WO2011053183A1

WO2011053183A1 - Method for producing thermal energy

Info

Publication number: WO2011053183A1
Application number: PCT/RU2010/000078
Authority: WO
Inventors: Юрий Михайлович СТЕПАНЕНКО; Федор Александрович ДЕЦЮРА; Виктор Всеволодович АСТАФЬЕВ; Андрей Александрович ДЕЦЮРА
Original assignee: Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Аб"
Priority date: 2009-10-27
Filing date: 2010-02-19
Publication date: 2011-05-05
Also published as: RU2407959C1

Abstract

The claimed method relates to physical chemistry technologies for producing heat which is generated differently than in combustion processes, and can be used for producing domestic heaters. The technical result of increasing the energetic efficiency of producing thermal energy is achieved in that, in the method for producing thermal energy, the method comprising forming electro-plasma zones in a heat-generating assembly by means of the passage of an electric current, a double capacitor electric layer is produced in the heat-generating assembly. A covering (3) made of communited material, which includes radionuclides or particles having electret properties, is formed on the surface of at least one of the electrodes (1, 2) which consist of electrically conductive material. Elements (5) made from heatproof materials are arranged between the electrodes. Components of the above-mentioned covering are partially diffused into the surface of the electrode (1) being covered. A film (4) which does not conduct electric current is produced in the area in which the covering formed is applied. The zone of the double capacitor electric layer is ionized and an electric discharge is excited by means of the supply of a voltage, and, after a plasma discharge is produced in the zone of the double capacitor electric layer, heat is extracted.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

METHOD FOR PRODUCING THERMAL ENERGY

Technical field

The invention relates to physicochemical technologies for producing heat, which is generated differently than in combustion processes and can be used in industry, as well as when creating household heaters.

State of the art

A known method of producing thermal radiation (patent CA2124364, IPC F24J 3/00, publication date 11/27/1995) in accordance with which an electric discharge is generated in the central part of the ball cavity, the shock wave from which is concentrated on the ball surface and reflected into the discharge formation zone, which, at a certain frequency of discharges and compression waves associated with them, creates a zone of increased pressure in the central part of the spherical cavity, forms a plasma and increases the electron temperature in the discharge zone, which allows increasing the parameter thermal radiation.

The disadvantage of this method is that the formation of radiation in the method requires a significant electric potential, high currents and a narrow range of discharge frequencies, which complicates the process control and limits the scope of this method. The use of a rigid spherical surface around a formed plasma to reflect shock waves, imposes restrictions on the use of thermal radiation obtained in the method.

A known method of producing a heated coolant using plasma (patent RU2165561, IPC F24J 3/00, publication date: 04/20/2001) according to which an arc discharge is formed, water is supplied to the arc discharge zone and steam is generated by its heating by the arc, which serves into the combustion chamber, where a plasma torch is formed and the products obtained in two stages of heat treatment are used as a source of thermal energy.

A method operating on the indicated discharge form (on the indicated principle of the arc discharge) has a number of disadvantages. A well-known disadvantage of this method is that the formation of an arc discharge in the method requires a significant potential of electricity and high currents. When applying the usual method of arc ignition, to ignite a glow discharge, a voltage of the order of tens of kilovolts is needed at atmospheric pressure.

The method is difficult to control the arc. Additional special (well-known) means are required to ignite the arc and to overcome the problem of low stability of the arc discharge. The existence of an arc discharge in the method is associated with accelerated destruction of the electrodes and with a variable distance between the electrodes. Small discharge gap (small distance between the anode and cathode under atmospheric conditions) creates problems with the supply of heated water to its zone, as a result of which the low productivity of the process imposes restrictions on the unit power of the device that implements such a method.

Closest to the invention is a method of generating thermal energy (patent UA 30564, IPC F24J 3/00, publication date 02/25/2008), which provides for the creation of a heat-generating assembly with the formation of a heat-generating element, which is used as electrets, which - they form from a mixture of minerals, using natural radionuclides, the formation of electroplasma zones in a heat-generating element (in the pores between the particles of a heat-generating element) by passing an electric current through it and performing removal from the outer surface of the enclosure of the heat generating assembly.

A significant disadvantage of the known method is the large volume of radionuclides used in the technical solution, which in this solution are used to create the bulk of the bulk heat-generating element.

The process of using the solution is complicated by the porous state of the heat-generating element, which, due to this, is characterized by low strength properties.

The method is associated with the need for a long period of preliminary curing made by the method of heat logging element (in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 900-1100 ° C for up to three days) before practical use.

The method is characterized by significant contamination of the heat-releasing substance with radionuclides due to their presence and their high content in the volume of the heat-generating element, which complicates the heat removal process and limits the scope of use of the heat-removing substance. The use of an intermediate (enclosing) screen of a heat-generating assembly to reduce contamination of a heat-removing substance with radionuclides contained in a heat-generating element additionally worsens the heat removal process and reduces the potential of heat removal.

In this method, it is possible to use only the conductive method of heat removal from the external fencing elements of the heat generating assembly. The inability to use a number of properties of the radiation arising in the internal volume of the heat-generating element between the particles of its constituent materials during the formation of electroplasma zones, for example, for carrying out technological processes based on this radiation, for example, the destruction of substances, due to the fact that with such a technical solution, such heat-generating the assembly, the specified radiation can only be used mediated to transfer energy from the internal zones of radiation to neighboring particles, and yes T he longer a conduction only way to external particles and then to the intermediate screen of the heat-generating assembly.

The implementation of the known method is associated with a partial burnout of the components of the heat generating element or a change in the position of the particles of the bulk material even due to thermal expansion, which leads to a gradual increase in the geometric dimensions of the pores in it and a corresponding change in the parameters of the generation of thermal energy.

Disclosure of invention

The objective of the invention is to provide a method for producing thermal energy, in which the characteristics of the technical results are improved due to the new set of actions for the formation of the heat generation zone and the conditions for the implementation of these actions, including the use of substances. In particular, the use of radionuclides is significantly reduced, the conditions for heat removal and heat transfer to the consumer are improved, the possibility of heat transfer of heat energy by radiation is improved, the stability of the heat generation process increases, which generally increases the energy efficiency of heat production.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of producing thermal energy, including the formation of electroplasma zones in a heat-generating assembly by passing an electric current through materials, The heat-generating assembly using in the heat-generating assembly to form electric plasma zones of radionuclides and the heat removal from the heat-generating assembly according to the invention create a double capacitor electric layer in the heat-generating assembly. A coating of ground material is formed on the surface of at least one of the electrodes made of an electrically conductive material, which includes radonuclides or particles with electret properties. Provide partial diffusion of the components of the specified coating in the surface of the coated electrode. Create a non-conductive electric current film in the area of application of the formed coating. The zone of the double capacitor electric layer is ionized and the electric discharge is excited by applying voltage, and after the development of the plasma discharge in the zone of the double capacitor electric layer, heat is removed.

In addition, a plasma discharge is excited by applying alternating voltage in the range from 20 to 60 volts. The use of the indicated voltage limits is optimal for implementing the method with common materials and electric power sources.

It is envisaged that heat removal is carried out by dousing the zone of formation of a plasma discharge with liquid or by blowing gas. The application of these actions expands the scope of this method. Along with this, an additional element is used, which is formed from refractory materials, and placed in the heat-generating zone, and heat removal is carried out from the specified element from refractory materials. The use of this additional element from refractory materials provides stabilization of the heat generation process and creates additional opportunities for organizing the heat removal process.

In addition, a coating of crushed material, which includes radionuclides or particles with electret properties, is formed by detonation spraying or by using an arc discharge. The application of these actions expands the range of possible means for implementing the method.

It is also envisaged that a coating of crushed material, which includes radionuclides, or particles with electronic properties, is formed in the form of separate, not connected to each other spots. The application of the indicated boundaries for the implementation of the coating process causes a sheaf of plasma discharges in the method, which improves and further stabilizes the current transfer process. It also reduces the amount of radionuclides used in the process.

It is recommended that the thickness of the coating of the material, which includes radionuclides or particles with electret properties, be formed in the range from 10 to 150 microns. The application of the specified limits of the boundaries of the coating provides- It has a stable process of formation of a plasma discharge for a long period and does not require the use of additional means for controlling the gas-discharge plasma that occurs in the method.

Thus, the application of the new method leads to a change in the processes in the heat generation zone and the appearance of new technical effects. Intensive evaporation of substances occurs in the plasma heating zone. Plasma-chemical reactions occur on the vapors of substances that surround the plasma discharge, and ionization of these substances. Due to these processes, the plasma discharge increases and stabilizes.

The use of radionuclides only for forming a coating on the surface of a capacitor electric layer dramatically reduces by several orders of magnitude the amount of radionuclides used in the technical solution, since the mass of a coating on the surface of a capacitor electric layer and the mass of a heat generating element that contains radionuclides in an analogue are very different .

Replacing a porous bulk heat-generating element with an assembly of rigid elements formed by the method increases the strength properties used in solving materials, which simplifies the process of using the solution.

There is no need for a long period of preliminary curing made by the heat-generating assembly before practical use, since a mechanically assembled heat-generating assembly of the means used in the method can be used immediately.

The implementation of the method is not associated with a significant change in the geometric dimensions of the materials used in it, which increases the stability of the process occurring in it and does not require the use of additional means to control the arising gas-discharge plasma.

It opens the possibility of heat removal by other technological methods, for example, radiation, dousing of the materials used with a liquid coolant, etc., due to the absence of radiation inside the bulk of the bulk material.

In the new method, the composition and concentration of radionuclides in the heat-removing substance do not have pronounced excesses and are at natural levels due to global precipitation of radionuclides in natural systems.

The practical absence of contamination of the heat-removing substance with radionuclides (within the maximum permissible content) is due to the fact that the mass of the coating in which the radionuclides are used and the mass of the heat-generating element in the analogue differ sharply by several orders of magnitude, and the heat-generating assembly in the present method does not contain additional radionuclides (only their natural content is inherent in the used mineral). There is also the possibility of direct use of the properties of the arising radiation during the formation of electroplasma zones, for example, for carrying out new technological processes associated with heat generation that could not be carried out in a prototype, for example, for the destruction of substances by the indicated radiation due to the fact that it is possible with such a technical solution use directly.

Since the method uses materials of a stable form, there is no need for fixing barriers for bulk solids.

Brief Description of the Drawings

The method is illustrated by drawings, where in FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an implementation of a method for producing thermal energy in the form of a diagram of an embodiment of an elementary heat generating assembly, and in FIG. 2 shows a diagram of connecting a power supply to a system of heat-generating assemblies connected in series.

The best embodiment of the invention

The method can be implemented using the device shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.

The device (figure 1) consists of an electrode (1) and an electrode (2) made of an electrically conductive material. The electrodes can be made in the form of disks. The surface of the electrode (1) is coated (3) with crushed material, in which which includes radionuclides or particles with electret properties, and a non-conductive current film is formed

(four) . Between the electrode (1) and the electrode (2) there are elements

(5) made of refractory materials. The electrodes (1) and (2) of an elementary (separate) heat-generating assembly (6) or the ends of the electrodes of a series-connected chain of heat-generating assemblies (6) are connected to a power source, in particular, to a transformer (7) (Fig. 2).

In the process of testing a device that implements the method, the temperature in the heat generation zone was measured with a Promin-KX2 pyrometer manufactured by the Lvivpribor plant in a modification for the interval 1500–6000 ° С. The diffusion depth in the examples was determined by examining the element of the end face of the disk using the ML7500 metallurgical microscope in the areas of marking the coating of crushed material as the arithmetic average of three changes in three areas of the disk cutting. Heat carrier contamination was evaluated using a dose meter IMD-IR (C).

The table below shows the conditions for implementing the method in the examples.

To form a heat generation zone, a double capacitor electric layer is created using parallel electrodes (1,2) made of metal disks (in examples 1-3 from steel НХС 20, in examples 4-9 from steel НХС 18), placed at a distance indicated in the table. 12

Preliminarily, a coating (3) of crushed material, which includes natural radionuclides or natural particles with electret properties (feldspar), indicated in the Table is applied to the surface of the disk (1) facing the disk (2).

TABLES A

To simplify the deposition of radionuclides or natural particles with electret properties on the surface of the disk, the base coating material used in the examples (3) includes a composite fine powder composed of a mixture of full-crystalline rocks with the inclusion of them in equal proportions, in particular, in the examples 1-3 silicides, carbides, granite and granite, in examples 4-6 diabase, norite, basalt with a fine crystalline structure, and in examples 7-9 quartz, syenite, labradorite, and the radionuclides or electrets indicated in the Table.

In examples 1–3, the layer was applied by sputtering by the detonation method, in examples 4–6 by the method of electroplasma spraying, and in examples 7–9 by the method using an arc discharge. The applied coating methods also provided partial diffusion of the components of the specified coating onto the disk surface (1). The coating (3) in the examples presented was formed as separate spots (Fig. 1).

A non-conductive film (4) was created in the coating zone (3) in examples 4-9 by the method of thermal hardening of the electrode (1) with dusting in a muffle furnace, and in examples 1-3 by the flame treatment of a propane-butane burner using acid - kind. Due to this treatment, oxygen combines with the substances included in the coating material and the substrate material, and iron oxide, iron oxide, is formed on the surface. magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide and other non-conductive compounds.

Elements from refractory materials (5) are formed from the substances indicated in the table (including natural minerals), placed between previously formed disk electrodes (1) and (2), and secured by well-known methods using traditional threaded fasteners elements (not shown in the diagram).

When voltage is applied from the transformer (7) to the metal disks of the electrodes (1) and (2), the electric capacity is periodically discharged and formed again. The zone of the double capacitor electric layer is ionized. A discharge is created and a gas-discharge plasma arises, and after the development of a plasma discharge in the zones of elements of refractory materials (5), the discharge under the indicated conditions and in the specified zone due to, among other things, heating of elements from refractory materials (5), becomes stable and, accordingly, heat generation in the indicated zone also becomes stable. Heat removal from the heat generation zone is carried out, for example, by blowing air, or by spraying with sprayed water (not shown in the diagram). The plasma discharge that occurs in the method at atmospheric pressure is characterized by its own radiation of a wide range, which makes it possible in principle to carry out various additional technological processes associated with heat irradiation, for example radiolysis, photolysis and exothermy of various compounds.

In these examples, a plasma discharge in the zones of elements of refractory materials (5) is stable and is not affected by its stability, for example, dousing water with a heat-generating zone.

As can be seen from the examples and from the parameters of the method, the implementation of the method is associated with a significant reduction in the volume of use of radionuclides, as a result of which the method can also be used to create household appliances. The conditions for heat transfer to the consumer are improving. Due to the possibility of forming a rigid structure without closing the zone of formation of plasma discharges, the possibility of heat transfer by radiation opens up, the combination of the means used improves the stability of the heat generation process.

Industrial applicability

The present invention can find application in plants and appliances that consume and produce thermal energy, in particular, in engines operating on the Stirling cycle.

The method of generating thermal energy passed scientific research tests, during which the high efficiency of generating thermal energy and the operability of devices implementing the proposed method were confirmed.

Claims

CLAIM

1. A method of generating thermal energy, including forming electric plasma zones in a heat-generating assembly by passing electric current through materials constituting a heat-generating assembly using radionuclides in the heat-generating assembly and performing heat removal from the heat-generating assembly, characterized in that they create a double capacitor electric layer in the heat-generating assembly, form on the surface of at least one of the electrodes, made of an electrically conductive material, a coating of crushed material, which includes radionuclides or particles with electret properties, provides partial diffusion of the components of the specified coating onto the surface of the electrode to be coated, creates a non-conductive electric current film in the area of deposition of the formed coating, ionize the zone of the double capacitor electric layer and excite the electric discharge by applying voltage, and after the development of the plasma discharge in the zone of the double capacitor The electrical heat removal layer is performed.

2. A method of producing thermal energy according to claim 1, characterized in that the plasma discharge is excited by applying alternating voltage in the range from 20 to 60 volts.

3. A method for producing thermal energy according to claim 1, characterized in that the heat removal is carried out by pouring liquid over the formation zone of the plasma discharge.

4. A method of producing thermal energy according to claim 1, characterized in that the heat is removed by blowing around the zone of formation of the plasma discharge by gas.

5. A method of producing thermal energy according to claim 1, characterized in that an additional element is used, which is formed from refractory materials, and placed in a heat generation zone, and heat removal is carried out from said element from refractory materials.

6. A method of producing thermal energy according to claim 1, characterized in that a coating of crushed material, which includes radionuclides or particles with electret properties, is formed by detonation spraying.

7. A method of producing thermal energy according to claim 1, characterized in that a coating of crushed material, which includes radionuclides or particles with electret properties, is formed using an arc discharge.

8. A method of producing thermal energy according to claim 1, characterized in that a coating of crushed material, which includes radionuclides, or particles with electret properties, is formed in the form of separate spots not connected to each other.

9. A method for producing thermal energy according to claim 1, characterized in that the coating thickness of the material, which includes radionuclides or particles with electret properties, is formed in the range from 10 to 150 microns.