WO2011089292A1 - Capture and sequestration of co2 by means of the carbonatation of ceramic waste - Google Patents
Capture and sequestration of co2 by means of the carbonatation of ceramic waste Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011089292A1 WO2011089292A1 PCT/ES2011/000015 ES2011000015W WO2011089292A1 WO 2011089292 A1 WO2011089292 A1 WO 2011089292A1 ES 2011000015 W ES2011000015 W ES 2011000015W WO 2011089292 A1 WO2011089292 A1 WO 2011089292A1
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- capture
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- carbonation
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- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 230000009919 sequestration Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910021532 Calcite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 7
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- WKBPZYKAUNRMKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]1,2,4-triazole Chemical compound C=1C=C(Cl)C=C(Cl)C=1C(CCC)CN1C=NC=N1 WKBPZYKAUNRMKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003991 Rietveld refinement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000514 dolomite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010459 dolomite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000116 mitigating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052615 phyllosilicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
- B01D53/62—Carbon oxides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2251/00—Reactants
- B01D2251/40—Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds
- B01D2251/402—Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds of magnesium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2251/00—Reactants
- B01D2251/40—Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds
- B01D2251/404—Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds of calcium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/50—Carbon oxides
- B01D2257/504—Carbon dioxide
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
- Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
- Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2
Definitions
- the invention is aimed at capturing and sequestering C0 2 in ceramic materials from construction waste. These materials react directly with C0 2 in the presence of water producing carbonates, so that C0 2 is permanently stabilized.
- the present invention has a double environmental application: on the one hand, there is a reduction in atmospheric C0 2 since it would be injected into ceramic waste from the construction and on the other, the negative landscape impact caused by the ceramic waste from the construction would be reduced .
- C0 2 The capture and storage of C0 2 (CAC or CCS "carbon capture sequestration") is considered one of the options to reduce the emissions of C0 2 generated by human activities.
- Other technological options are the following: 1) the reduction of energy demand by increasing the efficiency of energy conversion and / or use devices; 2) the decarbonisation of the energy supply (opting for fuels with less carbon, for example, replacing coal with natural gas), and / or increasing the use of renewable energy sources and / or nuclear energy (which, in definitively, they emit scarce amounts, if any, of C0 2 ); 3) the sequestration of C0 2 through the improvement of natural sinks through biological fixation; and 4) the reduction of greenhouse gases other than C0 2 .
- the CAC or CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is probably the biggest geotechnological challenge of the 21st century.
- the CAC first involves the use of technologies to collect and concentrate the C0 2 produced in industrial sources, then transport it to an appropriate storage location and then store it isolating it from the atmosphere for a long period of time.
- geological formations and structures most conducive to the deep storage of C0 2 have been widely documented in the scientific and technical literature generated in recent years: 1) coal layers rich in methane, 2) depleted or depleted deposits of hydrocarbons (oil and gas), 3) deep saline aquifers, and 4) cavities in salt formations.
- the first three types are postulated as more prominent objectives, although their presence and storage capacity, that is, their dimensions, are conditioned by the specific geological features of each territory.
- Other possible formations or geological structures represent storage options that have not yet been studied enough to be able to assess their potential today.
- the purpose of this invention is to propose the injection of C0 2 into quarries and gravels recovered with RDC. For it is part of laboratory experiments on ceramic materials and C0 2 in different environmental conditions. It has been shown that in the presence of water carbonation process is a direct flow of C0 2 at low pressure ( ⁇ 20 bar). Experiences have been carried out with CC1 ⁇ 2 in a supercritical state and it has been proven that the carbonation process has a lower yield.
- Figure 1 X-ray diffraction diagrams showing the variation of the calcite content from the initial sample (black diagram), to the final sample (blue diagram) after 65 h of reaction with C0 2 in the presence of 10% water
- the present invention aims at capturing and sequestering C0 2 in ceramic materials from construction waste.
- these materials react directly with C0 2 producing carbonates, so that carbon dioxide is fixed permanently.
- the presence of water is essential for such a carbonation reaction to occur in ceramic materials, the proportion of water having to vary between 5 and 30% by weight depending on the composition and manufacturing temperature of the structural ceramics.
- These ceramic materials are manufactured from common clays in a temperature range of 800 ° C-1100 ° C.
- These ceramic materials are injected with low pressure C0 2 (with an injection pressure of C0 2 varying between 0.5 and 80 bar, the highest yields at pressures of C0 2 ⁇ 20 bar) with which it reacts chemically always in the presence of water giving rise to carbonates, so it is permanently fixed.
- reaction yield is higher at low pressures of C0 2, so it is not necessary to reach large pressures of C0 2 and therefore, to store at 800m depth as required by other C0 2 capture alternatives
- the raw material is based on a mixture of common clays containing 30% carbonates (calcite and dolomite), 30% quartz, 37% phyllosilicates and 3% feldspars. This raw material is cooked at 850 ° C, the result being a ceramic product structural that contains 5% calcite, together with high temperature minerals and oxides of Ca and Mg.
- a mixture of this ceramic product is prepared with water (10% by weight) and a current of 1 bar of C0 2 is applied at a temperature of 30 ° C for 65 hours.
- the content of calcite increases from 5% to more than 15% by weight, due to the carbonation produced after reacting the calcium present (obviously not in the form of calcite) with C0 2 in the presence of water.
- this reaction should be reproduced in an X-ray diffractometer equipped with a reaction chamber and a phase quantification procedure based on Rietveld refinement (for example TOPAS) be applied.
- the first diagram corresponds to that of the original sample (in black).
- the following diagrams correspond to the products formed after adding water and injecting the current of C0 2 .
- the pink diagram corresponds to a reaction time of 24 hours. The following were obtained every 1.5 hours, and so on until the total reaction time was 65 hours (blue diagram).
- the results of the quantitative analysis appear in Table 1.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
Abstract
The invention disclosed has as the objective thereof the capture and sequestration of CO2 in ceramic materials proceeding from construction waste. Such materials react directly with CO2 in the presence of water producing carbonates, such that the CO2 is stabilised in a permanent manner. The present invention has dual environmental application: on the one hand, reduction in atmospheric CO2 is produced by virtue of the injection thereof into ceramic construction waste and, on the other hand, reduction in the negative landscape impact caused by ceramic construction waste.
Description
Título Title
Captura y secuestro de C02 mediante la carbonatación de residuos cerámicos Objeto de la invención Capture and sequestration of C0 2 by carbonation of ceramic waste Object of the invention
La invención que se plantea tiene como objetivo la captura y secuestro de C02 en materiales cerámicos procedentes de residuos de la construcción. Estos materiales reaccionan directamente con el C02 en presencia de agua produciendo carbonatos, de forma que el C02 se estabiliza de forma permanente. The invention is aimed at capturing and sequestering C0 2 in ceramic materials from construction waste. These materials react directly with C0 2 in the presence of water producing carbonates, so that C0 2 is permanently stabilized.
La presente invención tiene una doble aplicación medioambiental: por un lado, se produce una reducción del C02 atmosférico ya que se inyectaría en residuos cerámicos de la construcción y por el otro, se reduciría el impacto paisajístico negativo provocado por los residuos cerámicos de la construcción. The present invention has a double environmental application: on the one hand, there is a reduction in atmospheric C0 2 since it would be injected into ceramic waste from the construction and on the other, the negative landscape impact caused by the ceramic waste from the construction would be reduced .
Estado de la técnica State of the art
El uso de combustibles fósiles generalizado desde el comienzo de la Revolución Industrial (referida al Hemisferio Norte sobre todo), causa la liberación a la atmósfera cada año de aproximadamente 7000 millones de toneladas de carbón, en forma de dióxido de carbono. También se ha generado este gas como un efecto secundario de la deforestación y la destrucción concomitante de los suelos, lo que libera el carbono retenido en ellos temporalmente en forma de materia orgánica. Por otro lado, actividades naturales del Planeta, como la emisión de grandes cantidades de gases por el volcanismo, contribuyen significativamente a este aumento de gases en la atmósfera. Se calcula que si se duplicase la proporción del C02 en la atmósfera supondría un incremento de 2,5°C de la temperatura media de la Tierra. The use of fossil fuels widespread since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (referring to the Northern Hemisphere above all), causes the release of approximately 7,000 million tons of coal into the atmosphere each year, in the form of carbon dioxide. This gas has also been generated as a side effect of deforestation and the concomitant destruction of soils, which releases the carbon retained in them temporarily in the form of organic matter. On the other hand, natural activities of the Planet, such as the emission of large amounts of gases by volcanism, contribute significantly to this increase in gases in the atmosphere. It is estimated that if the proportion of the C0 2 in the atmosphere doubling would increase of 2.5 ° C of the average temperature of the Earth.
Las Naciones Unidas a través del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre Cambio Climático, IPCC, considera en el Informe del Grupo de Trabajo 1 , en el "Fourth Assessment Report Climate Change 2007", que el cambio climático es una realidad con consecuencias devastadoras para la Humanidad, y se argumenta como causa principal antropogénica la influencia que tienen los gases de "efecto invernadero" (C02, CH4, NOx, vapor de agua) en la atmósfera. El efecto invernadero del C02 es tan importante, que se calcula que si se duplicase la proporción de C02 en la atmósfera supondría un incremento de 2,5°C de la temperatura media de la Tierra.The United Nations, through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, considers in Report of Working Group 1, in the Fourth Assessment Report Climate Change 2007, that climate change is a reality with devastating consequences for Humanity , and it is argued as the main anthropogenic cause the influence of "greenhouse gases" (C0 2 , CH 4 , NO x , water vapor) in the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect of C0 2 is so important that it is estimated that if the proportion of C0 2 in the atmosphere is doubled it would mean an increase of 2.5 ° C in the average temperature of the Earth.
Dado que la generación de estos gases va ligada al desarrollo de los países, la producción y acumulación es creciente y su disminución poco probable a nivel global.
La Agencia Internacional de la Energía (IPA) predice un incremento de la demanda de la energía primaria hasta el 2030. En energía eléctrica se espera que se duplique la demanda, requiriéndose la instalación de 5000 GWe de nueva potencia. El C02 es el gas industrial mayormente emitido en los países desarrollados, por el empleo de los combustibles fósiles, que son los principales generadores de energía. Como se indica en el Tercer Informe de Evaluación (TIE) del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre Cambio Climático (IPCC) (Metz et al. 2005) "la mayoría de los resultados de los modelos indican que las opciones tecnológicas conocidas podrían permitir alcanzar muy diversos niveles de estabilización del C02 atmosférico", pero que "ninguna opción tecnológica podrá lograr por sí sola las reducciones de emisiones necesarias". Más bien, se necesitará una combinación de medidas de mitigación para lograr la estabilización. Given that the generation of these gases is linked to the development of countries, production and accumulation is increasing and their decrease is unlikely globally. The International Energy Agency (IPA) predicts an increase in the demand for primary energy until 2030. In electricity, demand is expected to double, requiring the installation of 5000 GWe of new power. C0 2 is the industrial gas mostly emitted in developed countries, due to the use of fossil fuels, which are the main energy generators. As indicated in the Third Evaluation Report (TIE) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (Metz et al. 2005) "most of the results of the models indicate that the known technological options could allow to achieve very diverse levels of atmospheric C0 2 stabilization ", but that" no technological option alone can achieve the necessary emission reductions ". Rather, a combination of mitigation measures will be needed to achieve stabilization.
La captación y el almacenamiento de C02 (CAC o CCS "carbón capture sequestration") se considera una de las opciones para reducir las emisiones de C02 generado por actividades humanas. Otras opciones tecnológicas son las siguientes: 1) la reducción de la demanda de energía mediante el aumento de la eficiencia de los dispositivos de conversión y/o utilización de la energía; 2) la descarbonatación del suministro de energía (optando por combustibles con menos carbono, por ejemplo, reemplazando el carbón por el gas natural), y/o aumentando el uso de fuentes de energía renovables y/o de energía nuclear (las cuales, en definitiva, emiten cantidades escasas, de haberlas, de C02); 3) el secuestro de C02 mediante el perfeccionamiento de los sumideros naturales por medio de la fijación biológica; y 4) la reducción de los gases de efecto invernadero distintos del C02. The capture and storage of C0 2 (CAC or CCS "carbon capture sequestration") is considered one of the options to reduce the emissions of C0 2 generated by human activities. Other technological options are the following: 1) the reduction of energy demand by increasing the efficiency of energy conversion and / or use devices; 2) the decarbonisation of the energy supply (opting for fuels with less carbon, for example, replacing coal with natural gas), and / or increasing the use of renewable energy sources and / or nuclear energy (which, in definitively, they emit scarce amounts, if any, of C0 2 ); 3) the sequestration of C0 2 through the improvement of natural sinks through biological fixation; and 4) the reduction of greenhouse gases other than C0 2 .
La CAC, o CCS (Carbón Capture and Storage) es probablemente el mayor desafío geotecnológico del Siglo XXI. La CAC entraña primero el uso de tecnologías para recoger y concentrar el C02 producido en las fuentes industriales, transportarlo posteriormente a un lugar de almacenamiento apropiado y, entonces, almacenarlo aislándolo de la atmósfera durante un largo período de tiempo. The CAC, or CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is probably the biggest geotechnological challenge of the 21st century. The CAC first involves the use of technologies to collect and concentrate the C0 2 produced in industrial sources, then transport it to an appropriate storage location and then store it isolating it from the atmosphere for a long period of time.
Los posibles métodos de almacenamiento que se plantean son los siguientes: The possible storage methods that arise are the following:
a) Inyección del C02 en las capas profundas de los océanos. Tiene el inconveniente de que la tecnología está inmadura y hay estudios que indican que puede afectar a los ecosistemas marinos. a) Injection of C0 2 into the deep layers of the oceans. It has the disadvantage that the technology is immature and there are studies that indicate that it can affect marine ecosystems.
b) Carbonatación mineral (en serpentinas). Tiene el inconveniente de que es un proceso de altos costes energéticos, además de ser demasiado local a escala regional.
c) Almacenamiento geológico. Tiene el inconveniente de que existe falta de conocimiento del potencial de almacenamiento de los distintos tipos de roca. Por otra parte presenta las ventajas de que el tiempo de retención calculado es de cientos a millones de años y la tecnología es aplicable directamente por la experiencia en exploración y producción de petróleo, gas, carbón, inyección de residuos y protección de aguas subterráneas. b) Mineral carbonation (in streamers). It has the disadvantage that it is a process of high energy costs, in addition to being too local at regional level. c) Geological storage. It has the disadvantage that there is a lack of knowledge of the storage potential of different types of rock. On the other hand, it has the advantages that the estimated retention time is hundreds to millions of years and the technology is directly applicable due to the experience in exploration and production of oil, gas, coal, waste injection and groundwater protection.
Los tipos de formaciones y estructuras geológicas más propicios para el almacenamiento profundo de C02 han sido ampliamente documentados en la literatura científica y técnica generada en los últimos años: 1) capas de carbón ricas en metano, 2) yacimientos agotados o en proceso de agotamiento de hidrocarburos (petróleo y gas), 3) acuíferos salinos profundos, y 4) cavidades en formaciones salinas. Los tres primeros tipos se postulan como objetivos más destacados, aunque su presencia y capacidad de almacenamiento, es decir, sus dimensiones, están condicionados por los rasgos geológicos específicos de cada territorio. Otras formaciones o estructuras geológicas posibles (como basaltos, pizarras bituminosas y minas abandonadas) representan opciones de almacenamiento que aún no han sido lo suficientemente estudiadas como para poder evaluar su potencial actualmente. The types of geological formations and structures most conducive to the deep storage of C0 2 have been widely documented in the scientific and technical literature generated in recent years: 1) coal layers rich in methane, 2) depleted or depleted deposits of hydrocarbons (oil and gas), 3) deep saline aquifers, and 4) cavities in salt formations. The first three types are postulated as more prominent objectives, although their presence and storage capacity, that is, their dimensions, are conditioned by the specific geological features of each territory. Other possible formations or geological structures (such as basalts, bituminous slates and abandoned mines) represent storage options that have not yet been studied enough to be able to assess their potential today.
Por lo general se espera que el almacenamiento de C02 en depósitos de hidrocarburos o en acuíferos salinos profundos tenga lugar a profundidades por debajo de 800 m, donde la presión y la temperatura darán lugar a que el C02 se encuentre en estado líquido o supercrítico. En estas condiciones la densidad del C02 oscilará entre el 50 y el 80% de la densidad del agua, porcentaje que se aproxima a la densidad de ciertos petróleos crudos, por lo que se originan fuerzas ascensionales que tienden a impulsar al C02 hacia arriba. Es por ello por lo que se hace necesario que exista una roca de sellado sobre la roca almacén para que el C02 permanezca retenido bajo tierra. It is generally expected that the storage of C0 2 in hydrocarbon deposits or in deep saline aquifers will take place at depths below 800 m, where the pressure and temperature will result in the C0 2 being in a liquid or supercritical state . Under these conditions the density of C0 2 will range between 50 and 80% of the density of water, a percentage that approximates the density of certain crude oils, so that ascending forces originate that tend to drive C0 2 upwards . It is for this reason it is necessary that there is a rock seal on the reservoir rock for the C0 2 remains retained underground.
Por otra parte investigaciones preliminares de los inventores han demostrado que los materiales de construcción que contienen calcio y/o magnesio en su composición, pueden reaccionar con el dióxido de carbono para dar lugar a carbonatos, constituyendo por lo tanto una posible alternativa de carbonatación mineral a partir de residuos, como una alternativa para la captura y almacenamiento de C02 (Carbón Capture Sequestration, CCS). On the other hand, preliminary investigations by the inventors have shown that construction materials that contain calcium and / or magnesium in their composition can react with carbon dioxide to give rise to carbonates, thus constituting a possible alternative to mineral carbonation at from waste, as an alternative for the capture and storage of C0 2 (Coal Capture Sequestration, CCS).
Hay que resaltar que en España se producen cada año 35 millones de toneladas de residuos prevenientes de construcción y demolición (RDC), de los cuales apenas se reutilizan un millón, mientras que otros 25 millones se depositan en vertederos no
controlados. El impacto ambiental que generan los RDC es bien conocido debido a que la gran mayoría se conducen a vertederos sin selección previa alguna. Si bien se consideran que los RDC son en su mayoría inertes o asimilables a inertes y que no contaminan, producen un gran impacto visual y paisajístico, debido al gran volumen que ocupan y al escaso control ambiental ejercido sobre los terrenos que se eligen para su depósito. It should be noted that in Spain 35 million tons of waste from construction and demolition (DRC) are produced every year, of which only one million are reused, while another 25 million are deposited in landfills not controlled. The environmental impact generated by the RDCs is well known because the vast majority are taken to landfills without any prior selection. Although RDCs are considered to be mostly inert or assimilable to inert and that do not pollute, they produce a great visual and landscape impact, due to the large volume they occupy and the poor environmental control exercised over the land chosen for deposit. .
El efecto visual y paisajístico negativo que producen los DRC, no sólo es consecuencia de una deficiente gestión, sino que también hay que tener en cuenta que durante la extracción a cielo abierto de las materias primas, que se utilizan para la elaboración de los materiales de construcción, se produce un gran impacto visual. Hay que destacar que el artículo 13 del Real Decreto 105/2008 sobre la producción y gestión de RDC (BOE 13/02/08), hace una mención especial a la regulación de la utilización de RDC en obras de restauración, acondicionamiento o relleno, lo que podrá ser considerada como operación de valorización. The negative visual and landscape effect produced by DRCs is not only a consequence of poor management, but also that during the open-pit extraction of raw materials, which are used for the production of materials construction, there is a great visual impact. It should be noted that Article 13 of Royal Decree 105/2008 on the production and management of DRC (BOE 02/13/08), makes a special mention to the regulation of the use of DRC in restoration, conditioning or filling works, what can be considered as a valuation operation.
La finalidad de esta invención es proponer la inyección de C02 en canteras y graveras recuperadas con RDC. Para ello se parte de experimentos realizados en laboratorio sobre materiales cerámicos y C02 en distintas condiciones ambientales. Se ha demostrado que en presencia de agua el proceso de carbonatación es directo con un flujo de C02 a baja presión (<20 bar). Se han realizado experiencias con CC½ en estado supercrítico y se ha comprobado que el proceso de carbonatación tiene un rendimiento menor. The purpose of this invention is to propose the injection of C0 2 into quarries and gravels recovered with RDC. For it is part of laboratory experiments on ceramic materials and C0 2 in different environmental conditions. It has been shown that in the presence of water carbonation process is a direct flow of C0 2 at low pressure (<20 bar). Experiences have been carried out with CC½ in a supercritical state and it has been proven that the carbonation process has a lower yield.
Descripción de las figuras Description of the figures
Figura 1. Diagramas de difracción de rayos X en los que se ve la variación del contenido de calcita desde la muestra inicial (diagrama en negro), hasta la muestra final (diagrama en azul) tras 65 h de reacción con C02 en presencia de un 10% de agua. Figure 1. X-ray diffraction diagrams showing the variation of the calcite content from the initial sample (black diagram), to the final sample (blue diagram) after 65 h of reaction with C0 2 in the presence of 10% water
Descripción de la invención Description of the invention
La presente invención tiene por objeto la captura y secuestro de C02 en materiales cerámicos provenientes de residuos de la construcción. En presencia de agua, a presiones variables de C02 y en función de su composición mineralógica inicial, estos materiales reaccionan directamente con el C02 produciendo carbonatos, de forma que se fije el dióxido de carbono de forma permanente.
La presencia de agua es esencial para que se produzca dicha reacción de carbonatación en los materiales cerámicos, debiendo variar la proporción de agua entre un 5 y un 30% en peso en función de la composición y temperatura de fabricación de la cerámica estructural. Estos materiales cerámicos se fabrican a partir de arcillas comunes en un rango de temperatura de 800°C-1100°C. The present invention aims at capturing and sequestering C0 2 in ceramic materials from construction waste. In the presence of water, at varying pressures of C0 2 and depending on their initial mineralogical composition, these materials react directly with C0 2 producing carbonates, so that carbon dioxide is fixed permanently. The presence of water is essential for such a carbonation reaction to occur in ceramic materials, the proportion of water having to vary between 5 and 30% by weight depending on the composition and manufacturing temperature of the structural ceramics. These ceramic materials are manufactured from common clays in a temperature range of 800 ° C-1100 ° C.
Para la captura de C02 se parte de residuos cerámicos de la construcción que se están utilizando para la recuperación de canteras y graveras y que se caracterizan por contener calcio y magnesio al menos en proporción superior al 5%, fundamentalmente en forma de óxidos y/o hodróxidos. For the capture of C0 2, we start from ceramic construction residues that are being used for the recovery of quarries and gravels and that are characterized by containing calcium and magnesium at least in a proportion greater than 5%, mainly in the form of oxides and / or hydroxides.
A estos materiales cerámicos se les inyecta C02 a baja presión (con una presión de inyección de C02 variable entre 0,5 y 80 bar, siendo los mayores rendimientos a presiones de C02 <20 bar) con los que reacciona de forma química siempre en presencia de agua dando lugar a carbonatos, por lo que queda fijado de forma permanente. These ceramic materials are injected with low pressure C0 2 (with an injection pressure of C0 2 varying between 0.5 and 80 bar, the highest yields at pressures of C0 2 <20 bar) with which it reacts chemically always in the presence of water giving rise to carbonates, so it is permanently fixed.
El rendimiento de la reacción es mayor a presiones bajas de C02 por lo que no es necesario alcanzar presiones grandes de C02 y por lo tanto, realizar el almacenamiento a 800m de profundidad como requieren otras alternativas de captura de C02 The reaction yield is higher at low pressures of C0 2, so it is not necessary to reach large pressures of C0 2 and therefore, to store at 800m depth as required by other C0 2 capture alternatives
Se trata de un proceso de carbonatación directa de coste escaso, dado que no es necesario realizar una clasificación y molienda del material y por lo tanto no es necesario consumir energía para favorecer el proceso. It is a process of direct carbonation of low cost, since it is not necessary to perform a classification and grinding of the material and therefore it is not necessary to consume energy to favor the process.
Se puede plantear la captura de C02 directamente desde las chimeneas de las industrias cerámicas, o de cualquier otra que produzca emisiones de C02 y conducirlo a las canteras recuperadas. En el primer caso el coste se reduciría considerablemente. Además se completaría el ciclo de vida de las arcillas comunes. Así la arcilla se usa extraída para fabricar cerámica estructural, etapa durante la que se producen emisiones de C02, este gas se captura e introduce en las propias canteras explotadas cuando se están recuperando con ladrillos de desecho y otros materiales de construcción. You can raise the capture of C0 2 directly from the chimneys of the ceramic industries, or any other that produces C0 2 emissions and lead it to the recovered quarries. In the first case the cost would be considerably reduced. In addition, the life cycle of common clays would be completed. Thus extracted clay used to produce structural ceramics stage during which C0 2 emissions occur, this gas is captured and inserted in quarries exploited when recovering waste bricks and other building materials.
Modo de realización de la invención Embodiment of the invention
A continuación se describe una realización preferente y no limitativa de la invención. Como materia prima se parte de una mezcla de arcillas comunes que contiene 30% carbonatos (calcita y dolomita), 30% cuarzo, 37% filosilicatos y 3% feldespatos. Esta materia prima se cuece a 850°C, siendo el resultado un producto de cerámica
estructural que contiene un 5% de calcita, junto a minerales de alta temperatura y a óxidos de Ca y Mg. A preferred and non-limiting embodiment of the invention is described below. The raw material is based on a mixture of common clays containing 30% carbonates (calcite and dolomite), 30% quartz, 37% phyllosilicates and 3% feldspars. This raw material is cooked at 850 ° C, the result being a ceramic product structural that contains 5% calcite, together with high temperature minerals and oxides of Ca and Mg.
Se prepara una mezcla de este producto cerámico con agua (10% en peso) y se aplica una corriente de 1 bar de C02 a una temperatura de 30°C durante 65 horas. A mixture of this ceramic product is prepared with water (10% by weight) and a current of 1 bar of C0 2 is applied at a temperature of 30 ° C for 65 hours.
Tras este proceso el contenido de calcita aumenta del 5% a más del 15% en peso, por la carbonatación producida tras reaccionar el calcio presente (obviamente no en forma de calcita) con C02 en presencia de agua. After this process the content of calcite increases from 5% to more than 15% by weight, due to the carbonation produced after reacting the calcium present (obviously not in the form of calcite) with C0 2 in the presence of water.
Para evaluar las variaciones del contenido de calcita habría que reproducir esta reacción en un difractómetro de rayos X dotado de cámara de reacción y aplicar un procedimiento de cuantificación de fases basado en refinamiento Rietveld (por ejemplo TOPAS). En la Figura 1 el primer diagrama corresponde al de la muestra original (en negro). Los sucesivos diagramas corresponden a los productos formados tras añadir agua e inyectar la corriente de C02. En concreto el diagrama rosa corresponde a un tiempo de reacción de 24 horas. Los siguientes fueron obtenidos cada 1 ,5 horas, y así hasta que el tiempo total de reacción fuera de 65 horas (diagrama azul). Los resultados del análisis cuantitativo aparecen en la Tabla 1. To evaluate the variations of the calcite content, this reaction should be reproduced in an X-ray diffractometer equipped with a reaction chamber and a phase quantification procedure based on Rietveld refinement (for example TOPAS) be applied. In Figure 1 the first diagram corresponds to that of the original sample (in black). The following diagrams correspond to the products formed after adding water and injecting the current of C0 2 . Specifically, the pink diagram corresponds to a reaction time of 24 hours. The following were obtained every 1.5 hours, and so on until the total reaction time was 65 hours (blue diagram). The results of the quantitative analysis appear in Table 1.
Tabla 1.- Evolución del contenido en calcita en presencia de C02 en función del tiempo de reacción.
Table 1.- Evolution of the calcite content in the presence of C0 2 as a function of the reaction time.
Claims
1. Captura y secuestro de C02 mediante la carbonatación de residuos cerámicos caracterizado porque consiste en la inyección de C02 en residuos cerámicos procedentes de la construcción a una presión variable entre 0,5 bar y 80 bar (preferiblemente <20 bar), en presencia de agua entre 5% y 30% en peso de acuerdo con la composición, que debe ser en Ca y Mg superior a un 5% y durante el tiempo necesario para que todo el Ca y Mg disponible se transforme en carbonatos. 1. Capture and sequestration of C0 2 by carbonation of ceramic waste characterized in that it consists of the injection of C0 2 in ceramic waste from the construction at a variable pressure between 0.5 bar and 80 bar (preferably <20 bar), in presence of water between 5% and 30% by weight according to the composition, which must be greater than 5% in Ca and Mg and for the time necessary for all available Ca and Mg to be transformed into carbonates.
2. Captura y secuestro de C02 mediante la carbonatación de residuos cerámicos según la reivindicación 1 caracterizado porque los residuos cerámicos tienen una composición en Ca y Mg superior a un 5% en peso y el tiempo de inyección de C02 será el necesario para que todo el Ca y Mg disponible se transforme en carbonatos. 2. Capture and sequestration of C0 2 by carbonation of ceramic waste according to claim 1 characterized in that the ceramic waste has a composition in Ca and Mg of more than 5% by weight and the injection time of C0 2 will be necessary for all available Ca and Mg are transformed into carbonates.
3. Captura y secuestro de C02 en canteras y graveras rehabilitadas ó en recuperación con residuos cerámicos según las reivindicaciones anteriores caracterizado porque constituye una alternativa de bajo coste económico, al no ser necesario trabajar con C02 en estado supercrítico ni realizar almacenamiento a 800m de profundidad. 3. Capture and sequestration of C0 2 in quarries and gravels rehabilitated or in recovery with ceramic waste according to the previous claims, characterized in that it constitutes an alternative of low economic cost, since it is not necessary to work with C0 2 in supercritical state or carry out storage at 800m of depth.
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ES201000084A ES2364421B2 (en) | 2010-01-25 | 2010-01-25 | CO2 CAPTURE AND SEQUESTING THROUGH THE CARBONATION OF CERAMIC WASTE. |
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US20090143211A1 (en) * | 2007-11-15 | 2009-06-04 | Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey | Systems and methods for carbon capture and sequestration and compositions derived therefrom |
US20090202410A1 (en) * | 2008-02-12 | 2009-08-13 | Michigan Technology University | Capture and Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide in Flue Gases |
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US20090143211A1 (en) * | 2007-11-15 | 2009-06-04 | Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey | Systems and methods for carbon capture and sequestration and compositions derived therefrom |
US20090202410A1 (en) * | 2008-02-12 | 2009-08-13 | Michigan Technology University | Capture and Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide in Flue Gases |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
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FERNANDEZ BERTOS ET AL.: "A review of accelerated carbonation technology in the treatment of cement-based materials and sequestration of C02.", JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, vol. B112, 2004, pages 193 - 205 * |
IIZUKA ET AL.: "Development of a New C02 Sequestration Process Utilizing the Carbonation of Waste Cement.", IND. ENG. CHEM.RES, vol. 43, 2004, pages 7880 - 7887 * |
STOLAROFF ET AL.: "Using CaO- and MgO-rich industrial waste streams for carbon sequestration.", ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT, vol. 46, no. 5, March 2005 (2005-03-01), pages 687 - 699, XP004678769 * |
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