WO2011074484A1 - PROCESS FOR PREPARING SUBSTITUTED 1-O-ACYL-2-DEOXY-2-FLUORO-4-THIO-β-D-ARABINOFURANOSES - Google Patents
PROCESS FOR PREPARING SUBSTITUTED 1-O-ACYL-2-DEOXY-2-FLUORO-4-THIO-β-D-ARABINOFURANOSES Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011074484A1 WO2011074484A1 PCT/JP2010/072182 JP2010072182W WO2011074484A1 WO 2011074484 A1 WO2011074484 A1 WO 2011074484A1 JP 2010072182 W JP2010072182 W JP 2010072182W WO 2011074484 A1 WO2011074484 A1 WO 2011074484A1
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- 0 *C[C@]([C@@]1O)SCC1F Chemical compound *C[C@]([C@@]1O)SCC1F 0.000 description 3
- OLDNHBTVVVXAIN-ZPQYLTHOSA-O OC(C1)[C@]1([C@H]1OI)[SH+]C[C@H]1F Chemical compound OC(C1)[C@]1([C@H]1OI)[SH+]C[C@H]1F OLDNHBTVVVXAIN-ZPQYLTHOSA-O 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
- C07D317/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
- C07D317/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D317/18—Radicals substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms
- C07D317/22—Radicals substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms etherified
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/38—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
- A61K31/381—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom having five-membered rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
- C07D317/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
- C07D317/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D317/18—Radicals substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
- C07D317/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
- C07D317/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D317/26—Radicals substituted by doubly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms or by two such atoms singly bound to the same carbon atom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
- C07D333/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D333/30—Hetero atoms other than halogen
- C07D333/32—Oxygen atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H13/00—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids
- C07H13/02—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids
- C07H13/04—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids having the esterifying carboxyl radicals attached to acyclic carbon atoms
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for preparing 1 -O-acyl-2-deoxy-2- fluoro-4-thio- -D-arabinofuranoses and intermediates thereof.
- the invention relates in particular to a novel process for preparing compounds of formula I
- R 3 and R 4 represent alkyl, silyl or acyl, and R 5 represents acyl.
- the starting material in Scheme 1 is the commercially available 1 ,2:5,6-di-0- isopropylidene-a-D-allofuranose (A1 ) which for its part can be obtained in four steps from D-glucose [D.C. Baker et al, Carbohydr. Res. 1972, 24, 192-197].
- compound II can be obtained in a total of 14 chemical steps starting with 1 ,2:5,6-di-0- isopropylidene-a-D-allofuranose or 18 chemical steps starting with D-glucose.
- compound II is obtained as an anomeric mixture consisting of Ma and ⁇ .
- the literature does not make any statements about the ratio Ma / 11 (3 [Y.
- the process comprises at least five preparative chromatographic separations (prep- HPLC).
- Compound B1 can be prepared in 6 steps from L-xylose (which does not occur in nature) [J.K. Watts et al, J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 921 -925].
- compound II can be prepared in a total of 13 chemical steps from L-lyxose.
- the process according to the invention uses exclusively reagents which are readily available even in kg amounts.
- Steps IX, XI and XII are likewise not isolated and directly used as crude materials for the subsequent step.
- the oxidation of the sulphide XII can be carried out in a targeted manner at room temperature using OXONE (potassium monopersulphate triple salt, 2 KHS0 5 * KHS0 4 * K 2 SO 4 ), overoxidation can be excluded without any problems by using equimolar amounts (cf. Scheme 2, reaction yielding B7).
- the Pummerer rearrangement (XIII ⁇ I) is carried out in the presence of catalytic amounts of potassium bisulphate.
- this catalyst it is possible to achieve high yields (> 80%) and at the same time very little side-product formation ( ⁇ 5%) at low reaction temperatures ( ⁇ 90°C) [cf. Scheme 2, reaction yielding II].
- the crude product I obtained comprises so few impurities and also only very small proportions of the a-anomer that a simple crystallization is sufficient for purification.
- the process according to the invention does make use of general chemical transformations, known to the person skilled in the art, for constructing a thiofuranose via formation of a diol, its activation via a bissulphonate and cyclization with sodium sulphide; for protective group techniques and for oxidizing a sulphide with OXONE.
- general chemical transformations known to the person skilled in the art, for constructing a thiofuranose via formation of a diol, its activation via a bissulphonate and cyclization with sodium sulphide; for protective group techniques and for oxidizing a sulphide with OXONE.
- a particular aspect of the present invention is the targeted and highly efficient construction of the individual stereocentres of the thiofuranoses.
- a further aspect of the present invention is the stereospecific introduction of the fluorine atom at the C3 atom of compound X via stereoselective opening of the cyclic sulphate IX.
- Ri represents -C(0)-d-C 6 -alkyl or -C(0)-aryl
- R 2 represents CrC 6 -alkyl, Ci-C 4 -perfluoroalkyl or aryl,
- R 6 represents C C 6 -alkyl or arylmethylene
- R 7 and R 8 independently of one another represent hydrogen, Ci-C 6 -alkyl, Ci-C 4 - perfluoroalkyl or aryl; is reduced in the presence of 0.5-10 molar equivalents of hydride donors of the formula A(AIH 4 ) or A(BH 4 ), in which A represents an alkali metal, to give the diol of formula V:
- the reaction step is preferably carried out at a temperature between 0°C and 30°C.
- the diol V is reacted with at least 2 molar equivalents of sulphonyl chloride R 9 -S0 2 CI or sulphonic anhydride R9-SO2-O-SO2-R9, in which R 9 represents CrC 6 -alkyl, C 1 -C 4 -perfluoroalkyl or aryl, preferably 2-5 molar equivalents of methanesulphonyl chloride, in the presence of at least 2 molar equivalents of a tertiary amine (for example trimethylamine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine) or a pyridine (for example pyridine, 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, collidine, picolines, lutidines), preferably 2-5 molar equivalents of triethylamine, to give a compound of formula VI:
- the reaction step is preferably carried out at a temperature between 0°C and 30°C.
- the bissulphonate VI is reacted with at least 1 molar equivalent of sodium sulphide (Na 2 S) in a polar aprotic solvent, such as, for example, DMF, NMP, DMA, DMSO, DMEU, preferably NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone), at a temperature of more than 50°C, preferably at temperatures between 50 and 100°C, to give the thiofuranose of formula VII:
- step four the thiofuranose of formula VII is converted in a solvent mixture of water and an organic solvent selected from the group of the ethers (for example diethyl ether, THF, dioxane, MTBE), alcohols (for example methanol, ethanol, isopropanol), carboxylic acids (for example acetic acid), aromatic hydrocarbons (for example benzene, toluene), preferably in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and water, with 0.01 -5 molar equivalents of an acid selected from the group of the mineral acids (for example HCI, H 2 S0 4 , H3PO 4 ), alkanesulphonic acids (for example methanesulphonic acid),
- an organic solvent selected from the group of the ethers (for example diethyl ether, THF, dioxane, MTBE), alcohols (for example methanol, ethanol, isopropanol), carboxylic acids (for example acetic acid), aromatic
- arylsulphonic acids for example benzenesulphonic acid, toluenesulphonic acid
- perfluorosulphonic acids for example trifluoromethanesulphonic acid
- nonafluorobutanesulphonic acid or perfluoroalkanecarboxylic acids (for example trifluoroacetic acid), preferably 0.01 -5 molar equivalents of H 2 S0 4 , into the diol of formula VIII:
- the reaction step is preferably carried out at a temperature between 20°C and 100°C.
- the diol VIII is isolated by crystallization from a solvent mixture of an alkane or mixtures thereof - preferably heptane - and a carboxylic ester - preferably isopropyl acetate or ethyl acetate.
- step five the diol of general formula VIII is reacted in the presence of at least 0.2 molar equivalents of a base of the formula AH, A 2 CO3 or A(OtBu), in which A represents an alkali metal; preferably in the presence of 0.2-3 molar equivalents of sodium hydride, with 1 -2 molar equivalents of a diol-activating reagent of the formula X1-SO2-X2, in which and X 2 independently of one another represent CI or imidazoyl, preferably with 1 -2 molar equivalents of sulphonyldiimidazole, to give the cyclic sulphate ester of formula IX:
- the reaction step is preferably carried out at a temperature between -5°C and 20°C.
- step six the cyclic sulphate ester of formula IX is initially reacted with 1 -
- R11 represents CrC 6 -alkyl, preferably with 1 -3 molar equivalents of tetrabutylammonium fluoride, at a temperature between 0°C and 30°C, and the reaction mixture obtained in this manner is reacted with an acid selected from the group of the mineral acids (for example HCI, H 2 S0 4 ), alkylsulphonic acids (for example methanesulphonic acid), arylsulphonic acids (for example benzenesulphonic acid, toluenesulphonic acid), perfluorosulphonic acids (for example trifluoromethanesulphonic acid,
- mineral acids for example HCI, H 2 S0 4
- alkylsulphonic acids for example methanesulphonic acid
- arylsulphonic acids for example benzenesulphonic acid, toluenesulphonic acid
- perfluorosulphonic acids for example trifluoromethanesulphonic acid
- nonafluorobutanesulphonic acid or perfluoroalkanecarboxylic acids (for example trifluoroacetic acid), preferably with sulphuric acid (H 2 S0 4 ),
- the second partial step of the reaction is preferably carried out at a temperature between 20°C and 70°C.
- step seven the ether of the formula X is initially, in partial step a), reacted in the presence of at least 1 molar equivalent of a boron halide BY 3 , in which Y represents F, CI or Br, preferably using 1 -4 molar equivalents of boron trichloride, at a temperature between 0°C and -80°C.
- a boron halide BY 3 in which Y represents F, CI or Br, preferably using 1 -4 molar equivalents of boron trichloride, at a temperature between 0°C and -80°C.
- partial step b) the reaction mixture obtained in partial step a) is reacted with a mixture of
- an alcohol component selected from the group consisting of a CrC 6 -alkanol (for example methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, t-butanol, isobutanol), an arylalkanol (for example benzyl alcohol) and phenols (for example phenol); and
- a CrC 6 -alkanol for example methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, t-butanol, isobutanol
- an arylalkanol for example benzyl alcohol
- phenols for example phenol
- a base selected from the group of aliphatic tertiary amines (for example trimethylamine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine) or from the group of pyridines (for example pyridine, 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, collidine, picolines, lutidines);
- group of aliphatic tertiary amines for example trimethylamine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine
- pyridines for example pyridine, 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, collidine, picolines, lutidines
- the process and quenching of the reaction mixture are preferably carried out at temperatures between 0°C and -80°C.
- step eight the diol of formula XI is reacted in the presence of at least 2 molar equivalents of a base selected from the group of the aliphatic tertiary amines (for example trimethylamine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine) or from the group of the pyridines (for example pyridine, 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, collidine, picolines, lutidines), preferably using 2-10 molar equivalents of pyridine, with at least 2 molar equivalents of an acid chloride R Ci or an acid anhydride R1-O-R1 , in which R represents -C(0)-CrC 6 -alkyl or -C(0)-aryl; preferably using 2-5 molar equivalents of benzoyl chloride, to give the compound of formula XII:
- a base selected from the group of the aliphatic tertiary amines (for example trimethylamine, triethyl
- step nine the sulphide of formula XII is oxidized in a solvent mixture of water and a ketone of the formula R 9 -C(0)-R 9 ' in which R 9 and Rg' independently of one another represent CrC6-alkyl, CrC 4 -perfluoroalkyl or aryl, preferably acetone, with 0.5- 1 molar equivalent of an alkali metal persulphate of the formula AHSO 5 , in which A + represents an alkali metal, preferably using 0.5-1 molar equivalent of OXONE (potassium monopersulphate triple salt, 2 KHS0 5 * KHS0 4 * K 2 S0 4 ), at a temperature between 0°C and 50°C to give the sulphoxide of formula XIII:
- the product XIII is isolated by crystallization from a suitable solvent, preferably from methyl tert-butyl ether.
- step ten the sulphoxide of formula XIII is reacted with at least 1 molar equivalent of an acid anhydride R2-C(0)-0-C(0)-R 2 , in which R 2 represents d-C 6 - alkyl, CrC 4 -perfluoroalkyl or aryl; preferably using at least 5 molar equivalents of acetic anhydride, in the presence of 0.01 -2 molar equivalents of a protic acid selected from the group of the mineral acids (for example HCI, HBr, H 2 S0 4 , H 3 P0 4 , alkali metal bisulphates, monobasic alkali metal phosphates), alkanesulphonic acids (for example methanesulphonic acid), arylsulphonic acids (for example benzenesulphonic acid, toluenesulphonic acid), perfluorosulphonic acids (for example trifluoromethanesulphonic acid, nonafluorobutanesulphonic acid) or
- the product I is isolated by crystallization from a suitable solvent, preferably ethanol.
- the d-C 6 -alkyl groups of the radicals R 1 f R 2 , Re, Ft?, Re, Rg, Rg', Rn , and Ri 3 can, for example, be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert- butyl, n-pentyl or n-hexyl groups.
- the arylmethylene groups of the radicals R 6 , R9, and R13 can, for example, be benzyl or 4-methoxybenzyl groups.
- the aryl groups of the radicals Ri , R 2 , R7, Re, R9, and R 9 ' can, for example, be phenyl or substituted phenyl groups.
- Ci-C 4 -perfluoroalkyl groups of the radicals R 2 , R 7 , Re, R9, and R 9 ' can, for example, be trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl or nonafluorobutyl groups.
- the alkali metals A of the hydride donors of the formulae A(AIH 4 ), A(BH 4 ), of the bases AH, A 2 C0 3 , AOtBu, of the alkali metal persulphates AHSO5 can, for example, be lithium, sodium or potassium.
- the -C(0)-C C 6 -alkyl groups of the radical Ri can, for example, be acetyl, n- propanoyl, isopropanoyi, n-butanoyl, t-butanoyl, isobutanoyl, n-pentanoyl, or n-hexanoyl groups.
- the -C(0)-aryl groups of the radical Ri can, for example, be benzoyl or substituted benzoyl groups.
- the process according to the invention is used for preparing the compound I (according to Scheme 3) in which
- R1 represents benzoyl
- R 2 represents methyl
- R 7 , Re and R 9 represent methyl
- R 6 represents benzyl
- the present invention also relates to the intermediates of the preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention (Scheme 4), in particular
- step C3 50.99 g (215.59 mmol) of sodium sulphide (33% pure) are added to a solution of 86.66 g (179.66 mmol assuming a yield of 100% in step C3) of C3 (crude product) in 550 ml of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and the mixture is heated to an internal temperature of 80°C and stirred at this temperature until the reaction has ended. At an internal temperature of 20°C, water and MTBE are then added, the phases are separated and the aqueous phase is extracted with MTBE. The combined organic phases are finally washed with water. The solution of the crude product is concentrated and freed completely from the solvents. This gives 56.41 g of C4 (1 12%) as a crude product which is used in this form for the subsequent step C5.
- reaction mixture is then adjusted to pH 1 using sulphuric acid (33% strength) and stirred at 50°C until the reaction is ended.
- pH is then adjusted to 7-10 using aqueous potassium hydroxide solution, and the precipitate formed is filtered off.
- the phases are separated and the aqueous phase is extracted with dichloromethane.
- the combined organic phases are concentrated and the crude product is, after complete removal of the solvent, purified by chromatography. This gives 22.68 g of C7 (45%).
- the process of the present invention provides an industrially advatageous and excellent preparation of the compounds of the formula I.
Abstract
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Priority Applications (12)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP10801279.0A EP2513081B1 (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2010-12-03 | PROCESS FOR PREPARING SUBSTITUTED 1-O-ACYL-2-DEOXY-2-FLUORO-4-THIO-ß-D-ARABINOFURANOSES |
MX2012006872A MX2012006872A (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2010-12-03 | Process for preparing substituted 1-o-acyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-4-thi o-î²-d-arabinofuranoses. |
SG2012044368A SG181745A1 (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2010-12-03 | PROCESS FOR PREPARING SUBSTITUTED 1-O-ACYL-2-DEOXY-2-FLUORO-4-THIO-ß-D-ARABINOFURANOSES |
AU2010331367A AU2010331367B2 (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2010-12-03 | Process for preparing substituted 1-O-acyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-4-thio-beta-D-arabinofuranoses |
JP2012527135A JP5616968B2 (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2010-12-03 | Method for producing substituted 1-O-acyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-4-thio-β-D-arabinofuranoses |
BR112012014490-1A BR112012014490B1 (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2010-12-03 | PROCESSES FOR THE PREPARATION OF 1-O-ACYL-2-DEOXY-2-FLUORO-4-THIO-?-D-ARABINOFUURANOSES AND INTERMEDIATE COMPOUNDS THEREOF |
NZ601222A NZ601222A (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2010-12-03 | Process for preparing substituted 1-o-acyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-4-thio-?-d-arabinofuranoses |
CA2784399A CA2784399C (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2010-12-03 | Process for preparing substituted 1-o-acyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-4-thio-.beta.-d-arabinofuranoses |
RU2012130422/04A RU2559364C2 (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2010-12-03 | METHOD OF OBTAINING SUBSTITUTED 1-O-ACYL-2-DEOXY-2-FLUORO-4-THIO-β-D-ARABINOFURANOSES |
CN201080057198.7A CN102656154B (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2010-12-03 | Process for preparing substituted 1-O-acyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-4-thio-beta-D-arabinofuranoses |
KR1020127018741A KR101814549B1 (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2010-12-03 | PROCESS FOR PREPARING SUBSTITUTED 1-O-ACYL-2-DEOXY-2-FLUORO-4-THIO-β-D-ARABINOFURANOSES |
IL220357A IL220357A (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2012-06-13 | Process for preparing substituted 1-o-acyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-4-thio-ß-d-arabinofuranoses |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
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EP09075563.8 | 2009-12-18 | ||
EP09075563 | 2009-12-18 | ||
EP10163406.1 | 2010-05-20 | ||
EP10163406A EP2388257A1 (en) | 2010-05-20 | 2010-05-20 | Process for preparing substituted 1-O-acyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-4-thio-ß-D-arabinofuranoses |
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US (2) | US8329925B2 (en) |
EP (2) | EP2799432B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5616968B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101814549B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN102656154B (en) |
AU (1) | AU2010331367B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR112012014490B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2784399C (en) |
IL (1) | IL220357A (en) |
MX (1) | MX2012006872A (en) |
MY (1) | MY156954A (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ601222A (en) |
RU (1) | RU2559364C2 (en) |
SG (1) | SG181745A1 (en) |
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BR112012014490A2 (en) | 2015-09-15 |
IL220357A (en) | 2015-11-30 |
US8420831B2 (en) | 2013-04-16 |
SG181745A1 (en) | 2012-07-30 |
MY156954A (en) | 2016-04-15 |
US8329925B2 (en) | 2012-12-11 |
RU2012130422A (en) | 2014-01-27 |
TWI476204B (en) | 2015-03-11 |
JP5616968B2 (en) | 2014-10-29 |
AU2010331367B2 (en) | 2017-04-20 |
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