WO2011060018A2 - Compositions and methods for using peptides, modified peptides, peptidomimetics and fibrin derivatives - Google Patents

Compositions and methods for using peptides, modified peptides, peptidomimetics and fibrin derivatives Download PDF

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WO2011060018A2
WO2011060018A2 PCT/US2010/056155 US2010056155W WO2011060018A2 WO 2011060018 A2 WO2011060018 A2 WO 2011060018A2 US 2010056155 W US2010056155 W US 2010056155W WO 2011060018 A2 WO2011060018 A2 WO 2011060018A2
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chemical bond
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PCT/US2010/056155
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WO2011060018A3 (en
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Rainer Henning
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Ikaria Development Subsidiary Two Llc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/745—Blood coagulation or fibrinolysis factors
    • C07K14/75—Fibrinogen
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/56—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule
    • A61K47/59—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes
    • A61K47/60—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes the organic macromolecular compound being a polyoxyalkylene oligomer, polymer or dendrimer, e.g. PEG, PPG, PEO or polyglycerol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to compositions and methods for using peptides and derivatives from the Bbeta( 15-42) fibrin fragment for the prevention and treatment of hypoxic conditions, ischemia/reperfusion injury, vascular leak and sequels thereof.
  • Reperfusion injury is due in part to the inflammatory response of damaged tissues to the ischemic insult and return of circulation.
  • Leukocytes white blood cells
  • inflammatory mediators i.e., interleukins
  • enzymes i.e., enzymes and free radicals.
  • a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes are involved in the advent of reperfusion injury. Recently, peptides and peptide analogs were described that prevent inflammation, vascular leak and prevent or treat ischemia and reperfusion injury (WO 02/48180).
  • Fibrin peptides may be used as therapeutics as they have several important characteristics, including anti-inflammatory effects (EP1586586).
  • RhoA is an important intracellular mediator that has a role in regulating endothelial cell function and has a regulatory role in vascular leakage.
  • Rho GTPases are a family of small GTPases with profound actions on the actin cytoskeleton of cells. (Hall, A., (1998) Science, 279:509- 514).
  • RhoA has a prominent stimulatory effect on actin-myosin interaction ( atoh et al., (2001) Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol, 280:C 1669-C1679).
  • the complex group of mediators are also targets for compositions and methods to treat the effects of ischemic injury, inflammation and vascular disease.
  • peptidomimetics derived from the chain of the Bbeta (15-42) fibrin fragment are needed to treat the effects of disease.
  • novel compounds as well as compositions, pharmaceutical combinations and kits thereof. Additionally, there methods of using the same for the prevention and treatment of hypoxic conditions, ischemia/reperfusion injury and the sequels thereof including such novel compounds, pharmaceutical
  • an isolated peptide sequence comprising an amino acid sequence of a fibrin beta chain fragment of a Bbeta chain of fibrinogen in which said peptide sequence one or more amino acids have been omitted or replaced by a naturally or non-naturally occurring amino acid residue or a peptidomimimetic residue, and wherein said peptide sequence is a dimer of identical monomer sequences, the peptide sequences being linked via the sulfur atoms of a cysteine residue in the monomeric sequences at or near the C-terminal ends thereof.
  • X1 -X12 denote a genetically coded amino acid, or one or more of X 2 , X3, Xs, X9, X10, Xi i and Xi 2 denote a single chemical bond;
  • Xi 3 denotes OR, wherein R, is hydrogen or (C1-C1 0 ) alkyl
  • NR2R3 with R 2 and R 3 being identical or different, denoting hydrogen or (C i ⁇ C
  • ⁇ denotes a compound which induces a bend or a turn in the peptide selected from naturally occurring amino acids, non-naturally occurring amino acids and peptidomimetic elements;
  • Q denotes (Ci-C 6 ) alkyl, an unsubstituted phenyl or a substituted phenyl
  • J denotes a single chemical bond or NH
  • NR2R3 with R 2 and R 3 being identical or different, denoting hydrogen or (C,-C,o) alkyl; or 0-PEG 5 - 6 OK or NH-PEG 5 . 60K .
  • compounds selected from Table 1 , Table 2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are provided.
  • methods for treating vascular leak including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of any of the aforementioned compounds of the present invention.
  • Prodrug is meant to indicate a compound that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to a biologically active compound of the invention.
  • prodrug refers to a metabolic precursor of a compound of the invention that is pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • a prodrug may be inactive when administered to a subject in need thereof, but is converted in vivo to an active compound of the invention.
  • Prodrugs are typically rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound of the invention, for example, by hydrolysis in blood.
  • the prodrug compound often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility or delayed release in a mammalian organism (see, Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs (1985), pp. 7-9, 21 -24 (Elsevier, Amsterdam)).
  • prodrugs are provided in Higuchi, T., et al., A.C.S. Symposium Series, Vol. 14, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, Ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987.
  • prodrug is also meant to include any covalently bonded carriers, which release the active compound of the invention in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject.
  • Prodrugs of a compound of the invention may be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound of the invention in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compound of the invention.
  • Prodrugs include compounds of the invention wherein a hydroxy, amino or mercapto group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug of the compound of the invention is administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxy, free amino or free mercapto group, respectively.
  • Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol or amide derivatives of amine functional groups in the compounds of the invention and the like.
  • administering refers to any mode of transferring, delivering, introducing or transporting a pharmaceutical drug or other agent to a subject.
  • Administering refers to said administering is intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, intradermal, nasal via inhalation, nasal via aerosol, buccal, topical, intralesional, intracranial, intraprostatic, intrapleural, intratracheal, intranasal, intravitreal, intravaginal, intrarectal, intratumoral, intraocular, subconjunctival, intravesicular, mucosal, intrapericardial, intraumbilical, oral, local, by injection, by infusion, by continuous infusion, by absorption, by adsorption, by immersion, by localized perfusion, via a catheter, or via a lavage.
  • Solid compound and “stable structure” are meant to indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
  • Bio material and “biological matter” includes cel ls, tissues, organs, organisms and animals (including, mammals). It is contemplated that the methods of the present invention may be practiced on a part of an organism (such as in cells, in tissue, and/or in one or more organs), whether that part remains within the organism or is removed from the organism, or on the whole organism.
  • the term "/ « vivo biological matter” refers to biological matter that is in vivo, i.e., sti ll within or attached to an organism.
  • biological matter will be understood as synonymous with the term “biological material.” In certain embodiments, it is
  • one or more cells, tissues, or organs is separate from an organism.
  • isolated can be used to describe such biological matter. It is contemplated that the methods of the present invention may be practiced on in vivo and/or isolated biological matter.
  • tissue and organ are used according to their ordinary and plain meanings.
  • tissue or organ is “isolated,” meaning that it is not located within an organism.
  • pharmaceutical refers to a formulation of a compound of the invention and a medium generally accepted in the art for the delivery of the biologically active compound to mammals, animals or preferably, humans.
  • a medium includes all pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients therefor.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” means that salts are formed with acids or bases the addition of which does not have undesirable effects when used for humans. Preferable are salts with acids or bases the use of which is listed for use with warm blooded animals, in particular humans, in the US Pharmacopoeia or any other generally recognized
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient” includes without limitation any adjuvant, carrier, excipient, glidant, sweetening agent, diluent, preservative, dye/colorant, flavor enhancer, surfactant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, stabilizer, isotonic agent, solvent, or emulsifier which has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as being acceptable for use in humans or domestic animals.
  • Effective amount refers to that amount of a compound of the invention which, when administered to a biological material, such as, a mammal, is sufficient to effect treatment, as defined below, of treating or preventing injury of a biological material exposed to hypoxic or ischemic conditions.
  • the amount of a compound of the invention which constitutes a “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, the condition and its severity, the manner of administration, and the biological material (e.g., the age of the mammal to be treated), but can be determined routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art having regard to his own knowledge and to this disclosure.
  • the term "effective amount” refers to the amount that can achieve a measurable result.
  • an "effective amount” is, for example, an amount that when administered to a human subject in need of medical treatment in a controlled Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical trial produces a statistically significant benefit on a predefined clinical endpoint (e.g., mortality).
  • An effective amount enhances the survivability of biological matter in response to a disease or injury, or an amount that induces stasis or pre-stasis in the biological matter.
  • Treating covers the treatment of the disease or condition of interest in a biological material (e.g. , a mammal) having the disease or condition of interest, and includes, for example:
  • disease and “condition” may be used interchangeably or may be different in that the particular malady or condition may not have a known causative agent (so that etiology has not yet been worked out) and it is therefore not yet recognized as a disease but only as an undesirable condition or syndrome, wherein a more or less specific set of symptoms have been identified by clinicians.
  • hypoxia refers to an environment with levels of oxygen below normal. Hypoxia occurs when the normal physiologic levels of oxygen are not supplied to a cell, tissue, or organ.
  • Normoxia refers to normal physiologic levels of oxygen for the particular cell type, cell state or tissue in question.
  • Anoxia is the absence of oxygen.
  • Hypoxic conditions are those leading to cellular, organ or organismal hypoxia. For purposes of the present invention, hypoxic conditions include conditions in which oxygen concentration is at or less than normal atmospheric conditions, that is less that 20.8, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 1 1, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.5, 0%. Alternatively, these numbers could represent the percent of atmosphere at 1 atmosphere of pressure (101 .3 kPa).
  • Anoxia is the absence of oxygen.
  • the compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers,
  • stereoisomer refers to a compound made up of the same atoms bonded by the same bonds but having different three-dimensional structures, which are not interchangeable.
  • the present invention contemplates various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof and includes “enantiomers”, which refers to two stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposeable mirror images of one another.
  • a “complexing agent” is a molecule, typically an organic molecule, which binds a metal ion through two or more of the complexing agent's atoms.
  • a “co-solvent” is any solvent or compound present in a mixture in addition to the primary solvent. Co-solvents are typically added to increase or decrease the solubility of the solutes.
  • One aspect of the present invention encompasses all pharmaceutically acceptable compounds of Formula I and II being isotopically-labelled by having one or more atoms replaced by an atom having a different atomic mass or mass number.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into the disclosed compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as 2 H, 3 H, "C, 13 C, l 4 C, l 3 N, l 5 N, l 5 0, l 7 0, 18 0, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, 36 CI, , 23 I, and 125 I, respectively.
  • isotopically labelled compounds could be useful to help determine or measure the effectiveness of the compounds, by characterizing, for example, the site or mode of action, or binding affinity to pharmacologically important site of action.
  • Certain isotopically-labelled compounds of structures (I) and (II) for example, those incorporating a radioactive isotope, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies.
  • the radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e. , 3 H, and carbon- 14, i.e., I4 C, are particularly useful for this purpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means of detection.
  • the invention relates to an isolated peptide sequence comprising an amino acid sequence of a fibrin beta chain fragment of a Bbeta chain of fibrinogen in which said peptide sequence one or more amino acids have been omitted or replaced by a naturally or non-naturally occurring amino acid residue or a peptidomimimetic residue, and wherein said peptide sequence is a dimer of identical monomer sequences, the peptide sequences being linked via the sulfur atoms of a cysteine residue in the monomeric sequences at or near the C-terminal ends thereof.
  • the invention relates to modified peptides and peptidomimetics which are derived from the chain of the Bbeta(15-42)-fibrin fragment and wherein one or several of the amino acids of the sequence have been substituted by both genetically encoded or not genetically encoded amino acids or peptidomimetic elements, which have the property of inducing a bend or turn in the peptide backbone, in which one or more amino acids may have been removed, and in which the C-terminus has been extended by one or more amino acids, at least one of which is a cysteine and which have been dimerized via the sulfur atom of said cysteine.
  • esters or amides may for instance be taken into consideration as C- terminal derivatives.
  • Peptides, modified peptides and peptidomimetics derived from the chain of the Bbeta(l 5-42) fibrin fragment in which one or amino acids have been removed and which instead contain an amino acid or a peptidomimetic element promoting a bend or turn in the peptide backbone also have strong anti-inflammatory and endothelium stabilizing effects.
  • Dimeric peptides or peptide dimers refer to a dimer composition comprising two peptide sequences, each of said sequences comprising amino acids 15-42 of a fibrin beta chain or a VE-cadherin-binding conservative variant thereof, modified peptides,
  • the inventive compounds may have conservative substitutions of amino acids as compared to the natural sequence of fibrin in one or several positions.
  • a conservative substitution is defined as the side chain of the respective amino acid being replaced by a side chain of similar chemical structure and polarity, the side chain being derived from a genetically coded or not genetically coded amino acid. Families of amino acids of this kind having similar side chains are known in the art.
  • amino acids having basic side chains lysine, arginine, histidine
  • acidic side chains aspartic acid, glutamic acid
  • uncharged polar side chains glycine, aspartamic acid, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine
  • non-polar side chains alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan
  • beta-branched side chains threonine, valine, isoleucine
  • aromatic side chains tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophane, histidine.
  • amino acids having basic side chains lysine, arginine, histidine
  • acidic side chains aspartic acid, glutamic acid
  • uncharged polar side chains glycine, aspartamic acid, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine
  • non-polar side chains
  • the present invention provides novel compounds including:
  • X 1 -X 12 denote a genetically coded amino acid, or one or more of X 2 , X 3 , X 8 , X9, X io,
  • Xi I and X12 denote a single chemical bond
  • Xi3 denotes OR, wherein R, is hydrogen or (d— C ] 0 ) alkyl
  • NR 2 R 3 with R 2 and R 3 being identical or different, denoting hydrogen or (C
  • P denotes a compound which induces a bend or turn in the peptide backbone selected from naturally occurring amino acids including genetically coded amino acids (e.g., L-proline) as well as post-translationally modified amino acids (e.g., L-hydroxyproline), non-naturally occurring amino acids and peptidomimetic elements;
  • genetically coded amino acids e.g., L-proline
  • post-translationally modified amino acids e.g., L-hydroxyproline
  • Q denotes (Ci-C 6 ) alkyl, an unsubstituted phenyl or a substituted phenyl;
  • J denotes a single chemical bond or NH
  • NR2R3 with R 2 and R 3 being identical or different, denoting hydrogen or (C,-C,o) alkyl; or O-PEG5.6OK or NH-PEG 5 .60K -
  • Peptidomimetic elements pertaining to this invention are residues, which are able to replace one or several amino acids of a peptide chain and which also have the additional property of inducing a bend or turn in the peptide backbone.
  • residues have for instance been described in the patent application WO2005/056577.
  • ⁇ includes, but is not limited to, the following collectively referred to herein as "Group A":
  • ⁇ is selected from Group A. In certain embodiments, ⁇ is selected from the compounds of Group B listed below:
  • Xl denotes L, I, S, M or A
  • X 2 denotes E or D or a single chemical bond
  • x 3 denotes R or K or a single chemical bond
  • X 4 denotes L, I, S, M or A
  • X 5 denotes A, G, S, or L
  • X 6 denotes A, G, S, or L
  • X 7 denotes A, G, S, or L
  • Xs denotes G, A or L or a single chemical bond
  • X 9 denotes Y, F, H or a single chemical bond
  • Xio denotes R, K or a single chemical bond
  • Xn denotes G, A, L, I or V or a single chemical bond
  • 2 denotes G, A, L, I or V or a single chemical bond.
  • X2 denotes D or a single chemical bond
  • X3 denotes K or a single chemical bond
  • X5 denotes S
  • X7 denotes G
  • X 8 denotes G
  • X 9 denotes Y, F, H or a single chemical bond
  • Xio denotes R, or a single chemical bond
  • Xi I denotes G, A, L, I or V or a single chemical bond
  • Xi 2 denotes G, A, L, I or V or a single chemical bond.
  • X, i denotes G or a single chemical bond
  • X i 2 denotes G or a single chemical bond
  • X i 3 denotes NR 2 R 3 with R 2 and R 3 , being identical or different, denoting hydrogen or (Ci-Cio) alkyl.
  • B denotes the intervening compound -CH-CH 2 -CO-Q-J-CO-U and
  • the present invention provides compounds of Formula III,
  • the present invention provides compounds of Formula IV,
  • the present invention provides compounds of Formula V, GHRPL-p-ISGGXsXgXioCXnXuXn
  • the present invention provides compounds of Formula VI,
  • Xi 1 denotes G or a single chemical bond
  • X12 denotes G or a single chemical bond
  • X13 denotes NR2R3, where R2 and R3 are equal or different and denote hydrogen or (C, - C,o) alkyl.
  • J denotes a single chemical bond or NH
  • Xn denotes G or a single chemical bond
  • Xi 2 denotes G or a single chemical bond
  • X, 3 denotes NR 2 R 3 , where R 2 and R 3 are equal or different and denote hydrogen or (C, - C 10 ) alkyl.
  • phenylalanine is F
  • leucine L
  • isoleucine I
  • methionine is M
  • valine V
  • serine S
  • proline P
  • threonine is T
  • alanine is A
  • tyrosine Y
  • histidine H
  • glutamine Q
  • asparagine is N
  • lysine is , aspartic acid is D
  • glutamic acid is E
  • cysteine is C
  • tryptophan W
  • arginine is R
  • glycine G.
  • amino acid residues in the compounds of Formula I may either be present in their amino acid residues
  • a device or instrument in administering an agent or in an erodable implant of a suitable biologically degradable polymer (e.g., polylactate or polyglycolate).
  • a suitable biologically degradable polymer e.g., polylactate or polyglycolate
  • Such device may utilize active or passive transport and may be slow-release or fast-release delivery device.
  • the pharmaceutical preparations according to the invention may be in an erodable implant of a suitable biologically degradable polymer (e.g., polylactate or polyglycolate).
  • compositions including any of the aforementioned compounds of the present invention and at least one additional therapeutic agent.
  • the compound and at least one additional therapeutic agent may be administered separately or together.
  • non-natural amino acids can be used in the methods of the invention.
  • the non-natural amino acids of the invention are selected or designed to provide additional characteristics unavailable in the twenty natural amino acids.
  • non- natural amino acids are optionally designed or selected to modify the biological properties of a molecule, including a protein, e.g., into which they are incorporated.
  • non-natural amino acid refers to any amino acid, modified amino acid, or amino acid analogue other than selenocysteine and the following twenty genetically encoded alpha-amino acids: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine.
  • the components are PEGylated.
  • PEG refers to polyethylene glycol. PEGylation can significantly enhance protein half-life by shielding the polypeptide from proteolytic enzymes and increasing the apparent size of the protein, thus reducing clearance rates. Moreover, PEG conjugates can enhance protein solubility and have beneficial effects on biodistribution.
  • PEG can have a molecular weight of about, for example, between 0.5 d and l OO d, this molecular weight being the minimum and maximum of a molecular weight distribution, so that individual components of the mixture may have a higher or lower molecular weight.
  • PEG has a molecular weight of about 0.5Kd to 70 d.
  • PEG has a molecular weight of about 0.5 d to 60Kd.
  • PEG has a molecular weight of about 0.5 d to 40Kd.
  • PEG has a molecular weight of about 5 d to 30Kd.
  • PEG may be linear or branched.
  • the invention furthermore concerns processes for the production of the peptides and peptide derivatives of general Formulas (I) and (II), characterized in that, either
  • peptidomimetic elements optionally containing suitable protective groups for functional groups, are linked step by step according to methods known in the art, the finished peptide is cleaved off the polymeric resin according to suitable methods known in the art, the protective groups, if present, are cleaved off by suitable methods and the peptide or peptide derivative is purified according to suitable methods, or
  • a PEG-group having a desired molecular weight is linked to a polymeric resin via a suitable spacer, the first amino acid at the N-terminal end of the peptide is linked using suitable methods, the remaining steps being the same as described in (A), or
  • a lysine residue, containing a suitable protective group at the ⁇ -amino group is linked to a suitable polymeric resin via a suitable spacer using suitable methods, the peptide chain is synthesized as described in (A), following cleavage from the polymeric resin and
  • the protective group at the ⁇ -amino group is cleaved off using suitable methods, a PEG group having a desired molecular weight is linked to the ⁇ -amino group using a suitable activated reagent, the optionally remaining protective groups are cleaved off and the final product is purified using suitable methods, or
  • X 1 -X 12 denote a genetically coded amino acid, or one or more of X 2 , X3, X 8 , X10,
  • Xi I and X 12 denote a single chemical bond
  • Xi 3 denotes ORi wherein R, is hydrogen or (C1-C10) alkyl
  • ⁇ denotes a compound which induces a bend or a turn in the peptide selected from naturally occurring amino acids, non-naturally occurring amino acids and peptidomimetic elements;
  • Monomeric peptides (Vila) or (Vllb), either unprotected or carrying suitable protecting groups on amino acid side chains are reacted to form the compounds of general structural formulas (I) or (II) in which residue B is absent, using a suitable oxidant.
  • suitable oxidizing agents may for instance be iodine, hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides, sodium peroxodisulfate or atmospheric oxygen with or without suitable catalysts.
  • Embodiments of the respective processing steps are not new per se and will be clear to an experienced specialist in the field of organic synthesis.
  • a cysteine (C)-residue may be reacted with PEG-maleimide, resulting in a succinimide residue as spacer for residue Z.
  • the composition is reacted with an optionally activated C-terminal carboxy residue with an aminoalkyl- substituted PEG residue.
  • the composition is formed by reacting an aldehyde-substituted PEG residue with the ⁇ -amino function of a lysine residue.
  • Activated PEG reagents having suitable spacers and reactive groups may for instance be obtained from NOF Corporation (Tokyo, Japan).
  • such dimerization method is comprised of reacting a monomeric peptide of Formula Vila or Vllb with a compound of Formula VIII under conditions, where the leaving group LG is replaced with the respective peptide chain.
  • a preferred leaving group LG is without limitation a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl-sulfonyl group.
  • Embodiments of the respective processing steps are not new per se and will be clear to an experienced specialist in the field of organic synthesis.
  • the substances according to the invention and the use of the substances according to the invention for the production of a pharmaceutical drug are of particular significance for the the therapy of diseases resulting from the tissue-damaging effect of white blood cells, or wherein the stability and full physiological integrity of the layer of endothelial cells lining the blood vessels is impaired.
  • Diseases belonging to this group are those in context with autoimmunity, include collagenoses, rheumatic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases like Morbus Crohn or Colitis ulcerosa, psoriasis and psoriatic rheumatoid arthritis, and post/parainfectious diseases as well as diseases caused by a graft-versus-host reaction, for the treatment of shock conditions, in particular in case of septic shock triggered by infection with gram-positive or gram-negative bacterial pathogens as well as viral infections.
  • the inventive substances may generally be used for "Systemic Inflammatory
  • SIRS Session Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • ARDS acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • CRS Capillary Leak Syndrome
  • organ- or multiorgan failure respectively and for the therapy and/or prevention of rejection reactions of organ transplants, therapy and/or prevention of arteriosclerosis, reperfusion trauma following surgically or pharmaceutically induced re- slipply with blood, e.g., following percutaneous coronary intervention, stroke, vessel surgery, cardiac bypass surgery and organ transplants, there is a healing and/or preventive effect as this pharmaceutical drug inhibits the migration of lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes into the wall of the vessel.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may also be used for the transportation of another drug and may be used for treatment of of tumors as well as the prevention and/or treatment of tumor metastases.
  • inventive compounds of Formula (I) and (II) together with pharmaceutical adjuvants and additives may be formulated into pharmaceutical preparations which also are a subject matter of the present invention.
  • a pharmaceutical preparations which also are a subject matter of the present invention.
  • Such preparations for instance contain a dilution of various buffers (e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate, phosphate) of different pH and ionic strength, detergents and solubilizers (e.g., Tween 80, Polysorbat 80), antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid), and fillers (e.g., lactose, mannitol).
  • buffers e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate, phosphate
  • detergents and solubilizers e.g., Tween 80, Polysorbat 80
  • antioxidants e.g., ascorbic acid
  • fillers e.g., lactose, mannitol
  • compositions according to this invention may be formulated together with pharmaceutical adjuvants and additives. Preparation of such formulations include a therapeutically effective dose of the pharmacologically active components of the composition is mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, stabilizers, solubilizers, emulsifying aids, adjuvants or carriers and brought into a suitable therapeutic form.
  • Such preparations for instance contain a dilution of various buffers (e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate, phosphate) of different pH and ionic strength, detergents and solubilizers (e.g., Tween 80, Polysorbat 80), antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid), and fillers (e.g., lactose, mannitol) (see: The United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary 29 th Edition, (2006) Rockville, MD;
  • various buffers e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate, phosphate
  • detergents and solubilizers e.g., Tween 80, Polysorbat 80
  • antioxidants e.g., ascorbic acid
  • fillers e.g., lactose, mannitol
  • Dimers and polypeptide agents for use in the invention, as described herein, may be administered in any effective amount.
  • dimer(s) and polypeptide agent(s) as described herein may be administered in dosages of each within the range of about 0.0001 - 1 ,000,000 micrograms, in amounts within the range of about 0. 1 -5,000 micrograms, and in amounts within the range of about 1 -30 micrograms. Such dosages may be measured in a ug/kg or mg/kg basis.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation may contain concentrations of the active substances that will lead to doses in a range of 0.001 to 500 mg/kg of each component, preferentially in a range of 0.1 to 100 mg/kg mg, 0.1 to 10 mg/kg mg, or mg/m2, or any range derivable therein.
  • methods for treating inflammation or cell damage associated with ischemia and reperfusion or inhibiting inflammation, inhibiting vascular leak, promoting tissue protection, promoting tissue regeneration, preventing cell damage associated with ischemia and reperfusion or a combination of two or more thereof, including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of any of the aforementioned compounds of the present invention.
  • the patient is undergoing transplantation of a tissue or an organ or wherein the patient is suffering from delayed graft function.
  • the patient is being treated for one or more of the following: stroke, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction or lung injury.
  • the patient is administered the compound after experiencing an ischemic condition, a hypoxic condition or hemorrhaging.
  • the patient is administered the compound after experiencing shock.
  • Shock may be associated with one or more from the group including bacterial toxins, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, necrotizing fasciitis, haemorrhagic shock following viral infection, in particular caused by filovirus, arenaviridae, bunyaviridae, flavivirus, dengue, acute hemorrhagic respiratory failure caused by infectious agents or autoimmune diseases, organ failure after organ injury, in particular myocardial infarction, vascular surgery, clamping of organs, haemorrhagic shock, lung infarction, liver infarction, gut infarction, surgical procedures and stroke, and organ dysfunction of grafted organs.
  • bacterial toxins disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, necrotizing fasciitis
  • haemorrhagic shock following viral infection in particular caused by filovirus
  • arenaviridae bunyaviridae, flavivirus
  • dengue acute hemorrhagic respiratory failure caused by infectious agents or autoimmune diseases
  • organ failure after organ injury in particular myocardi
  • One embodiment of the present invention provides methods for treating or preventing injury of a biological material exposed to hypoxic or ischemic conditions, wherein the method includes contacting the biological material with an effective amount of a compound selected from Table 1 , Table 2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the present invention contemplates methods for treating reperfusion injury comprising edema through vascular leak, an acute inflammation caused by penetration of activated leukocytes into tissue and cell death by necrosis and apoptosis, among other etiologies.
  • Reperfusion injury can occur following myocardial reperfusion after an acute myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiac arrest, or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.
  • Reperfusion injury is noted following the transplantation of an organ or following resuscitation after hemorrhagic shock or severe bleeding in traumatized patients.
  • the present invention contemplates methods for preventing or treatment hypoxic of ischemic injury related to transplantation of a tissue or an organ.
  • the present invention also contemplates prevention or treatment of delayed graft function.
  • the present invention also contemplates methods for inducing tissue regeneration and wound healing by prevention/delay of biological processes that may result in delayed wound healing and tissue regeneration.
  • methods of the invention can be implemented to prevent or treat trauma such as cardiac arrest or stroke, and hemorrhagic shock.
  • trauma such as cardiac arrest or stroke, and hemorrhagic shock.
  • the invention has importance with respect to the risk of trauma from emergency surgical procedures, such as thoroacotomy, laparotomy, and splenic transaction or cardiac surgery, aneurysm, surgery, brain surgery and the like.
  • the invention may be used to prevent or treat injury resulting from Systemic inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), kidney failure, liver failure and multi-organ failure.
  • SIRS Systemic inflammatory Response Syndrome
  • ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • kidney failure liver failure
  • multi-organ failure multi-organ failure.
  • methods of the present invention can be implemented to enhance survivability and prevent ischemic injury resulting from cardiac arrest or stroke comprising providing an effective amount of the composition to the patient before, after, or both before and after myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest or stroke.
  • methods of the present invention can be implemented to treat or prevent ischemia/reperfusion injury.
  • methods of the present invention can be implemented to treat or prevent an inflammatory disease or disorder.
  • methods of the present invention can be implemented to treat or prevent vascular leak.
  • methods of the present invention include pre-treating a biological material, e.g., a patient, prior to an ischemic or hypoxic injury or disease insult. These methods can be used when an injury or disease with the potential to cause ischemia or hypoxia is scheduled or elected in advance, or predicted in advance to likely occur.
  • Examples include, but are not limited to, major surgery where blood loss may occur spontaneously or as a result of a procedure, cardiopulmonary bypass in which oxygenation of the blood may be compromised or in which vascular delivery of blood may be reduced (as in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery), or in the treatment of organ donors prior to removal of donor organs for transport and transplantation into a recipient in need of an organ transplant.
  • Examples include, but are not limited to, medical conditions in which a risk of injury or disease progression is inherent (e.g., in the context of unstable angina, following angioplasty, bleeding aneurysms, hemorrhagic strokes, following major trauma, hemorrhaging or blood loss), or in which the risk can be diagnosed using a medical diagnostic test.
  • the amount of effective compound that is provided to biological material can be about, at least, at least about, or at most about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 1 10, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160
  • the amount may be expressed as 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 , 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 1 10, 120, 130, 140, 1 0, 160, 1 70, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230,
  • compositions of the current invention for about, at least, at least about, or at most about 30 seconds, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 minutes, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 hours, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days or more, and any range or combination therein.
  • the amount of the solution is specified by volume, depending on the concentration.
  • An amount of time may be about, at least about, or at most about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 1 3, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 , 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60 minutes, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 weeks, and/or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12 months, or any range derivable therein.
  • Tentagel (Rapp Polymere) with FMOC-Cys(Trt) was used as the first amino acid at a load of 0.24 mmol/g and transferred to a commercially available peptide synthesis device (PSMM(Shimadzu)), wherein the peptide sequence was constructed step-by-step according to the carbodiimide/HOBt method.
  • the FMOC-amino acid derivatives were pre-activated by adding a 5-fold equimolar excess of di-isopropy-carbodiimide (DIC), di-isopropy-ethylamine (DIPEA) and hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and, following their transfer into the reaction vessel, mixed with the resin support.
  • the peptide was subsequently cleaved off by treatment with trifluoracetic acid/TIS/EDT/water (95 :2:2: 1 vol) for 2 hours at room temperature.
  • trifluoracetic acid/TIS/EDT/water 95 :2:2: 1 vol
  • the peptide was purified by RP-HPLC on romasil RP- 18 250-20, 10 ⁇ in 0.1 % TFA with a gradient of 5 on 60% acetonitrile and evaluated by means of a UV detector at 215 nm.
  • the purity of the individual fractions was determined by analytics, RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry.
  • pure product was obtained.
  • the formation of the homodimer was by intermolecular disulfide bond. For this the disulfide was selectively formed by oxidation with atmospheric oxygen in slightly alkaline solution.
  • the reaction was monitored by analytical HPLC and mass spectrometry.
  • the reaction was stopped by adding 0.5 % TFA, and following renewed lyophilisation the RP-HPLC purification of the symmetrical homodimeric product.
  • MALD1- TOF 3267.7 m/z (m.i.)
  • the peptide was purified by RP-HPLC on Kromasil RP-18 250-20, 10 ⁇ in 0.1 % TFA with a gradient of 5 on 60% acetonitrile in 40 minutes at a flow rate of 12 ml/min and evaluation of the eluate by means of a UV detector at 21 5 nm. The purity of the individual fractions was determined by analyt. RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry. Following combination of the purified fractions and lyophilisation, pure product was obtained. The formation of the homodimer was subsequently effected as described in example 1.
  • MALDI- TOF 3435,8 m/z (m.i.)
  • the solid phase synthesis of the monomeric peptide used for the preparation of this compound was done according to the description in example 1 ; the amino acid and peptidomimetic derivatives employed in the coupling steps were: FMOC-Arg(Pbf), FMOC- Asp, FMOC-Gly, FMOC-His(Trt), FMOC-Ile, FMOC-Leu, FMOC-Lys(BOC), FMOC-cis-4- Acha, FMOC-Ser(tBu) and FMOC-Tyr(tBu) (NeoMPS). After completion of synthesis the peptide resin was dried.
  • the amino acid and peptidomimetic derivatives employed in the coupling steps were: FMOC-Arg(Pbf), FMOC- Asp, FMOC-Gly, FMOC-His(Trt), FMOC-Ile, FMOC-Leu, FMOC-Lys(BOC), FMOC-cis-4- Acha, FMOC-Ser(tBu) and FMOC-Tyr
  • the peptide amide was subsequently cleaved off by treatment with trifluoracetic acid/TIS/EDT/water (95:2:2: 1 vol) for 2 hours at room temperature. By way of filtration, concentration of the solution and precipitation by the addition of ice-cold diethyl ether, the crude product was obtained as a solid.
  • the peptide was purified by RP-HPLC on Kromasil RP- 18 250-20, 10 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ in 0.1 % TFA with a gradient of 5 on 60% acetonitri le in 40 minutes at a flow rate of 12 m l/min and evaluation of the eluate by means of a UV detector at 215 nm. The purity of the individual fractions was determined by analytical RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry. Following combination of the purified fractions and lyophilisation, pure product was obtained.
  • the eluted fractions containing the product were purified by RP-HPLC on Kromasil RP- 18 250-20, 10 ⁇ in 0.1 % TFA with a gradient of 5 on 60% acetonitrile in 40 minutes at a flow rate of 12 ml/min and evaluation of the eluate by means of a UV detector at 215 nm.
  • the purity of the individual fractions was determined by analytical RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry. Following combination of the purified fractions and lyophilisation, pure product was obtained.
  • MALD1-TOF 3490,8 m/z (m.i.).
  • Tentagel-S-RAM amide polymer (Rapp-Polymere) was used at a load of 0.24 mmol/g which was transferred to a commercially available peptide synthesis device
  • the FMOC-amino acid derivatives were pre-activated by adding a 5-fold equimolar excess of di-isopropy-carbodiimide (DIC), di-isopropy-ethylamine (DIPEA) und hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and, following their transfer into the reaction vessel, mixed with the resin support for 30 minutes. Washing steps were carried out by 5 additions of 900 ⁇ DMF and thorough mixing for 1 minute. Cleavage steps were carried out by the addition of 3 x 900 ⁇ 30% piperidine in DMF and thorough mixing for 4 minutes. Removal of the individual reaction and wash solutions was effected by forcing the solutions through the bottom frit of the reaction vessel.
  • DIC di-isopropy-carbodiimide
  • DIPEA di-isopropy-ethylamine
  • HOBt hydroxybenzotriazole
  • the amino acid derivatives FMOC-Arg(Pbf), FMOC-Asp, FMOC-Gly, FMOC-His(Trt), FMOC-lle, FMOC-Leu, FMOC-Lys(BOC), FMOC-Haic, FMOC-Ser(tBu), FMOC-Cys(Trt) and FMOC-Tyr(tBu) (NeoMPS) were employed.
  • the peptide resin was dried.
  • the peptide amide was subsequently cleaved off by treatment with trifluoracetic acid/TlS/EDT/water (95:2:2: 1 vol) for 2 hours at room temperature.
  • concentration of the solution and precipitation by the addition of ice-cold diethyl ether the crude product was obtained as a solid.
  • the peptide amide was purified by RP-HPLC on Kromasil RP-18 250-20, 10 ⁇ in
  • the dimerized product was purified by RP-HPLC on Kromasil RP- 18 250-20, 10 ⁇ ⁇ in 0.1 % TFA with a gradient of 5 on 60% acetonitriie in 40 minutes at a flow rate of 12 ml/min and evaluation of the eluate by means of a UV detector at 215 nm. The purity of the individual fractions was determined by analyt. RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry. Following combination of the purified fractions and lyophilisation pure product was obtained.
  • MALDI- TOF 3475,8 m/z (m.i.)
  • Tentagel-S-RAM (Rapp-Polymere) at a load of 0.24 mmol/g was transferred to a commercial ly available peptide synthesis device (PSMM(Shimadzu)), wherein the peptide sequence was constructed step-by-step according to the carbodiimide/HOBt method.
  • the FMOC-amino acid derivatives were pre-activated by adding a 5-fold equimolar excess of di- isopropy-carbodiimide (DIC), di-isopropy-ethylamine (D1PEA) und hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and, following their transfer into the reaction vessel, mixed with the resin support for 30 minutes.
  • Washing steps were carried out by 5 additions of 900 ⁇ DMF and thorough mixing for 1 minute.
  • Cleavage steps were carried out by the addition of 3 x 900 ⁇ 30% piperidine in DMF and thorough mixing for 4 minutes. Removal of the individual reaction and wash solutions was effected by forcing the solutions through the bottom frit of the reaction vessel.
  • the purified peptide (10 mg) in phosphate buffered solution in argon-purged deionized water was cooled to 4° C.
  • Tentagel-S-RAM amide polymer (Rapp-Polymere) at a load of 0.24 mmol/g was transferred to a commercially available peptide synthesis device (PSMM(Shimadzu)), wherein the peptide sequence was constructed step-by-step according to the
  • the FMOC-amino acid derivatives were pre-activated by adding a 5-fold equimolar excess of di-isopropy-carbodiimide (DIC), di-isopropy-ethylamine (D1PEA) und hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and, following their transfer into the reaction vessel, mixed with the resin support for 30 minutes. Washing steps were carried out by 5 additions of 900 ⁇ DMF and thorough mixing for 1 minute. Cleavage steps were carried out by the addition of 3 x 900 ⁇ 30% piperidine in DMF and thorough mixing for 4 minutes. Removal of the individual reaction and wash solutions was effected by forcing the solutions through the bottom frit of the reaction vessel.
  • DIC di-isopropy-carbodiimide
  • D1PEA di-isopropy-ethylamine
  • HBt hydroxybenzotriazole
  • the peptide was purified by RP-HPLC on Kromasil RP-18 250-20, 10 ⁇ in 0.1 % TFA with a gradient of 5 on 60% acetonitrile in 40 minutes at a flow rate of 12 ml/min and evaluation of the eluate by means of a UV detector at 215 nm. The purity of the individual fractions was determined by analyt. RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry. Dimerization of the monmeric peptide was effected as described in Example 1. Following combination of the purified fractions and lyophilisation pure product was obtained Maldi-TOF, 2352,7 m/z (m.i.).
  • the peptide was purified by RP-HPLC on Kromasil RP-18 250-20, 10 ⁇ ⁇ in 0.1 %
  • Table 1 summarizes the compounds of the present invention which were prepared following the procedures described in Examples 1 -7, respectively.
  • HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cell
  • RhoA was dedected by using Anti-Rho (-A, -B, -C), clone55 from Upstate (1 :500).
  • the relative RhoA stimulation reported in fold difference HUVEC cells stimulated with of control peptide, thrombin, or thrombin in combination with a test compound as compared to a control of unstimulated HUVECs is reported below in
  • the effectiveness of the compounds of the present invention in vivo can be established using a model of acute pulmonitis in a rodent.
  • acute pulmonitis in mice can be induced, for instance, by the intratracheal instillation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  • LPS bacterial lipopolysaccharide
  • the effectiveness of a test compound can be ascertained by measuring the amount of Evans' Blue injected into the animal in pulmonory lavage or by measuring the number of extravasated leukocytes in lung lavage fluid.
  • An effective amount of a compound of the present invention would be administered at a dose ranging from 0.001 mg/kg body weight to 500 mg/kg body weight, preferably at a dose ranging from 0.1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg.
  • mice are, for instance, infected with an appropriate dose of Dengue viruses, wherein 50% of the animals typical ly die within a period of 5-20 days after infection.
  • An effective amount of a compound of the present invention would be administered to mice at a dose ranging from 0.001 to 500 mg/kg body weight, preferably at a dose ranging from 0.1 to 50 mg/kg body weight.

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Abstract

The invention is directed to compositions and methods of using the same for the prevention and treatment of hypoxic conditions, ischemia/reperfusion injury and the sequels thereof.

Description

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR USING PEPTIDES. MODIFIED PEPTIDES, PEPTIDOMIMETICS AND FIBRIN DERIVATIVES
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to compositions and methods for using peptides and derivatives from the Bbeta( 15-42) fibrin fragment for the prevention and treatment of hypoxic conditions, ischemia/reperfusion injury, vascular leak and sequels thereof.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Damage to tissue, vasculature, organs or to the organism that is deprived of sufficient oxygen supply from blood results in ischemia and reperfusion injury. Reperfusion injury is due in part to the inflammatory response of damaged tissues to the ischemic insult and return of circulation. Leukocytes (white blood cells) from circulation release inflammatory mediators (i.e., interleukins), enzymes and free radicals. A number of physiological and pathophysiological processes are involved in the advent of reperfusion injury. Recently, peptides and peptide analogs were described that prevent inflammation, vascular leak and prevent or treat ischemia and reperfusion injury (WO 02/48180). it was shown that a peptide matching amino acids 15-42 of the Bbeta chain of fibrin blocks binding of fibrin fragments to endothelial surfaces and blocks inflammation and reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury (WO 02/48180). Fibrin peptides may be used as therapeutics as they have several important characteristics, including anti-inflammatory effects (EP1586586).
Understanding some of the mechanistic processes involved with inflammation, reperfusion injury and hemorrhage provides several potential targets for therapeutics. For example, VE-cadherin has emerged as an adhesion molecule that plays an important role in microvascular permeability and in morphogenic and proliferative events. Additionally, RhoA is an important intracellular mediator that has a role in regulating endothelial cell function and has a regulatory role in vascular leakage. Rho GTPases are a family of small GTPases with profound actions on the actin cytoskeleton of cells. (Hall, A., (1998) Science, 279:509- 514). RhoA has a prominent stimulatory effect on actin-myosin interaction ( atoh et al., (2001) Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol, 280:C 1669-C1679). The complex group of mediators are also targets for compositions and methods to treat the effects of ischemic injury, inflammation and vascular disease.
Thus, compositions and methods using peptides, modified peptides and
peptidomimetics derived from the chain of the Bbeta (15-42) fibrin fragment are needed to treat the effects of disease.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
In one aspect of the invention, there is provided novel compounds as well as compositions, pharmaceutical combinations and kits thereof. Additionally, there methods of using the same for the prevention and treatment of hypoxic conditions, ischemia/reperfusion injury and the sequels thereof including such novel compounds, pharmaceutical
combinations.
In one aspect of the invention, there is provided an isolated peptide sequence comprising an amino acid sequence of a fibrin beta chain fragment of a Bbeta chain of fibrinogen in which said peptide sequence one or more amino acids have been omitted or replaced by a naturally or non-naturally occurring amino acid residue or a peptidomimimetic residue, and wherein said peptide sequence is a dimer of identical monomer sequences, the peptide sequences being linked via the sulfur atoms of a cysteine residue in the monomeric sequences at or near the C-terminal ends thereof.
In particular, in one aspect of the invention, there is provided compounds which are peptide dimers and derivatives thereof including:
Formula I
GHRPX1 X2X3-P- 4XSX6 7 8 9 10CX1 1 X12X13
S
I
B (I)
I
s
GHRPX , X2X3-P-X4X5X6 7X8X9X I oCX 1 1 X 12X 13,
Formula II
GHRPX lX2X3-p-X4X5X6X7X8X9X|0X] l CX,2X| 3
s
I
B (II)
I
S I GHRPX,X2X3-p-X4X5X6X7X8X XioXi iCX12Xi3,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein:
X1 -X12 denote a genetically coded amino acid, or one or more of X2, X3, Xs, X9, X10, Xi i and Xi2 denote a single chemical bond;
Xi 3 denotes OR, wherein R, is hydrogen or (C1-C10) alkyl;
NR2R3 with R2 and R3, being identical or different, denoting hydrogen or (C i~ C |o) alkyl; or
a genetically coded amino acid;
β denotes a compound which induces a bend or a turn in the peptide selected from naturally occurring amino acids, non-naturally occurring amino acids and peptidomimetic elements;
B denotes a single chemical bond or an intervening compound
-CH-CH2-CO-Q-J-CO-U, wherein:
Q denotes (Ci-C6) alkyl, an unsubstituted phenyl or a substituted phenyl; J denotes a single chemical bond or NH;
U denotes ORi in which Ri equals hydrogen or (Ci-Cio)a!kyl;
NR2R3 with R2 and R3, being identical or different, denoting hydrogen or (C,-C,o) alkyl; or 0-PEG5-6OK or NH-PEG5.60K. In another aspect of the invention, there is provided compounds selected from Table 1 , Table 2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided methods for treating vascular leak including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of any of the aforementioned compounds of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the invention. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without these details.
Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the present specification and claims, the word "comprise" and variations thereof, such as, "comprises" and "comprising" are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is as "including, but not limited to".
Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
"Optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described event of circumstances may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not.
Reference throughout this specification to "compounds of the present invention" or "compound of the invention" means a compound of Formula I and II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as well as all embodiments thereof, including compounds of Formula III, IV, V, and VI and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
"Prodrug" is meant to indicate a compound that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to a biologically active compound of the invention. Thus, the term "prodrug" refers to a metabolic precursor of a compound of the invention that is pharmaceutically acceptable. A prodrug may be inactive when administered to a subject in need thereof, but is converted in vivo to an active compound of the invention. Prodrugs are typically rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound of the invention, for example, by hydrolysis in blood. The prodrug compound often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility or delayed release in a mammalian organism (see, Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs (1985), pp. 7-9, 21 -24 (Elsevier, Amsterdam)). A discussion of prodrugs is provided in Higuchi, T., et al., A.C.S. Symposium Series, Vol. 14, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, Ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987.
The term "prodrug" is also meant to include any covalently bonded carriers, which release the active compound of the invention in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject. Prodrugs of a compound of the invention may be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound of the invention in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compound of the invention. Prodrugs include compounds of the invention wherein a hydroxy, amino or mercapto group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug of the compound of the invention is administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxy, free amino or free mercapto group, respectively. Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol or amide derivatives of amine functional groups in the compounds of the invention and the like.
As used herein, the term "administering," refers to any mode of transferring, delivering, introducing or transporting a pharmaceutical drug or other agent to a subject. Administering refers to said administering is intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, intradermal, nasal via inhalation, nasal via aerosol, buccal, topical, intralesional, intracranial, intraprostatic, intrapleural, intratracheal, intranasal, intravitreal, intravaginal, intrarectal, intratumoral, intraocular, subconjunctival, intravesicular, mucosal, intrapericardial, intraumbilical, oral, local, by injection, by infusion, by continuous infusion, by absorption, by adsorption, by immersion, by localized perfusion, via a catheter, or via a lavage.
"Stable compound" and "stable structure" are meant to indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
"Biological material" and "biological matter" includes cel ls, tissues, organs, organisms and animals (including, mammals). It is contemplated that the methods of the present invention may be practiced on a part of an organism (such as in cells, in tissue, and/or in one or more organs), whether that part remains within the organism or is removed from the organism, or on the whole organism. The term "/« vivo biological matter" refers to biological matter that is in vivo, i.e., sti ll within or attached to an organism. Moreover, the term "biological matter" will be understood as synonymous with the term "biological material." In certain embodiments, it is
contemplated that one or more cells, tissues, or organs is separate from an organism. The term "isolated" can be used to describe such biological matter. It is contemplated that the methods of the present invention may be practiced on in vivo and/or isolated biological matter.
The terms "tissue" and "organ" are used according to their ordinary and plain meanings. In certain embodiments, the tissue or organ is "isolated," meaning that it is not located within an organism.
The terms "pharmaceutical" or "pharmaceutical drug," or pharmaceutical composition" refers to a formulation of a compound of the invention and a medium generally accepted in the art for the delivery of the biologically active compound to mammals, animals or preferably, humans. Such a medium includes all pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients therefor.
"Pharmaceutically acceptable" means that salts are formed with acids or bases the addition of which does not have undesirable effects when used for humans. Preferable are salts with acids or bases the use of which is listed for use with warm blooded animals, in particular humans, in the US Pharmacopoeia or any other generally recognized
pharmacopoeia.
"Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient" includes without limitation any adjuvant, carrier, excipient, glidant, sweetening agent, diluent, preservative, dye/colorant, flavor enhancer, surfactant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, stabilizer, isotonic agent, solvent, or emulsifier which has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as being acceptable for use in humans or domestic animals.
"Effective amount" or "therapeutically effective amount" refers to that amount of a compound of the invention which, when administered to a biological material, such as, a mammal, is sufficient to effect treatment, as defined below, of treating or preventing injury of a biological material exposed to hypoxic or ischemic conditions. The amount of a compound of the invention which constitutes a "therapeutically effective amount" will vary depending on the compound, the condition and its severity, the manner of administration, and the biological material (e.g., the age of the mammal to be treated), but can be determined routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art having regard to his own knowledge and to this disclosure. For example, in one embodiment, the term "effective amount" refers to the amount that can achieve a measurable result. In one embodiment, an "effective amount" is, for example, an amount that when administered to a human subject in need of medical treatment in a controlled Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical trial produces a statistically significant benefit on a predefined clinical endpoint (e.g., mortality). An effective amount enhances the survivability of biological matter in response to a disease or injury, or an amount that induces stasis or pre-stasis in the biological matter.
"Treating" or "treatment" as used herein covers the treatment of the disease or condition of interest in a biological material (e.g. , a mammal) having the disease or condition of interest, and includes, for example:
(i) preventing the disease or condition from occurring in a mammal, in particular, when such mammal is predisposed to the condition but has not yet been diagnosed as having it;
(ii) inhibiting the disease or condition, i.e. , arresting its development;
(iii) relieving the disease or condition, i.e. , causing regression of the disease or condition; or
(iv) relieving the symptoms resulting from the disease or condition, i. e. , relieving pain without addressing the underlying disease or condition. As used herein, the terms "disease" and "condition" may be used interchangeably or may be different in that the particular malady or condition may not have a known causative agent (so that etiology has not yet been worked out) and it is therefore not yet recognized as a disease but only as an undesirable condition or syndrome, wherein a more or less specific set of symptoms have been identified by clinicians.
The terms "hypoxia" and "hypoxic" refer to an environment with levels of oxygen below normal. Hypoxia occurs when the normal physiologic levels of oxygen are not supplied to a cell, tissue, or organ. "Normoxia" refers to normal physiologic levels of oxygen for the particular cell type, cell state or tissue in question. "Anoxia" is the absence of oxygen. "Hypoxic conditions" are those leading to cellular, organ or organismal hypoxia. For purposes of the present invention, hypoxic conditions include conditions in which oxygen concentration is at or less than normal atmospheric conditions, that is less that 20.8, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 1 1, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.5, 0%. Alternatively, these numbers could represent the percent of atmosphere at 1 atmosphere of pressure (101 .3 kPa). "Anoxia" is the absence of oxygen.
The compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers,
diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (5)- or, as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids. The present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms.
A "stereoisomer" refers to a compound made up of the same atoms bonded by the same bonds but having different three-dimensional structures, which are not interchangeable. The present invention contemplates various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof and includes "enantiomers", which refers to two stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposeable mirror images of one another.
A "complexing agent" is a molecule, typically an organic molecule, which binds a metal ion through two or more of the complexing agent's atoms.
A "co-solvent" is any solvent or compound present in a mixture in addition to the primary solvent. Co-solvents are typically added to increase or decrease the solubility of the solutes.
The chemical naming protocol and structure diagrams used herein are a modified form of the l.U.P.A.C. nomenclature system, using the ACD/Name Version 9.07 software program and/or ChemDraw Ultra Version 1 1.0 software naming program (CambridgeSoft).
One aspect of the present invention encompasses all pharmaceutically acceptable compounds of Formula I and II being isotopically-labelled by having one or more atoms replaced by an atom having a different atomic mass or mass number. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the disclosed compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as 2H, 3H, "C, 13C, l 4C, l 3N, l 5N, l 50, l 70, 180, 31P, 32P, 35S, 18F, 36CI, , 23I, and 125I, respectively. These isotopically labelled compounds could be useful to help determine or measure the effectiveness of the compounds, by characterizing, for example, the site or mode of action, or binding affinity to pharmacologically important site of action. Certain isotopically-labelled compounds of structures (I) and (II) for example, those incorporating a radioactive isotope, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. The radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e. , 3H, and carbon- 14, i.e., I4C, are particularly useful for this purpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means of detection.
In one aspect, the invention relates to an isolated peptide sequence comprising an amino acid sequence of a fibrin beta chain fragment of a Bbeta chain of fibrinogen in which said peptide sequence one or more amino acids have been omitted or replaced by a naturally or non-naturally occurring amino acid residue or a peptidomimimetic residue, and wherein said peptide sequence is a dimer of identical monomer sequences, the peptide sequences being linked via the sulfur atoms of a cysteine residue in the monomeric sequences at or near the C-terminal ends thereof.
In particular, the invention relates to modified peptides and peptidomimetics which are derived from the chain of the Bbeta(15-42)-fibrin fragment and wherein one or several of the amino acids of the sequence have been substituted by both genetically encoded or not genetically encoded amino acids or peptidomimetic elements, which have the property of inducing a bend or turn in the peptide backbone, in which one or more amino acids may have been removed, and in which the C-terminus has been extended by one or more amino acids, at least one of which is a cysteine and which have been dimerized via the sulfur atom of said cysteine. They may exist as free peptides or as C-terminal derivative and/or being linked to a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polymer, and have anti-inflammatory and/or endothelium stabilizing effects. Esters or amides may for instance be taken into consideration as C- terminal derivatives.
Peptides, modified peptides and peptidomimetics derived from the chain of the Bbeta(l 5-42) fibrin fragment in which one or amino acids have been removed and which instead contain an amino acid or a peptidomimetic element promoting a bend or turn in the peptide backbone also have strong anti-inflammatory and endothelium stabilizing effects. The same applies to peptides, modified peptides, peptidomimetics and derivatives thereof, the modification of which prevents their destruction by proteases or peptidases, as well as to peptide-PEG-conjugates and peptidomimetic-PEG-conjugates generally derived from the basic sequence of the Bbeta (15-42) fibrin fragment containing such turn-inducing elements. It is an especially surprising finding that dimeric peptides has been modified and extended by one or more amino acids at the C-terminus, where at least one of the extension amino acids is a cysteine, and which have been dimerized via the sulfur atoms of said cysteine in various ways, have superior efficacy.
Dimeric peptides or peptide dimers refer to a dimer composition comprising two peptide sequences, each of said sequences comprising amino acids 15-42 of a fibrin beta chain or a VE-cadherin-binding conservative variant thereof, modified peptides,
peptidomimetics and derivatives thereof, where the Bbeta (15-42) fibrin each of said sequences being linked at or near the C-terminal ends thereof.
The inventive compounds may have conservative substitutions of amino acids as compared to the natural sequence of fibrin in one or several positions. A conservative substitution is defined as the side chain of the respective amino acid being replaced by a side chain of similar chemical structure and polarity, the side chain being derived from a genetically coded or not genetically coded amino acid. Families of amino acids of this kind having similar side chains are known in the art. They comprise for instance amino acids having basic side chains (lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (glycine, aspartamic acid, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), non-polar side chains (alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophane, histidine). Such conservative substitutions of side chains may preferably be carried out in non-essential positions. In this context, an essential position in the sequence is one wherein the side chain of the relevant amino acid is of significance for its biological effect.
In one aspect, the present invention provides novel compounds including:
Formula 1
GHRPX i Χ2Χ3-β- 4 5Χ6Χ7¾ 9 1 oCX] 1 X 12 13
B (I)
GHRPX i
Formula II
GHRPX | X2X3-p-X4 5X6X7 8 X|oXl l CXi2Xl 3
B (II)
I S
I
GHRPXiX^-p XsXeXy sXgXio nCXnXn,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein:
X 1 -X 12 denote a genetically coded amino acid, or one or more of X2, X3, X8, X9, X io,
Xi I and X12 denote a single chemical bond;
Xi3 denotes OR, wherein R, is hydrogen or (d— C] 0) alkyl;
NR2R3 with R2 and R3, being identical or different, denoting hydrogen or (C|- Cio) alkyl; or a genetically coded amino acid;
P denotes a compound which induces a bend or turn in the peptide backbone selected from naturally occurring amino acids including genetically coded amino acids (e.g., L-proline) as well as post-translationally modified amino acids (e.g., L-hydroxyproline), non-naturally occurring amino acids and peptidomimetic elements;
B denotes a single chemical bond or the intervening compound
-CH-CH2-CO-Q-J-CO-U, wherein:
Q denotes (Ci-C6) alkyl, an unsubstituted phenyl or a substituted phenyl;
J denotes a single chemical bond or NH;
U denotes OR, in which Ri equals hydrogen or (Ci-Cio)alkyl;
NR2R3 with R2 and R3, being identical or different, denoting hydrogen or (C,-C,o) alkyl; or O-PEG5.6OK or NH-PEG5.60K -
Peptidomimetic elements pertaining to this invention are residues, which are able to replace one or several amino acids of a peptide chain and which also have the additional property of inducing a bend or turn in the peptide backbone. Several such residues have for instance been described in the patent application WO2005/056577.
In one aspect of the invention, β includes, but is not limited to, the following collectively referred to herein as "Group A":
L-proline, D-proline, L-hydroxyproline, D-hydroxyproline, L-(0-benzyl)-hydroxyproline, D- (O-benzyl)-hydroxyproline, L-(0-tert. butyl)-hydroxyproline, 4-(0-2-naphtyl)- hydroxyproline, 4-(0-2-naphtyl-methyl)-hydroxyproline, 4-(0-phenyl)-hydroxyproline, 4-(4- phenyl-benzyl)-proline, cis-3-phenyl-proline, cis-4-phenyl-proline, trans-4-phenyl-proline, cis-5-phenyl-proline, trans-5-phenyl-proline, 4-benzyl-proline, 4-bromobenzyl-proIine, 4- cyclohexyl-proline, 4-fluor-proline, L-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (L-Tic), all diastereomers of octahydro-indole-2-carboxylic acid (Oic), all diastereomers of 1 -aza- -carboxylic acid,
Figure imgf000012_0001
ne carboxylic acid (cis-Acpc)
Figure imgf000013_0001
(lR,2R)-(2-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid ((1R,2R)-Acpc)
Figure imgf000013_0002
(lS,2S)-(2-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid ((lS,2S)-Acpc)
Figure imgf000013_0003
1-aminomethyl-cyclohexane acetic acid (1-Achc)
Figure imgf000013_0004
3-amino-l-carboxymethyl-pyridin-2-one (Acpo)
Figure imgf000013_0005
-amino-cyclobutane-carboxylic acid (1-Acbc)
Figure imgf000013_0006
l-amino-cyclohexane-carboxylic acid (1-Achc)
Figure imgf000013_0007
cis-4-amino-cyclohexane-acetic acid (4-Acha)
Figure imgf000014_0001
(lR,2R)-2-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid ((1R,2R)-Achc)
Figure imgf000014_0002
(lR,2S)-2-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid ((1 R,2S)-Achc) O^OH
ι> ΝΗ2
(lS,2R)-2-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid ((1S,2R)-Achc)
Figure imgf000014_0003
(lS,2S)-2-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid ((lS,2S)-Achc)
Figure imgf000014_0004
1-amino-cyclopentane carboxylic acid (1-Acpec)
Figure imgf000014_0005
1-amino-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (1-Acprc)
Figure imgf000014_0006
4-(2-aminoethyl)-6-dibenzofuranpropionic acid (Aedfp)
Figure imgf000015_0001
(R,S)-l -aminoindane- l -carboxylic acid (1 -
Figure imgf000015_0002
2-aminoindane-2-carboxylic acid (2-Aic)
Figure imgf000015_0003
2'-(aminomethyl)-biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid (Ambc)
Figure imgf000015_0004
2-aminomethyl-phenylacetic acid (Ampa)
Figure imgf000015_0005
3-amino-2-naphthoic acid (Anc)
Figure imgf000015_0006
-amino-tetrahydropyran-4-carboxylic acid (Atpc)
Figure imgf000016_0001
(R,S)-2-aminotetraline-2-carboxylic acid (2-Atc)
Figure imgf000016_0002
(2S,6S,9S)-6-amino-2-carboxymethyl-3,8-diazabicyclo-[4,3,0]-nonane-l,4-dione (Acdn)
Figure imgf000016_0003
(R)-3-amino-5-carboxymethyl-2,3-dihydro-l,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one (Acbt)
Figure imgf000016_0004
(S)-3-amino-5-carboxymethyl-2,3-dihydro-l,5-benzoxazepin-4(5H)-one (Acbo)
Figure imgf000016_0005
(R,S)-3-amino-l-carboxymethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-[l]-benzazepin-2-one (1-Acmb)
Figure imgf000016_0006
(S)-4-amino-2-carboxymethyl-l,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-[2]-benzazepin-3-one (2-Acmb) methyl-valerolactame (Acmv)
Figure imgf000017_0001
3-(2-aminoethyl)-l-carboxymethyl-quinazoline-2,4-dione (Acq)
Figure imgf000017_0002
(2S,5S)-5-amino-l, 2,4,5, 6,7-hexahydro-azepino [3,2,l-hi]-indole-4-one-2-carboxylic acid (Haic)
Figure imgf000017_0003
(R,S)-3-amino-N-l-carboxymethyl-2-oxo-5-cyclohexyl-l,4-benzodiazepine (Accb)
Figure imgf000017_0004
(R,S)-3-amino-N-l-carboxymethyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-l,4-benzodiazepine (Acpb)
Figure imgf000018_0001
(2S, 1 1 aS)-2-amino- 10-carboxymethy 1- 1 ,2,3, 1 1 a-tetrahydro- 10H-pyrrolo[2, 1 benzodiazepine-5, 1 1 -dione (PBD)
Figure imgf000018_0002
(2S,3'S)-2-(4'-(3'-benzyl-2'-oxo-piperazin-l-yl))-3-phenyl-propionic acid (Bppp)
Figure imgf000018_0003
3-carboxymethyl-l -phenyl-l ,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one(Cptd)
Figure imgf000018_0004
-3-amino-9-Boc-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydro-carbazole-3-carboxylic acid (The)
Figure imgf000018_0005
3-exo-amino-bicyclo[2.2.1 ]heptane-2-exo-carboxylic acid (Abhc)
Figure imgf000018_0006
(3 S)-3-Am ino- 1 -carboxymethy l-caprolactam (Acc I)
Figure imgf000019_0001
(S,S)-(ProLeu)spirolactamePhe (PLSP)
Figure imgf000019_0002
2-Oxo-3-amino-7-thia-l -azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane-9-carcoxylich acid (BTD)
In certain embodiments, β is selected from Group A. In certain embodiments, β is selected from the compounds of Group B listed below:
Figure imgf000019_0003
cis-4-amino-cyclohexane-acetic acid (4-Acha)
Figure imgf000019_0004
( l R,2R)-2-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid ((1R,2R)-Achc)
Figure imgf000019_0005
ocyclohexane carboxylic acid (( 1 R,2S)-Achc)
Figure imgf000019_0006
carboxylic acid (( 1 S,2R)-Achc)
Figure imgf000020_0001
(2S,6S,9S)-6-amino-2-carboxymethyl-3,8-diazabicyclo-[4,3,0]-nonane-l ,4-dione (Acdn)
Figure imgf000020_0002
(2S,5S)-5-amino-l ,2,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-azepino [3,2, l -hi]-indole-4-one-2-carboxylic acid (Haic)
In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula I, Formula II, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,
Xl denotes L, I, S, M or A,
X2 denotes E or D or a single chemical bond,
x3 denotes R or K or a single chemical bond,
X4 denotes L, I, S, M or A,
X5 denotes A, G, S, or L,
X6 denotes A, G, S, or L,
X7 denotes A, G, S, or L,
Xs denotes G, A or L or a single chemical bond,
X9 denotes Y, F, H or a single chemical bond,
Xio denotes R, K or a single chemical bond,
Xn denotes G, A, L, I or V or a single chemical bond, and
X|2 denotes G, A, L, I or V or a single chemical bond.
In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula I, Formu la II, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,
Xi denotes L,
X2 denotes D or a single chemical bond,
X3 denotes K or a single chemical bond,
X4 denotes I,
X5 denotes S,
Xe denotes G,
X7 denotes G, X8 denotes G, A or L or a single chemical bond,
X9 denotes Y, F, H or a single chemical bond,
Xio denotes R, or a single chemical bond,
Xi I denotes G, A, L, I or V or a single chemical bond, and
Xi 2 denotes G, A, L, I or V or a single chemical bond.
Additionally, in certain embodiments,
B denotes a single chemical bond,
X, i denotes G or a single chemical bond,
X i 2 denotes G or a single chemical bond, and
X i 3 denotes NR2R3 with R2 and R3, being identical or different, denoting hydrogen or (Ci-Cio) alkyl.
Alternatively, in certain embodiments,
B denotes the intervening compound -CH-CH2-CO-Q-J-CO-U and
Q denotes C6H4.
In one aspect, the present invention provides compounds of Formula III,
GHRPLDK-p-lSGGXgX9XioCX, 1 X 12X 1 3
S
B (HI)
s
GHRPLDK-p-ISGGX8X9XioCXi 1 X 12X 13,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in which β, B, X8j X9, Xio, X 1 1 , X 12 and X! 3 have the meaning described above for Formula I.
In one aspect, the present invention provides compounds of Formula IV,
GHRPLDK-p-ISGGX8X9XioXi 1 CX 1 2X 13
B (IV)
GHRPLDK-p-ISGGX8X9XioXi iCX,2X13,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in which β, B, X8> X9; X,0, Xn, X,2 and X13 have the meaning described above for Formula I.
In one aspect, the present invention provides compounds of Formula V, GHRPL-p-ISGGXsXgXioCXnXuXn
S
B (V)
S
GHRPL-p-ISGGXgXgXioCXi 1 X12X 13,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in which in which β, A, Xg, X9, X10, Xn, X12 and Xn have the meaning described above for Formula 1.
In one aspect, the present invention provides compounds of Formula VI,
GHRPL-p-lSGGX8X9XioXi 1CX12X13
S
B (VI)
S I
GHRPL-p-lSGGX8X9XioXi iCXi 2Xi3,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in which β, B, X8i X9j X10, Xn, X12 and X13 have the meaning described above for Formula I.
In certain embodiments of Formulas III, IV, V or VI,
B denotes a single chemical bond,
Xi 1 denotes G or a single chemical bond,
X12 denotes G or a single chemical bond, and
X13 denotes NR2R3, where R2 and R3 are equal or different and denote hydrogen or (C, - C,o) alkyl.
Alternatively, in other embodiments of Formulas 111, IV, V or VI,
B denotes an intervening compound
^ CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-J-CO-U
with the provision that
J denotes a single chemical bond or NH,
U denotes OR] in which Ri equals hydrogen or (Q - C10 )alkyl;
NR2R3 with R2 and R3 being identical or different and denoting hydrogen, (C|
Co) alkyl; 0-PEG5-6OK; or NH-PEG5-6OK
Xn denotes G or a single chemical bond, Xi 2 denotes G or a single chemical bond, and
X, 3 denotes NR2R3, where R2 and R3 are equal or different and denote hydrogen or (C, - C10) alkyl.
In the above Formulas I, II, III, IV, V and VI the following letters represent amino acid residues in accordance with the general annotation for proteins and peptides:
phenylalanine is F, leucine is L, isoleucine is I, methionine is M, valine is V, serine is S, proline is P, threonine is T, alanine is A, tyrosine is Y, histidine is H, glutamine is Q, asparagine is N, lysine is , aspartic acid is D, glutamic acid is E, cysteine is C, tryptophan is W, arginine is R, glycine is G.
The amino acid residues in the compounds of Formula I may either be present in their
D or their L configuration.
Also contemplated by the present invention is utilization of a device or instrument in administering an agent or in an erodable implant of a suitable biologically degradable polymer (e.g., polylactate or polyglycolate). Such device may utilize active or passive transport and may be slow-release or fast-release delivery device. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical preparations according to the invention may be in an erodable implant of a suitable biologically degradable polymer (e.g., polylactate or polyglycolate).
In another aspect of the invention, there is provided pharmaceutical combinations including any of the aforementioned compounds of the present invention and at least one additional therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical combinations, the compound and at least one additional therapeutic agent may be administered separately or together.
Any number of non-natural amino acids can be used in the methods of the invention. Typically, the non-natural amino acids of the invention are selected or designed to provide additional characteristics unavailable in the twenty natural amino acids. For example, non- natural amino acids are optionally designed or selected to modify the biological properties of a molecule, including a protein, e.g., into which they are incorporated.
As used herein a "non-natural amino acid" refers to any amino acid, modified amino acid, or amino acid analogue other than selenocysteine and the following twenty genetically encoded alpha-amino acids: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine.
In certain embodiments, the components are PEGylated. PEG refers to polyethylene glycol. PEGylation can significantly enhance protein half-life by shielding the polypeptide from proteolytic enzymes and increasing the apparent size of the protein, thus reducing clearance rates. Moreover, PEG conjugates can enhance protein solubility and have beneficial effects on biodistribution.
PEG can have a molecular weight of about, for example, between 0.5 d and l OO d, this molecular weight being the minimum and maximum of a molecular weight distribution, so that individual components of the mixture may have a higher or lower molecular weight. In certain embodiments, PEG has a molecular weight of about 0.5Kd to 70 d. In other certain embodiments, PEG has a molecular weight of about 0.5 d to 60Kd. In other certain embodiments, PEG has a molecular weight of about 0.5 d to 40Kd. In further other certain embodiments, PEG has a molecular weight of about 5 d to 30Kd. PEG may be linear or branched.
The invention furthermore concerns processes for the production of the peptides and peptide derivatives of general Formulas (I) and (II), characterized in that, either
(A) the first amino acid at the C-terminal end of the respective sequence is linked to a polymeric resin via a suitable cleavable spacer, the subsequent amino acids or
peptidomimetic elements, optionally containing suitable protective groups for functional groups, are linked step by step according to methods known in the art, the finished peptide is cleaved off the polymeric resin according to suitable methods known in the art, the protective groups, if present, are cleaved off by suitable methods and the peptide or peptide derivative is purified according to suitable methods, or
(B) a PEG-group having a desired molecular weight is linked to a polymeric resin via a suitable spacer, the first amino acid at the N-terminal end of the peptide is linked using suitable methods, the remaining steps being the same as described in (A), or
(C) a lysine residue, containing a suitable protective group at the ε-amino group is linked to a suitable polymeric resin via a suitable spacer using suitable methods, the peptide chain is synthesized as described in (A), following cleavage from the polymeric resin and
purification, if necessary, the protective group at the ε-amino group is cleaved off using suitable methods, a PEG group having a desired molecular weight is linked to the ε-amino group using a suitable activated reagent, the optionally remaining protective groups are cleaved off and the final product is purified using suitable methods, or
(D) a peptide containing a cysteine residue is reacted with a PEG-maleimide to form compounds of Formula (VII).
GHRPX , Χ2Χ3-β-Χ4Χ5Χ6Χ7Χ8 9Χ , oCX, , X , 2X , 3 (Vila)
GHRPX,X2X3-p-X4X5X6X7X8X9XioXi iCXl 2X, 3 (Vllb) wherein:
X1-X12 denote a genetically coded amino acid, or one or more of X2, X3, X8, X10,
Xi I and X12 denote a single chemical bond;
Xi 3 denotes ORi wherein R, is hydrogen or (C1-C10) alkyl;
NR2R3 with R2 and R3, being identical or different, denoting hydrogen or (C i-
Cio) alkyl; or
a genetically coded amino acid;
β denotes a compound which induces a bend or a turn in the peptide selected from naturally occurring amino acids, non-naturally occurring amino acids and peptidomimetic elements;
Monomeric peptides (Vila) or (Vllb), either unprotected or carrying suitable protecting groups on amino acid side chains are reacted to form the compounds of general structural formulas (I) or (II) in which residue B is absent, using a suitable oxidant. Such suitable oxidizing agents may for instance be iodine, hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides, sodium peroxodisulfate or atmospheric oxygen with or without suitable catalysts.
Suitable processing steps following (A), (B) or (C) as well as suitable reagents are for instance described in document WO 2004/101600.
Embodiments of the respective processing steps are not new per se and will be clear to an experienced specialist in the field of organic synthesis.
Processes for linking a PEG-residue to a peptide chain will be known to the skil led artisan. For instance, a cysteine (C)-residue may be reacted with PEG-maleimide, resulting in a succinimide residue as spacer for residue Z. In another embodiment, the composition is reacted with an optionally activated C-terminal carboxy residue with an aminoalkyl- substituted PEG residue. In another embodiment, the composition is formed by reacting an aldehyde-substituted PEG residue with the ε-amino function of a lysine residue. Activated PEG reagents having suitable spacers and reactive groups may for instance be obtained from NOF Corporation (Tokyo, Japan).
Compounds of Formula I or II, in which residue B denotes ^ CH-CH2-CO-Q-J-CO-U are prepared by reaction of monomeric peptides (Vila) or (Vllb) with or without suitable protecting groups on amino acid side chains, with a suitable dimerizing reagent. Such dimerizing reagents and the reaction conditions useful for the dimerization reaction have been described for instance in WO2005/007197.
In general, such dimerization method is comprised of reacting a monomeric peptide of Formula Vila or Vllb with a compound of Formula VIII under conditions, where the leaving group LG is replaced with the respective peptide chain.
LG
^ CH-CH2-CO-Q-J-CO-U (VIII)
LG
A preferred leaving group LG is without limitation a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl-sulfonyl group.
Embodiments of the respective processing steps are not new per se and will be clear to an experienced specialist in the field of organic synthesis.
The substances according to the invention and the use of the substances according to the invention for the production of a pharmaceutical drug are of particular significance for the the therapy of diseases resulting from the tissue-damaging effect of white blood cells, or wherein the stability and full physiological integrity of the layer of endothelial cells lining the blood vessels is impaired.
Diseases belonging to this group are those in context with autoimmunity, include collagenoses, rheumatic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases like Morbus Crohn or Colitis ulcerosa, psoriasis and psoriatic rheumatoid arthritis, and post/parainfectious diseases as well as diseases caused by a graft-versus-host reaction, for the treatment of shock conditions, in particular in case of septic shock triggered by infection with gram-positive or gram-negative bacterial pathogens as well as viral infections.
The inventive substances may generally be used for "Systemic Inflammatory
Response Syndrome (SIRS)", "Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)", "Capillary Leak Syndrome (CLS)" and organ- or multiorgan failure, respectively and for the therapy and/or prevention of rejection reactions of organ transplants, therapy and/or prevention of arteriosclerosis, reperfusion trauma following surgically or pharmaceutically induced re- slipply with blood, e.g., following percutaneous coronary intervention, stroke, vessel surgery, cardiac bypass surgery and organ transplants, there is a healing and/or preventive effect as this pharmaceutical drug inhibits the migration of lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes into the wall of the vessel. The pharmaceutical compositions may also be used for the transportation of another drug and may be used for treatment of of tumors as well as the prevention and/or treatment of tumor metastases.
The inventive compounds of Formula (I) and (II) together with pharmaceutical adjuvants and additives, may be formulated into pharmaceutical preparations which also are a subject matter of the present invention. In order to prepare such formulations a
therapeutically effective dose of the peptide or peptide derivative is mixed with
pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, stabilizers, solubilizers, emulsifying aids, adjuvants or carriers and brought into a suitable therapeutic form. Such preparations for instance contain a dilution of various buffers (e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate, phosphate) of different pH and ionic strength, detergents and solubilizers (e.g., Tween 80, Polysorbat 80), antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid), and fillers (e.g., lactose, mannitol). These formulations may influence the biological availability and the metabolic behavior of the active agents. Methods of Preparing Compositions
The pharmaceutical preparations according to this invention may be formulated together with pharmaceutical adjuvants and additives. Preparation of such formulations include a therapeutically effective dose of the pharmacologically active components of the composition is mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, stabilizers, solubilizers, emulsifying aids, adjuvants or carriers and brought into a suitable therapeutic form. Such preparations for instance contain a dilution of various buffers (e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate, phosphate) of different pH and ionic strength, detergents and solubilizers (e.g., Tween 80, Polysorbat 80), antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid), and fillers (e.g., lactose, mannitol) (see: The United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary 29th Edition, (2006) Rockville, MD;
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (2005) 21st Edition, Troy, DB, Ed. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins).
Dimers and polypeptide agents for use in the invention, as described herein, may be administered in any effective amount. For example, dimer(s) and polypeptide agent(s) as described herein may be administered in dosages of each within the range of about 0.0001 - 1 ,000,000 micrograms, in amounts within the range of about 0. 1 -5,000 micrograms, and in amounts within the range of about 1 -30 micrograms. Such dosages may be measured in a ug/kg or mg/kg basis. The pharmaceutical preparation may contain concentrations of the active substances that will lead to doses in a range of 0.001 to 500 mg/kg of each component, preferentially in a range of 0.1 to 100 mg/kg mg, 0.1 to 10 mg/kg mg, or mg/m2, or any range derivable therein. Methods of Use
In one aspect of the invention, there is provided methods for treating inflammation or cell damage associated with ischemia and reperfusion, or inhibiting inflammation, inhibiting vascular leak, promoting tissue protection, promoting tissue regeneration, preventing cell damage associated with ischemia and reperfusion or a combination of two or more thereof, including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of any of the aforementioned compounds of the present invention.
In certain embodiments, the patient is undergoing transplantation of a tissue or an organ or wherein the patient is suffering from delayed graft function. In certain
embodiments, the patient is being treated for one or more of the following: stroke, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction or lung injury. In certain embodiments, the patient is administered the compound after experiencing an ischemic condition, a hypoxic condition or hemorrhaging. In certain, embodiments, the patient is administered the compound after experiencing shock. Shock may be associated with one or more from the group including bacterial toxins, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, necrotizing fasciitis, haemorrhagic shock following viral infection, in particular caused by filovirus, arenaviridae, bunyaviridae, flavivirus, dengue, acute hemorrhagic respiratory failure caused by infectious agents or autoimmune diseases, organ failure after organ injury, in particular myocardial infarction, vascular surgery, clamping of organs, haemorrhagic shock, lung infarction, liver infarction, gut infarction, surgical procedures and stroke, and organ dysfunction of grafted organs.
One embodiment of the present invention provides methods for treating or preventing injury of a biological material exposed to hypoxic or ischemic conditions is provided, wherein the method includes contacting the biological material with an effective amount of a compound selected from Table 1 , Table 2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The present invention contemplates methods for treating reperfusion injury comprising edema through vascular leak, an acute inflammation caused by penetration of activated leukocytes into tissue and cell death by necrosis and apoptosis, among other etiologies. Reperfusion injury can occur following myocardial reperfusion after an acute myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiac arrest, or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Reperfusion injury is noted following the transplantation of an organ or following resuscitation after hemorrhagic shock or severe bleeding in traumatized patients.
The present invention contemplates methods for preventing or treatment hypoxic of ischemic injury related to transplantation of a tissue or an organ. The present invention also contemplates prevention or treatment of delayed graft function.
The present invention also contemplates methods for inducing tissue regeneration and wound healing by prevention/delay of biological processes that may result in delayed wound healing and tissue regeneration. In addition to wound healing, methods of the invention can be implemented to prevent or treat trauma such as cardiac arrest or stroke, and hemorrhagic shock. The invention has importance with respect to the risk of trauma from emergency surgical procedures, such as thoroacotomy, laparotomy, and splenic transaction or cardiac surgery, aneurysm, surgery, brain surgery and the like. The invention may be used to prevent or treat injury resulting from Systemic inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), kidney failure, liver failure and multi-organ failure.
In certain embodiments, methods of the present invention can be implemented to enhance survivability and prevent ischemic injury resulting from cardiac arrest or stroke comprising providing an effective amount of the composition to the patient before, after, or both before and after myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest or stroke.
In certain embodiments, methods of the present invention can be implemented to treat or prevent ischemia/reperfusion injury.
In certain embodiments, methods of the present invention can be implemented to treat or prevent an inflammatory disease or disorder.
In certain embodiments, methods of the present invention can be implemented to treat or prevent vascular leak.
In certain embodiments, methods of the present invention include pre-treating a biological material, e.g., a patient, prior to an ischemic or hypoxic injury or disease insult. These methods can be used when an injury or disease with the potential to cause ischemia or hypoxia is scheduled or elected in advance, or predicted in advance to likely occur.
Examples include, but are not limited to, major surgery where blood loss may occur spontaneously or as a result of a procedure, cardiopulmonary bypass in which oxygenation of the blood may be compromised or in which vascular delivery of blood may be reduced (as in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery), or in the treatment of organ donors prior to removal of donor organs for transport and transplantation into a recipient in need of an organ transplant. Examples include, but are not limited to, medical conditions in which a risk of injury or disease progression is inherent (e.g., in the context of unstable angina, following angioplasty, bleeding aneurysms, hemorrhagic strokes, following major trauma, hemorrhaging or blood loss), or in which the risk can be diagnosed using a medical diagnostic test.
In certain embodiments, the amount of effective compound that is provided to biological material can be about, at least, at least about, or at most about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 1 10, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 1 70, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 441, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 930, 940, 950, 960, 970, 980, 990, 1000 mg, mg kg, or mg/m2, or any range derivable therein. Alternatively, the amount may be expressed as 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 , 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 1 10, 120, 130, 140, 1 0, 160, 1 70, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 441 , 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 930, 940, 950, 960, 970, 980, 990, 1000 microM, mM or M, or any range derivable therein.
In various embodiments of the present invention, biological material is exposed to compositions of the current invention for about, at least, at least about, or at most about 30 seconds, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 minutes, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 hours, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days or more, and any range or combination therein.
Furthermore, when administration is intravenous, it is contemplated that the following parameters may be applied. A flow rate of about, at least about, or at most about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 3 1 , 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 , 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 gtts/min or μgtts/min, or any range derivable therein. In some embodiments, the amount of the solution is specified by volume, depending on the concentration. An amount of time may be about, at least about, or at most about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 1 3, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 , 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60 minutes, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 weeks, and/or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12 months, or any range derivable therein.
Volumes of 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 1 8, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 1 10, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 1 70. 180, 1 0, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 441 , 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 930, 940, 950, 960, 970, 980, 990, 1000 mis or liters, or any range therein, may be administered overal l or in a single session or in a defined set of sessions.
The following examples serve to illustrate the invention without limiting it to the examples.
EXAMPLES
General Preparation and Purification of Peptides According to the Invention
The preparation and purification of the above peptide derivatives and peptidomimetics generally takes place by way of FMOC-strategy on acid-labile resin supports using a commercially available batch peptide synthesizer as also described in the literature (e.g., "solid phase peptide synthesis - A practical approach" by E. Atherton , R.C. Sheppard, Oxford University press 1989). N-alpha-FMOC-protected derivatives, the functional side- chains of which are protected by acid-sensitive protective groups, are used as amino acid components. Unless otherwise stated, purification is carried out by means of RP- chromatography using a water/acetonitrile gradient and 0.1 % TFA as ion pair reagent. Example 1
Preparation of: (Glv-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-( 1 S,2R chc-Ile-Ser-Glv-Glv-Gly-Tyr- Arg-Glv-Cvs>2 - (Disulfide homodimer)
Tentagel (Rapp Polymere) with FMOC-Cys(Trt) was used as the first amino acid at a load of 0.24 mmol/g and transferred to a commercially available peptide synthesis device (PSMM(Shimadzu)), wherein the peptide sequence was constructed step-by-step according to the carbodiimide/HOBt method. The FMOC-amino acid derivatives were pre-activated by adding a 5-fold equimolar excess of di-isopropy-carbodiimide (DIC), di-isopropy-ethylamine (DIPEA) and hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and, following their transfer into the reaction vessel, mixed with the resin support. Washing steps were carried out by five additions of DMF and thorough mixing for one minute. Cleavage steps were carried out by the addition of 30% piperidine in DMF and thorough mixing. Removal of the individual reaction and wash solutions was effected by forcing the solutions through the bottom frit of the reaction vessel. The amino acid derivatives FMOC-Arg(Pbf), FMOC-Asp, FMOC-Gly, FMOC- His(Trt), FMOC-lle, FMOC-Leu, FMOC-Lys(BOC), FMOC-(l S,2R)-Achc, FMOC-Ser(tBu) and FMOC-Tyr(tBu) (NeoMPS) were employed. When synthesis was completed the peptide resin was dried. The peptide was subsequently cleaved off by treatment with trifluoracetic acid/TIS/EDT/water (95 :2:2: 1 vol) for 2 hours at room temperature. By way of filtration, concentration of the solution and precipitation by the addition of ice-cold diethyl ether the crude product was obtained as a solid.
The peptide was purified by RP-HPLC on romasil RP- 18 250-20, 10 μιη in 0.1 % TFA with a gradient of 5 on 60% acetonitrile and evaluated by means of a UV detector at 215 nm. The purity of the individual fractions was determined by analytics, RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry. Following combination of the purified fractions and lyophilisation, pure product was obtained. The formation of the homodimer was by intermolecular disulfide bond. For this the disulfide was selectively formed by oxidation with atmospheric oxygen in slightly alkaline solution. The reaction was monitored by analytical HPLC and mass spectrometry. The reaction was stopped by adding 0.5 % TFA, and following renewed lyophilisation the RP-HPLC purification of the symmetrical homodimeric product. MALD1- TOF: 3267.7 m/z (m.i.) Example 2
Preparation of: ( Glv-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lvs-Acdn-Ile-Ser-Glv-Gly-Gly-Tyr- Arg- Cys-Gly)? - Ostein disulfide homodimer
The solid phase synthesis of this compound was essentially done according to the description in Example 1. FMOC-Gly as the first amino acid was loaded on the resin; the amino acid and peptidomimetic derivatives employed in the coupling steps were: FMOC- Arg(Pbf), FMOC-Asp, FMOC-Gly, FMOC-His(Trt), FMOC-Ile, FMOC-Leu, FMOC- Lys(BOC), FMOC-Acdn, FMOC-Ser(tBu), FMOC-Cys(Trt) and FMOC-Tyr(tBu)
(NeoMPS). When synthesis was completed the peptide resin was dried. The peptide was subsequently cleaved off by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid/TIS/EDT/water (95:2:2: 1 vol) for 2 hours at room temperature. By way of filtration, concentration of the solution and precipitation by the addition of ice-cold diethyl ether the crude product was obtained as a solid.
The peptide was purified by RP-HPLC on Kromasil RP-18 250-20, 10 μιη in 0.1 % TFA with a gradient of 5 on 60% acetonitrile in 40 minutes at a flow rate of 12 ml/min and evaluation of the eluate by means of a UV detector at 21 5 nm. The purity of the individual fractions was determined by analyt. RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry. Following combination of the purified fractions and lyophilisation, pure product was obtained. The formation of the homodimer was subsequently effected as described in example 1. MALDI- TOF: 3435,8 m/z (m.i.)
Example 3
Preparation of: (Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(cis-4-Acha)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Glv-Glv-Tyr- Arg-Glv-Cvs-S)7CH-CH,-CO-C H4-CO-NH7
The solid phase synthesis of the monomeric peptide used for the preparation of this compound was done according to the description in example 1 ; the amino acid and peptidomimetic derivatives employed in the coupling steps were: FMOC-Arg(Pbf), FMOC- Asp, FMOC-Gly, FMOC-His(Trt), FMOC-Ile, FMOC-Leu, FMOC-Lys(BOC), FMOC-cis-4- Acha, FMOC-Ser(tBu) and FMOC-Tyr(tBu) (NeoMPS). After completion of synthesis the peptide resin was dried. The peptide amide was subsequently cleaved off by treatment with trifluoracetic acid/TIS/EDT/water (95:2:2: 1 vol) for 2 hours at room temperature. By way of filtration, concentration of the solution and precipitation by the addition of ice-cold diethyl ether, the crude product was obtained as a solid. The peptide was purified by RP-HPLC on Kromasil RP- 18 250-20, 10 μηι in 0.1 % TFA with a gradient of 5 on 60% acetonitri le in 40 minutes at a flow rate of 12 m l/min and evaluation of the eluate by means of a UV detector at 215 nm. The purity of the individual fractions was determined by analytical RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry. Following combination of the purified fractions and lyophilisation, pure product was obtained.
The purified peptide (10 mg) in phosphate buffered solution in argon-purged deionized water was cooled to 4° C. 1.5 ml of a solution of 4-[2,2-bis[(p- tolylsulfonyl)methyl]acety]]benzamide (50 mg/ml) in the same buffer was added at 4° C and vortexed for 2 hrs. The non-ionic components of the reaction mixture were removed by ion exchange chromatography and elution with buffer. The eluted fractions containing the product were purified by RP-HPLC on Kromasil RP- 18 250-20, 10 μιη in 0.1 % TFA with a gradient of 5 on 60% acetonitrile in 40 minutes at a flow rate of 12 ml/min and evaluation of the eluate by means of a UV detector at 215 nm. The purity of the individual fractions was determined by analytical RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry. Following combination of the purified fractions and lyophilisation, pure product was obtained. MALD1-TOF: 3490,8 m/z (m.i.).
Exam le 4
Preparation of; Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lvs-Haic-Ile-Ser-Glv-Glv-Glv-Tyr-Arg- CVS-GIV-NH2)? - Cystein disulfide peptide homodimer
Tentagel-S-RAM amide polymer (Rapp-Polymere) was used at a load of 0.24 mmol/g which was transferred to a commercially available peptide synthesis device
(PSMM(Shimadzu)), wherein the peptide sequence was constructed step-by-step according to the carbodiimide/HOBt method.
The FMOC-amino acid derivatives were pre-activated by adding a 5-fold equimolar excess of di-isopropy-carbodiimide (DIC), di-isopropy-ethylamine (DIPEA) und hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and, following their transfer into the reaction vessel, mixed with the resin support for 30 minutes. Washing steps were carried out by 5 additions of 900 μΐ DMF and thorough mixing for 1 minute. Cleavage steps were carried out by the addition of 3 x 900 μΙ 30% piperidine in DMF and thorough mixing for 4 minutes. Removal of the individual reaction and wash solutions was effected by forcing the solutions through the bottom frit of the reaction vessel. The amino acid derivatives FMOC-Arg(Pbf), FMOC-Asp, FMOC-Gly, FMOC-His(Trt), FMOC-lle, FMOC-Leu, FMOC-Lys(BOC), FMOC-Haic, FMOC-Ser(tBu), FMOC-Cys(Trt) and FMOC-Tyr(tBu) (NeoMPS) were employed. When synthesis was completed the peptide resin was dried. The peptide amide was subsequently cleaved off by treatment with trifluoracetic acid/TlS/EDT/water (95:2:2: 1 vol) for 2 hours at room temperature. By way of filtration, concentration of the solution and precipitation by the addition of ice-cold diethyl ether the crude product was obtained as a solid.
The peptide amide was purified by RP-HPLC on Kromasil RP-18 250-20, 10 μηι in
0.1% TFA with a gradient of 5 on 60% acetonitriie in 40 minutes at a flow rate of 12 ml/min and evaluation of the eluate by means of a UV detector at 215 nm. The purity of the individual fractions was determined by analytical RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry.
Following combination of the purified fractions and lyophilisation, pure product was obtained. The oxidation to the disulfide dimer was performed as described in example 1 .
The dimerized product was purified by RP-HPLC on Kromasil RP- 18 250-20, 10 μιη in 0.1 % TFA with a gradient of 5 on 60% acetonitriie in 40 minutes at a flow rate of 12 ml/min and evaluation of the eluate by means of a UV detector at 215 nm. The purity of the individual fractions was determined by analyt. RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry. Following combination of the purified fractions and lyophilisation pure product was obtained. MALDI- TOF: 3475,8 m/z (m.i.)
Example 5
Preparation of; [Glv-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lvs-flS,2R)Achc-Ile-Ser-Glv-Glv-Glv-Tyr- Arg-Cvs-iGlv-NH^-S -CH-CH^-CO-CH^-CO-NH-PEG^nK
Tentagel-S-RAM (Rapp-Polymere) at a load of 0.24 mmol/g was transferred to a commercial ly available peptide synthesis device (PSMM(Shimadzu)), wherein the peptide sequence was constructed step-by-step according to the carbodiimide/HOBt method. The FMOC-amino acid derivatives were pre-activated by adding a 5-fold equimolar excess of di- isopropy-carbodiimide (DIC), di-isopropy-ethylamine (D1PEA) und hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and, following their transfer into the reaction vessel, mixed with the resin support for 30 minutes. Washing steps were carried out by 5 additions of 900 μΙ DMF and thorough mixing for 1 minute. Cleavage steps were carried out by the addition of 3 x 900 μΙ 30% piperidine in DMF and thorough mixing for 4 minutes. Removal of the individual reaction and wash solutions was effected by forcing the solutions through the bottom frit of the reaction vessel. The amino acid derivatives FMOC-Ala, FMOC-Arg(Pbf), FMOC- (l S,2R)Achc, FMOC-Asp, FMOC-GIy, FMOC-His(Trt), FMOC-Ile, FMOC-Leu, FMOC- Lys(BOC), FMOC-Pro, FMOC-Ser(tBu), FMOC-Cys(Trt) and FMOC-Tyr(tBu) (NeoMPS) were employed. The purified peptide (10 mg) in phosphate buffered solution in argon-purged deionized water was cooled to 4° C. 5 ml of a solution of a-methoxy-co-4-[2,2-bis[(p- tolylsulfonyl)methyl]acetyl]benzamide (50 mg/ml) derived from polyethylene glycol (20,000g/mol) in the same buffer was added at 4° C and vortexed for 2 hrs. The non-ionic components of the reaction mixture were removed by ion exchange chromatography and elution with buffer. The eluted fractions containing the product were purified by size exclusion chromatography. The purity of the individual fractions is determined by analyt. RP-HPLC. Following combination of the purified fractions and lyophilisation pure product was obtained.
Example 6
Preparation of: (Glv-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-(lS,2R)Achc-Ile-Ser-Glv-Glv-Glv-Cys-NH2)7 (Cvstein Disulfide Homodimer)
Tentagel-S-RAM amide polymer (Rapp-Polymere) at a load of 0.24 mmol/g was transferred to a commercially available peptide synthesis device (PSMM(Shimadzu)), wherein the peptide sequence was constructed step-by-step according to the
carbodiimide/HOBt method. The FMOC-amino acid derivatives were pre-activated by adding a 5-fold equimolar excess of di-isopropy-carbodiimide (DIC), di-isopropy-ethylamine (D1PEA) und hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and, following their transfer into the reaction vessel, mixed with the resin support for 30 minutes. Washing steps were carried out by 5 additions of 900 μΐ DMF and thorough mixing for 1 minute. Cleavage steps were carried out by the addition of 3 x 900 μΐ 30% piperidine in DMF and thorough mixing for 4 minutes. Removal of the individual reaction and wash solutions was effected by forcing the solutions through the bottom frit of the reaction vessel. The amino acid derivatives FMOC-Arg(Pbf), FMOC-Gly, FMOC-His(Trt), FMOC-Leu, FMOC-l le, FMOC-(l S,2R)-Achc, FMOC-Pro and FMOC-Ser(tBu) (NeoMPS) were employed. When synthesis is completed the peptide resin was dried. The peptide amide was subsequently cleaved off by treatment with trifluoracetic acid/TIS/EDT/water (95:2:2: 1 vol) for 2 hours at room temperature. By way of filtration, concentration of the solution and precipitation by the addition of ice-cold diethyl ether the crude product was obtained as an amorphous solid.
The peptide was purified by RP-HPLC on Kromasil RP-18 250-20, 10 μιη in 0.1 % TFA with a gradient of 5 on 60% acetonitrile in 40 minutes at a flow rate of 12 ml/min and evaluation of the eluate by means of a UV detector at 215 nm. The purity of the individual fractions was determined by analyt. RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry. Dimerization of the monmeric peptide was effected as described in Example 1. Following combination of the purified fractions and lyophilisation pure product was obtained Maldi-TOF, 2352,7 m/z (m.i.).
Example 7
Preparation of; [Glv-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Haic-Ile-Ser-Glv-Glv-CvsrGlv-NH?)SbCH-CH2-
CO-Cr,Hi-CO-NH-PEG7nK
The solid phase synthesis of this compound was done according to the description in Example 1 ; the amino acid and peptidomimetic derivatives employed in the coupling steps were: FMOC-Arg(Pbf), FMOC-Gly, FMOC-His(Trt), FMOC-Ile, FMOC-Leu, FMOC-Pro, FMOC-Haic, FMOC-Ser(tBu) (NeoMPS). When synthesis was completed the peptide resin is dried. The peptide amide was subsequently cleaved off by treatment with trifluoracetic acid/T!S/EDT/water (95:2:2: 1 vol) for 2 hours at room temperature. By way of filtration, concentration of the solution and precipitation by the addition of ice-cold diethyl ether the crude product was obtained as an amorphous colourless solid.
The peptide was purified by RP-HPLC on Kromasil RP-18 250-20, 10 μιη in 0.1 %
TFA with a gradient of 5 on 60% acetonitriie in 40 minutes at a flow rate of 12 ml/min and evaluation of the eluate by means of a UV detector at 21 5 nm. The purity of the individual fractions was determined by analyt. RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry. Following combination of the purified fractions and lyophilisation pure monomeric peptide was obtained. The reaction with the conjugating agent was performed as described in example 5. Purification was done via size exclusion chromatography yielding pure compound after lyophilization.
Table 1 below summarizes the compounds of the present invention which were prepared following the procedures described in Examples 1 -7, respectively.
Figure imgf000037_0001
j CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG20K
Example 8
The peptides and peptidomimetics listed in Table 2 below were prepared following the general procedure described in Example 1 -7 above, using the appropriate protected building blocks.
Figure imgf000038_0001
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-Tic-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Cys-Gly)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(SSS)-Oi^
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(SSS)l-aza-bicyclo(3.3.0)bicyclooctan-carboxyl-Ile-Ser-
Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Cys-Gly)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-cis-Acpc-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Cys-Ala)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-( 1 R,2R)-Acpc-I le-Ser-G ly-Gly-G ly-Tyr-Arg- A la-Cys)2 (Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l S,2S)-Acpc-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Val-Cys)2 (Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l -Acha)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Cys-Leu)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acpo-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Cys-Gly)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l-Acbc)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acpo-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Cys-Ile)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l-Achc)- le-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Cys-Gly)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-((lR,2S)-2-Achc)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-
Cys)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-((l S,2R)-2-Achc)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Cys- Val)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-((l S,2S)-2-Achc)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Leu-
Cys)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l -Acpec)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Cys-Gly)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l -Acprc)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Aedfp-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Cys-Gly)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-( l -Aic)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(2-Aic)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Cys-Gly)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Ambc-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-Gly)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Ampa-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-Gly)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Anc-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Cys)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Atpc-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(2-Atc)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-GIy-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acbt-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acbo-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l-Acmb)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(2-Acmb)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-Ala)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acmv-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Cys-Ala)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acq-Ue-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Accb-l le-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-Gly)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acpb-l le-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-PBD-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-GIy-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Bppp-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Cptd-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Thc-Ue-Ser-Gly-G ly-G ly-Tyr- Arg-G ly-Cys)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Abhc-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Accl-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-Hi s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-PLSP-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-Gly)2
(Gly-Hi s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-BTD-l le-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-( l S,2R)Achc-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Cys-Gly)2
(Gly-Hi s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l S,2R)Achc-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Cys)2
(Gly-Hi s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l S,2R)Achc-Ue-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Cys-Gly)2
(Gly-Hi s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acdn-l le-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Cys-Ala)2
Figure imgf000040_0001
iGlv-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l-Acha)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acpo-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l -Acbc)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acpo-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l -Achc)-lIe-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Ar -Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(( l R,2S)-2-Achc)-I!e-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly- Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-((l S,2R)-2-Achc)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly- Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-((l S,2S)-2-Achc)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-G(y- Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l-Acpec)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l-Acprc)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Aedfp-ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l -Aic)-l le-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(2-Aic)-l le-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-N H2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Ambc-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Ampa-I le-Ser-G ly-G ly-G ly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys- H2)2
(Gly-H 's-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Anc-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Atpc-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(2-Atc)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acbt-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acbo-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l-Acmb)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(2-Acmb)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acmv-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acq-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Accb-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H is-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acpb-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-PBD-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Bppp-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Cptd-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Thc-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Abhc-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Accl-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-PLSP-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-BTD-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-( l S,2R)Achc-Ile-Ser-GIy-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l S,2R)Achc-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-( 1 S,2R)Achc-J le-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acdn-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acdn-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Cys-NH )2
(Gly-H s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acdn-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Cys-NH2)2
(Gly-Hi s-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Pro-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)- S)2CH-I CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-D-Pro-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)- S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-hydroxyproline-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly- Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-D-hydroxproline-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-
( H2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(O-benzyl-hydroxyproline)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-
Arg-G y-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CQ-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-D-(O-benzyl-hydroxyproline)-lle-Ser-Gly-GIy-Gly-Tyr-
_^-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CQ-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(O-t-butyl-hydroxyproIine)-I!e-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-
Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CQ-C6H4^Q^NH2
^Gly^Hls^ATg^PTo^^^
Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO- H2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(0-2-naphtyl-methyl-hydroxyproline)-Ile-Ser-Gly-
Gly-gy-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(O-phenyl-hydroxyproline)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-
Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CQ-C6H4^CO^NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-4-(4-pheny-benzyl-proline)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-
Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(GIy-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(cis-3-p enyl-pro!ine)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-
Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CQ-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(cis-4-phenyl-proline)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-
Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(trans-4-phenyl-proline)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-
Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(G)y-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(cis-5-phenyl-proline)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-
Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(trans-5-pheny]-proline)-Ile-Ser-GIy-Gly-Gly-Tyr-
Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CQ-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(4-benzyl-proline)-Ile-Se
Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(4-(4-bromobenzyl)-proline)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-
Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(4-cyclohexyl-proline)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-
Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(4-fluoro-proline)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-
Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-Tic-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-GIy-Tyr-Arg-GIy-Cy H2)-
S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2 ____
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(SSS)-Oic-lle-Ser-Gly-G)y-Gly-Tyr-Arg^G]y-Cys-
(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(SSS)f-aza-bicyclo(3.3.0)bicyclooctan-carboxyl-Ile-Ser~
Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-cis-Acpc-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)- S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l R,2R)-Acpc-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys- (NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CQ-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l S,2S)-Acpc-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-GIy-Cys- (NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-( ] -Acha)-He-Ser-G]y-Gl>^Gly^Ty^^
S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2 (Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acpo-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-
S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH2
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l -Acbc)-Ile-Ser-G[y-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)- S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-NH-CO-NH2
Figure imgf000044_0001
Figure imgf000045_0001
(Gi ^His^g^-Leu-Asp-L s
ArgGly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG2QK
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(cis-3-phenyl-proline)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-
Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG5k
(Gly^s^A^^
ArgGly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG20K
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(trans-4-phenyl-proline)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-
Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CQ-C6H4-CQ-NH-PEG2oK
(G y-His-Arg^p7o^eu-Asp-Lys-L-(cis-5-phenyI-proline)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-T^^^
ArgGly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG40K
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(trans-5-phenyl-proline)-Ile-Ser-GIy-GIy-Gly-Tyr-
Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG2oK
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(4-benzyl-proline)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-
Cys-( H2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG20K
G!y-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(4-(4-bromobenzy
ArgGly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG2oK
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(4-cyclohexyl-proline)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-
ArgGly-Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG20K
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-(4-fluoro-proline)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-ArgG!y-
Cys-(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG2QK
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-L-Tic-IIe-Ser-GIy-Gly-GIy-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-
S)2CH-CH2-CQ-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG2OK
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(SSS)-Oic-Ile-Ser-GIy-GIy-Gly-Tyr-Arg-GIy-Cys-
(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CQ-NH-PEG2OK
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(SSS) l -aza-bicyclo(3.3.0)bicyclooctan-carboxyl-lle-Ser-
Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-( H2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG20K
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-cis-Acpc-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gfy
S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG2QK
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(lR,2R)-Acpc-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-
(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG2OK
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l S,2S)-Acpc-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-
(NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG2OK
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l -Acha)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-
S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG2OK
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acpo-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-
S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG2OK
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l -Acbc)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-~
S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-NH-CO-NH-PEG2oK
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-Acpo-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH2)-
S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-NH-CO-NH-PEG2OK
(G!y-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(l -Achc)-ile-Ser-G!y-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Cys-(NH,)-
S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-NH-CO-NH-PEG2OK
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(( l R,2S)-2-Achc)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Cys-
(Gly-NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-NH-CO-NH-PEG2oK
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-((l S,2R)-2-Achc)-lle-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly^^-Arg-C^
(Gly-NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG2oK
(Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys-(( 1 S,2S)-2-Achc)-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-G ly-Tyr-Arg-Cys^ (Gly-NH2)-S)2CH-CH2-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-PEG2oK
Figure imgf000047_0001
Figure imgf000048_0001
:
48
Figure imgf000049_0001
Figure imgf000050_0001
Figure imgf000051_0001
Figure imgf000052_0001
Figure imgf000053_0001
Figure imgf000054_0001
Figure imgf000055_0001
Figure imgf000056_0001
Example 9
The biological effect of the compounds was established in a model of thrombin- induced RhoA activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) culture. In brief, HUVEC were grown to confluence under standard conditions. Before induction of Rho activity HUVEC were starved for 4h by using IMDM (Gibco) without growth factor and serum supplements. After the starvation period 5 U/ml thrombin (Calbiochem) or 5U thrombin plus 5(^g/ml of test compound are added to the starvation medium for 1 , 5 and 10 min. Active RhoA was isolated using Rho Assay Reagent from Upstate according to manufactures instructions. Isolates were separated on a 15% po!yacrylamid gel and blotted on Nitrocellulose-Membrane (Bio-Rad). RhoA was dedected by using Anti-Rho (-A, -B, -C), clone55 from Upstate (1 :500). The relative RhoA stimulation reported in fold difference HUVEC cells stimulated with of control peptide, thrombin, or thrombin in combination with a test compound as compared to a control of unstimulated HUVECs is reported below in
Table 3.
Figure imgf000057_0001
As reflected in Table 3 above, all of the test compounds examined significantly reduced trombin-induced RhoA activation in cultured HUVECs.
Example 10
The effectiveness of the compounds of the present invention with respect to the prevention of RhoA activation and consequentially the change in the cytoskeletal structure of the endothelial cells may further be demonstrated by a method comprising the steps of:
a. contacting a confluent layer of cultured endothelial cells with thrombin in the presence of at least one of the test compounds;
b. lysing the endothelial cells with a lysation buffer; and c. measuring the RhoA activity with a specific assay, preferentially a so-called "pull down assay".
In addition, the effectiveness of the compounds of the present invention in vivo can be established using a model of acute pulmonitis in a rodent. As is known to one of skill in the art, acute pulmonitis in mice can be induced, for instance, by the intratracheal instillation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The effectiveness of a test compound can be ascertained by measuring the amount of Evans' Blue injected into the animal in pulmonory lavage or by measuring the number of extravasated leukocytes in lung lavage fluid. An effective amount of a compound of the present invention would be administered at a dose ranging from 0.001 mg/kg body weight to 500 mg/kg body weight, preferably at a dose ranging from 0.1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg.
Likewise, the effectiveness of the compounds of the present invention in vivo can also be establ ished using an animal model for systemic infection with haemolytic viruses or bacteria. Notably, a reduction or complete suppression of mortality associated with such infection could be correlated to the compound's effectiveness. For this purpose, mice are, for instance, infected with an appropriate dose of Dengue viruses, wherein 50% of the animals typical ly die within a period of 5-20 days after infection. An effective amount of a compound of the present invention would be administered to mice at a dose ranging from 0.001 to 500 mg/kg body weight, preferably at a dose ranging from 0.1 to 50 mg/kg body weight.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet, are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety.

Claims

CLAIMS:
1 . A compound comprising:
Formula I
GHRPX, X2X3-P-X4X5X6X7X8X9XioCXi 1X12X13
I
s
I
B (I)
I
s
I
GHRPX , X2X3-P-X4X5X6X7X8X9X1 oCX 1 1 X , 2X 13, Formula II
GHRPX , Χ2Χ3-β-Χ4Χ5Χ6Χ7Χ8Χ9Χ , oX 11 CX 12X 13
I
S I
B (II)
I
S I
GHRPX] X2X3-P-X4X5X6X7X8X9X10X11CX12X13,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein:
X1 -X12 denote a genetically coded amino acid, or one or more of X2, X3, Xs, X9, X10,
X11 and X)2 denote a single chemical bond;
Xi 3 denotes OR, wherein Ri is hydrogen or (Ci-C) 0) alkyl;
NR2R3 with R2 and R3, being identical or different, denoting hydrogen or (C | - Cio) alkyl ; or
a genetically coded amino acid;
β denotes a compound which induces a bend or a turn in the peptide selected from natural ly occurring amino acids, non-naturally occurring amino acids and peptidomimetic elements;
B denotes a single chemical bond or an intervening compound
-CH-CH2-CO-Q-J-CO-U, wherein:
Q denotes (Ci-C6) alkyl, an unsubstituted phenyl or a substituted phenyl;
J denotes a single chemical bond or NH;
U denotes ORi in which Ri equals hydrogen or (Ci-Cio)alkyl; NR2R3 with R2 and R3, being identical or different, denoting hydrogen or (C,-do) alkyl; or OPEG5-6OK or NH-PEG5.6oK.
2. The compound of Claim 1 , wherein β is selected from Group A.
3. The compound of Claim 1, wherein β is selected from Group B.
4. The compound of Claim 1 , wherein:
Xl denotes L, I, S, M or A,
X2 denotes E or D or a single chemical bond,
X3 denotes R or or a single chemical bond,
X4 denotes L, I, S, M or A,
X5 denotes A, G, S, or L,
x6 denotes A, G, S, or L,
x7 denotes A, G, S, or L,
Xs denotes G, A or L or a single chemical bond,
x9 denotes Y, F, H or a single chemical bond,
Xio denotes R, or a single chemical bond,
Xn denotes G, A, L, I or V or a single chemical bond, and
X|2 denotes G, A, L, I or V or a single chemical bond.
5. The compound of Claim 1 , wherein:
X. denotes L,
X2 denotes D or a single chemical bond,
X3 denotes K or a single chemical bond,
X4 denotes I,
X5 denotes S,
x6 denotes G, and
Xv denotes G.
6. The compound of Claim 5, wherein:
B denotes a single chemical bond,
Xi i denotes G or a single chemical bond,
Xi2 denotes G or a single chemical bond, and Xi3 denotes NR2R3 with R2 and R3, being identical or different, denoting hydrogen or (C1-C0) alkyl.
7. The compound of Claim 5, wherein:
B denotes the intervening compound -CH-CH2-CO-Q-J-CO-U and
Q denotes C6H4.
8. A compound which is selected from Table 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
9. A compound which is selected from Table 2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
10. A composition comprising the compound of Claim 1 and at least one
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
1 1 . A pharmaceutical combination comprising the compound of Claim 1 and at least one additional therapeutic agent.
12. The pharmaceutical combination of Claim 1 1 , wherein the compound and at least one additional therapeutic agent may be administered separately or together.
13. A method for treating inflammation or cell damage associated with ischemia and reperfusion, or inhibiting inflammation, inhibiting vascular leak, promoting tissue protection, promoting tissue regeneration, preventing cell damage associated with ischemia and reperfusion or a combination of two or more thereof, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of the compound of Claim 1.
14. The method of Claim 13, wherein said administering is intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, intradermal, nasal via inhalation, nasal via aerosol, buccal, topical, intralesional, intracranial, intraprostatic, intrapleural, intratracheal, intranasal, intravitreal, intravaginal, intrarectal, intratumoral, intraocular, subconjunctival, intravesicular, mucosal, intrapericardial, intraumbilical, oral, local, by injection, by infusion, by continuous infusion, by absorption, by adsorption, by immersion, by localized perfusion, via a catheter, or via a lavage.
15. The method of Claim 13, wherein the patient is undergoing transplantation of a tissue or an organ or wherein the patient is suffering from delayed graft function.
16. The method of Claim 13, wherein the patient is being treated for one or more of the following: stroke, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction or lung injury.
17. The method of Claim 13, wherein the patient is administered the compound after experiencing an ischemic condition, a hypoxic condition or hemorrhaging.
18. The method of Claim 13, wherein
Xl denotes L, I, S, M or A,
X2 denotes E or D or a single chemical bond,
X3 denotes R or K or a single chemical bond,
X4 denotes L, I, S, M or A,
Xs denotes A, G, S, or L,
X6 denotes A, G, S, or L,
X7 denotes A, G, S, or L,
Xs denotes G, A or L or a single chemical bond,
X9 denotes Y, F, H or a single chemical bond,
Xio denotes R, K or a single chemical bond,
Xn denotes G, A, L, I or V or a single chemical bond, and
Xl2 denotes G, A, L, I or V or a single chemical bond.
19. A kit comprising the compound of Claim 1 and instructions for use thereof.
20. A method for treating vascular leak comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of the compound of Claim 1.
PCT/US2010/056155 2009-11-13 2010-11-10 Compositions and methods for using peptides, modified peptides, peptidomimetics and fibrin derivatives WO2011060018A2 (en)

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