WO2011113942A2 - Procédé pour la prédiction de la sensibilité à une chimiothérapie - Google Patents

Procédé pour la prédiction de la sensibilité à une chimiothérapie Download PDF

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WO2011113942A2
WO2011113942A2 PCT/EP2011/054158 EP2011054158W WO2011113942A2 WO 2011113942 A2 WO2011113942 A2 WO 2011113942A2 EP 2011054158 W EP2011054158 W EP 2011054158W WO 2011113942 A2 WO2011113942 A2 WO 2011113942A2
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pcna
leukemia
proportion
individual
leukemic cells
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PCT/EP2011/054158
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WO2011113942A3 (fr
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Véronique WITKO-SARSAT
Didier Bouscary
Magali Pederzoli-Ribeil
Olivier Hermine
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Institut National De La Sante Et De La Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
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Priority to US13/635,448 priority Critical patent/US20130190251A1/en
Priority to JP2012557565A priority patent/JP2013522613A/ja
Priority to EP11709129A priority patent/EP2548027A2/fr
Publication of WO2011113942A2 publication Critical patent/WO2011113942A2/fr
Publication of WO2011113942A3 publication Critical patent/WO2011113942A3/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7028—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages
    • A61K31/7034—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin
    • A61K31/704—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin attached to a condensed carbocyclic ring system, e.g. sennosides, thiocolchicosides, escin, daunorubicin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7088—Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
    • A61K31/713—Double-stranded nucleic acids or oligonucleotides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/10—Peptides having 12 to 20 amino acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/574—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer
    • G01N33/57407—Specifically defined cancers
    • G01N33/57426—Specifically defined cancers leukemia
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
    • G01N2333/46—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • G01N2333/47—Assays involving proteins of known structure or function as defined in the subgroups
    • G01N2333/4701—Details
    • G01N2333/4739—Cyclin; Prad 1
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/52—Predicting or monitoring the response to treatment, e.g. for selection of therapy based on assay results in personalised medicine; Prognosis

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns a method for predicting the responsiveness of an individual suffering from leukemia to a chemotherapeutic drug.
  • this method comprises determining the proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA in a biological sample of the individual.
  • the present invention also relates to a tyrosine kinase inhibitor for use for the treatment of an individual suffering from leukemia and having a proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA in a biological sample lower than a predetermined threshold.
  • the invention also pertains to a method for diagnosing whether an individual suffers, or is at risk of suffering, from leukemia.
  • AML Acute myelocytic leukemia
  • AML acute myelocytic leukemia
  • CML Chronic myelocytic leukemia
  • CML chronic myelocytic leukemias
  • CML chronic myelocytic leukemias
  • Imatinib mesilate commercially available as Gleevec®
  • Gleevec® specifically targets this kinase and is successfully used as a drug.
  • resistance to imatinib mesilate treatment may occur in 5% to 10% of the cases.
  • this treatment can only cure less than 10% of the patients because removal of the treatment leads to relapse.
  • PCNA has long been believed to be a nuclear protein, having a crucial role in DNA replication and repair in proliferating cells only.
  • PCNA as a marker of responsiveness to anti-leukemia treatment has not been investigated.
  • the cellular localization of PCNA in cells from patients suffering from leukemia has not been investigated, either.
  • PCNA in neutrophils, PCNA localizes exclusively in the cytoplasm, due to a relocalization occurring during myeloid differentiation. Moreover, they have shown that in neutrophils, cytosolic PCNA levels change in parallel with cellular survival rate. More specifically, cytosolic PCNA levels decrease during apoptosis and increase during in vitro or in vivo exposure to the survival factor G-CSF. Therefore, cytoplasmic PCNA acts as a cell cycle-independent regulator of neutrophil lifespan. In addition, they have shown that in a healthy person, PCNA is nuclear before granulocytic differentiation in myeloid precursors, and becomes exclusively cytoplasmic at the end of differentiation in mature neutrophils. Moreover, the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport depends on a sequence of nuclear export.
  • cytoplasmic PCNA can be detected in promyelocytes isolated from the bone marrow of patients suffering from myelocytic leukemia, in contrast to what is observed in bone marrow promyelocytes isolated from a healthy subject. In other terms, an aberrant localization of PCNA is observed in patients suffering from AML.
  • PCNA myeloid leukemic cell lines
  • myeloid leukemic cell lines e.g. UT7, HL60
  • PCNA is expressed in the cytoplasm.
  • the level of cytoplasmic PCNA is increased in myeloid leukemic cell lines resistant to treatments (e.g. UT7 resistant to doxorubicine) in comparison with susceptible cell lines.
  • some myeloid precursors display cytoplasmic PCNA, whereas precursors from normal bone marrow only bear nuclear PCNA.
  • the K562 cell line is derived from a CML and is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome and by the expression of the Bcr-Abl fusion protein.
  • the inventors have shown that the expression of cytoplasmic PCNA was increased in this cell line, which is resistant to doxorubicin and imatinib mesilate.
  • a similar observation has been made in the myeloid cell line UT7-9 stably transfected with Bcr-Abl. Therefore, PCNA can be considered as a prognostic marker of resistance to imatinib mesilate in CML.
  • cytoplasmic PCNA is associated with a decreased susceptibility to apoptosis and increased drug resistance in myeloid leukemic cells. Therefore, in the case of AML, cytoplasmic PCNA can be considered as a prognostic marker of the responsiveness to treatment that may help in making a decision towards a transplant. If the patient is likely to respond to a treatment by chemotherapy (low levels of cytoplasmic PCNA), then such treatment may be administrated to him/her. To the contrary, if the patient is likely not to respond to a treatment by chemotherapy (high levels of cytoplasmic PCNA), then the patient may need a transplant.
  • the present invention pertains to a method for predicting the responsiveness of an individual suffering from leukemia to a chemotherapeutic drug, said method comprising determining the proportion and/or percentage of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA in a biological sample of the individual.
  • PCNA refers to the human Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen protein.
  • PCNA refers to a protein of sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 .
  • this term also encompasses allelic variants and splice variants of the protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 .
  • the PCNA protein is a cytoplasmic PCNA, most preferably a cytoplasmic PCNA found in myeloblasts or promyelocytes.
  • leukemia refers to a cancer of the white blood cells involving bone marrow, circulating white blood cells, and organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes. As used herein, this term both encompasses acute leukemia (which consist of predominantly immature, poorly differentiated cells - usually blast forms), chronic leukemia (which involve more mature cells), and the myelodysplastic syndrome.
  • Leukemia can be subdivided into two groups, according to which kind of blood cell is affected. Lymphocytic leukemia involves leukemic cells belonging to the lymphoid lineage, whereas myelocytic leukemia involves leukemic cells belonging to the myeloid lineage.
  • the leukemia according to the invention is a myelocytic leukemia, e.g. an acute myelocytic leukemia or a chronic myelocytic leukemia.
  • leukemic cells In leukemia, white blood cells (also called leukocytes) display unregulated growth and proliferation and lack of differentiation, due to loss of normal controls. Such cells are referred to as "leukemic cells". Leukemic cells are precursor cells of the myeloid lineage (which differentiate in granulocytes, monocytes and dendritic cells) such as myeloblasts, promyelocytes and promonocytes, or precursor cells of the lymphoid lineage (which differentiate in lymphocytes, natural killers and dendritic cells) such as lymphoblasts and prolymphocytes. Preferably, the expression “leukemic cells” refers to myeloblasts or promyelocytes.
  • Leukemia may be treated with different kinds of treatments well-known by the skilled in the art, among which chemotherapy.
  • Chemotherapy is a treatment based on the use of biochemical agents (e.g. chemical molecules, antibodies, polypeptides, polynucleotides, etc.), which are referred to as "chemotherapeutic drugs".
  • chemotherapeutic drugs used for the treatment of cancers include for example antineoplastic drugs selected from the group consisting of an alkaloid, an alkylating agent, an antimetabolite (e.g. a nucleoside analog), an antibiotic, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a topoisomerase inhibitor, a monoclonal antibody, a biological response modifier (IFN) and a corticosteroid.
  • antineoplastic drugs selected from the group consisting of an alkaloid, an alkylating agent, an antimetabolite (e.g. a nucleoside analog), an antibiotic, a tyrosine kinase
  • chemotherapeutic drugs commonly used for the treatment of myelocytic leukemia include alkaloids such as vincristine, alkylating agents such as busulfan, antimetabolites such as cytarabine, 6-thioguanine and hydroxyurea, antibiotics such as daunorubicin and idarubicin, tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib mesilate, topoisomerase inhibitors such as etoposide and doxorubicin, monoclonal antibodies such as gemtuzumab ozogamicin and biological response modifiers such as IFN-alpha.
  • alkaloids such as vincristine
  • alkylating agents such as busulfan
  • antimetabolites such as cytarabine, 6-thioguanine and hydroxyurea
  • antibiotics such as daunorubicin and idarubicin
  • tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib mesilate
  • chemotherapeutic drugs used in anti-leukemia chemotherapy may vary according to the type of leukemia.
  • chemotherapeutic drugs used in the case of acute myelocytic leukemia include e.g. cytarabine, daunorubicin, idarubicin, 6-thioguanine, etoposide as induction therapy, and gemtuzumab ozogamicin (a recombinant monoclonal antibody combined with a cytotoxic drug) in the case of relapse.
  • chemotherapeutic drugs used in the case of chronic myelocytic leukemia include e.g.
  • imatinib mesilate as a first-line treatment
  • other kinase inhibitors such as dasatinib and nilotinib in the case of ABL-BCR-negative patients, of patients who relapse after receiving imatinib mesilate, and/or of patients in blast crisis.
  • these treatments might be followed by allogenous bone marrow transplantation.
  • the chemotherapeutic drug is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor or a topoisomerase inhibitor.
  • tyrosine kinase inhibitor is meant a molecule able to prevent the biological activity of an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine residue in a protein.
  • topoisomerase inhibitor is meant a molecule able to prevent the biological activity of an enzyme that control the changes in DNA structure by catalyzing the breaking and rejoining of the phosphodiester backbone of DNA strands.
  • the chemotherapeutic drug of the present invention is imatinib mesilate (commercially available as Gleevec® or Glivec®) or doxorubicin (commercially available as Myocet®).
  • cytoplasmic PCNA can be used as a marker for predicting the responsiveness of a patient to a drug.
  • predicting the responsiveness of a patient to a drug is meant evaluating the chance of resolution or improvement of abnormal clinical features. For example, in a patient suffering from leukaemia that responds to a drug, a restoration of normal blood counts and of normal hematopoiesis (e.g. with ⁇ 5% blast cells) can be observed and the leukemic clone(s) can be eliminated when the patient response respond to the drug.
  • a restoration of normal blood counts and of normal hematopoiesis e.g. with ⁇ 5% blast cells
  • predicting the responsiveness of a patient to a drug includes predicting whether upon a treatment with said drug, the patient is likely to undergo a complete remission, a partial remission, a remission with a high or a low risk of relapse, or whether said treatment will have no significant effect on the abnormal clinical features and/or the evolution of the disease.
  • the present invention relates to a method based on the determination of the proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA in a biological sample of an individual.
  • determining the proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA is meant counting the number of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA and the number of leukemic cells expressing exclusively nuclear PCNA and calculating the ratio of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA to total leukemic cells.
  • Counting the number of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA may be performed by various methods well-known by one skilled in the art. For instance, it can be performed by immunocytochemistry (see Example 1 ), by western blot, or by flow cytometry (FACS).
  • a proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA higher than a predetermined threshold indicates that the individual is likely not to respond to the chemotherapeutic drug.
  • predetermined threshold refers to the mean proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA in a biological sample of a leukemia-suffering individuals who display a good response to the chemotherapeutic drug.
  • a proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA of at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% or 60% is indicative that the individual is likely not to respond to the chemotherapeutic drug. More preferably, a proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA of at least 50% is indicative that the individual is likely not to respond to the chemotherapeutic drug. Still more preferably, a proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA of at least 70%, 80% or 90% is indicative that the individual is likely not to respond to the chemotherapeutic drug.
  • a patient suffering from leukemia may be treated by different means.
  • the primary treatment for leukemia involves chemotherapy.
  • bone marrow transplantations may alternatively be performed, possibly in combination with high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation. Bone marrow transplant may for instance be needed when a more advanced, or uncontrolled state of the disease is reached, or when the patient do not respond to chemotherapy or cannot tolerate chemotherapy.
  • bone marrow transplant remains harmfull, as the patient may die from this procedure, and requires finding a compatible donor. Therefore, in general, bone marrow transplant is only performed when the patient does not respond to chemotherapy.
  • the method according to the invention allows predicting the responsiveness of a patient to chemotherapy and thus helps in designing a treatment regimen.
  • the patient is unlikely to respond to chemotherapy, it is advisable to directly opt for bone marrow transplantation (optionally in combination with high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation).
  • the method of the present invention further comprises a step of designing a treatment regimen for the patient.
  • treatment regimen refers to the kind of therapeutical means used to treat a patient.
  • the treatment regimen of a patient suffering from leukemia may for instance include chemotherapy, biological therapy, radiation therapy, or bone marrow transplantation, performed alone or in combination.
  • the treatment regimen of a patient having a proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA lower than a predetermined threshold should include chemotherapy.
  • the treatment regimen of a patient having a proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA higher than a predetermined threshold should include means of treatment other than chemotherapy, alone or in combination with chemotherapy.
  • Such means of treatment may for instance include biological therapy, radiation therapy and/or bone marrow transplant.
  • the method of the present invention may apply to any biological sample.
  • the term "biological sample” refers to any type of biological sample containing leukemic cells.
  • the biological sample may e.g. correspond to leukemic cells obtained from a biological fluid such as blood.
  • the biological sample most preferably corresponds to blood.
  • the biological fluid may optionally be enriched for leukemic cells, or leukemic cells may optionally be isolated from biological fluid. Enrichment for or isolation of leukemic cells may be achieved using, for example, flow cytometry (FACS) with an antibody directed to a leukemic cell- specific antigen, or using magnetic beads or other solid supports (for example a column) coated with an antibody directed to a leukemic cell-specific antigen.
  • FACS flow cytometry
  • the individual is a mammal, preferably a human being.
  • cytoplasmic PCNA is associated with resistance of myelocytic leukemia cell lines to different chemotherapeutic drugs.
  • the invention further pertains to a chemotherapeutic drug for use for the treatment of an individual suffering from leukemia, said individual having a proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA in a biological sample lower than a predetermined threshold.
  • treatment is understood to mean treatment for a curative purpose (aimed at alleviating or stopping the development of the pathology) or for a prophylactic purpose (aimed at reducing the risk of appearance of the pathology).
  • the chemotherapeutic drug of the invention can correspond to any one of the chemotherapeutic drugs described hereabove in the paragraph entitled "Method for predicting the responsiveness of a patient to a chemotherapeutic drug".
  • the chemotherapeutic drug is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor or a topoisomerase inhibitor. Most preferably, it is imatinib mesilate or doxorubicin.
  • the chemotherapeutic drug of the present invention may be administered by any route that achieves the intended purpose.
  • administration may be achieved by a number of different routes including, but not limited to subcutaneous, intravenous, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracerebral, intrathecal, intranasal, oral, rectal, transdermal, buccal, topical, local, inhalant or subcutaneous use. Parenteral route is particularly preferred.
  • Dosages to be administered depend on individual needs, on the desired effect and the chosen route of administration. It is understood that the dosage administered will be dependent upon the age, sex, health, and weight of the recipient, concurrent treatment, if any, frequency of treatment, and the nature of the effect desired.
  • the total dose required for each treatment may be administered by multiple doses or in a single dose.
  • the chemotherapeutic drug may be formulated as liquid (e.g., solutions, suspensions), solid (e.g., pills, tablets, suppositories) or semisolid (e.g., creams, gels) forms.
  • liquid e.g., solutions, suspensions
  • solid e.g., pills, tablets, suppositories
  • semisolid e.g., creams, gels
  • the individual to be treated with the chemotherapeutic drug suffers from myelocytic leukemia. More preferably, the individual to be treated with the chemotherapeutic drug suffers from acute myelocytic leukemia or chronic myelocytic leukemia.
  • the invention also pertains to a method for treating a leukemia comprising the step of administering an effective amount of a chemotherapeutic drug as defined herein to an individual having a proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA in a biological sample that is lower than a predetermined threshold.
  • an effective amount is meant an amount sufficient to achieve a concentration of chemotherapeutic drug which is capable of preventing, treating or slowing down the disease to be treated. Such concentrations can be routinely determined by those of skilled in the art.
  • the amount of the compound actually administered will typically be determined by a physician or a veterinarian, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the subject, the severity of the subject's symptoms, and the like. It will also be appreciated by those of skilled in the art that the dosage may be dependent on the stability of the administered drug.
  • the individual to be treated with the chemotherapeutic drug has a proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA lower than a predetermined threshold.
  • predetermined threshold refers to the mean proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA in a biological sample of leukemia-suffering patients who display a good response to the chemotherapeutic drug.
  • the individual to be treated with the chemotherapeutic drug has a proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA of at most 60%, 55%, 50%, 45% or 40%. More preferably, the individual to be treated with the chemotherapeutic drug has a proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA of at most 30%, 20% or 10%.
  • cytoplasmic PCNA can be detected in promyelocytes isolated from the bone marrow of patients suffering from myelocytic leukemia, in contrast to what is observed in bone marrow promyelocytes isolated from a healthy subject.
  • another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method for diagnosing whether an individual suffers from leukemia, said method comprising determining whether precursor cells of the myeloid or lymphoid lineage express cytoplasmic PCNA in a biological sample of the individual.
  • the detection of cytoplasmic PCNA in precursor cells of the myeloid or lymphoid lineage indicates that the individual suffers from leukemia.
  • the above method is used for diagnosing a myelocytic leukemia.
  • it is determined whether precursor cells of the myeloid lineage, preferably promyelocytes, express cytoplasmic PCNA.
  • Counting the number of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA may be performed by various methods well-known by one skilled in the art, such as e.g. by immunochemistry, for example as described in Example 1 .
  • the above method for predicting the responsiveness of an individual suffering from leukemia to a chemotherapeutic drug is also useful for monitoring progression of leukemia and/or for monitoring the efficiency of a treatment.
  • the method according to the invention described hereabove is repeated on another biological sample of the same patient at least at two different points in time.
  • the biological samples may for example have been taken before and after beginning of an anti-leukemia treatment, respectively.
  • the invention therefore provides a method of monitoring the progression of leukemia comprising the steps consisting of:
  • step b) repeating step a) on another biological sample of the same individual, taken at a later point in time; wherein a decrease in the proportion and/or percentage of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA in the course of time is indicative of an improvement of said individual's condition.
  • said method may comprise determining the proportion and/or percentage of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA in a patient who is undergoing a treatment, wherein a decrease in said proportion and/or percentage in the course of multiple myeloma treatment is indicative of an efficient treatment.
  • the invention also relates to a method of monitoring efficiency of a treatment of leukemia comprising the steps consisting of:
  • the monitoring of disease progression or treatment efficiency is typically performed by determining the number of genes expressed at different points in time, for instance at 2-week, 1 -month, 2-month, 3-month intervals, etc.
  • a “decrease in the proportion and/or percentage of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA” is evaluated by comparing the proportion and/or percentage of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA when monitoring is started with the proportion and/or percentage of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA at any point in time. Said decrease is preferably statistically significant. A statistically significant decrease can for example correspond to a decrease of at least 5, 10, 25 or 50%.
  • the above methods for predicting the responsiveness of a patient may also be used for designing a treatment regimen.
  • the above methods further comprise the step of designing a treatment regimen based on the proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA in the biological sample of the individual.
  • the patient is given a treatment regimen comprising a combination of a chemotherapeutic drug and an antagonist of cytoplasmic PCNA if the proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA is higher than a predetermined threshold, said threshold being indicative that the individual is likely not to respond to a chemotherapeutic drug alone.
  • the proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA is lower than said predetermined threshold, said individual may be given the chemotherapeutic drug alone since it is likely to respond to the chemotherapeutic treatment.
  • Cytoplasmic PCNA can thus be used as a marker for selecting the treatment regimen of a patient.
  • the invention is thus directed to an in vitro method for selecting a patient suffering from leukemia suitable to be treated with a therapy comprising a combination of a chemotherapeutic drug and an antagonist of cytoplasmic PCNA, said method comprising the steps of:
  • the invention is also directed to an in vitro method for selecting a patient suffering from leukemia suitable to be treated with a therapy comprising a chemotherapeutic drug, said method comprising the steps of:
  • the predetermined threshold is equal to 40%, and more preferably to 50%, 55%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90%. Most preferably, said threshold is of 50%.
  • the chemotherapeutic drug is any of the chemotherapeutic drugs defined hereabove.
  • the chemotherapeutic drug is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor or a topoisomerase inhibitor.
  • the chemotherapeutic drug of the present invention is imatinib mesilate (commercially available as Gleevec® or Glivec®) or doxorubicin (commercially available as Myocet®).
  • cytoplasmic PCNA is associated with a decreased susceptibility to apoptosis and increased drug resistance in myeloid leukemic cells (see Example 3). Besides, the inventors have also shown that antagonists of cytoplasmic PCNA can sensitize daunorubicin-resistant cells to apoptosis (see Examples 5 and 6).
  • the invention also pertains to a combination of a chemotherapeutic drug and of an antagonist of cytoplasmic PCNA for use for the treatment of an individual suffering from leukemia, said individual having a proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA higher than a predetermined threshold, and to the use of an antagonist of cytoplasmic PCNA for use for sensitizing cells to apoptosis in a patient suffering from leukemia, said individual having a proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA in a biological sample higher than a predetermined threshold.
  • the individual to be treated with a combination of a chemotherapeutic drug and an antagonist of cytoplasmic PCNA has a proportion of leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic DNA of at least 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90%, most preferably of at least 50%.
  • the chemotherapeutic drug is any of the chemotherapeutic drugs defined hereabove.
  • the chemotherapeutic drug is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor or a topoisomerase inhibitor.
  • the chemotherapeutic drug of the present invention is imatinib mesilate (commercially available as Gleevec® or Glivec®) or doxorubicin (commercially available as Myocet®).
  • the "antagonist of cytoplasmic PCNA” can for instance reduce the expression of cytoplasmic PCNA or inhibit cytoplasmic PCNA biological activity.
  • the "antagonist of cytoplasmic PCNA” may for example correspond to a peptide, a small molecule, a nucleic acid (e.g. an antisense molecule, a shRNA or a siRNA), an antibody or an aptamer.
  • said "antagonist of cytoplasmic PCNA” is a compound inhibiting an interaction between Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and at least one polypeptide liable to bind to PCNA, as defined in PCT application PCT/EP201 1/052760.
  • the antagonist of cytoplasmic PCNA is a peptide.
  • the peptide according to the invention can for example correspond to a fragment of at least 6, 10, 15 or 20 consecutive amino acids of PCNA or of a polypeptide liable to bind to PCNA such as e.g.
  • DNA polymerases DNA polymerases, Clamp loader (Rfc1 , Rfc3), Flpa-endonuclease (FEN-1 ), DNA ligase-1 , topoisomerase II alpha, replication licensing factor (Cdt1 ), helicases and ATPases (Rrm3, WRN, RECQ5), mismatch repair enzymes (UNG2, MPG, hMYH, APE2), nucleotide excision repair enzyme (XPG), histone chaperone (CAF-1 ), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1 ), chromatin remodelling factor (WSTF), DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1 ), sister-chromatid cohesion factors (Eco1 , Chl1 ), cell cycle regulators (p57), and apoptosis regulators (ING1 b, p53).
  • Clamp loader Rfc1 , Rfc3
  • the peptide can comprise or consist of a fragment of PCNA.
  • a fragment preferably comprises at least 6, 10, 15 or 20 consecutive amino of the interdomain connecting loop of PCNA.
  • peptides that comprise a PCNA fragment located in the interdomain connecting loop are capable of triggering neutrophil apoptosis.
  • the peptide can comprise or consist of a fragment of at least 6, 10, 15 or 20 consecutive amino acids of p21 .
  • the p21 peptide restores apoptosis in daunorubicin-resistant HL60.
  • Such a fragment preferably comprises or consists of at least 6, 10, 15 or 20 consecutive amino acids of the p21 fragment spanning from residues 141 to 160 of p21 , or comprises or consists of residue 141 to 160 of p21 , optionally fused to a cell penetrating peptide such as, e.g., the peptide of sequence RYIRS.
  • the carboxyp21 peptide is capable of triggering neutrophil apoptosis.
  • the peptide comprises or consists of sequence SEQ ID NO: 3 (residues 141 to 160 of p21 ) or sequence SEQ ID NO: 4 (residues 141 to 160 of p21 fused to the RYIRS tag).
  • p21 refers to the human p21 protein, also called p21 /Waf1 /Cip1 , CAP20, CDKN1 , CIP1 , MDA-6, p21 CIP1 , SDI1 or WAF1 .
  • p21 refers to a protein of sequence SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • this term also encompasses allelic variants and splice variants of the protein of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the peptide according to the invention may further comprise a tag, e.g. a tag enhancing entry of the peptide into cells.
  • the antagonist of cytoplasmic PCNA is a acid nucleic, such as e.g. a siRNA or a shRNA targeting PCNA.
  • the antagonist of cytoplasmic PCNA for use for the treatment of an individual suffering from leukemia induces apoptosis of leukemic cells. Determining whether a compound induces apoptosis of leukemic cells may be measured by various methods well-known by one skilled in the art. For instance, it may be quantified by measuring the amount of externalized phosphatidylserine, e.g. after annexin-V labeling. In such an experiment, externalized phosphatidylserine may be stained with a fluorochrome-coupled annexin V, thus allowing detection of apoptotic cells by flow cytometry.
  • Fig. 1 PCNA expression in bone marrow cells of health donor and acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) donor.
  • PCNA was detected by immunofluorescence using rabbit polyclonal anti-PCNA antibody.
  • MPO positive cells myeloid cells
  • the nuclear were visualized by staining of hoechst and the cells visualized by confocal scanning microscope.
  • PCNA expression in myeloid leukemic cells line sensitive (K562S) or resistant (K562R) to doxorubicin. PCNA was detected by immunofluorescence using rabbit polyclonal anti-PCNA antibody. Nuclear and cytoplasmic fluorescence intensity in percentage of cells was quantified by Image J 1 .42 software. The data are the mean ⁇ SEM of three independent experiments, p *** ⁇ 0.001 (student's t test).
  • PCNA expression in myeloid leukemic cells line sensitive (UT7/9 S) or resistant (UT7/9R) to imatinib mesilate. PCNA was detected by immunofluorescence using rabbit polyclonal anti-PCNA antibody. Nuclear and cytoplasmic fluorescence intensity in percentage of cells was quantified by Image J 1 .42 software. The data are the mean ⁇ SEM of three independent experiments, p * ⁇ 0.01 (student's t test).
  • Fig. 4 Acquisition of drug resistance of UT7/9 by imatinib mesilate. Analysis of cell death of sensitive UT7/9 cells (S) or imatinib mesilate resistant (R) UT7/9 cells by phosphatyldylserine externalization assessed by annexin V-FITC binding and 7-AAD incorporation by FACS.
  • Fig. 5. Acquisition of drug resistance of UT7/9 and K562 by imatinib mesilate and doxorubicin. Counting of survival cell number in sensitive and resistance cells at Day 0 (DO) and Day 2 (D2) cultures (sensitive or doxorubicin resistant K562 cells, and sensitive or imatinib mesilate resistant UT7/9 cells).
  • Fig. 6 Acquisition of drug resistance of myelocytic leukemia cell line K562 by doxorubicin. Analysis of inhibition by cisplatin of DIOC2 incorporation in myelocytic leukemia K562 cell line.
  • Drug resistance is mediated by ABC transporters such as P- glycoprotein (P-gp) K562 cells were incubated with DIOC2 with or without cisplatin, and the fluorescence of DIOC2 incorporated in cells was assessed by FACS.
  • P-gp P- glycoprotein
  • K562- doxorubicin sensitive cells high fluorescence of DIOC2 is observed because of the lack of efflux. No effect of cisplatin is observed consistent with an absence of ABC transporter- mediated drug resistance.
  • K562-doxorubicin resistant cells low fluorescence of DIOC2 is observed due to its efflux which was reversed by cisplatin, consistent with the presence of an active ABC transporter-mediated drug resistance.
  • Fig. 7 The p21 peptide restores apoptosis in daunorubicin-resistant HL60 cells.
  • HL60S and HL60R were incubated overnight with the p21 peptide (50 mM) or with gliotoxin (1 mg/ml). After a 15-hour incubation, the effect of the p21 peptide on the percentage of apoptotic HL60 cells was measured by mitochondrial depolarization after DiOC 6 labeling and by DNA fragmentation after propidium iodide labeling. Data are means ⁇ SEM of 5 independent experiments. Gliotoxin triggers mitochondria depolarization and DNA fragmentation in HL60S but has no effect on HL60R.
  • the p21 peptide has a more modest effect on mitochondria depolarization in HL60S.
  • the p21 peptide induces a low but significant mitochondria depolarization in HL60R, and induces DNA fragmentation in HL60R more potently than in HL60S.
  • Fig. 8 Effect of siRNA targetting PCNA on gliotoxin-induced apoptosis in daunorubicin-resistant HL-60 cells.
  • HL60 cells were transfected with control (CT)- siRNA or with PCNA-siRNA (1 mM) using the Amaxa technology (kitV program T019). 24 hours after transfection, HL60 cells were incubated for 4 hours with gliotoxin at 1 or 2 mg/ml. Effect of siRNA on the percentage of apoptotic HL60 cells were measured by mitochondrial depolarization after DiOC 6 labeling. Data are means ⁇ SEM of 4 independent experiments. Inhibition of PCNA expression significantly increases gliotoxin- induced apoptosis.
  • SEQ ID No. 1 shows the amino acid sequence of PCNA.
  • SEQ ID No. 2 shows the amino acid sequence of p21 .
  • SEQ ID No. 3 shows the amino acid sequence of residues 141 to 160 of p21 .
  • SEQ ID No. 4 shows the amino acid sequence of residues 141 to 160 of p21 fused to the
  • the K562 and UT7.9 cell lines were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and antibiotics (penicillin 100 U/ml and streptomycin at 100 Mg/ml). Cell lines were maintained at 37 °C in 5% C0 2 .
  • the K562 and UT7.9 were resistant to 1 ⁇ doxorubicin and 4 ⁇ imatinib, respectively).
  • the assay is based on the efflux of fluorescent P-gp substrate DiOC2 (3-ethyl-2-[3- (3-ethyl-2(3H)-benzoxazolylidene)-1 -propenyl]benzoxazolium iodide) in doxorubicin- resistant cells, which can be inhibited by cisplatin.
  • This efflux is absent in doxorubicin- sensitive cells resulting in an accumulation of DIOC2.
  • DIOC2 fluorescence is measured by flow cytometry. Briefly, K562 at 1 X10 s cellules/ml were treated by cisplatin (2.5 Mg ml) in the presence of DIOC2 (50 ng/ml) for 30 min at 37 ⁇ C. The cells are analyzed by flow cytometry.
  • the bone marrow cells were isolated by gradient percoll as previously described (Cowland et al. J Immunol. Methods 1999; 232:191 -200).
  • Example 2 The cellular localization of PCNA is linked with resistance to apoptosis
  • PCNA Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
  • PCNA acts as a protein platform to mediate its biological activities
  • the inventors identified one of the molecular mechanisms whereby PCNA exerts its anti-apoptotic effect, namely its ability to associate with, and prevent the activation of procaspases.
  • PCNA cytoplasmic PCNA could be involved in cell survival in myelocytic leukemia. Indeed, the inventors previously showed that PCNA was localized in the cytoplasm in terminally differentiated cells (positive for MPO and CD35) whilst in earlier stage of differentiation, in promyelocytes (negative for CD35 and positive for MPO) PCNA was localized in the nucleus.
  • the inventors showed by immunofluorescence that promyelocytes (MPO positive cells) isolated from the bone marrow of a patient with AML showed a strong expression of cytoplasmic PCNA whereas no cytoplasmic PCNA could be detected in bone marrow promyelocytes (MPO positive cells) isolated from a healthy subject (Fig. 1 ).
  • cytoplasmic PCNA could be involved in drug resistance in leukemia cell lines.
  • Two myelocytic leukemia cell lines have been studied K562 and UT7.9. These cell lines have a strong expression of BCR-ABL involved in oncogenesis of chronic myelocytic leukemia. This expression is endogenous in K562 cells and induces by retroviral gene transfer in UT7 cells to generate clone UT7.9. Appearance of resistance of clones was observed by imatinib mesilate or anthracyclins (like doxorubicin) treatments and the mechanisms of this drug resistance were not completely understood. The inventors showed a drug resistance of K562 and UT7.9 cell line, both observed as an increased proliferation (Fig 5) and as an increased cell survival (Fig 4 and 6), compared to the respective sensitive cell lines.
  • CD34+ myeloid precursor cells isolated from healthy donors were used as control. In these cells, 30% of the cells express PCNA in the cytoplasm and 70% of the cells express PCNA exclusively in the nucleus. In order to standardize the quantification, fluorescence analyses were performed using a spinning disk microscope. This technique allows measuring different parameters including the number of cells by field, the nucleus area, PCNA fluorescence area in the nucleus, PCNA fluorescence area in the whole cell. This technique allows validating the distribution of PCNA in the CD34+ control cells: 30% of the PCNA fluorescence is in the cytoplasm and 70% of the PCNA fluorescence is in the nucleus.
  • the inventors then studied cells isolated from six patients suffering from acute myeloid leukaemia (ALM). These patients are treated in the haematology service headed by Pr. Didier Bouscary in the Cochin Hospital.
  • ALM acute myeloid leukaemia
  • PCNA immuno-staining in the cells isolated from the leukaemia patients blood shows a high heterogeneity in PCNA distribution. This heterogeneity could be in relation with the clinical heterogeneity observed in ALM.
  • two groups of patients can be discriminated: in the first group (two patients), PCNA is mainly expressed in the nucleus (70%), whereas in the second group (four patients), PCNA is mainly expressed in the cytoplasm (60%).
  • PCNA can thus be differently localized according to the group of patients. Therefore, leukemic patients can be classified according to the proportion or their leukemic cells expressing cytoplasmic PCNA, in order to predict their responsiveness to a chemotherapeutic drug.
  • Example 5 Knocking down PCNA expression by siRNA sensitizes daunorubicin-resistant HL-60 cells to gliotoxin-induced apoptosis.
  • SiRNA were used to knock down PCNA expression in HL-60 cells, which are both resistant to daunorubicin and to gliotoxin-induced apoptosis.
  • HL60 cells were transfected with control (CT)-siRNA or with PCNA-siRNA (1 mM) using the Amaxa technology (kitV program T019). 24 hours after transfection, HL60 cells were incubated for 4 hours with gliotoxin at 1 or 2 mg/ml. Effect of siRNA on the percentage of apoptotic HL60 cells were measured by mitochondrial depolarization after DiOC 6 labeling.
  • Example 6 The p21 peptide restores apoptosis in daunorubicin-resistant HL60 cells.
  • Apoptosis in HL-60 cells sensitive to daunorubicin was compared to apoptosis in HL-60 cells resistant to daunorubicin (HL60R).
  • Apoptosis was induced either by gliotoxin that triggers apoptosis by targeting the mitochondria or the p21 peptide.
  • the p21 peptide corresponds to residues 141 to 160 of p21 fused to the cell penetrating peptide RYIRS.
  • HL60S and HL60R were incubated overnight with the p21 peptide (50 mM) or with gliotoxin (1 mg/ml).
  • Gliotoxin triggers mitochondria depolarization in HL60S (60 %) but has no effect on HL60R, thus confirming that these latter cells are resistant to apoptosis triggered via the mitochondria pathway.
  • the p21 peptide has a more modest effect on mitochondria depolarization in HL60S than gliotoxin.
  • the p21 peptide induced a low but significant mitochondria depolarization in HL60R.
  • DNA fragmentation as a read out of apoptosis the inventors confirmed that gliotoxin induces apoptosis in HL60S but not in HL60 R cells.
  • the p21 peptide appears to have a more pronounced effect in HL60R than on HL60S, inducing DNA fragmentation in HL60R more potently than in HL60S.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé pour la prédiction de la sensibilité d'un individu souffrant d'une leucémie vis-à-vis d'un médicament chimiothérapeutique. En particulier, ce procédé comprend la détermination de la proportion des cellules leucémiques exprimant l'antigène nucléaire de prolifération cellulaire (PCNA) cytoplasmique dans un échantillon biologique de l'individu. La présente invention concerne également un inhibiteur de la tyrosine kinase pour une utilisation pour le traitement d'un individu souffrant d'une leucémie et ayant une proportion de cellules leucémiques exprimant le PCNA cytoplasmique dans un échantillon biologique en quantité inférieure à un seuil prédéterminé. L'invention concerne aussi un procédé pour le diagnostic du point de savoir si un individu souffre ou s'il risque de souffrir d'une leucémie.
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