WO2011026697A2 - Détecteur mwpc - chambre proportionnelle multifils - en graphène pour la réduction de la pénombre dans la thérapie par particules - Google Patents

Détecteur mwpc - chambre proportionnelle multifils - en graphène pour la réduction de la pénombre dans la thérapie par particules Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011026697A2
WO2011026697A2 PCT/EP2010/061047 EP2010061047W WO2011026697A2 WO 2011026697 A2 WO2011026697 A2 WO 2011026697A2 EP 2010061047 W EP2010061047 W EP 2010061047W WO 2011026697 A2 WO2011026697 A2 WO 2011026697A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
detector
det
sei
graphene
particles
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PCT/EP2010/061047
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German (de)
English (en)
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WO2011026697A3 (fr
Inventor
Matthias Saar
Original Assignee
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
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Publication of WO2011026697A2 publication Critical patent/WO2011026697A2/fr
Publication of WO2011026697A3 publication Critical patent/WO2011026697A3/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/29—Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beam; Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
    • G01T1/2914—Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
    • G01T1/2921—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions; Radio-isotope cameras
    • G01T1/2935—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions; Radio-isotope cameras using ionisation detectors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
    • A61N5/1042—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy with spatial modulation of the radiation beam within the treatment head
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
    • A61N5/1042—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy with spatial modulation of the radiation beam within the treatment head
    • A61N5/1043—Scanning the radiation beam, e.g. spot scanning or raster scanning
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
    • A61N5/1048—Monitoring, verifying, controlling systems and methods
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
    • A61N2005/1085—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy characterised by the type of particles applied to the patient
    • A61N2005/1087—Ions; Protons

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a detector for determining a position of charged particles of a particle beam passing through the detector.
  • a detector for determining a position of charged particles of a particle beam passing through the detector.
  • Such a detector can be used in particular in the context of particle therapy.
  • Particle therapy is an established method for loading ⁇ treatment of tissue, in particular tumor diseases.
  • Irradiation methods as they are ⁇ sets in particle therapy find, even in non-therapeutic overall offer application. These include, for example, research work, such as product development, in the context of particle therapy, which are performed on non-living phantoms or bodies, radiation of materials, etc.
  • This charged particles such as protons or carbon or other ions are accelerated to high energies, too formed a particle beam and guided over a high-energy beam transport system to one or more irradiation rooms.
  • the object to be irradiated is usually POSITION YOUR accurately on a roboterba ⁇ -stabilizing table bearing plate. After this positioning, the irradiation with the particle beam can take place. Accordingly, in the irradiation chamber, the object to be irradiated is irradiated in a target volume with the par ⁇ tikelstrahl. Charged particles such as protons or heavy ions provide the
  • the object underlying the invention is to disclose a detector for determining the position of charged particles, which fin can ⁇ the particular within the framework of the particle therapy use.
  • the detector according to the invention for determining a position of charged particles of a particle beam passing through the detector has an outer gas volume that terminates the gas
  • the detector comprises an anode and two cathode planes arranged on different sides of the anode.
  • each cathode plane has a plurality of parallel signal paths for the detection of gas ions and thus the presence and the position of a particle.
  • the signal paths of the two Katode levels are rotated by an angle to each other.
  • the detector comprises one or more components of graphene.
  • the particles whose position it is to ionize ionize the gas are charged particles. Due to a successful ionization, the resulting positive ions fly to the two cathode planes. Here they are detected by signal paths. Since several signal paths are present, the determination of the position of a Parti ⁇ cle is thus possible. Because the ionization of the gas takes place at the particle position to be determined, and the resulting positive ions reach the nearest signal paths. Your impact on the signal paths thus indicates the particle position.
  • Each Katodenebene contains multiple signal paths which run paral ⁇ lel to each other. The signal paths of a Katodenebene are rotated through an angle, preferably by 90 °, against Dieje ⁇ Nigen the other Katodenebene. As a result, the particle position can be specified in two mutually perpendicular directions.
  • the detector according to the invention is at least one component of graphene; this is a material which has interesting properties. Insbeson ⁇ particular, the electrons within the graphene have a high speed so that the duration of electric signals is small. So using graphs for electrical Messun ⁇ gen, then the required measurement time is reduced. Furthermore, graphene is gas-tight in the form of an extremely thin layer or membrane.
  • the at least one loading ⁇ stand part is from graphs of the limitation of the beam spread of the particle beam in the position determination of the particles.
  • one or more suitable detectors must be used.
  • each material causes a scattering of the particles and thus a Strahlauf ⁇ expansion. This is undesirable since this changes a previously defined beam shape. Accordingly, the detectors cause a beam expansion. It is desirable, therefore, to design the detectors in such a way that reliable detection is compatible with low beam expansion.
  • each cathode plane preferably comprises, as signal paths, parallel graphene tracks and, at an angle, twisted metal tracks parallel thereto.
  • both the graphene orbits and the metal orbits of each cathode plane become the positively charged ones Ions of the gas detected.
  • the angle between the tracks of the different materials is preferably 90 °.
  • the detector further comprises an evaluation unit for determining the position of particles from signals of their signal paths supplied by a single cathode plane. Since there are two cathode levels, the evaluation unit can thus determine two individual positions. Furthermore, it is advantageous if the evaluation unit is designed for determining and / or checking the position of particles using, on the one hand, the position determined from signals of its signal paths supplied by a single cathode plane and, on the other hand, the signals supplied from the respective other cathode plane their signal paths certain position. This corresponds to a redundant position determination, which takes place using two individual positions. The reliability of the measurement is thereby increased.
  • the evaluation unit is ⁇ forms to determine the position of particles by determination of signal time differences between signals of the paths of a graph Katodenebene and the metal tracks of each other Katodenebene.
  • a respective Gra ⁇ phenbahn which provides a signal
  • a parallel thereto metal web of the other Katodenebene which likewise if a signal has been supplied, compared with each other. Since the electron velocities in the metal track and the graphene track differ from each other, there is a different transit time of the signals in the two signal paths. The transit time difference can be used to draw conclusions about the location of the impact of the positive ions on the signal paths and thus on the position of the Parti ⁇ cle.
  • the consideration of the Sig ⁇ nalzeitunter Kunststoffe allows position determination, whereby a further redundancy of the position determination is provided.
  • the at least one component forms as graphene film at least a part of the casing.
  • the envelope enclosing the gas volume is thus either entirely or partially graphene. In doing so, the property of the gas impermeability of even the thinnest graphene films is exploited.
  • the detector is formed as MWPC-Dekektor ⁇ out.
  • Such detectors are used in particular in particle irradiation systems, which is why the detector according to the invention is particularly suitable for use in a particle irradiation facility .
  • Figure 1 a first schematic overview of the
  • Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of an irradiation of a target volume by means of a raster scanning device ⁇ ,
  • Figure 3 a second schematic overview of the
  • FIG. 4 shows the structure of a currently used MWPC
  • FIG. 5 a first novel MWPC detector
  • FIG. 6 shows a second novel MWPC detector.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a structure of a particle therapy system. This is used to irradiate a patient 14 arranged on a positioning device 12 with a jet 16 of particles, which is referred to below as the particle beam 16.
  • a tumor-affected tissue of the patient 14 can thereby be connected to the patient
  • Particle beam 16 are irradiated. It is also possible to enforce the particle irradiation system for irradiating a non ⁇ living object 18, in particular a water phantom, a ⁇ .
  • the irradiation of the water phantom 18 is effected examples play for purposes of checking and verifying irradiation parameters before and / or 14, after completed irradiation of a patient may also be provided, other objects, and in particular experimental set-ups as in ⁇ play, cell cultures or bacteria cultures to research schungs disrupt with the particle beam 16 to irradiate.
  • Particles used are charged particles, such as, for example, protons, pions, helium ions, carbon ions or ions of other elements. Typically, such particles are generated in a particle or ion source 20. Instead of the ion source 20 shown in FIG. 1, a plurality of ion sources 20 may also be present, so that a Radiation with different types of particles is possible, for example with carbon ions and protons.
  • the ion beam or particle beam generated by the ion source 20 is at a first in the pre-accelerator 22
  • the pre-accelerator 22 is at ⁇ example, a linear accelerator.
  • the particles are fed into a further accelerator 26, for example a circular accelerator, in particular a synchrotron or cyclotron.
  • the particle beam will be accelerated ⁇ to a required for irradiation energy.
  • a high-energy beam transport system 28 transports the particle beam into one or more irradiation rooms 30, 30 ', 30'', where, for example, the positioning device 12 - such as a patient bed - with the patient 14 or the phantom for irradiation planning verification is arranged.
  • the irradiation of the body 14, 18 takes place from a fixed direction, wherein the body 14, 18 is arranged fixed in space.
  • This Bestrahlungs syndrome ⁇ me 30, 30 ' are called "fixed beam" -Spaces referred.
  • Be ⁇ action space 30 '' is arranged movably about an axis 32, preferably rotatably mounted gantry 34 vorgese ⁇ hen.
  • the body 14, 18 to be irradiated can be irradiated from different directions.
  • the particle beam 16 is rotated about the body 14, 18 to be irradiated by means of the gantry beam guide 36 arranged in the gantry 34.
  • the target volume to be irradiated can be increased by several Reren directions from perpendicular to the axis 32 are irradiated. This is advantageous for geometric reasons.
  • the particle beam emerges from an end of a vacuum system of the high-energy beam guide 28 designated as a beam outlet 40, 40' and strikes the target volume to be irradiated in the body 14 or 18.
  • the target volume here is usually in an isocenter 42, 42 'of the respective irradiation room 30, 30' are arranged.
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows an irradiation of a target volume 56 with the raster scanning technique.
  • the raster scanning device has a first particle beam deflection device 46 and a second particle beam deflection device 48, which may in particular comprise magnets.
  • the two particle beam deflection devices 46, 48 are able to divert the beam 16 horizontally or vertically.
  • the arrows indicate the deflection direction of the particle beam 16 in the x-direction (horizontal) and in the y-direction (vertical).
  • the grid ⁇ can adopt capable of a two-dimensional matrix of dots with the positions (x j, j y) to scan or to depart.
  • a sampling point is determined by the orientation of the particle beam 16 in the x-direction and y-direction, and by the particle energy. For a combination of x and y values thus exist sev- eral sampling points when particles of different energies are sent from ⁇ .
  • the target volume 56 to be irradiated in the patient or object to be irradiated can be considered as isoenergetic
  • Slices or layers 58a, 58b, 58c, ... 58i together amount ⁇ is considered.
  • the iso-energy layers 58a, 58b, 58c, ... 58i are each assigned to a specific position on the z-axis.
  • the layers are referred to as isoenergetic, since particles of a certain initial energy mainly interact with the matter of the respective layer, ie the absorbed dose of the particles of this particular initial energy has a large effect only on the respective iso-energy layer according to the respective Bragg maximum.
  • the count of the layers on the raster scanning device side starts at 58a, while the layer furthest away from the raster scan device, the distal layer, has the designation 58i, where i denotes the number of layers.
  • the particle beam 16 each has a different initial energy, wherein the initial energy is that of the particles prior to interaction with the object 14 or 18.
  • the particle beam 16 with the lowest energy in the disc 58a and the particle beam 16 with the highest energy is deposited in the disc 58i.
  • the irradiation with a raster scan method thus uses a particle beam 16 which is dimensioned so that a single dose can be deposited in the target volume 56 only in a small, circumscribed area.
  • a small district corresponds to a destination point, the coordinates of the destination points for the treatment planning being known. Accordingly, a particular destination can be irradiated by driving a ⁇ be voted sampling.
  • FIG. 3 shows a further schematic representation of a target volume 56 in which three distal iso-energy layers 58 ⁇ 58 ⁇ -i, 58i_2 have been irradiated be ⁇ already, and which scans currently the Parti ⁇ kelstrahl 16 via the subsequent iso-energy layer 58i_3.
  • FIG. 3 shows a further schematic representation of a
  • Particle irradiation system suitable for raster scan technology.
  • the deflection of the particles by the particle beam deflection devices 44 and 46 takes place in the x and y direction as shown in FIG. 2, while z denotes the direction along the beam. If the particles damage the tissue of the object to be examined, it is necessary to check whether the particle beam is aligned with the correct target volume. As already mentioned above, the alignment of the beam and on the other hand, the particle energy are to determine this volume affected by the radiation-Be ⁇ one hand relevant.
  • the detectors DET measure the position and shape of the particle beam;
  • the detectors DET are designed as MWPC detectors (Multi Wire Proportional Chamber).
  • the detectors DET are designed in duplicate, as can also be seen in FIG.
  • Figure 4 shows the structure of currently used MWPC detectors. This is to detectors for ionizing Strah ⁇ lung or particles which also referred to as wire chambers become. They consist of a rectangular frame Ra, which is enclosed on both sides with a gas-tight film F. Polyimide is usually used here as the film material, eg Kapton®.
  • the MWPC detectors are traversed by gas (eg 80% Ar and 20% C0 2 ) with slight overpressure. The composition and the pressure of the gas are determined so that each particle causes ei ⁇ ne ionization, but without it comes to an independent gas discharge.
  • gas eg 80% Ar and 20% C0 2
  • the composition and the pressure of the gas are determined so that each particle causes ei ⁇ ne ionization, but without it comes to an independent gas discharge.
  • the middle level A is connected to a high voltage source, eg with a positive voltage of 1600 V, and represents the anode.
  • the other two levels SEI and SE2 are the signal levels; they serve to obtain the measurement signal. They are connected via electronic amplifiers to ground, so represent the cathodes.
  • the signal levels SEI and SE2 each have a variety, eg 112, parallel wires at a small distance, eg 2mmm, each other, the wires of the signal level SEI to those of the signal level SE
  • the gas is ionized.
  • the ions and resulting in this case Elect ⁇ Ronen of the gas are accelerated by the high voltage.
  • an avalanche reaction in the vicinity of the wires of the anode A is triggered by the electrons due to the large voltage of the anode.
  • the nearest wires of the signal levels SEI and SE2 pick up the ions from the primary ionization and the avalanche reaction and supply them to the measuring amplifiers, so that they can be detected as a measurement signal.
  • a processor located in the detector reads the measuring amplifiers in the time frame 50 - 250 ⁇ is off.
  • the x and y direction of the respective particle can be determined.
  • Each solid state in the jet causes a dispersion of the particles and thus a widening of the beam, that is, a magnification ⁇ fication of the penumbra.
  • This scattering is disadvantageous, as this causes a deviation from the desired target volume and thus healthy tissue is also irradiated.
  • the ratio of scattering in solid to air is about 1000 to 1, ie the scattering of a 25 ⁇ m thick film corresponds to the scattering in 25 mm air. It is therefore desirable to have as little material as possible in the particle beam after the particle beam deflection devices 44 and 46.
  • the use of graphene is proposed according to the invention.
  • FIG. 5 shows an MWPC detector in which graphs are used. Like the detector of FIG. 4, it has the anode A in the middle, and the signal levels SEI and SE2 on both sides. On each of the signal planes SEI and SE2, parallel gold-coated copper wires are Cu and perpendicular arranged graphene webs or wires Gr. This Sig ⁇ naldrähte here are respectively applied to a film, for example on a coated polyimide film.
  • the signal plane SEI has the gold-plated copper wires Cu in the vertical direction on one side of the film, and the graphene webs Gr in the horizontal direction on the other side of the film.
  • the signal plane SE2 has on one side of the film the gold-plated copper wires Cu in the horizontal direction, and on the other side of the film the grain paths Gr in the vertical direction.
  • the copper wires Cu of the two signal levels SEI and SE2 are therefore rotated by 90 ° to each other, as well as the graphene tracks Gr. Accordingly, the horizontal graphene tracks Gr and the horizontal copper tracks Cu, as well as the vertical graphene tracks Gr and the vertical copper tracks Cu, face each other in the detector, separated by the anode A in each case.
  • the graphene sheets Gr can be produced with the aid of light, for example with a camera flash. This is capable of converting powder from graphite oxide into conductive graphene.
  • a light pulse ⁇ can provide enough heat available to reduce the oxide powder chemically and connect so that graphene is formed. Mixing the graphite oxide with plastic powder results in flexible conductive layers. If you use a shielding pattern mask, you can create targeted paths and even circuits.
  • a charged particle ION causes an avalanche at the anode A
  • the ions resulting therefrom are accelerated to both the right and to the left signal levels SEI and SE2 and trigger signals on the signal wires Cu, Gr on both sides.
  • About measuring amplifier these are fed to a processor and evaluated.
  • On the first signal level SEI a horizontal graphene track Gr - in the example of FIG. 5, the first graphene track Gr from below - and a vertical copper track Cu - in the example of FIG. 5 the second copper track Cu is addressed from the left; from this, the location, ie the x and y coordinates of the charged particle can be determined. men.
  • the second signal plane SE2 is a vertical Gra ⁇ phenbahn Gr - the second graph train Gr from left -and a horizontal copper trace Cu in the example of figure 5 - in the example of Figure 5, the first copper track Cu Angle - addressed; from this, too, the location, ie the x and y coordinates of the charged particle can be determined. These two pairs of coordinates must match when measured correctly. This ensures a redundancy of the location. Thus, the use of a second detector is not necessary.
  • a second redundancy is achieved by considering the transit time differences of the opposite graphene tracks Gr and copper track Cu.
  • the signals SIG1 to SIG4 output by the measuring amplifiers are indicated below in FIG. 5, the curve of the time t being shown to the left. It can be seen that the signals arriving SIG1 and SIG4 the Gra ⁇ phenbahnen Gr earlier than the signals SIG2 and SIG3 the copper traces Cu. This is based on the above-explained higher electron velocity in the graph compared to normal conductors.
  • Time difference between the signal SIG4 of the vertical graphene track Gr of the second signal level SE2 and the signal SIG3 of the vertical copper conductor Cu of the first signal level SEI is determined. From the difference it can be determined at which vertical position the ions have reached the signal levels SEI and SE2; this corresponds to the determination of the respective horizontal wire. Furthermore, the time difference between the signal SIG2 of the horizontal copper conductor Cu of the second signal level SE2 and the signal SIG1 of the vertical graphene track Gr of the first signal level SEI is determined. From the difference, it can be determined at which horizontal position the ions the signal levels SEI and SE2 achieved; this corresponds to the determination of the respective vertical wire.
  • the x and y coordinates of the particle can also be determined on the basis of the transit time differences. It is using the detector of Figure 5 thus a triple Po ⁇ sitionsbetician possible. Due to this high reliability can be dispensed with the use of additional detectors. This has the advantage that the outer foils F of FIG. 4 only have to be traversed by the particle beam once, whereas when several detectors connected in series are used, these layers of material would have to be penetrated several times. Thus, the detector according to FIG. 5 contributes to the reduction of the penumbra.
  • FIG. 6 shows a further MWPC detector in which graphs are used. Shown are the frame Ra, the two signal levels SEI and SE2, and arranged between them anode A.
  • the two signal levels SEI and SE2 are preferably designed according to Figure 5; however, they can also be conventional.
  • the films FGr terminating the detector on both sides consist of graphene. This is based on the fact that extremely thin gas-tight films can be produced from graphene.
  • the graphene foils FGr are in this case only one atomic layer thick if possible; however, to increase the mechanical stability, it is also possible to use films consisting of several graphene layers.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention concerne un détecteur pour la détermination d'une position de particules chargées d'un jet de particules passant devant le détecteur, comprenant une enveloppe externe délimitant un volume de gaz, le gaz étant ionisable par les particules. Le détecteur présente : une anode (A) et deux plans cathodiques (SE1, SE2) disposés sur des faces différentes de l'anode (A), chaque plan cathodique (SE1, SE2) présente une pluralité de voies de signalisation (Gr, Cu) parallèles pour la détection d'ions de gaz et ainsi la présence et la position d'une particule. Les voies de signalisation (Gr, Cu) des deux plans cathodiques (SE1, SE2) sont tournés l'un vers l'autre d'un certain angle. Finalement, le détecteur contient au moins un composant en graphène.
PCT/EP2010/061047 2009-09-03 2010-07-29 Détecteur mwpc - chambre proportionnelle multifils - en graphène pour la réduction de la pénombre dans la thérapie par particules WO2011026697A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE200910040007 DE102009040007A1 (de) 2009-09-03 2009-09-03 MWPC Detektor mit Graphen zur Reduzierung der Penumbra in der Partikeltherapie
DE102009040007.9 2009-09-03

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Publication Number Publication Date
WO2011026697A2 true WO2011026697A2 (fr) 2011-03-10
WO2011026697A3 WO2011026697A3 (fr) 2011-10-20

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012143134A1 (fr) * 2011-04-21 2012-10-26 Gsi Helmholtzzentrum Für Schwerionenforschung Gmbh Installation de traitement par rayonnement et procédé de commande de ladite installation
ITSA20120011A1 (it) * 2012-07-12 2014-01-13 Univ Degli Studi Salerno Dosimetro di radiazione "in tempo reale" basato su nanomateriali di carbonio (carbon nanomaterials based real time radiation dosimeter).

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US3916200A (en) * 1974-09-04 1975-10-28 Us Energy Window for radiation detectors and the like
US4479059A (en) * 1982-07-21 1984-10-23 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Imaging radiation detector with gain
US8110026B2 (en) * 2006-10-06 2012-02-07 The Trustees Of Princeton University Functional graphene-polymer nanocomposites for gas barrier applications
EP1967869A1 (fr) * 2007-03-09 2008-09-10 Services Pétroliers Schlumberger Détecteur de rayonnement gamma en nanograss

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012143134A1 (fr) * 2011-04-21 2012-10-26 Gsi Helmholtzzentrum Für Schwerionenforschung Gmbh Installation de traitement par rayonnement et procédé de commande de ladite installation
US9330886B2 (en) 2011-04-21 2016-05-03 Gsi Helmholtzzentrum Fur Schwerionenforschung Gmbh Irradiation installation and control method for controlling same
ITSA20120011A1 (it) * 2012-07-12 2014-01-13 Univ Degli Studi Salerno Dosimetro di radiazione "in tempo reale" basato su nanomateriali di carbonio (carbon nanomaterials based real time radiation dosimeter).
WO2014009913A1 (fr) * 2012-07-12 2014-01-16 Università degli Studi di Salerno Dosimètre de radiation temps réel à base de nanomatériaux de carbone

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WO2011026697A3 (fr) 2011-10-20

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