WO2011117900A1 - Portable device for detecting drugs in breath - Google Patents
Portable device for detecting drugs in breath Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011117900A1 WO2011117900A1 PCT/IT2011/000078 IT2011000078W WO2011117900A1 WO 2011117900 A1 WO2011117900 A1 WO 2011117900A1 IT 2011000078 W IT2011000078 W IT 2011000078W WO 2011117900 A1 WO2011117900 A1 WO 2011117900A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- exhalation
- analysis
- sample
- electromagnetic
- electromagnetic radiation
- Prior art date
Links
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000000506 psychotropic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 230000002490 cerebral effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 5
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- BQJCRHHNABKAKU-KBQPJGBKSA-N morphine Chemical compound O([C@H]1[C@H](C=C[C@H]23)O)C4=C5[C@@]12CCN(C)[C@@H]3CC5=CC=C4O BQJCRHHNABKAKU-KBQPJGBKSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000017531 blood circulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- VAYOSLLFUXYJDT-RDTXWAMCSA-N Lysergic acid diethylamide Chemical compound C1=CC(C=2[C@H](N(C)C[C@@H](C=2)C(=O)N(CC)CC)C2)=C3C2=CNC3=C1 VAYOSLLFUXYJDT-RDTXWAMCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940125717 barbiturate Drugs 0.000 description 2
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- 150000001557 benzodiazepines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000008499 blood brain barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000001218 blood-brain barrier Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000003169 central nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N cocaine Chemical compound O([C@H]1C[C@@H]2CC[C@@H](N2C)[C@H]1C(=O)OC)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OROGSEYTTFOCAN-DNJOTXNNSA-N codeine Chemical compound C([C@H]1[C@H](N(CC[C@@]112)C)C3)=C[C@H](O)[C@@H]1OC1=C2C3=CC=C1OC OROGSEYTTFOCAN-DNJOTXNNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- OROGSEYTTFOCAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrocodone Natural products C1C(N(CCC234)C)C2C=CC(O)C3OC2=C4C1=CC=C2OC OROGSEYTTFOCAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229950002454 lysergide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- RHCSKNNOAZULRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N mescaline Chemical compound COC1=CC(CCN)=CC(OC)=C1OC RHCSKNNOAZULRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960005181 morphine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- OOBHFESNSZDWIU-GXSJLCMTSA-N (2s,3s)-3-methyl-2-phenylmorpholine Chemical compound C[C@@H]1NCCO[C@H]1C1=CC=CC=C1 OOBHFESNSZDWIU-GXSJLCMTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DIWRORZWFLOCLC-HNNXBMFYSA-N (3s)-7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one Chemical compound N([C@H](C(NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C11)=O)O)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1Cl DIWRORZWFLOCLC-HNNXBMFYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KWTSXDURSIMDCE-QMMMGPOBSA-N (S)-amphetamine Chemical compound C[C@H](N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 KWTSXDURSIMDCE-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- USSIQXCVUWKGNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(CC(C)N(C)C)(C(=O)CC)C1=CC=CC=C1 USSIQXCVUWKGNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930000680 A04AD01 - Scopolamine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229930003347 Atropine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 206010012335 Dependence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- RKUNBYITZUJHSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hyosciamin-hydrochlorid Natural products CN1C(C2)CCC1CC2OC(=O)C(CO)C1=CC=CC=C1 RKUNBYITZUJHSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- STECJAGHUSJQJN-GAUPFVANSA-N Hyoscine Natural products C1([C@H](CO)C(=O)OC2C[C@@H]3N([C@H](C2)[C@@H]2[C@H]3O2)C)=CC=CC=C1 STECJAGHUSJQJN-GAUPFVANSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ketamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(Cl)C=1C1(NC)CCCCC1=O YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZPXSCAKFGYXMGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Mazindol Chemical compound N12CCN=C2C2=CC=CC=C2C1(O)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 ZPXSCAKFGYXMGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XADCESSVHJOZHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Meperidine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C1(C(=O)OCC)CCN(C)CC1 XADCESSVHJOZHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FWJKNZONDWOGMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Metharbital Chemical compound CCC1(CC)C(=O)NC(=O)N(C)C1=O FWJKNZONDWOGMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DUGOZIWVEXMGBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylphenidate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C(=O)OC)C1CCCCN1 DUGOZIWVEXMGBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- STECJAGHUSJQJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methyl-scopolamin Natural products C1C(C2C3O2)N(C)C3CC1OC(=O)C(CO)C1=CC=CC=C1 STECJAGHUSJQJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MFOCDFTXLCYLKU-CMPLNLGQSA-N Phendimetrazine Chemical compound O1CCN(C)[C@@H](C)[C@@H]1C1=CC=CC=C1 MFOCDFTXLCYLKU-CMPLNLGQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000007271 Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- CYQFCXCEBYINGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N THC Natural products C1=C(C)CCC2C(C)(C)OC3=CC(CCCCC)=CC(O)=C3C21 CYQFCXCEBYINGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004847 absorption spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940025084 amphetamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RKUNBYITZUJHSG-SPUOUPEWSA-N atropine Chemical compound O([C@H]1C[C@H]2CC[C@@H](C1)N2C)C(=O)C(CO)C1=CC=CC=C1 RKUNBYITZUJHSG-SPUOUPEWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000396 atropine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003542 behavioural effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960003920 cocaine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004126 codeine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010835 comparative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- CYQFCXCEBYINGO-IAGOWNOFSA-N delta1-THC Chemical compound C1=C(C)CC[C@H]2C(C)(C)OC3=CC(CCCCC)=CC(O)=C3[C@@H]21 CYQFCXCEBYINGO-IAGOWNOFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002405 diagnostic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012631 diagnostic technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- AAOVKJBEBIDNHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N diazepam Chemical compound N=1CC(=O)N(C)C2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1 AAOVKJBEBIDNHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003529 diazepam Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XYYVYLMBEZUESM-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydrocodeine Natural products C1C(N(CCC234)C)C2C=CC(=O)C3OC2=C4C1=CC=C2OC XYYVYLMBEZUESM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004242 dronabinol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 206010013663 drug dependence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960003528 flurazepam Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SAADBVWGJQAEFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N flurazepam Chemical compound N=1CC(=O)N(CCN(CC)CC)C2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1F SAADBVWGJQAEFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000380 hallucinogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 heroine Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- LLPOLZWFYMWNKH-CMKMFDCUSA-N hydrocodone Chemical compound C([C@H]1[C@H](N(CC[C@@]112)C)C3)CC(=O)[C@@H]1OC1=C2C3=CC=C1OC LLPOLZWFYMWNKH-CMKMFDCUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000240 hydrocodone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003326 hypnotic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000147 hypnotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000968 intestinal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960003299 ketamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004391 lorazepam Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 240000004308 marijuana Species 0.000 description 1
- 229960000299 mazindol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ALARQZQTBTVLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N mephobarbital Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=O)N(C)C1=O ALARQZQTBTVLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001797 methadone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960001252 methamphetamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-VIFPVBQESA-N methamphetamine Chemical compound CN[C@@H](C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001344 methylphenidate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003533 narcotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002850 nasal mucosa Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000010082 neurochemical mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003557 neuropsychological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002547 new drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940127240 opiate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940005483 opioid analgesics Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004535 oxazepam Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ADIMAYPTOBDMTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxazepam Chemical compound C12=CC(Cl)=CC=C2NC(=O)C(O)N=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ADIMAYPTOBDMTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000482 pethidine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical compound C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950010883 phencyclidine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000436 phendimetrazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960003209 phenmetrazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002695 phenobarbital Drugs 0.000 description 1
- DDBREPKUVSBGFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenobarbital Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O DDBREPKUVSBGFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002393 primidone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- DQMZLTXERSFNPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N primidone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C1(CC)C(=O)NCNC1=O DQMZLTXERSFNPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008255 psychological mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003368 psychostimulant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- STECJAGHUSJQJN-FWXGHANASA-N scopolamine Chemical compound C1([C@@H](CO)C(=O)O[C@H]2C[C@@H]3N([C@H](C2)[C@@H]2[C@H]3O2)C)=CC=CC=C1 STECJAGHUSJQJN-FWXGHANASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002646 scopolamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000003491 skin Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000011117 substance-related disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000027 toxicology Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- LLPOLZWFYMWNKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-dihydrocodeinone Natural products C1C(N(CCC234)C)C2CCC(=O)C3OC2=C4C1=CC=C2OC LLPOLZWFYMWNKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JOFWLTCLBGQGBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N triazolam Chemical compound C12=CC(Cl)=CC=C2N2C(C)=NN=C2CN=C1C1=CC=CC=C1Cl JOFWLTCLBGQGBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003386 triazolam Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
- G01N33/497—Physical analysis of biological material of gaseous biological material, e.g. breath
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/08—Detecting, measuring or recording devices for evaluating the respiratory organs
- A61B5/083—Measuring rate of metabolism by using breath test, e.g. measuring rate of oxygen consumption
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/27—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands using photo-electric detection ; circuits for computing concentration
- G01N21/274—Calibration, base line adjustment, drift correction
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
- G01N21/3504—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light for analysing gases, e.g. multi-gas analysis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
- G01N2201/02—Mechanical
- G01N2201/022—Casings
- G01N2201/0221—Portable; cableless; compact; hand-held
Definitions
- the present invention concerns the field of diagnostic devices for verifying the presence of drugs and/or psychotropic substances in the human body with a quick and non-invasive technique.
- the present invention concerns a diagnostic device arranged for allowing to verify and in case to measure the presence of said substances, and/or the metabolites deriving there from, in the human body by the examination of the exhalation, i.e. of the air emitted by an individual while breathing out.
- a drug or a psychotropic substance is a substance that may generate a condition of toxicomania or drug addiction.
- Toxomania means an uncontrollable impulse in an individual towards taking drugs due to psychological, neuropsychological or environmental conditions; whereas drug addition means a status in which the individual becomes a passive victim of behavioural modifications (with neurochemical or psychological mechanisms) induced by the drug.
- Narcotic painkiller a number of molecules belong to this group, characterized in their connection - in the central nervous system - with particular receptors called "receptors for opioids". The most representative elements for this group are morphine, codeine, heroine, hydrocodone, methadone and meperidine.
- Alcohol, hypnotics and anxyolitics even though, from a chemical point of view, they are heterogeneous substances, the elements of this group have a typical crossed addiction, i.e. each element of the group may ease withdrawal symptoms that may follow the interruption of another one.
- the main elements of this group are barbiturates and benzodiazepines.
- the barbiturates the most important are phenobarbital, metilfenobarbital, methabarbital, and primidone.
- benzodiazepines diazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, triazolam, clordiazeposside, oxazepam should be mentioned.
- Psychostimulants cocaine, amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine), phenmetrazine, phendimetrazine, methylphenidate and mazindol.
- Hallucinogens and raving substances among the most important are lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline and Indian cannabis' derivates (tetrahydrocannabinol), phencyclidine, ketamine, atropine and scopolamine.
- Equipments are already known for examining the exhalation of an individual, for example for verifying the alcohol level in his blood.
- Such equipments mainly comprise a movable container, interchangeable means for introducing the exhalation, power supply means, test means based on the principle of the exhalation analysis, and means for the display of the results found.
- the need is known to verify drug and/or psychotropic substances taking by individuals having responsibility duties and jobs, e.g. drivers in private or business cars, so as to prevent dangerous situations caused by drivers in an evident disordered state of mind.
- the need is known to verify the consumption of said substances by personnel with functions requesting absolute reliability, like e.g.:
- Special ambient situations may further require sample tests on participants to mass events like sports events, political events, concerts, performances and other events.
- the diagnostic techniques commonly used for verifying the presence of drugs and/or psychotropic substances in the human body schedule a test of blood, skin or urine samples, duly taken from the individual to be checked.
- a drug and/or a psychotropic substance may reach said cerebral tissues through different kinds of consumption:
- the diffusion of said drugs and/or psychotropic substances in the central nervous system occurs by passive diffusion through the blood-brain barrier, i.e. the organic barrier that separates the capillaries from the cerebral tissues.
- said blood-brain barrier is structurally similar to the blood-alveolar barrier, once a sufficient concentration gradient has been obtained, the same substances passively diffusing through said barrier will indifferently diffuse also through the other one.
- concentration of a drug and/or psychotropic substance is higher in the alveolar capillaries than in the cavities of the lung alveoli, a passive diffusion of said substance will occur from the blood to the air contained in said alveoli.
- US patent 4,067,320 (Olsson Sven-Gunnar, Rolf Castor, Gabriel Tchang) shows a second possibility for realizing a system for adjusting the composition of the gas mixture given to patients in intensive care, on the base of the air composition expired by said patient.
- a diagnostic device for verifying and also measuring the presence of drugs and/or psychotropic substances in the human body and/or of the metabolites deriving there from, comprising:
- said processing unit is capable of managing the results so as to recognize the different typologies of the substances taken, as well as the amounts of the substances taken and the time passed since the consumption.
- the device may be provided with a system for measuring the attenuation of the electromagnetic radiation generated by the special emission source, such as to integrate, or to completely replace, the functions of said spectrographic equipment.
- the device according to the present invention has many and important advantages, due to the choice of techniques based on the use of electromagnetic radiation absorption spectroscopy:
- figure 1 shows, in a block scheme, the components and the working principle of the device
- figure 2 shows the absorption spectrum of a drug.
- the device according to the present invention consists of:
- a light guide optical system 4 arranged for focusing the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the exhalation sample in a light guide, so that it may be detectable by a special spectrographic equipment, after said electromagnetic radiations have crossed the sample exhalation contained in the collection ampulla 1;
- spectrographic device 5 comprising a monochromator 6, having the functions of a high definition spectrograph, and/or an electromagnetic radiation detector 7, arranged for the captation of the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the exhalation sample, or only of some specific frequencies of the same;
- a normalization device 8 arranged for making said absorption spectrum independent from the absoluteintensity of the incident electromagnetic radiation
- processing unit 9 arranged for the comparative or differential analysis of the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the exhalation sample with the absorption spectra of suitable reference exhalations, capable of working out from said analysis the presence of a particular substance and, in a more complex variant of the device, the exact type of the substances taken, as well as the amounts thereof and the time passed since the consumption thereof;
- the spectrographic device 5 will be capable to perform an infrared spectrograph analysis IR, obtaining an absorption spectrum like the one shown in figure 2, relating to morphine.
- the device may be equippedaccordingly, with a spectrographic device 5 capable of working with other wavelengths, e.g. in the ultraviolet or visible field,
- the device may be provided with a device 14 for measuring the attenuation of the electromagnetic radiation generated by the special emission source 3, so as to complete, or replace, the functions of said spectrographic device 5.
- the exhalation of the individual to be tested is blown into the collection ampulla 1 through a single-use mouthpiece 2 or similar means, and irradiated with an electromagnetic radiation, of a known spectral radiance, generated by at least one special emission source 3.
- Said electromagnetic radiation is received and focalized by a light guide optical system 4, in a light guide connected to a spectrographic device 5, comprising a monochromator 6, with the functions of a high definition spectrograph, and/or an electromagnetic radiation detector 7, such as to allow verifying the presence of prospective drugs and/or psychotropic substances, and/or of the metabolites deriving there from in the sample exhalation, by pointing out the specific spectral frequencies absorbed by said substances when they are crossed, in their gaseous state, by an electromagnetic radiation with a known spectral radiance.
- the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the sample exhalation is first made independent from the absolute intensity of the incident electromagnetic radiation, by means of a specific normalization device 8, and further transmitted to a processing unit 9 arranged for the comparative analysis of said sample exhalation with the absorption spectra of special reference exhalations.
- Said reference exhalations are stored, in a digital format manageable by said processing unit 9, in special updatable memory supports 10, associateed with said unit.
- said processing unit 9 further analyses the absorption spectrum of the sample exhalation, so as to determine the amount of the specific substance found and the time passed since its consumption, by comparing the concentration levels of the metabolites deriving there from.
- the results of the analysis on the sample exhalation will be displayed, or printed onto a relevant support, by means of analog and/or digital output peripherals 11 , integrated in the device or to be connected to the same.
- the device may provide the contemporary use of a plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources with the same spectral band and width, so as to accelerate the taking over of the absorption spectrum of the sample exhalation, or of a plurality of electromagnetic radiation emissions having different spectral bands and width for contemporarily testing said sample exhalation on different frequencies, thus determining a proportional increase of the possibilities of finding prospective drugs and/or psychotropic substances in the same.
- the device according to the present invention may be easily updated for recognizing new drugs and/or psychotropic substances on the market, by inserting electromagnetic absorption spectra of more reference exhalations, comprising said substances, in memory supports 10, associated with processing unit 9.
- the processing unit 9 will indicate only the presence of drugs and/or psychotropic substances in the exhalation contained in the collection ampulla 1, without determining type, amount or consumption times thereof, by means of a simple differential analysis between the electromagnetic adsorption spectrum of said sample exhalation and the absorption spectrum of a reference exhalation without any modifying substances, suitably stored in the memory supports 10 associated with said processing unit 9.
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Pathology (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Obesity (AREA)
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- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
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- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
Abstract
A diagnostic device for verifying and also measuring the presence of drugs and/or psychotropic substances in the human body and/or of the metabolites deriving there from, by means of the analysis of the exhalation with the electromagnetic radiation absorption spectrograph technique, comprising: - an ampulla (1) for collecting the sample exhalation, with single-use mouthpieces (2) or similar means; - one electromagnetic radiation emission source (3); - a system (5) for the captation, analysis and taking over of the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the sample exhalation, or only of some specific frequencies of the same; - a processing unit (8, 9) for the comparative or differential analysis of the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the exhalation sample, with the absorption spectra of special reference exhalations, for working out from said analysis the presence of drugs and/or psychotropic substances, and/or of the metabolites deriving there from, in the body of the individual to be tested, and/or the different kinds of substances taken, as well as the amounts thereof and the time passed since their consumption; - updatable memory supports (10), containing the absorption spectra of said reference exhalations; - output peripherals (11), arranged for the display of the results of the analysis performed on the sample exhalation, and in case for recording the same onto a relevant support.
Description
PORTABLE DEVICE FOR DETECTING DRUGS IN BREATH
The present invention concerns the field of diagnostic devices for verifying the presence of drugs and/or psychotropic substances in the human body with a quick and non-invasive technique.
More in detail, the present invention concerns a diagnostic device arranged for allowing to verify and in case to measure the presence of said substances, and/or the metabolites deriving there from, in the human body by the examination of the exhalation, i.e. of the air emitted by an individual while breathing out.
According to the present invention, a drug or a psychotropic substance is a substance that may generate a condition of toxicomania or drug addiction. Toxomania means an uncontrollable impulse in an individual towards taking drugs due to psychological, neuropsychological or environmental conditions; whereas drug addition means a status in which the individual becomes a passive victim of behavioural modifications (with neurochemical or psychological mechanisms) induced by the drug.
Herein below, the main groups of drugs are listed, by way of non-limiting example, that may be recognized by the device according to the present invention.
Narcotic painkiller (opiates): a number of molecules belong to this group, characterized in their connection - in the central nervous system - with particular receptors called "receptors for opioids". The most representative elements for this group are morphine, codeine, heroine, hydrocodone,
methadone and meperidine.
Alcohol, hypnotics and anxyolitics: even though, from a chemical point of view, they are heterogeneous substances, the elements of this group have a typical crossed addiction, i.e. each element of the group may ease withdrawal symptoms that may follow the interruption of another one. Beyond ethanol, the main elements of this group are barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Among the barbiturates, the most important are phenobarbital, metilfenobarbital, methabarbital, and primidone. Among benzodiazepines, diazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, triazolam, clordiazeposside, oxazepam should be mentioned.
Psychostimulants: cocaine, amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine), phenmetrazine, phendimetrazine, methylphenidate and mazindol.
Hallucinogens and raving substances: among the most important are lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline and Indian cannabis' derivates (tetrahydrocannabinol), phencyclidine, ketamine, atropine and scopolamine.
Equipments are already known for examining the exhalation of an individual, for example for verifying the alcohol level in his blood. Such equipments mainly comprise a movable container, interchangeable means for introducing the exhalation, power supply means, test means based on the principle of the exhalation analysis, and means for the display of the results found.
The need is known to verify drug and/or psychotropic substances taking by individuals having responsibility duties and jobs, e.g. drivers in private or business cars, so as to prevent dangerous situations caused by drivers in an evident disordered state of mind.
Likewise, the need is known to verify the consumption of said substances by personnel with functions requesting absolute reliability, like e.g.:
- driving civil or military transport means like airplanes, ships or trains;
- the use of potentially dangerous civil or military machines;
- the participation in civil or military operative tasks, in general.
Special ambient situations may further require sample tests on participants to mass events like sports events, political events, concerts, performances and other events.
The diagnostic techniques commonly used for verifying the presence of drugs and/or psychotropic substances in the human body schedule a test of blood, skin or urine samples, duly taken from the individual to be checked.
These techniques' drawback is that they require long execution times which are incompatible with the need of quickly performing said tests or mass sample tests.
As it is known, according to the fundamental principles of toxicology, whichever drug and/or psychotropic substance introduced into the human body orally or parenterally, without distinction, must reach the cerebral tissues and unleash its effects.
A drug and/or a psychotropic substance may reach said cerebral tissues through different kinds of consumption:
- intravenously, reaching the cerebral tissues directly through the circulatory system;
- alveolarly, reaching the cerebral tissues by means of the blood flow, passing through the blood-alveolar barrier, i.e. the organic barrier that separates the lung alveoli from the capillaries;
- orally, reaching the cerebral tissues by means of the blood flow, passing through the intestinal tissues;
- by transmucosal way, reaching the cerebral tissues by means of the blood flow, passing through the nasal mucosa.
Apart from the way of consumption, the diffusion of said drugs and/or psychotropic substances in the central nervous system occurs by passive diffusion through the blood-brain barrier, i.e. the organic barrier that separates the capillaries from the cerebral tissues.
Once it has been acknowledged that said blood-brain barrier is structurally similar to the blood-alveolar barrier, once a sufficient concentration gradient has been obtained, the same substances passively diffusing through said barrier will indifferently diffuse also through the other one. When the concentration of a drug and/or psychotropic substance is higher in the alveolar capillaries than in the cavities of the lung alveoli, a passive diffusion of said substance will occur from the blood to the air contained in said alveoli.
Such substance will be expulsed by the human body through the exhalation while breathing and therefore it can be identified by means of an adequate exhalation analysys.
The exhalation analysys has been suggested in other diagnostic applications of very different kind, even if with different methods.
US patent 6,599,253 B1 (Baum Marc M. and Harry C. Lord) shows the use of the exhalation analysys for calculating the heart rate range. Besides the different application field, the method differs from the present invention in other substantial aspects, like the need for the individual to be tested to inhale, before the test, a known mixture of gases.
US patent 4,067,320 (Olsson Sven-Gunnar, Rolf Castor, Gabriel Tchang)
shows a second possibility for realizing a system for adjusting the composition of the gas mixture given to patients in intensive care, on the base of the air composition expired by said patient.
It is the aim of the present invention to overcome the limits of the known invasive methods used for verifying the presence of drugs and/or psychotropic substances in the human body, by means of the realization of a device arranged for allowing to quickly verify and, in case, to measure said substances and/or the metabolites deriving there from, by means of the exhalation analysys.
The aim set forth is reached by means of a diagnostic device for verifying and also measuring the presence of drugs and/or psychotropic substances in the human body and/or of the metabolites deriving there from, comprising:
- a movable container;
- interchangeable means for introducing the exhalation of a person being tested;
- power supply means;
- analog and/or digital output peripherals provided for the display of the results of the analysis performed on the exhalation sample, and in case for recording the same onto a relevant support,
characterized in that it comprises:
- an ampulla for collecting the exhalation;
- at least one electromagnetic radiation source;
- a device for the captation, analysis and taking over of the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the exhalation sample being analyzed, or only of some specific frequencies of the same;
- reprogrammable memory supports containing reference exhalation
absorption spectra;
- a processing unit for the comparative or differential analysis of the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the exhalation sample being tested with the absorption spectra of said reference exhalations, capable of working out from said analysis the presence of drugs and/or psychotropic substances, and/or of the metabolites deriving there from, in the body of the person being tested.
According to a more complex variant of the present invention, said processing unit is capable of managing the results so as to recognize the different typologies of the substances taken, as well as the amounts of the substances taken and the time passed since the consumption.
Furthermore, according to a further aspect of the present invention, the device may be provided with a system for measuring the attenuation of the electromagnetic radiation generated by the special emission source, such as to integrate, or to completely replace, the functions of said spectrographic equipment.
The device according to the present invention has many and important advantages, due to the choice of techniques based on the use of electromagnetic radiation absorption spectroscopy:
- through the exhalation analysis, it allows the performance of quick and non invasive test, which may be easily read also by non specialized personnel;
- it is easy to be transported due to its small dimensions, and it may be used in open air and in public places;
- it is easy to update by means of the insertion of new absorption spectra of reference exhalations in the memory support, so as to allow the identification of new kinds of drugs and/or psychotropic
substances on the market;
- it may be given to medical laboratories as a replacement, or a complement, to the known and used diagnostic methods;
- it may be given to civil or military authorities as an equipment for performing quick tests or mass sample controls.
Further features and advantages of the device according to the present invention will be described more in detail hereinbelow relating to the enclosed drawings in which a preferred embodiment is shown, by way of non-limiting example, wherein:
figure 1 shows, in a block scheme, the components and the working principle of the device;
figure 2 shows the absorption spectrum of a drug.
As concerns figure 1 , the device according to the present invention consists of:
- an ampulla 1 for collecting the exhalation, blown into the same by the person to be tested by means of single-use interchangeable mouthpieces 2, or similar means ;
- at least one electromagnetic radiation source 3;
- a light guide optical system 4, arranged for focusing the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the exhalation sample in a light guide, so that it may be detectable by a special spectrographic equipment, after said electromagnetic radiations have crossed the sample exhalation contained in the collection ampulla 1;
- a spectrographic device 5, comprising a monochromator 6, having the functions of a high definition spectrograph, and/or an electromagnetic radiation detector 7, arranged for the captation of the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the exhalation sample,
or only of some specific frequencies of the same;
- a normalization device 8, arranged for making said absorption spectrum independent from the absoluteintensity of the incident electromagnetic radiation;
- a processing unit 9 arranged for the comparative or differential analysis of the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the exhalation sample with the absorption spectra of suitable reference exhalations, capable of working out from said analysis the presence of a particular substance and, in a more complex variant of the device, the exact type of the substances taken, as well as the amounts thereof and the time passed since the consumption thereof;
- updatable memory supports 10, associated with said processing unit 9 containing the absorption spectra of said reference exhalations, in a digital format manageable by said unit;
- analog and/or digital output peripherals 11 , integrated in the device or connectable to the same, arranged for displaying the results of the analysis performed on the exhalation sample and in case for recording the same onto a suitable support.
In particular, the spectrographic device 5 will be capable to perform an infrared spectrograph analysis IR, obtaining an absorption spectrum like the one shown in figure 2, relating to morphine.
If the spectra of the drugs or psychotropic substances to be verified are not comprised in the infrared band, the device may be equippedaccordingly, with a spectrographic device 5 capable of working with other wavelengths, e.g. in the ultraviolet or visible field,
besides, the above mentioned elements are housed in a suitable movable
container 12 ad appropriately fed by power supply means 13.
Furthermore, the device may be provided with a device 14 for measuring the attenuation of the electromagnetic radiation generated by the special emission source 3, so as to complete, or replace, the functions of said spectrographic device 5.
According to the present invention, the exhalation of the individual to be tested is blown into the collection ampulla 1 through a single-use mouthpiece 2 or similar means, and irradiated with an electromagnetic radiation, of a known spectral radiance, generated by at least one special emission source 3.
Said electromagnetic radiation is received and focalized by a light guide optical system 4, in a light guide connected to a spectrographic device 5, comprising a monochromator 6, with the functions of a high definition spectrograph, and/or an electromagnetic radiation detector 7, such as to allow verifying the presence of prospective drugs and/or psychotropic substances, and/or of the metabolites deriving there from in the sample exhalation, by pointing out the specific spectral frequencies absorbed by said substances when they are crossed, in their gaseous state, by an electromagnetic radiation with a known spectral radiance.
The electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the sample exhalation is first made independent from the absolute intensity of the incident electromagnetic radiation, by means of a specific normalization device 8, and further transmitted to a processing unit 9 arranged for the comparative analysis of said sample exhalation with the absorption spectra of special reference exhalations.
Said reference exhalations, different from each other according to the different types of known drugs and/or psychotropic substances, are stored,
in a digital format manageable by said processing unit 9, in special updatable memory supports 10, asociated with said unit.
In the more complex variant of the device, following a positive comparison, said processing unit 9 further analyses the absorption spectrum of the sample exhalation, so as to determine the amount of the specific substance found and the time passed since its consumption, by comparing the concentration levels of the metabolites deriving there from.
The results of the analysis on the sample exhalation will be displayed, or printed onto a relevant support, by means of analog and/or digital output peripherals 11 , integrated in the device or to be connected to the same. The device may provide the contemporary use of a plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources with the same spectral band and width, so as to accelerate the taking over of the absorption spectrum of the sample exhalation, or of a plurality of electromagnetic radiation emissions having different spectral bands and width for contemporarily testing said sample exhalation on different frequencies, thus determining a proportional increase of the possibilities of finding prospective drugs and/or psychotropic substances in the same.
Furthermore, the device according to the present invention may be easily updated for recognizing new drugs and/or psychotropic substances on the market, by inserting electromagnetic absorption spectra of more reference exhalations, comprising said substances, in memory supports 10, associated with processing unit 9.
In a possible, simplified embodiment of the device, the processing unit 9 will indicate only the presence of drugs and/or psychotropic substances in the exhalation contained in the collection ampulla 1, without determining type, amount or consumption times thereof, by means of a simple
differential analysis between the electromagnetic adsorption spectrum of said sample exhalation and the absorption spectrum of a reference exhalation without any modifying substances, suitably stored in the memory supports 10 associated with said processing unit 9.
Claims
A diagnostic device for verifying and also measuring the presence of drugs and/or psychotropic substances in the human body and/or of the metabolites deriving there from, comprising:
- a movable container (12);
- interchangeable means
(2) for introducing the exhalation of a person being tested;
- power supply means (13);
- analog and/or digital output peripherals (11) provided for the display of the results of the analysis performed on the exhalation sample, and in case for recording the same onto a relevant support, characterized in that it comprises:
- an ampulla (1) for collecting the exhalation;
- at least one electromagnetic radiation source (3);
- a device (5, 6, 7) for the captation, analysis and taking over of the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the exhalation sample being analyzed, or only of some specific frequencies of the same;
- reprogrammable memory supports (10) containing reference exhalation absorption spectra;
- a processing unit (8, 9) for the comparative or differential analysis of the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the exhalation sample being tested with the absorption spectra of said reference exhalations, capable of working out from said analysis the presence of drugs and/or psychotropic substances, and/or of the metabolites deriving there from, in the body of the person being tested.
A diagnostic device according to claim 1 , characterized in that it comprises a plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources (3), working
on the same spectral radiance or on different spectral radiances.
3. A diagnostic device according to claim 1 , characterized in that the spectrograph ic device (5) is associated with an optical light guide system (4) arranged for focusing the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the exhalation sample.
4. A diagnostic device according to claim 1 , characterized in that the spectrograph ic device (5) comprises a monochromator (6) working as a high definition spectrograph, and/or an electromagnetic radiation detector (7).
5. A diagnostic device according to claim 1 , characterized in that the spectrographic device (5) is associated with a device (8) for the normalization of the electromagnetic absorption spectrum of the exhalation sample.
6. A diagnostic device according to claim 1 , characterized in that the spectrographic device (5) may be replaced by or completed with a device (14) for measuring the attenuation of the electromagnetic radiation generated by its emission source (3).
7. A diagnostic device according to claim 1 , characterized in that the analog and/or digital output peripherals (11) are integrated in the device or connected to the same.
8. A diagnostic device according to claim 1 , characterized in that the components of said device are assembled inside a movable container (12).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ITRO20100125 | 2010-03-22 | ||
| ITRO2010A000125 | 2010-03-22 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2011117900A1 true WO2011117900A1 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
Family
ID=44672511
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IT2011/000078 WO2011117900A1 (en) | 2010-03-22 | 2011-03-18 | Portable device for detecting drugs in breath |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
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| WO (1) | WO2011117900A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3164693A4 (en) * | 2014-08-27 | 2018-07-25 | Lifeloc Technologies, Inc. | Spectral signature drug detection |
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| US4067320A (en) | 1975-05-06 | 1978-01-10 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Arrangement for drift compensation in a gas analyzer |
| US6599253B1 (en) | 2001-06-25 | 2003-07-29 | Oak Crest Institute Of Science | Non-invasive, miniature, breath monitoring apparatus |
| US20080061238A1 (en) * | 2006-09-13 | 2008-03-13 | Bertil Hok | Breath analyzer |
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2011
- 2011-03-18 WO PCT/IT2011/000078 patent/WO2011117900A1/en active Application Filing
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3649199A (en) * | 1970-03-26 | 1972-03-14 | Varian Associates | Method for detecting trace quantities of an organic drug material in a living animal |
| US4067320A (en) | 1975-05-06 | 1978-01-10 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Arrangement for drift compensation in a gas analyzer |
| US6599253B1 (en) | 2001-06-25 | 2003-07-29 | Oak Crest Institute Of Science | Non-invasive, miniature, breath monitoring apparatus |
| US20080061238A1 (en) * | 2006-09-13 | 2008-03-13 | Bertil Hok | Breath analyzer |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3164693A4 (en) * | 2014-08-27 | 2018-07-25 | Lifeloc Technologies, Inc. | Spectral signature drug detection |
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