almost completely charged. Because of this, cells with differing states of charge may not be accurately differentiated from one another during most of the charge process, and therefore appropriate current shunting may not readily be accomplished at least for some applications.
  • a conventional method of individual cell charging is to provide a charger for each cell comprised of an individual switcher with its associated transformer (or transformer winding), rectifiers, filters and control circuitry.
  • transformer or transformer winding
  • rectifiers or filter
  • control circuitry For charging a multi cell battery pack this approach may be expensive to manufacture, may be bulky and may have limited reliability because it involves many parts.
  • FIG 1 is a schematic diagram of an intelligent battery charging system, which is constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating a Lithium Ion battery cell voltage verses the energy supplied to the cell
  • FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a prior known battery charger
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B comprise a flow chart diagram of a method of operating the system of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic circuit diagram of an individual cell charger, which is constructed according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the BMS may perform normal battery management functions such as controlling a battery chargereither locally or remotely to prevent individual cells from exceeding a maximum voltage specification during charging.
  • the BMS may operate a load controller to prevent individual cells from being drained to a voltage lower than a minimum voltage specification, or from exceeding a maximum temperature specification.
  • the BMS may perform such functions by sampling individual cell voltages and temperatures at predetermined intervals.
  • the BMS can sample individual cell parameters such as cell voltage and temperature at least 100 times per second. By averaging at least 10 such readings, and comparing this average with the cell specifications, the BMS maygenerate a signal to limit charging or loading. If BMS sampling of cell parameters indicates that any cell parameter deviates from respective cell specifications, the BMS may record such event data in a memory storage medium with a time stamp.
  • the BMS may include a wireless, satellite-based, or local communication medium that is known in the art, to facilitate the collection of battery cell data from battery-powered mobile equipment or vehicles and uploading of such data to a central or remote data storage facility.
  • a BMS configured with such a wireless, satellite-based, or local communication medium can also facilitate the transmission of instructions to the equipment or vehicle.
  • the communication medium may take the form of cell phone data transmission, WiFi connectivity, communication via satellite link, or other, depending on particular needs. For example, it may be particularly advantageous to communicate with equipment that is housed, stored, or otherwise grouped together in a central charging area, using WiFi technology, since the communication distances are relatively short between a WiFi hotspot and a vehicle or piece of mobile equipment being charged in such a central area.
  • cellular network technology may more advantageously facilitate communication with electric delivery trucks in an urban area that are charged singly at geographically dispersed charging stations.
  • the state of charge of Li Ion cells may be determined by measuring their internal impedance and temperature.
  • the BMS is capable of gathering and compiling this data in real time (as individual cells are being drained in use), by measuring the load current and cell voltage concurrently with temperature, and comparing successive measurements at different current draws, at close enough intervals that the temperature is not substantially different.
  • the BMS may determine the state of charge of a particular cell by averaging a number of readings and finding the charge value in a look-up table entry for the corresponding temperature.
  • Such a table may be predetermined by characterization tests of the type of cells in use.
  • the data sample rates may also be increased to capture the transients that occur during loading.
  • the sample rates may be set to at least one reading per millisecond to do so.
  • Calculation results may be averaged and displayed to the operator with 10 second updates and may be stored locally, with a periodic time stamp, for example, every minute during discharge.
  • the data storage medium may be integrated with the powered device. For example, it may be located onboard the vehicle or other mobile equipment.
  • the state of charge calculation may be used by the BMS to estimate the remaining usable energy in the pack, and the information can be presented to the operator. It is noted that for this calculation the weakest cell information is the determining factor.
  • the BMS may incorporate data collection, storage and retrieval capability. Charging data, cell voltage, temperature, state of charge and certain other data may be stored locally with time/date stamps. Such locally-stored data may be compiled and periodically sent through a wireless, satellite-based, or local communications medium to a remote data server, by the BMS, where the data can be accessed at any time.
  • the remote data server may be connected to the Internet, and configured for communication via the Internet.
  • the data may also be accessible by wireless or satellite link, or locally by an operator or service technician.
  • the BMS may allow data to be collected "on demand" through the same communication means. This may allow fleet managers or others to access data revealing charging, usage and maintenance patterns, and the current health of the battery systems in a fleet of vehicles or other mobile equipment.
  • the BMS is capable of acquiring GPS data, and sending an immediate message, via wireless, satellite-based, or local communications medium, noting such events at the time that they happen, as well as noting and storing routine location information periodically for later retrieval and analysis.
  • a manager may also send a location query at any time and receive an immediate response.
  • Remote control functionality incorporated into another embodiment of the invention is another feature that is advantageous in managing a fleet. Particularly in an electric vehicle application, the need may arise to immobilize the vehicle, or terminate travel by remote means, for example, in a security breach situation, or if it becomes known to a manager that equipment is being used in an improper way. In these cases it may be necessary for an authorized person or manager to over ride the commands of an operator. Integrating wireless, satellite-based, or local communications capability into the BMS is a mode of enabling this remote control functionality whereby the BMS can carry out the steps to disable or immobilize a vehicle or piece of equipment. Another embodiment of the present invention may include functionality to provide maintenance reminders for a device powered by batteries managed by the BMS.
  • Such reminders may take the form of an onboard message to the operator, a message transmitted to a manager, or an entry in a data log on a server connected to the internet.
  • the BMS may generate such maintenance reminders based on a predetermined maintenance plan, and a comparison with stored usage data.
  • the communication of maintenance information to and from the powered device may occur via wireless, satellite, or local communication modes.
  • the BMS may be configured with a real time clock, and the BMS may be programmed to control the charger in a way that charging only occurs during "off peak” periods, to obtain the greatest economy.
  • the BMS may have the capability to require an operator to enter an authorization code before the powered equipment can be operated.
  • the code may be set and changed either locally or remotely by an individual using a system management code. Such operation and transmittal of data may occur via wireless, satellite, or local communication modes that are known in the art.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention may include a BMS with the capability to receive firmware upgrades through wireless, satellite, or local communication mediums.
  • the BMS may be configured to enter a "sleep" mode which consumes very low power.
  • a BMS according to an embodiment of the present invention may also have a low power "wake-up" sensor that "wakes-up” the BMS (i.e., returns the BMS to a "non-sleep" mode) when certain events take place:
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a schematic view of an "intelligent" BMS system 100A according to an embodiment of the present invention, with elements capable of performing functions described above.
  • the system 100A illustrated in FIG. 1 provides a battery cell charger 102A, connected to individual battery cells 104A connected in series, in a string forming a battery pack, shown generally at 106A.
  • the charger 102A is connected to cell terminals of each cell 104A, such as terminals 108A and 1 1 OA, through a pair of connections, such as connections 1 12A and 1 14A.
  • a BMS 1 16 that, among other functions, has analog to digital converters 129 that monitor the state of charge of the battery pack 106A, and the individual cells 104A.
  • the system 100A may be configured for use with various types of battery powered devices, such as mounted onboard vehicles and mobile equipment, among others.
  • the device (not shown) powered by the battery pack, 106A, whether a vehicle, or item of mobile equipment, or other battery-powered device, is represented by a load 204 on the battery pack 106A. It is to be understood that the embodiments of the present invention, whether or not disclosed herein, may or may not relate to charging batteries used in vehicles, as there are a variety of other applications which are also contemplated.
  • the BMS 1 16 may be configured to include data storage media such as random-access memory 1 17, non-volatile memory 1 18, a real-time clock 1 19, and sleep/wake-up circuitry 121 .
  • a processor 123 of the BMS 1 16 may receive inputs from sensors such as sensor 125 and supplies it to a cell temperature measurement unit 127 that measure the temperature, voltage, and current of individual cells 106A.
  • such data may be communicated to the BMS 1 16 through various types of wired or wireless data connections.
  • load current sensor 200 transmits current data to the BMS 1 16 via data connection or lead 202.
  • the BMS 1 16 provides control data to a load controller 204 in order to prevent individual cells from being drained to a voltage lower than a minimum voltage specification, or from exceeding a maximum temperature specification.
  • an operator control 127 for an operator of the device or equipment powered by the battery pack 106A may receive messages from the BMS processor 123 regarding the state of charge, or other parameters of the cells 102A or battery pack 106A. Based on the content of the message, an operator may issue control signals to the load controller 204 to prevent individual cells 104A from being drained to a voltage lower than a minimum voltage specification, to prevent individual cells 104Afrom exceeding a maximum temperature specification, or for other purposes.
  • the BMS 1 16 may incorporate a port or other connection 120 to provide for local communication and data transfer between BMS 1 16 and an input/output device 122 such as a local display keypad.
  • a user or operator such as a person on board a vehicle (not shown) powered at least in part by the battery pack 106A, can thus view and download data collected and stored by the BMS 1 16. The user or operator can also issue commands or upload other programming, instructions or firmware to the BMS 1 16.
  • Another embodiment of the invention may include a port or other connection 124, to facilitate this type of two-way communication and data transfer between the BMS 1 16 and a portable computer 126.
  • the BMS 1 16 may be connected to a wireless communication medium, for two-way communication with a remote user access point 128, where a remote user, operator, administrator or manager may view and download data collected and stored by the BMS 1 16, and issue commands or upload other programming, instructions or firmware to the BMS 1 16.
  • the BMS may be connected to a wireless communication module 130, which communicates with a wireless transceiver 132 via a wireless communication protocol which may be known in the art, such as, for example, WiFi, WiMax, Bluetooth, or a satellite communication connection protocol.
  • the transceiver 132 may be connected to the remote use access point 128 via the Internet 134.
  • the Internet can also facilitate data transfer to a storage medium on a remote server 136.
  • a GPS module 138 may be connected to the BMS 1 16.
  • the GPS module 138 may provide location data to the BMS 1 16, and may also be configured to wirelessly transmit the location of a vehicle or other piece of mobile equipment in which the BMS 1 16 may be installed.
  • wireless transmittal of location data may be facilitated by satellite link, or via a wireless communication module 130, which is attached to the BMS 1 16, and is described in greater detail, above.
  • a battery charging system and method including a high voltage charger for charging a group or string of series connected battery cells, and a group of individual cell chargers for charging individual ones of the cells.
  • the charging technique includes detecting at least one cell being charged to a predetermined voltage, and then inhibiting the high voltage charger from further charging any of the cells.
  • the individual cell chargers charge individual ones of the cells, except the at least one cell charged to the predetermined voltage.
  • the individual cell chargers continue to charge the individual cells until each one is charged to the predetermined voltage. As each cell reaches that voltage level, its individual cell charger is inhibited from further charging its cell.
  • the individual cell chargers may charge their individual cells at the same time the high voltage charger applies charging current through the series connected cells. Thus, when the high voltage charger becomes inhibited, the individual cell chargers continue to supply charging current to their individual cells.
  • FIG. 3 of the drawings there is illustrated a schematic diagram of a known, prior-art apparatus 1 , configured for charging a string of individual battery cells generally indicated at 2, forming a battery pack connected in series.
  • a BMS 4 monitors the state of charge of each individual cell such as cell 6.
  • the BMS 4 may be of any appropriate type known in the art, such as, for example, the BMS described in U.S. Patent Application No. 12/650,401 , filed December 30, 2009, incorporated herein by reference.
  • a high-voltage charger 8 outputs a voltage appropriate across the entire string of series connected cells 2, and the same charge current flows through each of the cells 6.
  • the BMS 4 has a pair of connections such as connections 10 and 1 1 each cell such as the cell 6, to each of the cell terminals such as cell terminals 12 and 13 of the cell 6, in order to monitor the voltage of the respective cells such as the cell 6.
  • the BMS 4 monitors the voltage of each cell such as the cell 6 and may be configured to terminate the charge current if the voltage of any cell such as the cell 6 reaches a pre-determined upper voltage limit.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 of the drawings there is shown a battery charging system 100 for charging a battery generally indicated at 106 comprised of series connected cells such as a cell 104, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. It should be understood that while only four cells are illustrated in FIG.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart for a method of using the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 4, to charge batteries.
  • the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 4 provides individual cell chargers generally indicated at 102 for each individual cell such as the cell 104 of the string of cells connected in series generally indicated at 106.
  • a BMS 108 monitors the state of charge of the battery 106 and individual cells such as the cell 104.
  • each individual cell charger 102 monitors the voltage of each respective individual cell such as the cell 104, and compares the voltage to a predetermined upper voltage target.
  • the associated individual cell charger 102 continues to inject charging current into the cell 104, until the predetermined upper voltage target is reached. This process may occur concurrently with charging current flowing from a high- voltage charger 1 10 through the series connected cells of the battery 106. Thus a depleted battery 106 may receive current from both the high voltage charger 1 10, and individual cell chargers 102 at the same time. Alternatively, the individual cell chargers 102 may start charging individual cells only after the high-voltage charger 8 is inhibited.
  • the BMS 108 When the voltage of any cell reaches a predetermined upper limit, the BMS 108 turns off or otherwise inhibits the high-voltage charger 1 10 from further charging the whole string of cells. Also the individual cell chargers 102 are turned off or otherwise inhibited from further charging its associated cell such as the cell 104 that has reached the predetermined uppervoltage limit. However, the individual cell chargers 102 for the remaining cells continue to charge their associated cells until they each also reach the upper limit. Thus the individual cell chargers 102 continue charging their associated cells until the voltage of each of the cells reaches the predetermined uppervoltage limit.
  • the high voltage charger 1 10 is typically capable of delivering high charge currents, and thus injects energy into the cells 106 very quickly.
  • the individual cell chargers 102 are capable of providing relatively smaller charge current outputs, in order to improve the efficiency and economy of this embodiment. Since the individual cell chargers 102 are only making up the difference in charge balance between the cells 106, their current delivery rate is adequate to charge their associated cells 106 up to a predetermined upper voltage limit within a reasonable time.
  • the power for the individual cell chargers 102 may be supplied either directly from a power main 1 12, or from the high voltage charger 1 10, depending on the application.
  • the BMS 108 ensures that power is never drawn from the cell string 106 when neither the mains, nor the charger 1 10 is available to power the individual cell chargers 102.
  • the BMS 108 does so using the information provided via the high voltage charger control/feedback line 1 14. This is done because the cell string 106 is incapable of raising its own voltage and may otherwise discharge undesirably.
  • FIG. 5 of the drawings there is illustrated a flowchart 200 describing a method of using the apparatus of the present invention to charge batteries, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is also referred to, in connection with the description of FIG. 5, to illustrate how components of the apparatus may function to carry out the steps of the method.
  • the BMS 108 monitors the state of charge of the battery and individual cells, and controls the operation of the high-voltage charger 1 10 and the individual low-voltage cell chargers 102, as shown by box 204 of the flowchart.
  • the high- voltage charger 1 10 may activate to provide a high-voltage charge current appropriate for all cells, as shown by box 206 of the flowchart.
  • Box 208 of the flowchart of FIG. 4A indicates that, during the charging process, the individual low-voltage cell chargers 102 may activate to provide a low-voltage charge current to respective individual cells 104.
  • Box 210 illustrates that, during the charging process, the BMS 108 continues to monitor the state of charge of the battery and individual cells 104, and control the operation of the high-voltage charger 1 10 and the individual low-voltage cell chargers 102.
  • the voltage of each individual cell 104 is monitored and compared to a predetermined upper voltage limit, as shown in decision box 212. In an embodiment of the invention, if the voltage of any individual cell 104 has not reached or exceeded a predetermined upper voltage limit, the high-voltage charger 1 10 and individual low-voltage chargers 102 continue charging, as shown in box 214, and monitoring of the state of charge of the battery and individual cells 104 continues (box 210).
  • the BMS 108 deactivates the high-voltage charger 1 10, as seen in box 216. In this event, the BMS 108 may also deactivate the individual low-voltage cell charger 102 associated with the one or more cells such as the cell 104 that has reached or exceeded a predeternnined upper voltage limit, as illustrated in box 218.
  • the low-voltage individual chargers 102 associated with a number of cells such as the cell 104 that has not reached the predetermined upper voltage limit continue charging this number of cells.
  • the BMS 108 continues monitoring the state of charge of the battery and the individual cells such as the cell 104, and controlling the high-voltage charger 1 10 and low-voltage individual chargers 102, as shown by box 220.
  • the BMS 108 deactivates the individual charger of the low-voltage individual charger 102 associated with the one at least cell such as the cell that has reached a predetermined upper voltage limit, as shown in box 226 of FIG. 5B.
  • low-voltage charging will continue for the number of cells that has not reached a predetermined upper voltage limit. That is, the one or more low-voltage individual chargers 102 will continue charging the associated at least one cell such as cell 104 that has/have not reached a predetermined upper voltage limit. As long as any one or more cells 104 continue to be charged in this fashion, as seen in decision box 228, the BMS 108 continues monitoring the state of charge of the battery and individual cells such as the cell 104, and continues deactivating the low-voltage individual charger 102 for any cell that reaches a predetermined upper voltage limit.
  • An individual cell charger and method of using it are disclosed.
  • the voltage of each individual battery cell of a series connected cell configuration is measured.
  • a controlled power source charges the cells individually at an initial voltage.
  • the voltage on each individual one of the charged cells is subsequently measured by a battery management system.
  • the voltage of the controlled power source is incrementally increased to charge the cells individually at an incrementally higher voltage.
  • the measuring and charging of each individual cell is repeated until the voltage on at least one of the cells reaches a predetermined voltage. Once the voltage on at least one of the cells reaches a predetermined voltage, the measuring and charging each individual cell continues at substantially the same last incremental voltage.
  • an individual cell charger is provided which is greatly simplified as compared with a conventional approach, partly due to its integration with a Battery Management System, or BMS, resulting in a small, inexpensive component count.
  • BMS Battery Management System
  • a conventional BMS usually has the capability to measure the voltage of each individual cell in a multi-cell battery. Its usual function is to act on the monitored data to avoid over charging or over discharging any of the cells. It is this voltage measuring capability that makes it useful when integrated with the present embodiment of the individual cell charger of the present invention.
  • An embodiment of the invention relates to an individual cell charger, which measures voltage increases on all of the cells and then charges alternating ones of a first set of the cells only. The charger then determines that voltage increases on all cells are within predetermined limits. The charger then switches to alternating ones of a second set of the cells and charges them with a higher charging current. This cycle continues until at least one of these cells has reached the predetermined limit. The one or more cells having reached the predetermined limit are no longer charged, and the remaining cells are continued to be charged at the last charging current. This charging cycle is continued until all of the cells reach the pre-determined limit.
  • the individual cell charger ensures that each cell becomes fully charged during each charge cycle.
  • individual cells could lag behind and never become fully charged. This is particularly true for lithium ion batteries.
  • the battery could be determined to be discharged prematurely due to the lagging cell not being fully charged, even though the remaining cells were not fully discharged and still capable of functioning. Also, such a lagging cell which does not become fully charged during each charge cycle, may require early replacement.
  • an individual cell charger 250 for charging a battery generally indicated at 251 having four cells 252, 254, 256 and 258 which are also designated A, B, C, and D, respectively, and which are connected in series.
  • the battery may comprise 16 cells to provide a 48 V pack.
  • Each cell may be a lithium ion cell with an iron phosphate additive.
  • Such a battery pack may be employed, for example, on a vehicle such as a neighborhood electric vehicle (not shown).
  • a direct current power source 261 supplies current through an H bridge switcher 263 under the control of a switcher control 264 to the primary winding 265 of a transformer 267.
  • the switcher control 264 causes the duty cycle of the switcher 263 to create alternating current flowing through the primary 265 of the transformer 267.
  • a secondary winding 269 of the transformer 267 is connected across a double rail pair of conductors 270 and 271 to provide alternating current to a set of capacitor coupled bridge rectifiers 272, 274, 276 and 278 for supplying rectified current individually to the cells 252, 254, 256 and 258, respectively.
  • a battery management system (BMS) 279 measures the voltage on each cell during a charging operation and can selectively connect charging current to the cells by selectively coupling the charging currentto individual ones of the cells or disconnecting or decoupling the charging current from cells reaching the predetermined voltages.
  • a control signal lead 266 from the BMS 279 to the switcher control 264 causes the switcher 263 to increase or decrease its duty cycle incrementally.
  • the BMS 279 may be similar to the battery management system disclosed in U.S. patent application No. 12/650,401 , filed December 30, 2009, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Each one of the bridge rectifiers such as the bridge rectifier 272 is coupled between the double rail conductors 270 and 271 by capacitors such as a pair of capacitors 281 and 283 for the rectifier 272.
  • the capacitors 281 and 283 are each preferably low effective series resistance capacitors, such as functional polymer electrolytic capacitors.
  • Each one of the bridge rectifiers such as the bridge rectifier 272 includes four diodes such as the diodes 285 through 288 for the bridge rectifier 272.
  • Each bridge rectifier supplies energy to its cell such as the cell 252 (cell A) by a switch such as a switch 289 which are controlled by the battery management system 297 by ON/OFF CONTROL leads such as the lead 303.
  • a pair of small current sense resistors 290 and 291 connect the bridge rectifier 272 to the cell 252.
  • a set of four low pass filters are provided for the four bridge rectifiers.
  • the four low pass filters are similar to one another, and include a low pass filter 292 comprising a capacitor 293, resistor 294 and the resistor 305, for the bridge rectifier 272.
  • the filtered output of bridge rectifier 272 is fed to the BMS 279.
  • the switcher 263 includes a set of four switches 295 through 298 connected in an H bridge configuration.
  • a set of four diodes 299 through 302 are connected individually and are suitably poled across each one of the switches 295 through 298, respectively.
  • the switcher control 264 selectively controls the switcher switches to alternately reverse current flow through the primary 265 of the transformer 267.
  • switches 295 and 297 are activated and the other two switches 296 and 298 are deactivated, current flows from the DC power source 261 through the switch 295, through the primary 265 and the switch 297, and back to the power source 261 . Thereafter, the switches 295 and 297 are switched off for a time, and then later switches 296 and 298 are turned on, to provide the alternating current flow through the winding 265. There will be inductive current in the winding 265 when the switches turn off, and it flows through the diode 302 to the winding 265 and back through the diode 300 to the power source 261 just after switches 295 and 297 turn off.
  • the cells A, B, C, and D represent cells that are discharged and ready to be charged.
  • the "H Bridge" switcher 263 is connected to the DC power source 261 which could alternately be rectified and filtered mains or another DC source (not shown).
  • the switcher 263 drives the primary 265 of transformer Ti, the secondary 269 of which drives the parallel group of capacitor coupled bridge rectifiers, each corresponding to a cell in the series connected battery string.
  • the capacitor coupling provides DC isolation of the winding from the different DC voltage levels of the cells.
  • each bridge rectifier is fed through an off/on switch such as switch 289, and small value current sense resistors such as RA and RB (resistors 290 and 291 , respectively), to its corresponding cell, such as cell A. It is also fed through the low pass filter such as the circuit including resistors R F A, RFB, and capacitor C F A to the cell voltage monitoring terminals of a BMS.
  • an off/on switch such as switch 289
  • small value current sense resistors such as RA and RB (resistors 290 and 291 , respectively)
  • the switcher feeds an AC signal into the primary winding of the transformer Ti , causing an AC output on its secondary.
  • the secondary voltages are AC coupled to the bridge rectifiers such as the rectifier 272 including diodes D A , D B , D c , and D D , causing rectified current such as I to flow through them and through the cells such as cell A, providing it is switched on, thus charging the cell.
  • the disclosed embodiments of the present invention are designed to avoid, or at least greatly reduce this situation.
  • the switcher 263 prior to charging, the switcher 263 is off, and the BMS 279 monitors the voltage of all cells to establish a baseline. It then switches on alternate cells, such as cell A and C and then initiates the switcher 263 at its lowest or initial duty cycle by means of the switch control 264 in response to the control signal from the BMS 279 while monitoring the cells.
  • the BMS 279 determines which, if any of the voltages have increased in voltage. An increase would occur if a current such as flowed from a cell's rectifiers through the small current sense resistors 290 and 291 .
  • the measured voltage, VIM would be the sum of the cell voltage ⁇ plus the voltage drop across the current sense resistors caused by the charge current neglecting the internal cell resistance, which in this case is small by comparison. If the voltage increase is within a preset limit, then therefore the amount of charge current is satisfactory and the process is then repeated. This time an alternate set of cells, such as cells B and D are switched on, and the cells A and C are switched off. It is then determined whether or not the voltage has increased within the preset limit, and the charge current is satisfactory. If in either case the voltage increase exceeds the limit, the BMS 279 concludes that a cell is faulty such as being shorted, and the BMS then stops the charge cycle, and provides a status indication.
  • the BMS 279 increases the switcher duty cycle by one increment to increase the overall current flow, and repeats the above process. It continues to do so until the voltage increase of at least one cell has reached the predetermined limit and therefore its current is at its predetermined limit.. Thereafter, as charging continues at that current level, the voltage on that cell continues to increase until it is close to a voltage on another. At that point, some of the charge current will begin to flow into other cells. Thus, the current in the first cell will start to decline. Subsequent measurements will detect that, and the charge current increases until at least one cell is being charged at its maximum current. This means that the maximum acceptable current is flowing into at least one cell, and no other cells are drawing excessive current.
  • the BMS 279 then turns on all cells, and charges at the last duty cycle setting for a predetermined period of time, preferably 5 seconds. After this charging has occurred, the cell voltages may have increased, so the charging is stopped and the cell voltages are again read to establish a new baseline.
  • the switcher 263 is restarted at the same duty cycle that it left off and voltage increases are again measured in two groups, as before. If the increases are less than the maximum acceptable value, the duty cycle is incremented up again and measurements taken until at least one more cell reaches the maximum. If the increases are above the maximum value the duty cycle is decremented until they are all within the limit.
  • the transformer voltage will be at successively higher values, and current begins to flow into other cells that had higher initial voltages, as well as continuing to flow into the cell or cells that initially had the lowest voltage. This process continues until the baseline voltages of all the cells are at the full charge value whereupon the charging algorithm is complete and charging stops. At this point the cells are also balanced.
  • the voltage increase measurements may be taken with pairs of alternate cells only, on at one time to avoid current flowing into an adjacent cell and causing an error. For example, in FIG. 6, if current I2 flowed through cell B while a voltage increase measurement was being made for cell A, an error would occur since both and I2 would determine the voltage drop across resistor RB instead just h alone.
  • the voltages are measured through a low pass filter to average the voltage pulses caused by switcher current pulses.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un appareil permettant de gérer de manière intelligente un bloc-batteries de multiéléments. Un système de gestion de batterie pouvant être monté à bord d'un véhicule facilite la gestion des batteries, y compris le suivi de l'état de charge du bloc-batteries. Un équipement de communication sans fil facilite les communications entre le système de gestion de batteries et un lieu distant. Un chargeur de batterie commandé par le système de gestion de batteries charge des éléments individuels du bloc-batteries. Un système et un procédé de charge de batterie comprend un chargeur à haute tension destiné à charger un groupe ou une chaîne d'éléments de batterie connectés en série, et un groupe de chargeurs d'éléments individuels permettant de charger des éléments individuels. La technique de charge comprend la détection d'au moins un élément chargé à une tension prédéterminée, puis le fait d'empêcher le chargeur à haute tension de continuer de charger l'un quelconque des éléments. Les chargeurs d'éléments individuels chargent des éléments individuels, sauf l'au moins un élément chargé à la tension prédéterminée. Un chargeur d'éléments individuels et un procédé permettant de l'utiliser sont décrits. La tension de chaque élément de batterie individuel d'une configuration à éléments connectés en série, est mesurée. Une source d'alimentation régulée charge individuellement les éléments à une tension initiale. La tension de chacun des éléments individuels chargés est ensuite mesurée par un système de gestion de batteries. La tension de la source d'alimentation régulée est augmentée de manière incrémentielle afin de charger individuellement les éléments à une tension progressivement plus élevée. La mesure et la charge de chaque élément individuel est répétée jusqu'à ce que la tension sur au moins l'un des éléments atteigne une valeur prédéterminée. Une fois que la tension d'au moins l'un des éléments a atteint une valeur prédéterminée, la mesure et la charge de chaque élément individuel se poursuit à une tension sensiblement égale à la dernière tension incrémentielle.
PCT/US2011/030616 2010-03-30 2011-03-30 Procédé et appareil de gestion de batteries multiéléments WO2011126909A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US31918710P 2010-03-30 2010-03-30
US61/319,187 2010-03-30
US32383510P 2010-04-13 2010-04-13
US61/323,835 2010-04-13
US13/075,152 US20120249055A1 (en) 2011-03-29 2011-03-29 Individual cell charger and method of using same
US13/075,145 US20110248678A1 (en) 2010-04-13 2011-03-29 Intelligent battery management system and method
US13/075,152 2011-03-29
US13/075,137 2011-03-29
US13/075,145 2011-03-29
US13/075,137 US8564246B2 (en) 2010-03-30 2011-03-29 Battery charging system and method

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2011126909A2 true WO2011126909A2 (fr) 2011-10-13
WO2011126909A3 WO2011126909A3 (fr) 2012-02-23

Family

ID=44763507

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2011/030616 WO2011126909A2 (fr) 2010-03-30 2011-03-30 Procédé et appareil de gestion de batteries multiéléments

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2011126909A2 (fr)

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102969755A (zh) * 2012-11-06 2013-03-13 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所 电池组智能管理电路及电池组智能管理系统
CN103376418A (zh) * 2012-04-11 2013-10-30 财团法人船舶暨海洋产业研发中心 高电压电池充电仿真系统及运作方法
WO2014019771A1 (fr) * 2012-08-02 2014-02-06 Robert Bosch Gmbh Dispositif et procédé de surveillance d'une batterie
DE102012219559A1 (de) * 2012-10-25 2014-04-30 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Messung eines Anliegens einer Hochvolt-Spannung und Feststellung der Spannungsfreiheit
WO2014022026A3 (fr) * 2012-08-03 2014-05-01 Chrysler Group Llc Procédé et système de recharge de batterie et de commande de régulation thermique dans des véhicules électriques
TWI462432B (en) * 2012-12-28 2014-11-21 Power management method and apparatus for battery module of electric vehicle
WO2015021998A1 (fr) * 2013-08-15 2015-02-19 Volvo Truck Corporation Procédé et agencement pour équilibrer un système de stockage d'énergie
WO2016009175A1 (fr) * 2014-07-16 2016-01-21 John Hardy Gestion de batterie
EP3070812A1 (fr) * 2015-03-16 2016-09-21 Thunder Power Hong Kong Ltd. Bloc de batterie, station de chargement de batterie et procédé de facturation
US9954260B2 (en) 2015-03-16 2018-04-24 Thunder Power New Energy Vehicle Development Company Limited Battery system with heat exchange device
US10173687B2 (en) 2015-03-16 2019-01-08 Wellen Sham Method for recognizing vehicle driver and determining whether driver can start vehicle
WO2019060665A1 (fr) * 2017-09-22 2019-03-28 Urban Electric Power Inc. Système permettant de charger des cellules assemblées dans une batterie
WO2020136515A1 (fr) * 2018-12-28 2020-07-02 Numocity Technologies Private Limited Système et procédé de surveillance d'un bloc-batterie
US10744845B2 (en) 2015-03-16 2020-08-18 Thunder Power New Energy Vehicle Development Company Limited Battery pack, battery charging station, and charging method
EP3890059A1 (fr) * 2020-03-31 2021-10-06 Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. Système de batterie de véhicule électrique comprenant une horloge en temps réel
US11884182B2 (en) 2020-03-31 2024-01-30 Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. Electric-vehicle battery system including a real time clock

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5969624A (en) * 1995-04-07 1999-10-19 Nippon Soken, Inc, Battery charge control system for a hybrid vehicle driven by an electric motor and an internal combustion engine
JP2002123888A (ja) * 2000-10-13 2002-04-26 Suzuki Motor Corp 充電システム、充電管理システム、充電管理方法及び記憶媒体
US20070188134A1 (en) * 2006-02-16 2007-08-16 Summit Microelectronics, Inc Switching battery charging systems and methods
US20080106234A1 (en) * 2006-11-06 2008-05-08 Changyong Yun Hybrid battery and charging method thereof
US20090143935A1 (en) * 2007-11-30 2009-06-04 Alan Hsu Remote monitoring system for a battery module of an electric vehicle

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5969624A (en) * 1995-04-07 1999-10-19 Nippon Soken, Inc, Battery charge control system for a hybrid vehicle driven by an electric motor and an internal combustion engine
JP2002123888A (ja) * 2000-10-13 2002-04-26 Suzuki Motor Corp 充電システム、充電管理システム、充電管理方法及び記憶媒体
US20070188134A1 (en) * 2006-02-16 2007-08-16 Summit Microelectronics, Inc Switching battery charging systems and methods
US20080106234A1 (en) * 2006-11-06 2008-05-08 Changyong Yun Hybrid battery and charging method thereof
US20090143935A1 (en) * 2007-11-30 2009-06-04 Alan Hsu Remote monitoring system for a battery module of an electric vehicle

Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103376418A (zh) * 2012-04-11 2013-10-30 财团法人船舶暨海洋产业研发中心 高电压电池充电仿真系统及运作方法
WO2014019771A1 (fr) * 2012-08-02 2014-02-06 Robert Bosch Gmbh Dispositif et procédé de surveillance d'une batterie
WO2014022026A3 (fr) * 2012-08-03 2014-05-01 Chrysler Group Llc Procédé et système de recharge de batterie et de commande de régulation thermique dans des véhicules électriques
US8751085B2 (en) 2012-08-03 2014-06-10 Chrysler Group Llc Method and system for battery charging and thermal management control in electrified vehicles
US9714970B2 (en) 2012-10-25 2017-07-25 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Method for measuring the presence of a high-voltage and establishing the absence of voltage
DE102012219559A1 (de) * 2012-10-25 2014-04-30 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Messung eines Anliegens einer Hochvolt-Spannung und Feststellung der Spannungsfreiheit
CN102969755A (zh) * 2012-11-06 2013-03-13 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所 电池组智能管理电路及电池组智能管理系统
TWI462432B (en) * 2012-12-28 2014-11-21 Power management method and apparatus for battery module of electric vehicle
CN105452050A (zh) * 2013-08-15 2016-03-30 沃尔沃卡车集团 用于平衡能量存储系统的方法和装置
EP4194251A1 (fr) * 2013-08-15 2023-06-14 Volvo Truck Corporation Procédé et agencement pour équilibrer un système de stockage d'énergie
WO2015021998A1 (fr) * 2013-08-15 2015-02-19 Volvo Truck Corporation Procédé et agencement pour équilibrer un système de stockage d'énergie
US9937815B2 (en) 2013-08-15 2018-04-10 Volvo Truck Corporation Method and arrangement for balancing an energy storage system
CN105452050B (zh) * 2013-08-15 2018-09-11 沃尔沃卡车集团 用于平衡能量存储系统的方法和装置
US10707686B2 (en) 2014-07-16 2020-07-07 Intercal (Uk) Limited Battery management
CN106537718A (zh) * 2014-07-16 2017-03-22 英特科（英国）有限公司 电池管理
CN106537718B (zh) * 2014-07-16 2020-10-16 英特科（英国）有限公司 电池管理
WO2016009175A1 (fr) * 2014-07-16 2016-01-21 John Hardy Gestion de batterie
US10173687B2 (en) 2015-03-16 2019-01-08 Wellen Sham Method for recognizing vehicle driver and determining whether driver can start vehicle
US10703211B2 (en) 2015-03-16 2020-07-07 Thunder Power New Energy Vehicle Development Company Limited Battery pack, battery charging station, and charging method
US10744845B2 (en) 2015-03-16 2020-08-18 Thunder Power New Energy Vehicle Development Company Limited Battery pack, battery charging station, and charging method
US9954260B2 (en) 2015-03-16 2018-04-24 Thunder Power New Energy Vehicle Development Company Limited Battery system with heat exchange device
EP3070812A1 (fr) * 2015-03-16 2016-09-21 Thunder Power Hong Kong Ltd. Bloc de batterie, station de chargement de batterie et procédé de facturation
WO2019060665A1 (fr) * 2017-09-22 2019-03-28 Urban Electric Power Inc. Système permettant de charger des cellules assemblées dans une batterie
WO2020136515A1 (fr) * 2018-12-28 2020-07-02 Numocity Technologies Private Limited Système et procédé de surveillance d'un bloc-batterie
EP3890059A1 (fr) * 2020-03-31 2021-10-06 Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. Système de batterie de véhicule électrique comprenant une horloge en temps réel
US11884182B2 (en) 2020-03-31 2024-01-30 Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. Electric-vehicle battery system including a real time clock

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2011126909A3 (fr) 2012-02-23

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
WO2011126909A2 (fr) Procédé et appareil de gestion de batteries multiéléments
US10992144B2 (en) Battery balancing and current control with bypass circuit for load switch
US20110248678A1 (en) Intelligent battery management system and method
US20170170449A1 (en) System and method for a dynamically configurable power distribution control and management system
CN109950944B (zh) 便携式电源装置及便携式电源系统
JP5610652B2 (ja) 蓄電器制御回路
CN104079056B (zh) 串联连接的多个电池的直流微电网充放电系统
JP5687368B2 (ja) 二次電池制御システム、二次電池システム
US9297859B2 (en) Battery-state monitoring system
US20120068715A1 (en) Modular energy storage system for driving electric motor
CN102013706A (zh) 电池组
KR101545306B1 (ko) 에너지를 재사용하는 배터리 밸런싱 시스템 및 배터리 밸런싱 방법
CN103069682A (zh) 用于电源蓄电池组的平衡系统及对应负载平衡方法
CN102904311A (zh) 电动汽车电池感知装置、电动汽车电池及充放电方法
US20120249055A1 (en) Individual cell charger and method of using same
KR20190050386A (ko) 배터리 소비전력량 관리 및 수명 관리장치
KR20160098348A (ko) 복수의 배터리들의 잔류 용량들을 추정하는 방법
US20150185291A1 (en) Switched capacitor battery unit monitoring system
US9910094B2 (en) System and method for improving chemical efficiency of a battery in a flow measurement system
CN112103981A (zh) 智能峰谷供电管理系统
RU181344U1 (ru) Зарядно-разрядный модуль (зрм) с системой диагностики акб
KR101923515B1 (ko) 에너지 저장 시스템의 안정화 및 효율적 관리를 위하여 배터리의 상태를 주기적으로 모니터링 및 제어하는 시스템
JP7367289B2 (ja) 無線充電受信器統合型バッテリー管理システムおよび方法
KR101463883B1 (ko) 배터리 뱅크의 온라인 수명 모니터링 방법 및 장치
KR102658935B1 (ko) 다수의 배터리 모듈을 병렬로 적층한 에너지 저장장치의 충전 및 방전 방법

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 11766513

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A2

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 11766513

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A2