WO2011052462A1

WO2011052462A1 - Method for assessing light damage to plants caused by night lighting, method of assessing properties of night lighting, and lighting device for avoiding light damage

Info

Publication number: WO2011052462A1
Application number: PCT/JP2010/068556
Authority: WO
Inventors: 潔岩谷; 晴彦山本
Original assignee: 国立大学法人山口大学
Priority date: 2009-11-02
Filing date: 2010-10-21
Publication date: 2011-05-05
Also published as: TW201125484A; JPWO2011052462A1; JP5783571B2; CN102595874B; CN102595874A

Abstract

Lamina of plants having been grown in an artificial climate chamber with or without night lighting are collected and treated. The gene expression amounts in the individual samples thus obtained are determined by using a gene analysis technique and a light damage avoidance ratio is calculated as the ratio of these gene expression amounts, thereby assessing light damage to plants. Thus, light damage to plants caused by night lighting can be appropriately and effectively assessed. Provided is a lighting device for avoiding light damage, wherein the pulsed light frequency and duty ratio of a pulsed light source are set to give a light damage avoidance ratio of 0.8 or higher. By combining multiple pulsed light sources, the average color rendering index is enhanced so as to achieve a natural feeling as a night lighting device. Thus, the night lighting device, which is to be installed close to a vegetation area, can give a natural feeling to humans without causing light damage to plants.

Description

Method for evaluating light damage to plants caused by night lighting, method for evaluating characteristics of night lighting, and light pollution avoiding lighting apparatus

The present invention relates to a method for evaluating light damage to plants by night lighting, a method for evaluating characteristics of night lighting, and a light pollution avoiding lighting apparatus.

As a night illumination apparatus installed outdoors, a white or yellow light source such as a mercury lamp, a fluorescent lamp, or a sodium lamp is generally used. When such a night illumination device using a light source is installed on a road or the like close to a vegetation area such as a field, the light is also irradiated to plants in the vegetation area at night. Decreased yield and reduced quality due to delayed flowering of short-day plants such as rice and soybeans, or early flowering of long-day plants such as spinach and broccoli. This is called light pollution.

When trying to install street lights and security lights on roads close to vegetation areas such as farmland with low illuminance at night, there are not a few cases where installation is not permitted due to concerns about light pollution that affects crops. For this reason, it is desired and studied to prevent light pollution as a night illumination device, and the following literature discloses the technology of such a night illumination device.

In Patent Document 1, a reflecting mirror and a light source are arranged inside a lamp body having an open bottom surface, and a light shielding wall is formed integrally with the lamp body below the light source behind the light center of the light source. A road illuminator in which a part of the irradiation light is shielded is described.

Patent Document 2 discloses a green filter with a light quality balance in which a slurry mixed with zinc oxide and a green inorganic pigment is deposited on the outer surface of a fluorescent mercury lamp to cut ultraviolet radiation, reduce blue light, and increase green light. It describes about reducing the growth radiation efficiency of a plant with an attached lamp.

Patent Document 3 has a spectral radiant energy peak between the lower limit of the wavelength range where the influence on flower bud formation on plants is strong and the lower limit of the wavelength range where the antifungal effect is high, and the spectral radiant energy Φe (λ). And a luminaire having a light source in which the ratio of the product of spectral absorption Pr (λ) of phytochrome in the section of 560 to 700 nm and the radiant flux included in the wavelength range of 460 to 580 nm is 0.05 or less Is described.

Patent Document 4 uses light from a light source that emits green light of 500 to 580 nm to irradiate a range including the vegetation area side as a street lamp for installation at a position close to the vegetation area. A street lamp is described that uses a combination of LEDs with high directivity in a wavelength range other than green of 500 to 580 nm for irradiation to a side that is not a vegetation region.

Patent Document 5 discloses a near-infrared fluorescent lamp that irradiates near-infrared light and shields red light by applying a pigment containing a near-infrared light-emitting phosphor, a blue-light-emitting phosphor, and a green light-emitting phosphor as main components as an inner surface paint. Patent Document 6 describes that near-infrared light is irradiated to paddy rice before sunlight is irradiated to prevent the heading delay of paddy rice.

In addition, Non-Patent Document 1 discloses a dark period interruption in which flowering delay of short-day plants is caused by light irradiation for only 10 minutes of nighttime over several hours, regarding the relationship between flowering time control and nighttime light irradiation. In Non-Patent Document 2, as the relationship between photosynthesis and pulse emission, which are important functions of plants, the photosynthesis rate of Sardana when the pulse emission frequency is 2.5 kHz and the duty ratio is 50% is that of continuous light. It is described with respect to an increase of 23% compared to the case.

In the one shown in Patent Document 1, light damage to the plant is avoided by shielding a part of the illumination light source, but there is an abrupt change in illuminance between the illuminated bright area and the darkness due to the shading adjacent to the illuminated area. This creates the potential for danger in the darkness, which is rather unsafe. In those shown in Patent Documents 2 to 4, the illumination light source used for avoiding light pollution is illumination with green-centered light, making it difficult to illuminate natural colors with high color rendering properties and limited applications. Is done.

As shown in Patent Documents 5 and 6, when near-infrared light is irradiated in a timely manner after illumination, near-infrared light does not function as interpersonal illumination, so compared to lighting equipment with equivalent illuminance Since the power consumption of the entire device increases and the irradiation range of near-infrared light cannot be grasped with the naked eye, advanced technology and an expensive base material are required for light distribution adjustment at the time of installation. In addition, when the near-infrared light is excessively irradiated, if the light damage is the opposite of the original light damage, for example, when it is excessively irradiated as a countermeasure against flowering delay, early flowering occurs, which also affects the quality.

Also, the influence of night lighting on the decrease in flowering of plants has not been taken up in conventional studies such as Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2.

JP 2000-222911 A JP 2005-216572 A JP 2004-121217 A JP 2008-226567 A JP 2006-244910 A JP 2006-271374 A

In the case of a night lighting device installed in the vicinity of the vegetation area, light damage may be caused by night lighting, and in the case of crops such as rice due to light damage, the yield will decrease along with the price reduction due to the grade reduction. As a result, it is inevitable that such an influence will arise, and the producer will also have concerns about the installation of the night lighting device. For this reason, studies have been made on night illumination devices that can avoid light pollution.

Of these, when the light from the light source is partially blocked so that the plant side is not irradiated with light, a rapid change in illuminance occurs between the illuminated bright area and the darkness caused by the light shielding adjacent to it. The problem of safety due to nighttime lighting will not be solved, and if the wavelength range of the light source is limited, it becomes difficult to make natural lighting as interpersonal lighting, and the use is limited. For devices that irradiate near-infrared light, there is a problem that the power consumption of the entire device increases and the light distribution adjustment during installation becomes complicated. The technology has not been presented so far.

Moreover, in constructing a night illumination device that can avoid light pollution, a method for appropriately and simply evaluating whether or not the light source causes light pollution is required. An effective technique for evaluating the effects of light pollution has not been proposed.
From such a situation, it has been a problem to provide a method for appropriately evaluating light pollution to plants by night lighting, and to provide a practical and effective lighting device that can avoid light pollution. .

The present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and the method for evaluating light damage to plants by night illumination according to the present invention is based on light damage caused to a plant by a lighting device installed in the vicinity of a vegetation area. A multi-spot plant in the meteorological instrument until the expression of the flowering induction gene. After planting and planting some plants in an artificial meteor for performing night illumination after expression of the flowering-inducing gene, and after having passed one or more night periods, the leaf blades are collected and processed. Total RNA is extracted, and the expression level of the target gene is quantitatively analyzed to determine the gene expression level A under night-lighting conditions, and after expression of the flowering induction gene, Artificial air without night lighting After putting a plant of another strain in the vessel and letting go through one or more night periods, extract the leaf blades and extract the total RNA, and determine the mRNA level of the gene for the target gene expression level. Quantitative analysis is performed to determine the gene expression level B under night illumination conditions, and the gene expression level A under night illumination conditions and gene expression level B under night illumination conditions. And determining the light pollution avoidance ratio as a ratio.
When the plant is rice, the flowering induction gene is Hd3a.

The present invention further includes obtaining an average color rendering index for the light source used for the night illumination, and the light pollution avoidance ratio and the average color rendering evaluation obtained by the method for evaluating light damage to plants by the night illumination. It is good also as the characteristic evaluation method of the night illumination which evaluated the characteristic of the light source of night illumination from the number. When the plant is rice, the flowering induction gene is Hd3a.

The light pollution avoiding illumination device according to the present invention has a specific color component pulsed light source or a different color component driven by a pulse driving device at a predetermined pulse emission frequency and duty ratio. An illumination device using a light source combining a plurality of types of pulsed light sources that are driven at a pulsed light emission frequency and duty ratio, wherein the pulsed light source of the specific color component or a plurality of types of pulsed light sources are combined The pulse light source of the specific color component or a plurality of types of pulse light sources are combined so that the light damage avoidance ratio obtained by the method for evaluating light damage to plants by night illumination with respect to the light source is 0.8 or more Set the pulse emission frequency and duty ratio of each type of pulsed light source A.

When the pulse light source of the specific color component is a blue light emitting diode, the blue light emitting diode is driven at a pulse light emission frequency of 300 to 2700 Hz and a duty ratio of 10 to 90%. When the green light emitting diode is a green light emitting diode, the green light emitting diode is driven at a pulse light emission frequency of 50 to 1000 Hz and a duty ratio of 20 to 90%, and the pulse light source of the specific color component is a yellow green light emitting diode. In this case, the yellow-green light emitting diode is preferably driven at a pulse emission frequency of 500 to 2700 Hz and a duty ratio of 10 to 90%.

Further, the light pollution avoiding illumination apparatus according to the present invention is an illumination apparatus using a light source that is a combination of pulsed light sources each having a different color component and driven by a pulse driving device at a predetermined pulsed light emission frequency and duty ratio. The light damage avoidance ratio determined by the method for evaluating light damage to plants by night illumination with respect to a light source combining the plurality of kinds of pulsed light source is 0.8 or more. The plurality of types of pulsed light sources that set the pulsed light emission frequency and duty ratio of each type of pulsed light source in the light source that combines the above-mentioned pulsed light sources, and that the average color rendering index as the whole light source is 60 or more It may be a combination of the above.

The plurality of pulsed light sources may include at least a blue light emitting diode and a yellow-green light emitting diode, and the plurality of pulsed light sources may include a blue light emitting diode, a green light emitting diode, and a yellow green light emitting diode. .

In the present invention, it is possible to appropriately and effectively evaluate light damage caused by night lighting by using the light damage avoidance ratio from the gene expression level obtained under night lighting conditions and without night lighting conditions. . As equipment for evaluating light pollution, it is possible to use simple equipment and measuring instruments by using an artificial meteorograph, and the expression level of a flowering induction gene that starts expression before actual flowering can be determined. Since it is used and evaluated, it can be carried out in a form in which the time is shorter than the conventional method of observing flowering. In the case of rice, when observing outdoors, the evaluation of light pollution is usually carried out once a year, but in the case of the present invention using an artificial meteor, the evaluation of light pollution is 5 weeks after emergence. Since it is illuminated and evaluated using rice, it can be carried out about 10 times a year, and the number of days to reach flowering can be increased by using a meteorological instrument 5-10 times compared to the case where it is performed outdoors using the conventional method. Even if compared with the conventional method to be confirmed, there is an effect of shortening the time by 2.5 times or more. In addition, the average color rendering index of the light source for night illumination can be obtained, and the suitability as a night illumination device can be evaluated together with the light pollution avoidance ratio.

The illumination apparatus using the pulsed light source controlled to the optimum pulsed light emission frequency and duty ratio derived by the nighttime illumination characteristic evaluation method of the present invention is included in the phytochrome absorption wavelength range of 560 to 700 nm. In addition to yellowish green that can cause light pollution, the out-of-light avoidance ratio can be increased to 1 or more for blue and green that are outside this wavelength range and originally considered to be less likely to cause light pollution. As such, appropriately controlled pulsed blue, green, and yellow-green illuminations provide higher illumination while maintaining equivalent color rendering compared to other general lighting (such as mercury lamps). Even if you go, you can make little light pollution to the crops (rice).

In the illuminating device according to the present invention, the illuminating device is constituted by a light source in which a plurality of types of pulsed light sources having different color components are combined, and light is obtained by appropriately setting the pulse emission frequency and duty ratio of each type of pulsed light source. It can be a harm avoidance lighting device. By using a pulsed light source, it is possible to select a light source element that has a higher light damage avoidance ratio than a continuous light source, and by combining various light emission frequencies and duty ratios, the selectivity of the light source element Become diverse. Furthermore, it can be a combination of a plurality of types of pulsed light sources that give a natural sense to humans.

It is a figure which shows the evaluation of the light pollution avoidance about an illumination light source, and the evaluation of the characteristic as night illumination as a flow. (A)-(f): It is a figure which shows the light pollution avoidance ratio calculated | required according to the pulse light emission frequency in case the duty ratio is 10% about the light source of various wavelengths. It is a figure which shows the light pollution avoidance ratio by a pulse light emission frequency and a duty ratio about blue LED. It is a figure which shows the light pollution avoidance ratio by a pulse light emission frequency and a duty ratio about green LED. It is a figure which shows the light pollution avoidance ratio by a pulse light emission frequency and a duty ratio about yellow green LED. It is a figure which shows the light pollution avoidance ratio about the light source of each color at the time of continuous light emission. It is the figure which showed the light emission spectrum by the example of a light pollution avoidance lighting apparatus with the light emission spectrum of a white light source and a green monochromatic light source. It is a figure which shows the emission spectrum of the example of the light pollution avoidance LED illumination light source comprised by combining multiple blue, green, and yellow green LED, respectively, a mercury lamp illumination light source, and a fluorescent lamp illumination light source. It is a figure which shows the result of the test which confirms the light pollution avoidance of a light pollution avoidance lighting apparatus. It is a figure which shows the flowering delay days about the light pollution avoidance LED lighting installed in the outdoor paddy field which cultivates rice, fluorescent lamp lighting, and mercury lamp lighting.

In the present invention, when evaluating the light pollution by night illumination, data is obtained about a sample collected from a plant cultivated in an artificial meteor that performs night illumination, and flowering-induced gene expression is analyzed to analyze night illumination. We examined the evaluation of whether or not it is light pollution avoidance, and also examined the relationship between the operation mode of the light source and the effects of light pollution on the plants for the night lighting equipment installed in the vicinity of the vegetation area. In the above, light damage to plants was evaluated by determining the expression level of flowering-inducible genes when pulse light emission type light source was used as the light source and the frequency and duty ratio of pulse light emission were varied. We are studying the conditions for the avoidance lighting device.

First, we will explain the evaluation of light pollution caused by night lighting on plants, using rice, which is a short-day plant, as the plant to be evaluated. Sample collection and flowering-induced gene expression level analysis are performed as follows.

(1) Breeding, treatment, and collection of rice samples Expression of flowering-inducible genes is confirmed under short-day conditions (8 hours in the day / 16 hours at night) that promote rice flowering in an artificial meteorological instrument (about 5 after germination) Week). At that time, a night illumination device with LED or organic EL that can control the wavelength, pulse emission frequency, and duty ratio to arbitrary values is installed in the artificial weather device. The average horizontal illuminance was 5 lux or more according to the standard of illuminance of crime prevention lights (SES E1901-1 class A) by the association.

Prepare an artificial meteor with night illumination and an artificial meteor that is not installed, divide rice with flowering induction genes into two groups, and put one set of rice into an artificial meteor with night illumination In addition, the other set of rice was put into a meteorological instrument that was not equipped with night lighting so that it would encounter more than one night. Immediately before the end of the night, rice leaf blades were collected, frozen in liquid nitrogen, collected in a 50 mL sample tube, crushed to a few mm square with a dissecting scoop cooled with liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 degrees.

(2) RNA extraction 50-65 mg of freshly stored leaf blades were weighed into a 2 mL sample tube, and crushed using a pulverizer (Automill: Tokken Co., Ltd.) while frozen in liquid nitrogen. For RNA extraction, RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen Co., Ltd.) was used, and total RNA was extracted by an automatic extraction apparatus (QIAcube: Qiagen Co., Ltd.) according to the reagent and protocol of the apparatus. The purity and concentration of the extracted RNA were measured with an absorptiometer (Nanodrop ND-1000: Thermo Fisher Scientific).

(3) cDNA synthesis Using the Quantitect Reverse Transcription Kit (Qiagen) from the RNA obtained from (2), removal of genomic DNA and cDNA according to the reagent protocol Was synthesized. The synthesized cDNA was measured for purity and concentration using the above-mentioned absorbance meter.

(4) Real-time PCR
Using the cDNA obtained in (3) and the Rotor-Gene SYBR Green Kit (Qiagen) and the following primer set, the 3-Rotor Gene Q (Qiagen) ) And real-time PCR was performed to quantify the expression level of rice flowering induction gene (Hd3a) mRNA (messenger RNA).
Forward primer 5'-GCTCACTATCATCATCCAGCATG-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 1)
Reverse primer 5'-CCTTGCTCAGCTATTTAATTGCATAA-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 2)

At that time, the expression level of Hd3a mRNA was shown by a relative quantification method using ubiquitin (ubq) mRNA as an internal standard gene. The primer set for quantifying the expression level of ubiquitin mRNA was as shown below.
Forward primer 5'-AACCAGCTGAGGCCCAAGA-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 3)
Reverse primer 5'-ACGATTGATTTAACCAGTCCATGA-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 4)
Based on the above, the ratio of the Hd3a-mRNA expression level to the ubq-mRNA expression level was taken as the relative expression level of Hd3a-mRNA.

Regarding the gene expression level obtained in the above steps (1) to (4), A is the gene expression level under night illumination, B is the gene expression level under no night lighting, and A / B Use light pollution avoidance ratio. The higher the light pollution avoidance ratio, the lower the possibility of light pollution. Calculate the light pollution avoidance ratio for each combination of the wavelength, pulse emission frequency, and duty ratio of the light source of the night illumination used in the artificial meteor that obtained the rice sample in the process of (1) to (4) above. .
Through such a process, the light pollution avoidance of the illumination light source is evaluated.

Subsequently, an average color rendering index Ra is obtained by a spectroscopic method for the color of the light source for night illumination. The color rendering evaluation is defined in JIS Z 8726, but it is judged using the average color rendering index as the degree of natural color for humans. In the case of reference light with the most natural color Ra = 100, and the degree of matching between the evaluation target light source and the reference light is scored.

The distance (ΔE) in the color space between the color of the sample light and the test color by the reference light is obtained, and the special color rendering index Ri for the 15 test colors is Ri = 100-4.6 · ΔE (i = 1 to 15)
Ask for. The average color rendering index Ra is Ra = (R1 + R2 +... + R8) / 8
Is required.

As a light source of the light pollution avoidance lighting device of the present invention, since light pollution is avoided, the light pollution avoidance ratio is increased, and the average color rendering index is also increased so as to obtain a natural lighting sensation as much as possible. To do. Table 1 generally shows the numerical range of the color rendering property Ra that is adapted to the usage application of illumination. The right column shows the corresponding lamp type.

The process of evaluating the light pollution avoidance ratio for the illumination light source, from sampling to evaluation of the light pollution avoidance ratio, and the evaluation of the characteristics as the nighttime illumination performed by combining the average color rendering index obtained for the illumination light source as a whole Fig. 1 shows the flow. In the process of evaluating the light pollution avoidance ratio shown as a flow in FIG. 1, in the case of rice cultivated under short-day conditions in an artificial meteorological instrument, the period until the expression of the flowering induction gene is confirmed is Although it is about 5 weeks, it can be said that this period is almost constant for the same type of plant, so after confirming the expression of this flowering induction gene once, the expression of the flowering induction gene is again performed for the same type of plant. Without confirming the above, after the period (about 5 weeks in the case of rice) has elapsed, the process may move to the next stage in the flow of FIG. In the flow of FIG. 1, “until the expression of a flowering induction gene is confirmed” has a meaning including the fact that it is considered to be expressed on such a probability.

In addition, in order to quantitatively analyze the amount of mRNA of the gene to be evaluated, real-time PCR is used in the flow of FIG. 1. As a method for quantitatively analyzing mRNA, for example, Northern blotting is used. Other analysis methods may be used.

As an actual example, measurement results of rice (Koshihikari) under the illumination light source LED with a horizontal illuminance of 5 lx, a duty ratio of 10%, and various pulse emission frequencies varied, and pulse emission of light sources of various wavelengths FIG. 2 shows the light pollution avoidance ratio obtained according to the frequency. Of these, (b) blue, (c) green, and (d) yellow-green have relatively high light pollution avoidance ratios, and (e) yellow has a lower value than those, and the light pollution avoidance ratios to some extent depend on the pulse emission frequency. I can see that they are different. In the case of (a) purple and (f) red, the light pollution avoidance ratio is very low.

Furthermore, when the horizontal plane illuminance is 5 lx and the duty ratio and the pulse emission frequency are changed, the light pollution avoidance ratio obtained from the measurement result is shown in FIG. FIG. 4 shows the case of yellow-green LED as shown in FIG. The blue light in FIG. 3 has a particularly high light damage avoidance ratio at a pulse emission frequency of 700 Hz and a duty ratio of 60%, and the green light in FIG. 4 has a particularly high light damage avoidance ratio at a pulse light emission frequency of around 50 Hz, a duty ratio of 60% and 90%. Further, in the yellow-green color of FIG. 5, the light pollution avoidance ratio is particularly high near the pulse emission frequency of 700 Hz and the duty ratio of 70%.

As described above, the light pollution avoidance ratio is an amount defined in the form of A / B from the gene expression level under night illumination (A) and the gene expression level under night illumination conditions (B). Although it is used as an index for representing the sample as a ratio corresponding to the ratio of avoiding light pollution, the quantity is not expressed as the ratio to the whole. Therefore, as a result shown in FIGS. 2 to 5, the high numerical value of the light pollution avoidance ratio exceeds 1.0. It represents a quantity that is an index as a relative ratio rather than an absolute ratio.

The value of the light pollution avoidance ratio of the illumination light source is preferably a value of 1.0 or more, but in practice, if the light pollution avoidance ratio is 0.8 or more, it is considered to be practically used. In the case of green light, the light pollution avoidance ratio is about 0.70 for continuous light, and 1.34 for pulse emission with 50 Hz and a duty ratio of 60%. From the results shown in FIGS. As for light and yellow-green light, those suitable as the light pollution avoidance ratio can be obtained by appropriately selecting the pulse emission frequency and the duty ratio.

Considering a preferred light emission source from the aspect of avoiding light pollution, it is assumed from FIG. 3 that the blue light emitting diode is driven at a pulse emission frequency of 300 to 2700 Hz and a duty ratio of 10 to 90%, and from FIG. In the case of a diode, it is assumed to be driven with a pulse emission frequency of 50 to 1000 Hz and a duty ratio of 20 to 90%. From FIG. 5, in the case of a yellow-green light emitting diode, the pulse emission frequency is 500 to 2700 Hz and the duty ratio is 10 to 90%. It should be driven.

In the present invention, a pulse light emission type light source is used as the light source, but the light damage avoidance ratio for each color light source at the time of continuous light emission at an illuminance of 5 lux is shown in FIG. Show. The numerical values in the figure indicate the light pollution avoidance ratio, and the error bars indicate the standard deviation. The light pollution avoidance ratio is 0.8 or more only in blue, particularly yellow-green, yellow, which is within the absorption wavelength range of 560 nm to 700 nm of phytochrome having strong influence on flowering described in Patent Document 3. It can be seen that the red light avoidance ratio is low under continuous light conditions. Further, when FIG. 6 is compared with the cases of FIGS. 3 to 5, it can be seen that the effect of improving the light damage avoidance ratio of blue, green and yellow-green by the pulse emission frequency and the duty ratio becomes more remarkable.

In the case of a monochromatic light source, even if the light pollution avoidance ratio can be increased, the average color rendering index Ra is not so high. In order to improve the color rendering, as an example, an illuminating device in which blue, green, and yellow-green LEDs were combined was configured, and measurements were performed under the same conditions.

FIG. 7 shows a light emission spectrum by an example of a light pollution avoiding lighting device configured by combining a plurality of blue, green, and yellow-green LEDs. The white light spectrum is a dotted line, and the green LED spectrum is a chain line. It is shown by. This light pollution avoidance lighting device has a blue LED emission frequency of 250 Hz, a green LED emission frequency of 250 Hz, a yellow-green LED emission frequency of 1000 Hz, and a duty ratio of 10%. Compared with white LED (Ra = 88) used outdoors, it does not contain light in the wavelength range longer than 580 nm, but it has a sense close to white due to the complementary color action of blue and yellow-green, and has high human visibility. Green contributes to illuminance, and the color rendering index Ra is 66, which is sufficiently higher than Ra = 33 in the case of monochrome green, corresponds to the color rendering group 2 in Table 1, and is generally used for night illumination. It can be said that it is equivalent to the mercury lamp used in the plant.

In FIG. 8, the emission spectrum of an example of a light pollution avoiding LED illumination light source configured by combining a plurality of blue, green and yellow-green LEDs is shown by a solid line, and the emission spectrum of a mercury lamp illumination light source generally used for night illumination. Is indicated by a dotted line, and the emission spectrum of the fluorescent lamp illumination light source is indicated by a chain line. This light pollution avoiding LED illumination light source uses a combination of a pulse emission frequency and a duty ratio in which the light source of each color in FIG. 3 to FIG. 5 shows the highest light pollution avoidance ratio. The frequency is 700 Hz, the duty ratio is 60%, the emission frequency of the green LED is 50 Hz, the duty ratio is 60%, the emission frequency of the yellow-green LED is 700 Hz, and the duty ratio is 70%. The average color rendering index of a light pollution avoiding LED illumination light source is Ra = 69, which is lower than Ra = 93 of a fluorescent lamp, but higher than Ra = 66 of a mercury lamp, and can be used as general lighting as color rendering group 2 illumination. It turns out that it has performance.

FIG. 9 shows the results of a test conducted in the sense of confirming the light pollution avoidance effect of the light pollution avoidance lighting apparatus described above. Each of the three artificial weather devices was installed with the light pollution avoidance lighting apparatus. Things (mixed color: pulsed light emission), those with the same spectral spectrum as the light pollution avoiding lighting device but with continuous lighting (mixed color: continuous light emission), those without a lighting device (target zone: night lighting) None), rice (12 strains) was cultivated in each, and the number of flowering arrival days was observed.

In the results shown in FIG. 9, the rice with the light pollution avoiding lighting device shows a two-day delay at the start of flowering compared to the rice without night lighting, but with a flowering rate of 50%, the one-day delay is shown. And no delay at the end of flowering. In the case of the lighting device with continuous light emission, the start of flowering was 5 days, 50% flowering showed a delay of 4 days, and one strain did not flower even 88 days after emergence. Here, the number of days that the flowering rate reaches 50% is regarded as an index of rice flowering among producers and researchers.

When the light pollution avoidance lighting device was installed, the yield decrease due to the delay of one day was only 2.7%, and the grade quality was not changed. Yield reduction was 20.3% due to the delay of 4 days when installing a continuous lighting device, but the main factor was edible rice out of all harvested rice (specific gravity 1.06 or more) This is because the ripening rate, which is the ratio of, decreased by about 19.2%. Lowering the ripening rate also leads to lowering the grade quality grade.

Fig. 10 shows the flowering delay days for light pollution avoidance LED lighting, fluorescent lighting, and mercury lamp lighting installed in an outdoor paddy field where rice (Koshihikari) is actually cultivated. This is an average horizontal plane illuminance of 3 lux, which is an illuminance standard class B of a security light by the Japan Security Equipment Association, an average horizontal plane illuminance of 5 lux, which is also a class A, International Lighting Commission Pub. 115 indicates the flowering delay days with an average horizontal illuminance of 10 lux on the “roads with high night use” in “Lighting conditions for pedestrian area”, and the delay days with 3 lux are dark gray and 5 lux. The delay days are white, the delay days at 10 lux are shown in light gray, and the error bars indicate the standard deviation. In the LED lighting for avoiding light pollution, the delay days are only about 2 days even at 10 lux. On the other hand, fluorescent lamp illumination is delayed for 5 days or more even at 3 lux, and is delayed about 10 days at 10 lux. Mercury lamp lighting is delayed for 4 days at 3 lux, 10 days at 5 lux, 12 days at 10 lux.

All the implementation results are those using Koshihikari for rice varieties, which are cultivated nationwide from part of Tohoku to Kyushu, and cultivate most crops, accounting for more than 35% of the national harvest. The reason for this is that it has the property of causing light pollution by night illumination.

As a light pollution avoiding illumination device, a light source by a combination of a blue LED, a green LED, and a yellow-green LED whose emission spectrum is shown in FIG. 7 is an example, and other light source elements are used as the light pollution avoiding illumination device. They can be combined. As a light source element of the light pollution avoiding illumination apparatus, a light source such as a pulse emission type LED having wavelength selectivity is used.

As a light pollution avoiding lighting device, a light source element may be selected on the condition that the light pollution avoiding ratio is 0.8 or more, and the blue LED, the green LED, and the yellow green whose light pollution avoiding ratio is shown in FIGS. Regarding the LED, a plurality of monochromatic LEDs having a pulse emission frequency and a duty ratio in which the light pollution avoidance ratio is 0.8 or more may be arranged, but the lighting device can give a natural feeling to a person. Therefore, it is desirable to use an illumination device that combines LEDs of different color lights so that the average color rendering index is 60 or more for night illumination.

In the case of the light pollution avoidance lighting device whose emission spectrum is shown in FIG. 7, the emission frequency of the blue LED is 250 Hz, the emission frequency of the green LED is 250 Hz, the emission frequency of the yellow-green LED is 1000 Hz, and the duty ratio is 10% for both. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, the LEDs of the respective colors may have other emission frequencies and have different duty ratios, and may have other emission frequencies and duty ratios. May be combined.

The illumination device includes an element light source such as an LED and a pulse light emission drive device that drives the element light source, and the pulse light emission drive device is provided according to the light emission frequency and the duty ratio. Therefore, in terms of the simplicity of the apparatus, it is advantageous to reduce the number of emission frequencies and duty ratios as much as possible, and preferably one. Moreover, about LED, when it makes pulse light emission, the lifetime of an element can be lengthened compared with the case of continuous light emission. However, since the light emission frequency is interpersonal illumination, it should be about 30 Hz or higher, which is a critical fusion frequency that is the lower limit where a person does not feel flickering of illumination.

Even if one of the LEDs of each color does not satisfy the condition of the light pollution avoidance ratio of 0.8 or more, it is only necessary to satisfy the condition of the light pollution avoidance ratio as the combined lighting device. Since it becomes low in single color LED, it is desirable that Ra is 60 or more as a lighting device combining a plurality of colors.

The light pollution avoidance lighting apparatus combining light source elements by pulsed light emission according to the present invention avoids light pollution by setting the light pollution avoidance ratio to 0.8 or more, preferably 1.0 or more, and has an average color rendering index Ra. By setting the value to 60 or more, a natural feel can be obtained for a person. Depending on light pollution, in the case of crops such as rice, there will be a decrease in yield as well as a decrease in price due to the lowering of the grade, but this is eliminated by using the light pollution avoiding lighting device according to the present invention, and the light of the producer It can be said that it has sufficient performance to dispel concerns about harm. In addition, we are studying rice, which is a short-day plant as a plant, but light pollution is not a matter specific to rice, and light is also applied to other short-day plants and long-day plants. It can be said that harm is considered similarly.

Claims

A method for evaluating light damage to plants by a lighting device installed close to a vegetation area,
Providing an artificial meteor that performs night illumination and an artificial meteor that does not perform night illumination;
Cultivating multiple strains of plants in an artificial meteor until the expression of the flowering induction gene,
After the expression of the flowering-inducible gene, the plant of some strains is placed in an artificial meteor that performs the nighttime illumination, and after at least one night period has elapsed, the leaf blades are collected and processed to extract total RNA. And determining the gene expression level A under night illumination conditions by quantitatively analyzing the mRNA level of the target gene expression level,
After the expression of the flowering-inducible gene, the plant of other strains is placed in an artificial meteor that does not perform night illumination, and after one or more night periods have elapsed, the leaf blades are collected and processed to extract total RNA, Obtaining the gene expression level B under no night lighting conditions by quantitatively analyzing the mRNA level of the target gene expression level;
Obtaining a light pollution avoidance ratio as a ratio of the gene expression level A under the night illumination condition and the gene expression level B under no night illumination condition;
The evaluation method of the light damage to the plant by the night illumination characterized by comprising.
The method for evaluating light damage to plants by night illumination according to claim 1, wherein the plant is rice and the flowering induction gene is Hd3a.
Further determining an average color rendering index for the light source used for the night illumination;
A light source for night light is evaluated from the light damage avoidance ratio determined by the method for evaluating light damage to plants by night light according to claim 1 and the average color rendering index. Characterization method.
The method for evaluating characteristics of night illumination according to claim 3, wherein the plant is rice and the flowering induction gene is Hd3a.
A pulsed light source having a specific color component driven by a pulse driving device with a predetermined pulse emission frequency and a duty ratio, or having a different color component and driven by a pulse driving device with a predetermined pulse emission frequency and a duty ratio. It is the illuminating device using the light source which combined the multiple types of pulsed light source as described above, Comprising: The light damage to the plant by the night illumination of Claim 1 with respect to the light source which combined the said multiple types of pulsed light source The pulse emission of each type of pulsed light source in the pulsed light source of the specific color component or a combination of a plurality of types of pulsed light sources so that the light pollution avoidance ratio obtained by the evaluation method is 0.8 or more A light pollution avoiding illumination device characterized by setting a frequency and a duty ratio.
6. The pulse light emission source of the specific color component is a blue light emitting diode, and the blue light emitting diode is driven at a pulse emission frequency of 300 to 2700 Hz and a duty ratio of 10 to 90%. Light pollution avoidance lighting device.
6. The pulse light emission source of the specific color component is a green light emitting diode, and the green light emitting diode is driven at a pulse emission frequency of 50 to 1000 Hz and a duty ratio of 20 to 90%. Light pollution avoidance lighting device.
The pulse light source of the specific color component is a yellow-green light-emitting diode, and the yellow-green light-emitting diode is driven at a pulse emission frequency of 500 to 2700 Hz and a duty ratio of 10 to 90%. The light pollution avoidance lighting apparatus as described.
A lighting device using a light source that is a combination of a plurality of types of pulsed light sources each having a different color component and driven by a pulse driving device at a predetermined pulse emission frequency and duty ratio. The plurality of types of pulsed light sources such that the light damage avoidance ratio determined by the method for evaluating light damage to plants by night illumination according to claim 1 is 0.8 or more with respect to a light source combining light emitting light sources. The pulse emission frequency and duty ratio of each type of pulsed light source in the combined light source are set, and the combination of the plurality of types of pulsed light sources is such that the average color rendering index as the whole light source is 60 or more. The light pollution avoidance illumination apparatus according to claim 5.
The light pollution avoiding illumination device according to claim 9, wherein the plurality of types of pulsed light sources include at least a blue light emitting diode and a yellow green light emitting diode.
10. The light pollution avoiding illumination apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the plurality of types of pulsed light sources include a blue light emitting diode, a green light emitting diode, and a yellow green light emitting diode.