WO2011048429A1 - Fuel cell - Google Patents
Fuel cell Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011048429A1 WO2011048429A1 PCT/GB2010/051783 GB2010051783W WO2011048429A1 WO 2011048429 A1 WO2011048429 A1 WO 2011048429A1 GB 2010051783 W GB2010051783 W GB 2010051783W WO 2011048429 A1 WO2011048429 A1 WO 2011048429A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- anode assembly
- flow plate
- assembly according
- anode
- catalyst
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/8684—Negative electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0215—Glass; Ceramic materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0221—Organic resins; Organic polymers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to fuel cell technology .
- fuel cells are electrochemical cells in which an energy change, resulting from a fuel oxidation reaction, is converted into electrical energy.
- a fuel cell consists of three principal components, namely an anode, a proton conducting membrane, and a cathode.
- Fuel in the form of, for example, hydrogen or an organic material is delivered into the anode chamber of the fuel cell, where it is oxidised.
- Hydrogen used directly as the fuel or derived from the breakdown of the organic material, then dissociates at the anode of the fuel cell into protons and electrons.
- the protons are conducted through the proton conducting membrane to the cathode, whilst the electrons travel around an external load circuit to the cathode, thus creating a current output for the cell.
- An oxidant in the form of air, oxygen enriched air, or oxygen itself, is delivered to the cathode chamber, where it is reduced by means of a chemical reaction with the protons and electrons, to form water.
- Some fuel cells require to be operated at high temperatures (e.g. between 600 and 1000 °C) in order to break down fuel in the manner required. However, heating up to such high temperatures is not appropriate for certain applications where a fast start time is required, for example when the fuel cell is used to power a vehicle.
- Low temperature fuel cells for example Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) and Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells (DEFCs) are typically operated at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 80 °C, although some are capable of operation up to a temperature of 200 °C. Such low temperature fuel cells have the advantage of short start-up times and long durability. Additionally, PEMFCs have the advantage of being generally smaller and lighter than high temperature fuel cells.
- PEMFCs Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
- DMFCs Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
- DEFCs Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells
- Oxidation of hydrogen or hydrocarbons at the anode of a PEMFC at low temperatures can be assisted by a noble metal catalyst (typically platinum) provided at the anode.
- a noble metal catalyst typically platinum
- a problem associated with PEMFCs is the strong adsorption of the contaminant carbon monoxide at the catalyst-anode surface.
- Carbon monoxide is derived from the breakdown of organic fuels such as methanol or ethanol in the anode chamber, or from carbon monoxide contaminated hydrogen as hydrogen derived from reformed hydrocarbons can contain more than 100 ppm carbon monoxide. In high temperature fuel cells, such carbon monoxide is usually readily oxidised to carbon dioxide, which is easily desorbed from the electrode surface.
- Another method has involved bleeding air into the anode compartment. However this significantly reduces the open cell potential and therefore decreases cell performance.
- bimetallic catalyst comprising a noble metal and a non-noble metal, such as an alloy of platinum and ruthenium.
- a bimetallic catalyst comprising a noble metal and a non-noble metal, such as an alloy of platinum and ruthenium.
- a non-noble metal such as an alloy of platinum and ruthenium.
- Other bimetallic or ternary catalysts such as Pt/Ni, Pt/Co, Pt/Ru/Ni and Pt/Ni/Co, have been investigated.
- the non-noble alloying metal has to display a number of characteristics: as National (RTM) (a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoropolyether sulfonic acid) is often used as an electrolyte material, thus creating a strong perfluorosulphonic acidic environment, the non-noble metal must be stable in this environment; also the non-noble metal must possess low activation energies for the water dissociation reaction and the formation of COOH from adsorbed CO and adsorbed OH.
- the present Applicant has been researching ways to increase the efficiency of a fuel cell such as a PEMFC, a DMFC, or a DEFC through a reduction in the amount of contaminant carbon monoxide present at the anode .
- an anode assembly for a fuel cell, the anode assembly having an anode catalyst component, said anode catalyst component comprising both a noble metal catalyst and a photo-catalyst, and said photo-catalyst being provided for enhancing contaminant carbon monoxide oxidation upon irradiation by incident radiation; the anode assembly further comprising a current collecting means electrically coupled to the catalyst component and being porous to said incident radiation and fuel for the fuel cell; and a flow plate incorporating a light source for providing incident radiation .
- the particular arrangement of the fuel cell of the present invention affords the advantage that the illumination source is in close approximation to the catalyst layer as opposed to concepts where an external illumination source is employed. Therefore, low intensity light technologies can be used, which greatly reduces cost.
- the planar geometric configuration of the thin layer light source ensures an efficient and homogenous illumination of the catalyst layer which is not the case for concepts with external illumination.
- Fuel cells according to the present invention may find application in a number of devices where carbon contaminated hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuels are presently used as fuels for energy generation. Possible uses are for complementation or replacement of batteries, diesel generators or combustion engines in small portable devices, light and heavy-duty vehicles, and back-up or remote stationary power devices, thus allowing the use of cells in markets such as portable electronics, transport and small stationary power generation.
- the light source may be provided as a planar element, and may be powered directly by the fuel cell.
- the light source is an organic light emitting diode (OLED) .
- Providing the light source as a planar element allows the fuel cell and bipolar plate to be of the same dimension as that of conventional components, without compromising its compactness by additional bulkiness.
- At least a section of the flow plate may be porous to radiation from said light source.
- the flow plate may have a flow guide surface for directing fuel around the anode, with the flow guide surface being provided between the anode and the light source.
- the flow plate may be made of acrylic or glass.
- the current collecting means may comprise a metallic mesh.
- the current collecting means may comprise a plurality of substantially parallel metallic wires or strands.
- the mesh, wires or strands may comprise a gold-coated material, titanium, nickel or chromium, or a platinum-coated material .
- the current collecting means may comprise a metallic foam such as nickel foam.
- the current collecting means may comprise a metal-coated or carbon-coated polymer cloth.
- the noble metal catalyst may comprise platinum.
- the photo-catalyst may comprise a photo-catalytically active metal oxide, or a material derived from a photo-catalytically active metal oxide.
- the metal oxide may be tungsten oxide, titanium oxide or iron oxide.
- a flow plate for use in a fuel cell comprising a flow guide surface for directing fuel around a conducting element, wherein said flow plate has incorporated therein a planar light source for radiating light through the flow plate towards said conducting element.
- the flow plate further comprises a recess for housing said light source. Further, at least a section of the flow plate may be porous to light radiated by the light source.
- the flow plate may be partially or entirely made of acrylic or glass.
- the flow plate may have a thickness in the range of 1 mm to 15 mm.
- an anode assembly for a fuel cell comprising an anode catalyst component, said anode catalyst component comprising a noble metal catalyst and a photo-catalyst in intimate contact, and said photo-catalyst being provided for enhancing contaminant carbon monoxide oxidation upon irradiation by incident light radiation; the anode assembly further comprising a current collecting means electrically coupled to the catalyst component and being porous to said incident radiation and fuel for the fuel cell, said current collecting means comprising an arrangement of metallic wires in contact with a surface of said anode catalyst component which faces a flow plate incorporating a light source.
- Figure 1 shows the general configuration of a fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 2 shows the anode assembly of the fuel cell of Figure 1
- Figure 3 representation of a particle which may be used to form the catalyst layer of Figure 2.
- the fuel cell 10 comprises an anode chamber 12 and a cathode chamber 14, with a polymer electrolyte membrane 16 located between and in contact with both the anode chamber 12 and the cathode chamber 14.
- the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) layer 16 is conductive to protons, and preferably is formed from National (RTM) , which is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoropolyether sulfonic acid.
- RTM National
- the surface of the anode chamber 12 which provides the anode assembly/PEM layer interface is shown by the reference numeral 18.
- the anode chamber 12 comprises a gas permeable catalyst layer 20, such that the catalyst layer 20 is in fluid communication with the PEM layer 16 (see Figure 1) .
- the catalyst layer 20 comprises a platinum catalyst and a tungsten oxide visible light responsive photo-catalyst. More specifically, the catalyst layer is preferably formed from molecules of the form shown in Figure 3. That is, the catalyst layer comprises a composite consisting of tungsten oxide photo-catalyst nanoparticles 26 and nano-sized platinum catalyst 24 on a carbon support 22, with a tungsten oxide to platinum mass ratio in the range of 1:99 to 99:1, preferably in the range of 70:30 to 95:5, and most preferably in the range of 80:20 to 90:10.
- a current collecting means in this embodiment in the form of a wire mesh 28 of gold plated copper.
- a flow plate 30 is provided on the outer most surface of the anode chamber 12.
- the flow plate 30 is shaped to form a plurality of flow channels 32, which act to direct fuel into and around the anode chamber 12.
- the outer portion of the flow plate 30 is provided with an organic light emitting diode (OLED) light source 34.
- OLED organic light emitting diode
- the flow plate 30 is formed from acrylic and is at least in certain regions transparent to the radiation provided by the OLED 34.
- fuel gas is delivered to the anode chamber 12, with the flow of fuel being directed by the flow plate 30.
- the fuel may be in the form of pure hydrogen, or a hydrocarbon fuel such as methanol.
- the fuel is able to pass through the wire mesh 28 and thus into contact with the catalyst layer 20.
- the hydrogen contained in the fuel is then catalytically split into protons and electrons in the presence of the platinum catalyst, in accordance with Equation 1:
- an oxidant such as air, oxygen enriched air, or pure oxygen is delivered to the cathode chamber 14, with the flow of oxidant being directed by a flow plate 38.
- This oxidant reacts with the protons which have permeated through the PEM layer 16 and have gathered at the cathode 14, to form water in accordance with Equation (2) :
- the electrons are collected by the wire mesh 28 and delivered to the external load circuit 36. This flow of electrons provides the current which forms the energy output of the fuel cell 10.
- contaminant carbon monoxide may be present in the anode chamber 12 as a result of the breakdown of the fuel, or from the use of carbon monoxide contaminated hydrogen as the fuel.
- the anode chamber is irradiated by the OLED 34.
- the OLED 34 can be powered at least in part by means of the current flow in the external load circuit 36, and the resultant irradiation is able to pass through the transparent flow plate 30 and past the wire mesh 28 to the catalyst layer 20.
- the contaminant carbon monoxide is photo-catalytically oxidised to form carbon dioxide, once the tungsten oxide in the catalyst layer 20 has been irradiated in this way.
- the resultant carbon dioxide can then be easily desorbed from the anode surface, and is able to pass back through the wire mesh such that it can be exhausted from the cell 10.
- a number of cells 10 according to the present invention may be provided in a stack, so as to provide enough energy for the particular application in question.
- the efficiency of the fuel cell according to the present invention can be optimised by controlling the ratio of noble-metal catalyst to photo-catalyst at the anode.
- a tungsten oxide to platinum mass ratio in the range of 70:30 to 95:5 has been observed to give good performance, with the most optimal range being 80:20 to 90:10 for methanol oxidation.
- An optimum Nation (RTM) loading of the catalyst in the electrode layer also greatly increases fuel cell efficiency, with possible Nation (RTM) loadings between 2% and 30%, most preferably between 5% and 20%, for methanol oxidation.
- the electrode layer thickness is preferably between 1 mm and 100 mm, with an optimal layer thickness of 5 mm to 20 mm.
- the platinum catalyst could comprise any other noble metal, and may be combined with one or more non- noble metal to form, for example, a bi-metallic or tri- metallic catalyst such as Pt/Ru, Pt/Ni, Pt/Co, Pt/Ru/Ni or Pt/Ni/Co.
- the photo-catalyst could comprise any other photo-catalytically active metal oxide such as tungsten oxide, titanium oxide or iron oxide, or compounds derived from tungsten oxide, titanium oxide or iron oxide.
- the porosity of the anode is preferably in the range 50% to 80%, with the preferred porosity being in the range 60% to 70%. Most preferably, the porosity of the anode is around 65%.
- the average particle size of the photo-catalyst particles is normally less than 100 nm. In this connection, the average particle size is typically between 5 and 50 nm, and is preferably in the range 10 to 20 nm.
- the catalyst layer 20 could be formed from a laminated arrangement of carbon, noble metal catalyst, and metal oxide photo-catalyst.
- the wire mesh 28 may be replaced by a plurality of metal wires or strands, preferably substantially parallel, which would obviate any problems with conductivity whereby cross-over points may compromise the contact of the mesh with the catalyst layer.
- the wire mesh or metal wires or strands may be made from any other suitable electron-conducting metal or metal alloy, such as those comprising titanium or platinum.
- the main requirements of the mesh or metal wires or strands are that they are conductive, and allow the passage of gas (both fuel and waste products) and light.
- the mesh or metal wires or strands could be replaced by a metal foam such as a nickel-based foam.
- the OLED may be replaced by another source of visible radiation for the photo-catalyst layer.
- the irradiation may be provided in a pulsed manner to minimise the power drain from the fuel cell.
- the radiation source should be uniform over the surface of the photo-catalyst in order to maximise the photo-catalytic effect.
- the power for the light source may be provided externally of the cell.
- the flow plate 30 may be made of any other suitable material that is transparent to the incident radiation.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP10779571.8A EP2491607B1 (en) | 2009-10-22 | 2010-10-22 | Fuel cell |
CA2815434A CA2815434C (en) | 2009-10-22 | 2010-10-22 | Fuel cell |
BR112012009572A BR112012009572A2 (en) | 2009-10-22 | 2010-10-22 | anode assembly for a fuel cell, flow plate and flow plate for use in a fuel cell |
CN2010800582765A CN102696140A (en) | 2009-10-22 | 2010-10-22 | Fuel cell |
US13/503,181 US10326143B2 (en) | 2009-10-22 | 2010-10-22 | Fuel cell |
MX2012004695A MX2012004695A (en) | 2009-10-22 | 2010-10-22 | Fuel cell. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB0918547.1A GB0918547D0 (en) | 2009-10-22 | 2009-10-22 | Fuel cell |
GB0918547.1 | 2009-10-22 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2011048429A1 true WO2011048429A1 (en) | 2011-04-28 |
Family
ID=41426559
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB2010/051783 WO2011048429A1 (en) | 2009-10-22 | 2010-10-22 | Fuel cell |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10326143B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2491607B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN102696140A (en) |
BR (1) | BR112012009572A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2815434C (en) |
GB (1) | GB0918547D0 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2012004695A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011048429A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20150221445A1 (en) * | 2012-07-10 | 2015-08-06 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Photoassisted high efficiency conversion of carbon-containing fuels to electricity |
WO2015145135A1 (en) | 2014-03-24 | 2015-10-01 | Enocell Limited | Proton conducting membrane and fuel cell comprising the same |
CN110075854A (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2019-08-02 | 东南大学 | A kind of preparation of integral catalyzer and its application method |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2018081608A1 (en) * | 2016-10-27 | 2018-05-03 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Fuel cell with dynamic response capability based on energy storage electrodes |
CN108063268B (en) * | 2016-11-05 | 2020-07-03 | 顾士平 | Photocatalytic effect cell |
CN113488663B (en) * | 2021-07-01 | 2022-07-26 | 重庆大学 | Photocatalytic fuel cell with three-dimensional permeable photoanode |
CN115093009B (en) * | 2022-01-24 | 2023-07-18 | 成都理工大学 | Photocatalytic microbial fuel cell treatment assembly for underground water circulation well |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2003272660A (en) * | 2002-03-18 | 2003-09-26 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | Electrochemical element, electrochemical device, method of restraining poisoning of proton-generating catalyst and complex catalyst |
JP2004178855A (en) * | 2002-11-25 | 2004-06-24 | Sharp Corp | Fuel cell |
WO2004079847A2 (en) * | 2003-03-01 | 2004-09-16 | The University Court Of The University Of Aberdeen | Photo-catalytic reactor |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB0329240D0 (en) * | 2003-12-18 | 2004-01-21 | Boc Group Plc | Fuel cell |
JP5259146B2 (en) * | 2007-09-12 | 2013-08-07 | 株式会社東芝 | Fuel cell and fuel cell system |
WO2010024447A2 (en) * | 2008-09-01 | 2010-03-04 | 財団法人新産業創造研究機構 | Color center-containing magnesium oxide and thin film of same, wavelength-variable laser medium, laser device, and light source device |
-
2009
- 2009-10-22 GB GBGB0918547.1A patent/GB0918547D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2010
- 2010-10-22 CA CA2815434A patent/CA2815434C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-10-22 CN CN2010800582765A patent/CN102696140A/en active Pending
- 2010-10-22 WO PCT/GB2010/051783 patent/WO2011048429A1/en active Application Filing
- 2010-10-22 EP EP10779571.8A patent/EP2491607B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2010-10-22 MX MX2012004695A patent/MX2012004695A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-10-22 BR BR112012009572A patent/BR112012009572A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2010-10-22 US US13/503,181 patent/US10326143B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2003272660A (en) * | 2002-03-18 | 2003-09-26 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | Electrochemical element, electrochemical device, method of restraining poisoning of proton-generating catalyst and complex catalyst |
JP2004178855A (en) * | 2002-11-25 | 2004-06-24 | Sharp Corp | Fuel cell |
WO2004079847A2 (en) * | 2003-03-01 | 2004-09-16 | The University Court Of The University Of Aberdeen | Photo-catalytic reactor |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20150221445A1 (en) * | 2012-07-10 | 2015-08-06 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Photoassisted high efficiency conversion of carbon-containing fuels to electricity |
WO2015145135A1 (en) | 2014-03-24 | 2015-10-01 | Enocell Limited | Proton conducting membrane and fuel cell comprising the same |
CN110075854A (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2019-08-02 | 东南大学 | A kind of preparation of integral catalyzer and its application method |
CN110075854B (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2022-03-08 | 东南大学 | Preparation and application method of monolithic catalyst |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20120282542A1 (en) | 2012-11-08 |
MX2012004695A (en) | 2012-06-14 |
EP2491607A1 (en) | 2012-08-29 |
GB0918547D0 (en) | 2009-12-09 |
CA2815434C (en) | 2019-05-07 |
CA2815434A1 (en) | 2011-04-28 |
EP2491607B1 (en) | 2014-06-18 |
US10326143B2 (en) | 2019-06-18 |
CN102696140A (en) | 2012-09-26 |
BR112012009572A2 (en) | 2019-09-24 |
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