WO2011103333A1 - Transducteurs sismiques dotés de semelles d'aire surfacique réduite et procédés pour leur utilisation - Google Patents

Transducteurs sismiques dotés de semelles d'aire surfacique réduite et procédés pour leur utilisation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011103333A1
WO2011103333A1 PCT/US2011/025304 US2011025304W WO2011103333A1 WO 2011103333 A1 WO2011103333 A1 WO 2011103333A1 US 2011025304 W US2011025304 W US 2011025304W WO 2011103333 A1 WO2011103333 A1 WO 2011103333A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
intermediate plate
contact
seismic
baseplate
surface area
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2011/025304
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Peter M. Eick
Joel D. Brewer
Shan SHAN
Original Assignee
Conocophillips Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US13/028,007 external-priority patent/US8342288B2/en
Application filed by Conocophillips Company filed Critical Conocophillips Company
Priority to CA2785821A priority Critical patent/CA2785821C/fr
Priority to AU2011218031A priority patent/AU2011218031B2/en
Publication of WO2011103333A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011103333A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/02—Generating seismic energy
    • G01V1/143—Generating seismic energy using mechanical driving means, e.g. motor driven shaft
    • G01V1/155—Generating seismic energy using mechanical driving means, e.g. motor driven shaft using reciprocating masses

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to methods and systems for inducing seismic vibrations into an elastic medium. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, embodiments of the present invention include methods and systems for inducing seismic vibrations into subterranean formations utilizing reduced surface area baseplates.
  • the reflected seismic waves are detected at the surface by a group of spaced apart receivers called geophones, accelerometers, seismometers or similar transducers. These transducers are collectively referred to as "geophones" herein following industry convention, but it is understood that they could be any sensor that converts seismic energy into some readable data.
  • the reflected seismic waves detected by the geophones are analyzed and processed to generate seismic data representative of the nature and composition of the subterranean formation at various depths, including the nature and extent of hydrocarbon deposits. In this way, the seismic information collected by geophones can be used to produce seismic reflection signals which can be processed to form images of the subsurface.
  • a vibrator It has become common in many cases to use, as the source of propagating elastic waves, a hydraulically-operated vibratory source more simply referred to as a vibrator.
  • energy sources for vibrators like electromechanical or pure electric. All of these systems typically generate vibrations or shock waves by using a reaction mass member that is actuated by a hydraulic or electric system and electrically controlled by a servo valve.
  • a vibrator comprises a double ended piston rigidly affixed to a coaxial piston rod. The piston is located in reciprocating relationship in a cylinder formed within a heavy reaction mass.
  • Means are included for alternately introducing hydraulic fluid under high pressure to opposite ends of the cylinder or for an electric coil and magnet type assembly to impart a reciprocating motion to the piston relative to the reaction mass.
  • the piston rod extending from the reaction mass is rigidly coupled to a baseplate, which is maintained in intimate contact with ground surface. Since the inertia of the reaction mass tends to resist displacement of the reaction mass relative to the earth, the motion of the piston is coupled through the piston rod and baseplate to impart vibratory seismic energy in the earth.
  • vibrators are transported by carrier vehicle, and it is also known to prevent decoupling of the baseplate from the ground by applying a portion of the carrier vehicle's weight to the baseplate during operation.
  • the weight of the carrier vehicle is frequently applied to the baseplate through one or more spring and stilt members, each having a large compliance, with the result that a static bias force is imposed on the baseplate, while the dynamic forces of the baseplate are decoupled from the carrier vehicle itself.
  • the hydraulic system forces the reaction mass to reciprocate vertically, at the desired vibration frequency, through a short vertical stroke.
  • This type of vibrational seismic exploration system typically uses a quasi-sinusoidal reference signal, or so-called pilot signal, of continuously varying frequency, selected band width, and selected duration to control the introduction of seismic waves into the earth.
  • the pilot signal is converted into a mechanical vibration in a land vibrator having a baseplate which is coupled to the earth.
  • the land vibrator is typically mounted on a carrier vehicle, which provides locomotion.
  • the baseplate is contacted with the earth's surface and the weight of the carrier vehicle is applied to the baseplate.
  • a servo-hydraulic piston connected to the baseplate is then excited by the pilot signal, causing vibration of the baseplate against the earth.
  • a significant problem with conventional systems employing a vibrating baseplate to impart seismic waves into the earth is that the actual motion of the baseplate, and thus the actual seismic energy imparted to the earth, is different from the ideal motion represented by the pilot signal.
  • This difference can be caused by a variety of factors, including (1) harmonic distortion or "ringing" of the baseplate, (2) decoupling of the baseplate from the earth's surface commonly referred to as bouncing or "pogo-sticking," and (3) flexure of the baseplate.
  • the differences between the pilot signal and the actual baseplate motion are problematic because, in the past, the pilot signal was used to pulse-compress the reflected seismic signal either through correlation or inversion.
  • the pulse-compressed reflected seismic signal that is produced by correlation or more modernly by inversion is inaccurate.
  • the present invention relates generally to methods and systems for inducing seismic vibrations into an elastic medium. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, embodiments of the present invention include methods and systems for inducing seismic vibrations into subterranean formations utilizing reduced surface area baseplates.
  • One example of a method for inducing seismic energy waves in a subterranean formation comprises the steps of: providing a seismic transducer apparatus comprising a frame, a baseplate comprising an intermediate plate and a plurality of contact plates, wherein the intermediate plate is attached to the frame, the intermediate plate having a lower intermediate plate surface, the lower intermediate plate surface having a lower intermediate plate surface area, wherein the plurality of contact plates is secured to the lower intermediate plate surface, the contact plates having a lower contact surface for engagement of a surface of an elastic medium, wherein the lower contact surface of each contact plate is substantially flat, each lower contact surface having a contact plate surface area, wherein the sum of the contact plate surface areas is at least about 25 percent to about 75 percent of the lower intermediate plate surface area, a reaction mass supported by the frame; and a driver configured to actuate the reaction mass in a reciprocating motion so as to impart vibratory energy to the baseplate; engaging the ground surface with the baseplate; actuating the reaction mass via the driver in a reciprocating motion;
  • One example of a seismic transducer apparatus for inducing energy waves in an elastic medium comprises: a frame; a baseplate comprising an intermediate plate and a plurality of contact plates; wherein the intermediate plate is attached to the frame, the intermediate plate having a lower intermediate plate surface, the lower intermediate plate surface having a lower intermediate plate surface area; wherein the plurality of contact plates is secured to the lower intermediate plate surface, the contact plates having a lower contact surface for engagement of a surface of an elastic medium, wherein the lower contact surface of each contact plate is substantially flat, each lower contact surface having a contact plate surface area; wherein the sum of the contact plate surface areas is at least about 25 percent to about 75 percent of the lower intermediate plate surface area; a reaction mass supported by the frame; and a driver configured to actuate the reaction mass in a reciprocating motion so as to impart vibratory energy to the baseplate.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a side view of one example of a seismic exploration system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a side view of one example of a seismic transducer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 A illustrates a top view of an octagonal baseplate in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 3B illustrates a side view of an octagonal baseplate in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 4A illustrates a top view of a hexagonal baseplate in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 4B illustrates a side view of a hexagonal baseplate in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 illustrates a side view of a baseplate having a plurality of truss members in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • the present invention relates generally to methods and systems for inducing seismic vibrations into an elastic medium. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, embodiments of the present invention include methods and systems for inducing seismic vibrations into subterranean formations utilizing reduced surface area baseplates.
  • seismic transducers in accordance with the present invention comprise a frame, a reaction mass supported by the frame, a driver, and a baseplate attached to the frame.
  • the driver actuates the reaction mass in a reciprocating motion, imparting a vibratory energy to the baseplate.
  • the baseplate is engaged with a ground surface during operation, the vibratory energy of the baseplate is imparted directly to the ground surface so as to propagate seismic waves into the subterranean formation.
  • the seismic waves are then reflected and refracted by the subsurface strata and geological features.
  • the reflected and refracted seismic waves may then be detected by a plurality of seismic detectors.
  • the detected seismic data is then interpreted to reveal seismic information representative of the surveyed subsea region of the earth.
  • baseplates of the present invention may comprise an intermediate plate and a plurality of contact plates secured to the underside of the intermediate plate.
  • the contact plates provide a surface area for engagement with the ground surface that is more limited than the lower surface area of the intermediate plate.
  • Advantages of such baseplate enhancements include, but are not limited to, a reduction of baseplate harmonics or ringing and enhanced baseplate strength so as to reduce baseplate fatigue or failure, a reduction of baseplate flexure.
  • baseplate enhancements include, but are not limited to, contact plates having enhanced configurations such as contact plates having octagonal and hexagonal perimeters for example.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a side view of one example of a seismic exploration system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • a pilot signal is generated in recorder/processor carrier vehicle 111 and sent by radio wave link 112 to a land vibrator 120.
  • Land vibrator 120 converts the pilot signal into mechanical motion that vibrates baseplate 130.
  • Baseplate 130 comprises intermediate plate 137 and contact plates 138.
  • Baseplate 130 contacts ground surface 180 of the earth via contact plates 138, and is further coupled to ground surface 180 by the weight of carrier vehicle 110.
  • Baseplate 130 imparts induced seismic waves 162 into subsurface 182 of the earth. By reducing the surface area of baseplate 130 in contact with ground surface 180 to the surface area of contact plates 138, the distortion of seismic waves 162 is reduced.
  • Induced seismic wave 162 travels downward through subsurface 182 and is altered (i.e., refracted and/or reflected) by subsurface strata 183.
  • Altered seismic waves 164 travels from subsurface strata 183 upward through subsurface 182 to surface 180.
  • Seismic receivers 185 such as geophones, located on surface 180, are generally spaced apart from each other and from land vibrator 120. Seismic receivers 185 measure altered seismic waves 164 at surface 180 and transmit an altered seismic signal indicating altered seismic wave 28 across geophone lines 184 to recorder/processor carrier vehicle 110. This communication may be accomplished via wires conventionally, or with autonomous recorders where the data is later collected and transcribed to the recording media.
  • a baseplate signal is transmitted from land vibrator 120 via radio wave link 112 to recorder/processor carrier vehicle 110 for processing. In this way, seismic survey data is collected and interpreted so as to reveal the nature and the geology of subterranean formation 182.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a side view of one example of a seismic transducer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Seismic transducer apparatus 200 utilizes a reciprocating motion of reaction mass 225 to impart vibratory energy to baseplate 230.
  • Baseplate 230 comprises intermediate plate 237 and contact plates 238.
  • Contact plates are secured to the underside of intermediate plate 237 and act to reduce the surface area in contact with the ground surface (not shown). Reducing the surface area of baseplate 230 in contact with the ground surface is advantageous in that the distortion of the induced seismic waves is minimized. Reduction of this surface area in contact with the earth also minimizes the aforementioned problems of baseplate ringing, harmonics, flexure, and decoupling.
  • Frame 222 supports and is rigidly connected to piston rod 223 and baseplate 230.
  • Driver 224 pumps or otherwise supplies hydraulic fluid to hydraulic cylinder 227 through ports 225. In this way, driver 224 actuates reaction mass 226 about piston rod 223.
  • reaction mass 226 is supported by frame 222, this reciprocating motion is transmitted to baseplate 230 via the inertia of reaction mass 226.
  • baseplate 230 corresponding to the motion of reaction mass 226.
  • Baseplate 230 then transmits the vibratory energy to a ground surface (such as ground surface 180 depicted in Figure 1) via a flat lower surface of contact plates 238.
  • baseplate 230 may further comprise one or more additional improvements for producing an enhanced baseplate.
  • Figure 3A illustrates a top view of an octagonal baseplate in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • the perimeter of intermediate plate 337 forms the shape of a polygon, having n sides, where n may be any integer greater than or equal to 4. In certain embodiments, n is greater than or equal to 5.
  • the perimeter of intermediate plate 337 is formed in the shape of an octagon.
  • baseplate 330 depicted in Figure 3A is shown here as an equilateral polygon, it is recognized that perimeter 333 of baseplate 330 may form an irregular polygon.
  • each contact plate 338 may be formed the shape of a polygon, having n sides, where n may be any integer greater than or equal to 4. In the example depicted in Figure 3A, the perimeter of contact plates 338 is in the shape of an octagon.
  • contact plates 338 depicted in Figure 3A may be formed in the shape of any irregular polygon.
  • contact plates 338 may be formed with a perimeter of any shape, regular or irregular, including, but not limited to, circular, square, rectangular, or otherwise.
  • contact plates 338 are formed in the shape of a polyhedron, having a flat upper surface.
  • contact plates 538 may have a height of about 1 inch to about 3 inches, a width of about 6 inches to about 2 feet, and a length of about 6 inches to about 4' feet in certain embodiments.
  • contact plates 538 have a circular perimeter, the circular perimeter may vary from about 6 inches to about 4 feet in certain embodiments.
  • FIG. 3B illustrates a side view of an octagonal baseplate in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Baseplate 330 comprises intermediate plate 337 and plurality of contact plates 338.
  • Intermediate plate 337 comprises upper plate 331, lower plate 332, and plurality of walls 334.
  • Walls 334 extend between upper plate 331 and lower plate 332 so as to join or otherwise couple upper plate 331 to lower plate 332.
  • upper plate 331, lower plate 332, and plurality of walls 334 are formed as one integral unit, such as, being cast from a one or more dies or molds.
  • contact plates 338 are situated under plurality of reinforced nodes 361.
  • Reinforced nodes 361 are points or any portion of intermediate plate 337 that is strengthened or further reinforced by support or buttressing members such as I-beams or as in this case, walls 334.
  • FIG. 3A illustrates a top view of a hexagonal baseplate in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • the perimeter of intermediate plate 437 is shown in the shape of a hexagon, although it is recognized that intermediate plate 437 may be formed in any shape, regular or irregular, including, but not limited to, circular, square, rectangular, or otherwise.
  • plurality of contact plates 438 may be secured to the underside of intermediate plate 437.
  • the surface area of the lower surface of contact plates 438 may be reduced as compared to the surface area of the lower surface of intermediate plate 437.
  • the sum of the surface area of the lower surfaces of contact plates 438 is less than about 25 percent to about 75 percent of the surface area of the lower surface of intermediate plate 437. In other embodiments, the sum of the surface area of the lower surfaces of contact plates 438 is less than about 50 percent to about 75 percent of the surface area of the lower surface of intermediate plate 437.
  • seismic transducers of the present invention operate at frequency ranges extending into the higher seismic frequency range of at least about 50 cycles per second, at least about 150 cycles per second, and/or at least about 250 cycles per second.
  • FIG. 4B illustrates a side view of a hexagonal baseplate in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Baseplate 430 comprises intermediate plate 437 and plurality of contact plates 438. As before, contact plates 438 are secured to the underside of intermediate plate 437.
  • Intermediate plate 437 comprises upper plate 431 and lower plate 432, which, here, are in the shape of a polygon and more specifically, in the shape of a hexagon. It is recognized that the perimeter of upper plate 431 and/or lower plate 432 may take the form of a polygonal shape. In certain embodiments, only lower plate 432 takes the form of a polygon.
  • intermediate plate 437 is fabricated from a plurality of parallel steel I-beams. Each I-beam is formed from an upper flange 443, a lower flange 445, and a web 347 that joins upper flange 443 to lower flange 445.
  • the longitudinal axes of the I-beams are located parallel to one another and adjacent I-beams are oriented so the edges of their upper and lower flanges are abutting (the webs of the I-beams lie in vertical planes).
  • the I-beam flanges may be welded together so as to provide a unitary structure, which may be further reinforced by optional upper and lower reinforcing plates 431 and 432. It will be appreciated that this type of structure provides great resistance to stress exerted along the longitudinal axis of the I-beams, yet would be substantially lighter than a solid cast plate.
  • contact plates 438 are detachable from intermediate plate 437.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a side view of a baseplate having a plurality of truss members in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Baseplate 530 comprises intermediate plate 537 and contact plates 538.
  • Contact plates 538 may be formed in the shape of blocks as shown here. As before, contact plates 538 comprise a reduced lower surface area as compared to the lower surface area associated with intermediate plate 537.
  • Contact plates 538 may be comprised of a solid material or may comprise any of the aforementioned truss and/or web reinforcing features disclosed herein.
  • Contact plates 538 may be secured to the lower surface of intermediate plate 537 by any manner known in the art for affixing a contact plate to a baseplate, including but not limited to, using welding, screws, bolts, or any combination thereof.
  • Intermediate plate 537 in turn, comprises upper plate 531, lower plate 532, and plurality of truss members 536.
  • Truss members 536 extend between upper plate 531 and lower plate 532 so as to join or otherwise couple upper plate 531 to lower plate 532.
  • upper plate 531 or lower plate 532 may be formed in the shape of the aforementioned polygons.
  • both upper plate 531 and lower plate 532 may be formed in the shape of the aforementioned polygons.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des procédés et des systèmes destinés à induire des ondes d'énergie sismique dans une formation souterraine. Plus précisément, l'invention concerne des transducteurs sismiques améliorés comportant des semelles évoluées. Les semelles selon l'invention comportent une plaque intermédiaire et une pluralité de plaques de contact fixées à la face inférieure de la plaque intermédiaire. Les plaques de contact confèrent une aire surfacique d'interaction avec la surface du sol qui est plus limitée que l'aire surfacique inférieure de la plaque intermédiaire. Entre autres avantages de telles améliorations des semelles, on peut citer de façon non limitative une réduction des harmoniques de semelle ou tintement, une résistance renforcée de la semelle qui a pour effet de réduire la fatigue ou les ruptures de la semelle, et une réduction de la flexion de la semelle. Ces avantages se traduisent finalement par des relevés sismiques améliorés, une plus haute résolution des formations explorées et des relevés atteignant des profondeurs plus importantes.
PCT/US2011/025304 2010-02-18 2011-02-17 Transducteurs sismiques dotés de semelles d'aire surfacique réduite et procédés pour leur utilisation WO2011103333A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA2785821A CA2785821C (fr) 2010-02-18 2011-02-17 Transducteurs sismiques dotes de semelles d'aire surfacique reduite et procedes pour leur utilisation
AU2011218031A AU2011218031B2 (en) 2010-02-18 2011-02-17 Seismic transducers having reduced surface area baseplates and methods of use

Applications Claiming Priority (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US30569710P 2010-02-18 2010-02-18
US30568910P 2010-02-18 2010-02-18
US30569210P 2010-02-18 2010-02-18
US61/305,689 2010-02-18
US61/305,692 2010-02-18
US61/305,697 2010-02-18
US13/027,982 2011-02-15
US13/028,007 US8342288B2 (en) 2010-02-18 2011-02-15 Seismic transducers having reduced surface area baseplates and methods of use
US13/028,029 2011-02-15
US13/028,007 2011-02-15
US13/027,982 US8167082B2 (en) 2010-02-18 2011-02-15 Seismic transducers having improved polygonal baseplates and methods of use
US13/028,029 US8261875B2 (en) 2010-02-18 2011-02-15 Seismic transducers and baseplates having external dampeners and methods of use

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2011103333A1 true WO2011103333A1 (fr) 2011-08-25

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PCT/US2011/025307 WO2011103336A1 (fr) 2010-02-18 2011-02-17 Transducteurs et semelles sismiques dotés d'amortisseurs externes et procédés pour leur utilisation
PCT/US2011/025304 WO2011103333A1 (fr) 2010-02-18 2011-02-17 Transducteurs sismiques dotés de semelles d'aire surfacique réduite et procédés pour leur utilisation
PCT/US2011/025302 WO2011103331A1 (fr) 2010-02-18 2011-02-17 Transducteurs sismiques dotés de semelles polygonales améliorées et procédés pour leur utilisation

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PCT/US2011/025302 WO2011103331A1 (fr) 2010-02-18 2011-02-17 Transducteurs sismiques dotés de semelles polygonales améliorées et procédés pour leur utilisation

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US4298086A (en) * 1979-10-09 1981-11-03 Atlantic Richfield Company Coupling means for horizontal vibrator
US4406345A (en) * 1979-08-08 1983-09-27 Conoco Inc. Seismic transducer baseplate and housing assembly
US4664223A (en) * 1984-06-12 1987-05-12 Shell Oil Company Multisensor ground-force measuring means for vibroseis
US4712641A (en) * 1984-03-19 1987-12-15 Bolt Technology Corporation Method and system for generating shear waves and compression waves in the earth for seismic surveying
US4875544A (en) * 1989-02-02 1989-10-24 Atlantic Richfield Company Transducer for inducing seismic signals into an elastic medium
US6065562A (en) * 1998-07-27 2000-05-23 Industrial Vehicles International, Inc. System for imparting compressional and shear waves into the earth
US20020149998A1 (en) * 2001-03-07 2002-10-17 Phillips Petroleum Company Method and apparatus for measuring seismic energy imparted to the earth

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US2684352A (en) * 1953-10-12 1954-07-20 Us Rubber Co High impact strength thermoplastic composition containing polyvinyl acetal resin and butadiene elastomer
US3427706A (en) * 1964-11-13 1969-02-18 Douglas Aircraft Co Inc Sandwich structures and method
US4026383A (en) * 1974-11-04 1977-05-31 Texas Instruments Incorporated Gyroscopic vibrator
US4676337A (en) * 1985-09-03 1987-06-30 Western Geophysical Company Of America Seismic vibrator baseplate
US5292811A (en) * 1988-11-21 1994-03-08 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. Process for preparing thermoplastic elastomers
FR2818754B1 (fr) * 2000-12-21 2004-06-18 Inst Francais Du Petrole Dispositif pour engendrer des ondes elastiques focalisees dans un milieu materiel tel que le sous-sol, et methode pour sa mise en oeuvre

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4406345A (en) * 1979-08-08 1983-09-27 Conoco Inc. Seismic transducer baseplate and housing assembly
US4298086A (en) * 1979-10-09 1981-11-03 Atlantic Richfield Company Coupling means for horizontal vibrator
US4712641A (en) * 1984-03-19 1987-12-15 Bolt Technology Corporation Method and system for generating shear waves and compression waves in the earth for seismic surveying
US4664223A (en) * 1984-06-12 1987-05-12 Shell Oil Company Multisensor ground-force measuring means for vibroseis
US4875544A (en) * 1989-02-02 1989-10-24 Atlantic Richfield Company Transducer for inducing seismic signals into an elastic medium
US6065562A (en) * 1998-07-27 2000-05-23 Industrial Vehicles International, Inc. System for imparting compressional and shear waves into the earth
US20020149998A1 (en) * 2001-03-07 2002-10-17 Phillips Petroleum Company Method and apparatus for measuring seismic energy imparted to the earth

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WO2011103336A1 (fr) 2011-08-25

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