WO2010150122A1 - Method and composition to increase viscosity of crosslinked polymer fluids - Google Patents
Method and composition to increase viscosity of crosslinked polymer fluids Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010150122A1 WO2010150122A1 PCT/IB2010/052572 IB2010052572W WO2010150122A1 WO 2010150122 A1 WO2010150122 A1 WO 2010150122A1 IB 2010052572 W IB2010052572 W IB 2010052572W WO 2010150122 A1 WO2010150122 A1 WO 2010150122A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- guar
- weight
- concentration
- crosslinked polymer
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 162
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 229920006037 cross link polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
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- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 40
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 12
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- OVSKIKFHRZPJSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-D Chemical compound OC(=O)COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl OVSKIKFHRZPJSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BSTPEQSVYGELTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol;hydrobromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[NH+](C)CCO BSTPEQSVYGELTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001448 anilines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940111121 antirheumatic drug quinolines Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910001570 bauxite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001222 biopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QTEIYBBKJCLSFT-UHFFFAOYSA-M bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-methyl-octadecylazanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(CCO)CCO QTEIYBBKJCLSFT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000012206 bottled water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LYQFWZFBNBDLEO-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].[Cs+] LYQFWZFBNBDLEO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- AIYUHDOJVYHVIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cs+] AIYUHDOJVYHVIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ATZQZZAXOPPAAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium formate Chemical compound [Cs+].[O-]C=O ATZQZZAXOPPAAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001622 calcium bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dibromide Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Br-].[Br-] WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004281 calcium formate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019255 calcium formate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940044172 calcium formate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003086 cellulose ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- MRUAUOIMASANKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cocamidopropyl betaine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NCCC[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O MRUAUOIMASANKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M cyanate Chemical compound [O-]C#N XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethanolamine Chemical compound OCCNCCO ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQRKUIOSYPVFY-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium diacetate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O LFQRKUIOSYPVFY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OP([O-])([O-])=O ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000019797 dipotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000396 dipotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000397 disodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019800 disodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UQGFMSUEHSUPRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N disodium;3,7-dioxido-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3,5,7-tetraborabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].O1B([O-])OB2OB([O-])OB1O2 UQGFMSUEHSUPRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- UAUDZVJPLUQNMU-KTKRTIGZSA-N erucamide Chemical group CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCC(N)=O UAUDZVJPLUQNMU-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- NJEGWWIFBWWYMD-UHFFFAOYSA-M ethyl-hexadecyl-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CC)(CCO)CCO NJEGWWIFBWWYMD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940044170 formate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004275 glycolic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- GGDGVDMTSZPOIB-UHFFFAOYSA-M hexadecyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-dimethylazanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CCO GGDGVDMTSZPOIB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- JYWAVOMMQHIDEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecyl-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-methylazanium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(CCO)CCO JYWAVOMMQHIDEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WKRGZRRAVBFYTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M hexadecyl-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-propan-2-ylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CCO)(CCO)C(C)C WKRGZRRAVBFYTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VCXTZNHFQXXDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M hexadecyl-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)azanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CCO)(CCO)CCO VCXTZNHFQXXDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920006158 high molecular weight polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen thiocyanate Natural products SC#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003893 lactate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XKPJKVVZOOEMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;formate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C=O XKPJKVVZOOEMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OTCKOJUMXQWKQG-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium bromide Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Br-].[Br-] OTCKOJUMXQWKQG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001623 magnesium bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000403 monosodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019799 monosodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000001421 myristyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- GCDRFNRPAKWXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-hexadecyl-1-octadecylpyridin-1-ium-2-amine;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1NCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC GCDRFNRPAKWXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001117 oleyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])/C([H])=C([H])\C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003002 pH adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006174 pH buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001476 phosphono group Chemical group [H]OP(*)(=O)O[H] 0.000 description 1
- PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;potassium Chemical compound [K].OP(O)(O)=O PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000233 poly(alkylene oxides) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000417 polynaphthalene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011736 potassium bicarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015497 potassium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000028 potassium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011181 potassium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WFIZEGIEIOHZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium formate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C=O WFIZEGIEIOHZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrogencarbonate Chemical compound [K+].OC([O-])=O TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000011118 potassium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000160 potassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011009 potassium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003230 pyrimidines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003235 pyrrolidines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003248 quinolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000246 remedial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006254 rheological additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HLBBKKJFGFRGMU-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium formate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C=O HLBBKKJFGFRGMU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000019254 sodium formate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000176 sodium gluconate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012207 sodium gluconate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940005574 sodium gluconate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000031 sodium sesquicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000018341 sodium sesquicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- WHYLHKYYLCEERH-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrasodium;2-oxidopropanoate;zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Zr+4].CC([O-])C([O-])=O.CC([O-])C([O-])=O.CC([O-])C([O-])=O.CC([O-])C([O-])=O WHYLHKYYLCEERH-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- OIKOKWGHIVKJBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-octadecylazanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CCO)(CCO)CCO OIKOKWGHIVKJBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WHNXAQZPEBNFBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium;2-[2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]acetate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].OCCN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O WHNXAQZPEBNFBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- WCTAGTRAWPDFQO-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium;hydrogen carbonate;carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].OC([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O WCTAGTRAWPDFQO-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940102001 zinc bromide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/04—Aqueous well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/06—Clay-free compositions
- C09K8/08—Clay-free compositions containing natural organic compounds, e.g. polysaccharides, or derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/04—Aqueous well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/06—Clay-free compositions
- C09K8/12—Clay-free compositions containing synthetic organic macromolecular compounds or their precursors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/602—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation containing surfactants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
- C09K8/66—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/68—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
- C09K8/685—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds containing cross-linking agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/84—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/86—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
- C09K8/88—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds
- C09K8/887—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds containing cross-linking agents
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/02—Subsoil filtering
- E21B43/04—Gravelling of wells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2208/00—Aspects relating to compositions of drilling or well treatment fluids
- C09K2208/30—Viscoelastic surfactants [VES]
Definitions
- This invention relates to compositions and methods for treating subterranean formations penetrated by well bores. More particularly, the invention relates to enhance the production of oil or gas using a viscosifying agent based upon crosslinked polymer fluid showing increased viscosity.
- Polymers are used in a wide variety of ways to enhance the production of oil or gas from underground formations.
- the function of the polymer is to control the viscosity of the aqueous fluids which are injected into the formation.
- the efficiency of the water flood is improved by adding a water soluble polymer to the aqueous phase and thereby decreasing the mobility difference between the injected water and the oil in place.
- Polymers are also used in acidizing and/or fracture acidizing in which acidic compositions are used to stimulate production of hydrocarbon from underground formations by increasing the formation porosity.
- a water soluble or water dispersible polymer is incorporated to increase the viscosity of the fluid so that wider fractures can be developed and live acid can be forced farther into the formations.
- conventional crosslinked polymer fracturing fluids have several inherent characteristics.
- the viscosity of a crosslinked polymer fluid with a given polymer concentration decreases with time and/or temperature. Hence the polymer concentration is increased in order to maintain a given or required viscosity for a longer period of time or to achieve the required viscosity at higher temperatures.
- the fluid loss control of the crosslinked polymer fluid in a formation with a given permeability is dependent to great extent on the polymer concentration. Increasing the polymer concentration in general will improve the fluid loss control as the polymer creates a filter cake on the face of the formation. Increasing polymer concentrations in the fluid result in lower fracture conductivity and retained permeability in the fracture faces. Both decrease the productivity of the final propped fracture.
- Exposure to high shear tends to degrade the properties of the crosslinked polymer fluid: to a lesser or greater degree the viscosity of the crosslinked fluid is reduced after it has been exposed to high shear (1000/s) which is common when displacing the fluid in a workstring to the perforations.
- high shear 1000/s
- the time for the fluid to recover viscosity after being exposed to high shear may take minutes and it is during this time that the fluid/proppant is entering into the hydraulic fracturing.
- the reduced viscosity of the fluid results in a narrower hydraulic fracture and so increase the risk of the proppant screening out in the well bore.
- surfactants have been used as gelling agents.
- some surfactants when mixed with an aqueous fluid having a certain ionic strength, are capable of forming a viscous fluid that has certain elastic properties, one of which may be shear thinning.
- Surfactant molecules (or ions) at specific conditions may form micelles (e.g., worm-shaped micelles, rod-shaped micelles, etc.) in an aqueous fluid.
- these micelles may impart increased viscosity to the aqueous fluid, such that the fluid exhibits viscoelastic behavior due, at least in part, to the association of the surfactant molecules contained therein.
- these treatment fluids exhibiting viscoelastic behavior may be used in a variety of subterranean treatments where a viscosified treatment fluid may be useful.
- the micelles may be sensitive to the pH and hydrocarbons, the viscosity of these treatment fluids may be reduced after introduction into the subterranean formation without the need for conventional gel breakers (e.g., oxidizers). This may allow a substantial portion of the treatment fluid to be produced back from the formation without the need for expensive remedial treatments.
- fracturing fluids with viscoelastic surfactants have also several inherent characteristics. As a solids free fluid, they may not create residual damage in either proppant pack or the faces of the fractures. As a solids free fluid, they may have limited fluid loss control in high permeability formations. No filter cake is formed so the fluid loss may be a function of the viscosity of the fluid, permeability of the formation and properties of the reservoir fluids. One fluid can easily displace the other in the porous medium under reservoir conditions. High concentrations of surfactant arc required to create a fluid with sufficient viscosity to create a hydraulic fracture in any formation with permeability greater than a few millidarcy.
- the viscosity of a fluid with a given concentration is very sensitive to any change in temperature above 150 Deg F and in almost every case drops dramatically. Compatibility with formation crude as the VES viscosity is very sensitive to the presence of surfactants or demulsifiers.
- the objective is to create a hybrid fluid which combines a low concentration of VES and a crosslinked polymer fluid.
- the final fluid will overcome to some degree the technical and economic disadvantages of crosslinked polymer and VES fluids taken separately.
- a well treatment composition for use in a subterranean formation includes a carrier fluid, and a viscoelastic surfactant being present in a concentration of less than about 1.5% by weight.
- the fluid comprises a crosslinked polymer in a thickening amount in the carrier fluid.
- the viscoelastic surfactant is present in a concentration of less than about 1% or less than about 0.8% by weight.
- the crosslinked polymer may be one of polysaccharides, substituted galactomannans, guar gums, high-molecular weight polysaccharides composed of mannose and galactose sugars, guar derivatives, hydroxypropyl guar (HPG), carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG), carboxymethyl guar (CMG), hydrophobically modified guars, guar-containing compounds, synthetic polymers and mixtures thereof.
- the composition may further contain a co-surfactant.
- the viscoelastic surfactant may be a zwitterionic surfactant.
- the viscoelastic surfactant is betaine.
- the carrier fluid may be any suitable medium, such as, but not limited to, an aqueous based fluid.
- a method of treating a subterranean formation from a well includes providing a carrier fluid comprising a viscoelastic surfactant in a concentration of less than about 1.5% by weight based upon total fluid weight, and introducing the fluid into the well.
- the fluid comprises a crosslinked polymer in a thickening amount in the carrier fluid.
- the method further involves contacting the fluid and the subterranean formation. In a second embodiment, the method further includes fracturing the subterranean formation.
- the fluid may have proppant.
- the viscoelastic surfactant is present in a concentration of less than about 1% or less than about 0.8% by weight, based upon total fluid weight.
- a method to increase the viscosity of a fluid includes providing a fluid comprising a thickening amount of a crosslinked polymer, adding a viscoelastic surfactant at a given concentration to the fluid, adjusting the fluid to a given temperature, defining a viscosity profile of the fluid depending of the concentration and the temperature, comparing said viscosity profile to a viscosity profile of the crosslinked polymer fluid alone, and defining an optimum concentration of the viscoelastic surfactant for each temperature.
- the given temperature is between 45degC and 95degC.
- Figure 1 shows graph comparing viscosity of crosslinked polymer fluid alone and crosslinked polymer fluid and VES at 54.4 degC.
- Figure 2 shows graph comparing viscosity of crosslinked polymer fluid alone and crosslinked polymer fluid and VES at 54.4 degC with shear 2 minutes at 1000/s.
- Figure 3 shows graph comparing viscosity of crosslinked polymer fluid alone and crosslinked polymer fluid and VES at 71.1 degC.
- Figure 4 shows graph comparing viscosity of crosslinked polymer fluid alone and crosslinked polymer fluid and VES for a different concentration at 71.1 degC.
- Figure 5 shows graph of the viscosity of crosslinked polymer fluid and VES for a different concentration at 71.1 degC.
- Figure 6 shows graph of the viscosity of crosslinked polymer fluid and VES at 82.2 degC.
- Figure 7 shows graph of the viscosity of crosslinked polymer fluid and VES for a different concentration at 82.2 degC.
- Figure 8 shows fluid loss of the composition according to one embodiment of the invention at 71.1 degC.
- Figure 9 Figure 9 and Figure 11 show comparison of fluid loss control between composition of crosslinked polymer fluid alone and two compositions of crosslinked polymer fluid with different concentration of VES at 71.1 degC.
- fracturing refers to the process and methods of breaking down a geological formation and creating a fracture, i.e. the rock formation around a well bore, by pumping fluid at very high pressures, in order to increase production rates from a hydrocarbon reservoir.
- the fracturing methods otherwise use conventional techniques known in the art.
- surfactant refers to a soluble or partially soluble compound that reduces the surface tension of liquids, or reduces inter-facial tension between two liquids, or a liquid and a solid by congregating and orienting itself at these interfaces.
- viscoelastic refers to those viscous fluids having elastic properties, i.e., the liquid at least partially returns to its original form when an applied stress is released.
- viscoelastic surfactant or “VES” refers to that class of compounds which can form micelles (spherulitic, anisometric, lamellar, or liquid crystal) in the presence of counter ions in aqueous solutions, thereby imparting viscosity to the fluid.
- Anisometric micelles can be used, as their behavior in solution most closely resembles that of a polymer.
- One embodiment is directed towards a well treatment composition for use in a subterranean formation comprising a carrier fluid; a crosslinked polymer; and a viscoelastic surfactant being present in a concentration of less than about 1.5% by weight.
- the carrier fluid can generally be any liquid carrier suitable for use in oil and gas producing wells.
- One such liquid carrier is water.
- the liquid carrier can comprise water, can consist essentially of water, or can consist of water. Water will typically be a major component by weight of the fluid.
- the water can be potable or non-potable water.
- the water can be brackish or contain other materials typical of sources of water found in or near oil fields.
- a salt may be present in the fluid carrier.
- the salt can be present naturally if brine is used, or can be added to the fluid carrier.
- any salt such as an alkali metal or alkali earth metal salt (NaCO 3 , NaCl, KCl, etc.).
- the salt is generally present in weight percent concentration between about 0.1% to about 5%, from about 1% to about 3% by weight. One useful concentration is about 2% by weight.
- the crosslinked polymer can generally be any crosslinked polymers.
- the polymer viscosifier can be a metal-crosslinked polymer.
- Suitable polymers for making the metal- crosslinked polymer viscosifiers include, for example, polysaccharides such as substituted galactomannans, such as guar gums, high-molecular weight polysaccharides composed of mannose and galactose sugars, or guar derivatives such as hydroxypropyl guar (HPG), carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG) and carboxymethyl guar (CMG), hydrophobically modified guars, guar-containing compounds, and synthetic polymers.
- Crosslinking agents based on boron, titanium, zirconium or aluminum complexes are typically used to increase the effective molecular weight of the polymer and make them better suited for use in high-temperature wells.
- polymers effective as viscosifiers include polyvinyl polymers, polymethacrylamides, cellulose ethers, lignosulfonates, and ammonium, alkali metal, and alkaline earth salts thereof. More specific examples of other typical water soluble polymers are acrylic acid-acrylamide copolymers, acrylic acid-methacrylamide copolymers, polyacrylamides, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides, partially hydrolyzed polymethacrylamides, polyvinyl alcohol, polyalkyleneoxides, other galactomannans, heteropolysaccharides obtained by the fermentation of starch-derived sugar and ammonium and alkali metal salts thereof.
- Cellulose derivatives are used to a smaller extent, such as hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) or hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose (CMHEC) and carboxymethycellulose (CMC), with or without crosslinkers.
- HEC hydroxyethylcellulose
- HPC hydroxypropylcellulose
- CMC carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose
- Xanthan, diutan, and scleroglucan, three biopolymers have been shown to have excellent proppant-suspension ability even though they are more expensive than guar derivatives and therefore have been used less frequently, unless they can be used at lower concentrations.
- the crosslinked polymer is made from a crosslinkable, hydratable polymer and a delayed crosslinking agent, wherein the crosslinking agent comprises a complex comprising a metal and a first ligand selected from the group consisting of amino acids, phosphono acids, and salts or derivatives thereof.
- the crosslinked polymer can be made from a polymer comprising pendant ionic moieties, a surfactant comprising oppositely charged moieties, a clay stabilizer, a borate source, and a metal crosslinker. Said embodiments are described in U.S. Patent Publications US2008- 0280790 and US2008-0280788 respectively.
- Linear (not cross-linked) polymer systems may be used. However, in some cases, may not achieve the full benefits because they may require more concentration, and may require a breaker. Any suitable crosslinked polymer system may be used, including for example, those which are delayed, optimized for high temperature, optimized for use with sea water, buffered at various pH's, and optimized for low temperature. Any crosslinker may be used, for example boron, titanium, zirconium, aluminum and the like.
- Suitable boron crosslinked polymers systems include by non-limiting example, guar and substituted guars crosslinked with boric acid, sodium tetraborate, and encapsulated borates; borate crosslinkers may be used with buffers and pH control agents such as sodium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, sodium sesquicarbonate, and sodium carbonate, amines (such as hydroxyalkyl amines, anilines, pyridines, pyrimidines, quinolines, and pyrrolidines, and carboxylates such as acetates and oxalates) and with delay agents such as sorbitol, aldehydes, and sodium gluconate.
- buffers and pH control agents such as sodium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, sodium sesquicarbonate, and sodium carbonate
- amines such as hydroxyalkyl amines, anilines, pyridines, pyrimidines, quinolines, and pyrrolidines, and carboxylates such as acetates and ox
- Suitable zirconium crosslinked polymer systems include by non-limiting example, those crosslinked by zirconium lactates (for example sodium zirconium lactate), triethanolamines, 2,2'-iminodiethanol, and with mixtures of these ligands, including when adjusted with bicarbonate.
- Suitable titanates include by non-limiting example, lactates and triethanolamines, and mixtures, for example delayed with hydroxyacetic acid. Any other chemical additives may be used or included provided that they are tested for compatibility with the viscoelastic surfactant.
- some of the standard crosslinkers or polymers as concentrates usually contain materials such as isopropanol, n-propanol, methanol or diesel oil.
- the viscoelastic surfactant can generally be any viscoelastic surfactant.
- the surfactant is present in a low weight percent concentration. Some suitable concentrations of surfactant are about 0.001% to about 1.5% by weight, from about 0.01% to about 0.75% by weight, or even about 0.25%, about 0.5% or about 0.75% by weight.
- the VES may be selected from the group consisting of cationic, anionic, zwitterionic, amphoteric, nonionic and combinations thereof. Some non-limiting examples are those cited in U.S. Patents 6,435,277 (Qu et al.) and 6,703,352 (Dahayanake et al).
- the viscoelastic surfactants when used alone or in combination, are capable of forming micelles that form a structure in an aqueous environment that contribute to the increased viscosity of the fluid (also referred to as "viscosifying micelles"). These fluids are normally prepared by mixing in appropriate amounts of VES suitable to achieve the desired viscosity.
- VES fluids may be attributed to the three dimensional structure formed by the components in the fluids.
- concentration of surfactants in a viscoelastic fluid significantly exceeds a critical concentration, and in most cases in the presence of an electrolyte, surfactant molecules aggregate into species such as micelles, which can interact to form a network exhibiting viscous and elastic behavior.
- Non-limiting examples of suitable viscoelastic surfactants useful for viscosifying some fluids include cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, nonionic surfactants, and combinations thereof.
- particularly suitable zwitterionic surfactants have the formula: RCONH- (CH 2 ) a (CH 2 CH 2 O) m (CH 2 ) b -N + (CH 3 ) 2 - (CH 2 ) a , (CH 2 CH 2 O) m , (CH 2 ) b , COO ⁇
- R is an alkyl group that contains from about 11 to about 23 carbon atoms which may be branched or straight chained and which may be saturated or unsaturated; a, b, a', and b' are each from 0 to 10 and m and m' are each from 0 to 13; a and b are each 1 or 2 if m is not 0 and (a + b) is from 2 to 10 if m is 0; a' and b' are each 1 or 2 when m' is not 0 and (a' + b') is from 1 to 5 if m is 0; (m + m') is from 0 to 14; and CH 2 CH 2 O may also be OCH 2 CH 2 .
- a zwitterionic surfactants of the family of betaine is used.
- betaines Two suitable examples of betaines are BET-O and BET-E.
- the surfactant in BET-O-30 is shown below; one chemical name is oleylamidopropyl betaine. It is designated BET-O-30 because as obtained from the supplier (Rhodia, Inc. Cranbury, New Jersey, U. S. A.) it is called Mirataine BET-O-30 because it contains an oleyl acid amide group (including a C17H33 alkene tail group) and contains about 30% active surfactant; the remainder is substantially water, sodium chloride, and propylene glycol.
- BET-E-40 An analogous material, BET-E-40, is also available from Rhodia and contains an erucic acid amide group (including a C21H41 alkene tail group) and is approximately 40% active ingredient, with the remainder being substantially water, sodium chloride, and isopropanol.
- VES systems, in particular BET-E-40 optionally contain about 1 % of a condensation product of a naphthalene sulfonic acid, for example sodium polynaphthalene sulfonate, as a rheology modifier, as described in U. S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003-0134751.
- the surfactant in BET-E-40 is also shown below; one chemical name is erucylamidopropyl betaine.
- VES As-received concentrates of BET-E-40 were used in the experiments reported below, where they will be referred to as "VES".
- Co-surfactants may be useful in extending the brine tolerance, and to increase the gel strength and to reduce the shear sensitivity of the VES-fluid, in particular for BET-O-type surfactants.
- SDBS sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate
- Still other suitable co-surfactants for BET-O-30 are certain chelating agents such as trisodium hydroxyethylethylenediamine triacetate.
- the rheology enhancers of the embodiments according to the invention may be used with viscoelastic surfactant fluid systems that contain such additives as co-surfactants, organic acids, organic acid salts, and/or inorganic salts.
- Some embodiments use betaines; for example BET-E-40. Although experiments have not been performed, it is believed that mixtures of betaines, especially BET-E-40, with other surfactants are also suitable. Such mixtures are within the scope of embodiments of the invention.
- Exemplary cationic viscoelastic surfactants include the amine salts and quaternary amine salts disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,979,557, and 6,435,277 which have a common Assignee as the present Application.
- suitable cationic viscoelastic surfactants include cationic surfactants having the structure:
- Ri has from about 14 to about 26 carbon atoms and may be branched or straight chained, aromatic, saturated or unsaturated, and may contain a carbonyl, an amide, a retroamide, an imide, a urea, or an amine
- R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently hydrogen or a Ci to about C 6 aliphatic group which may be the same or different, branched or straight chained, saturated or unsaturated and one or more than one of which may be substituted with a group that renders the R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 group more hydrophilic;
- the R 2 , R 3 and R 4 groups may be incorporated into a heterocyclic 5- or 6-member ring structure which includes the nitrogen atom; the R 2 , R 3 and R 4 groups may be the same or different;
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and/or R 4 may contain one or more ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide units; and
- X " is an anion.
- Ri is from about 18 to about 22 carbon atoms and may contain a carbonyl, an amide, or an amine
- R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are the same as one another and contain from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.
- Cationic surfactants having the structure RiN + (R 2 )(R 3 )(R 4 ) X " may optionally contain amines having the structure RiN(R 2 )(R 3 ). It is well known that commercially available cationic quaternary amine surfactants often contain the corresponding amines (in which R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 in the cationic surfactant and in the amine have the same structure).
- VES surfactant concentrate formulations for example cationic VES surfactant formulations, may also optionally contain one or more members of the group consisting of alcohols, glycols, organic salts, chelating agents, solvents, mutual solvents, organic acids, organic acid salts, inorganic salts, oligomers, polymers, co- polymers, and mixtures of these members. They may also contain performance enhancers, such as viscosity enhancers, for example polysulfonates, for example polysulfonic acids, as described in U. S. Patent No. 7,084,095.
- performance enhancers such as viscosity enhancers, for example polysulfonates, for example polysulfonic acids, as described in U. S. Patent No. 7,084,095.
- Another suitable cationic VES is erucyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl) methyl ammonium chloride, also known as (Z)- 13 docosenyl-N-N- bis (2-hydroxyethyl) methyl ammonium chloride. It is commonly obtained from manufacturers as a mixture containing about 60 weight percent surfactant in a mixture of isopropanol, ethylene glycol, and water.
- Suitable amine salts and quaternary amine salts include (either alone or in combination in accordance with the invention), erucyl trimethyl ammonium chloride; N-methyl-N,N- bis(2-hydroxyethyl) rapeseed ammonium chloride; oleyl methyl bis(hydroxyethyl) ammonium chloride; erucylamidopropyltrimethylamine chloride, octadecyl methyl bis(hydroxyethyl) ammonium bromide; octadecyl tris(hydroxyethyl) ammonium bromide; octadecyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide; cetyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide; cetyl methyl bis(hydroxyethyl) ammonium salicylate; cetyl methyl bis(hydroxyethyl) ammonium 3,4,-dichlorobenzoate; cetyl tris(hydroxy
- Amphoteric viscoelastic surfactants are also suitable.
- Exemplary amphoteric viscoelastic surfactant systems include those described in U.S. Patent No. 6,703,352, for example amine oxides.
- Other exemplary viscoelastic surfactant systems include those described in U.S. Patents Nos. 6,239,183; 6,506,710; 7,060,661; 7,303,018; and 7,510,009 for example amidoamine oxides. Mixtures of zwitterionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants are suitable.
- An example is a mixture of about 13% isopropanol, about 5% 1- butanol, about 15% ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, about 4% sodium chloride, about 30% water, about 30% cocoamidopropyl betaine, and about 2% cocoamidopropylamine oxide.
- the viscoelastic surfactant system may also be based upon any suitable anionic surfactant.
- the anionic surfactant is an alkyl sarcosinate.
- the alkyl sarcosinate can generally have any number of carbon atoms.
- Alkyl sarcosinates can have about 12 to about 24 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl sarcosinate can have about 14 to about 18 carbon atoms. Specific examples of the number of carbon atoms include 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 carbon atoms.
- the anionic surfactant is represented by the chemical formula:
- Ri is a hydrophobic chain having about 12 to about 24 carbon atoms
- R 2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl
- X is carboxyl or sulfonyl.
- the hydrophobic chain can be an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkylarylalkyl group, or an alkoxyalkyl group. Specific examples of the hydrophobic chain include a tetradecyl group, a hexadecyl group, an octadecentyl group, an octadecyl group, and a docosenoic group.
- the treatment fluids of the embodiments according to the invention may comprise a water- soluble salt. Adding a salt may help promote micelle formation for the viscosification of the fluid in some instances.
- the aqueous base fluid may contain the water-soluble salt, for example, where saltwater, a brine, or seawater is used as the aqueous base fluid.
- Suitable water-soluble salts may comprise lithium, ammonium, sodium, potassium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, or zinc cations, and chloride, bromide, iodide, formate, nitrate, acetate, cyanate, or thiocyanate anions.
- suitable water- soluble salts that comprise the above-listed anions and cations include, but are not limited to, ammonium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium chloride, lithium formate, lithium nitrate, calcium bromide, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium formate, sodium bromide, sodium chloride, sodium formate, sodium nitrate, potassium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium nitrate, potassium formate, cesium nitrate, cesium formate, cesium chloride, cesium bromide, magnesium chloride, magnesium bromide, zinc chloride, and zinc bromide.
- the composition also typically contains proppants.
- proppants The selection of a proppant involves many compromises imposed by economical and practical considerations. Criteria for selecting the proppant type, size, and concentration is based on the needed dimensionless conductivity, and can be selected by a skilled artisan.
- proppants can be natural or synthetic (including but not limited to glass beads, ceramic beads, sand, and bauxite), coated, or contain chemicals; more than one can be used sequentially or in mixtures of different sizes or different materials.
- the proppant may be resin coated, or pre-cured resin coated, provided that the resin and any other chemicals that might be released from the coating or come in contact with the other chemicals of the Invention are compatible with them.
- Proppants and gravels in the same or different wells or treatments can be the same material and/or the same size as one another and the term "proppant" is intended to include gravel in this discussion.
- the proppant used will have an average particle size of from about 0.15 mm to about 2.39 mm (about 8 to about 100 U. S. mesh), more particularly, but not limited to 0.25 to 0.43 mm (40/60 mesh), 0.43 to 0.84 mm (20/40 mesh), 0.84 to 1.19 mm (16/20), 0.84 to 1.68 mm (12/20 mesh) and 0.84 to 2.39 mm (8/20 mesh) sized materials.
- the proppant will be present in the slurry in a concentration of from about 0.12 to about 0.96 kg/L, or from about 0.12 to about 0.72 kg/L, or from about 0.12 to about 0.54 kg/L.
- the fluid may also contain other enhancers or additives.
- the composition may further comprise an additive for maintaining and/or adjusting pH (e.g., pH buffers, pH adjusting agents, etc.).
- an additive for maintaining and/or adjusting pH may be included in the treatment fluid so as to maintain the pH in, or adjust the pH to, a desired range and thereby maintain, or provide, the necessary ionic strength to form the desired micellar structures.
- suitable additives for maintaining and/or adjusting pH include, but are not limited to, sodium acetate, acetic acid, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium or potassium diacetate, sodium or potassium phosphate, sodium or potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium or potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, combinations thereof, derivatives thereof, and the like.
- the additive for adjusting and/or maintaining pH may be present in the treatment fluids of the embodiments according to the invention in an amount sufficient to maintain and/or adjust the pH of the fluid.
- One of ordinary skill in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate additive for maintaining and/or adjusting pH and amount thereof to use for a chosen application.
- the composition may optionally comprise additional additives, including, but not limited to, acids, fluid loss control additives, gas, corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, catalysts, clay control agents, biocides, friction reducers, combinations thereof and the like.
- additional additives including, but not limited to, acids, fluid loss control additives, gas, corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, catalysts, clay control agents, biocides, friction reducers, combinations thereof and the like.
- it may be desired to foam the composition using a gas, such as air, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide.
- the composition may contain a particulate additive, such as a particulate scale inhibitor.
- the composition may be used for carrying out a variety of subterranean treatments, where a viscosified treatment fluid may be used, including, but not limited to, drilling operations, fracturing treatments, and completion operations (e.g., gravel packing).
- the treatment fluids may be used in treating a portion of a subterranean formation.
- the composition may be introduced into a well bore that penetrates the subterranean formation.
- the treatment fluid further may comprise particulates and other additives suitable for treating the subterranean formation.
- the treatment fluid may be allowed to contact the subterranean formation for a period of time sufficient to reduce the viscosity of the treatment fluid.
- the treatment fluid may be allowed to contact hydrocarbons, formations fluids, and/or subsequently injected treatment fluids, thereby reducing the viscosity of the treatment fluid. After a chosen time, the treatment fluid may be recovered through the well bore.
- the treatment fluids may be used in fracturing treatments.
- the composition may be introduced into a well bore that penetrates a subterranean formation at or above a pressure sufficient to create or enhance one or more fractures in a portion of the subterranean formation.
- the composition may exhibit viscoelastic behavior which may be due.
- the treatment fluid further may comprise particulates and other additives suitable for the fracturing treatment. After a chosen time, the treatment fluid may be recovered through the well bore.
- the method of the invention is also suitable for gravel packing, or for fracturing and gravel packing in one operation (called, for example frac and pack, frac-n-pack, frac- pack, StimPac treatments, or other names), which are also used extensively to stimulate the production of hydrocarbons, water and other fluids from subterranean formations.
- These operations involve pumping a slurry of "proppant” (natural or synthetic materials that prop open a fracture after it is created) in hydraulic fracturing or "gravel" in gravel packing.
- proppant natural or synthetic materials that prop open a fracture after it is created
- hydraulic fracturing or "gravel" in gravel packing In low permeability formations, the goal of hydraulic fracturing is generally to form long, high surface area fractures that greatly increase the magnitude of the pathway of fluid flow from the formation to the wellbore.
- the goal of a hydraulic fracturing treatment is typically to create a short, wide, highly conductive fracture, in order to bypass near-wellbore damage done in drilling and/or completion, to ensure good fluid communication between the rock and the wellbore and also to increase the surface area available for fluids to flow into the wellbore.
- Gravel is also a natural or synthetic material, which may be identical to, or different from, proppant. Gravel packing is used for "sand" control. Sand is the name given to any particulate material from the formation, such as clays, that could be carried into production equipment. Gravel packing is a sand-control method used to prevent production of formation sand, in which, for example a steel screen is placed in the wellbore and the surrounding annulus is packed with prepared gravel of a specific size designed to prevent the passage of formation sand that could foul subterranean or surface equipment and reduce flows. The primary objective of gravel packing is to stabilize the formation while causing minimal impairment to well productivity. Sometimes gravel packing is done without a screen.
- a comparison is made between a prior art fluid made of guar polymer and a fluid according to the invention further comprising a VES made of erucic amidopropyl dimethyl betaine (0.5% by weight), ethoxylated linear alcohols (0.2% by weight) and non-emulsifying agent (0.1% by weight).
- Figure 1 shows viscosity profile over time for a first fluid made of guar polymer and a second fluid made of guar polymer with erucic amidopropyl dimethyl betaine (0.5% by weight), ethoxylated linear alcohols (0.2% by weight) and non-emulsifying agent (0.1% by weight). Tests are conducted at temperature of 54.4°C. A small increase in the viscosity can be noted compared to prior art fluid.
- Figure 2 shows shear recovery after 2 min of 1000/s shear for a first fluid made of guar polymer and a second fluid made of guar polymer with erucic amidopropyl dimethyl betaine (0.5% by weight), ethoxylated linear alcohols (0.2% by weight) and non- emulsifying agent. Tests are conducted at temperature of 54.4°C. Clearly an increase in the viscosity can be noted compared to prior art fluid.
- Figure 3 shows viscosity profile over time for a first fluid made of guar polymer and a second fluid made of guar polymer with erucic amidopropyl dimethyl betaine (0.5% by weight), ethoxylated linear alcohols (0.2% by weight) and non-emulsifying agent (0.1% by weight). Tests are conducted at temperature of 71.1 0 C. An increase in the viscosity can be noted compared to prior art fluid and compared to that one at 54.4°C.
- Figure 4 shows viscosity profile over time for a first fluid made of guar polymer and a second fluid made of guar polymer with erucic amidopropyl dimethyl betaine (0.75% by weight), ethoxylated linear alcohols (0.2% by weight) and non-emulsifying agent (0.1% by weight). Tests are conducted at temperature of 71.1 0 C. An increase in the viscosity can be noted compared to prior art fluid and previous results.
- Figure 5 shows viscosity profile over time for a fluid made of guar polymer with erucic amidopropyl dimethyl betaine (0.75% by weight) and non-emulsifying agent (0.5% by weight). Tests are conducted at temperature of 71.1 0 C. An increase in the viscosity can be noted for the fluid according to the invention.
- Figure 6 shows viscosity profile over time for a fluid made of guar polymer with erucic amidopropyl dimethyl betaine (0.75% by weight). Tests are conducted at temperature of 82.2°C. An increase in the viscosity can be noted for the fluid according to the invention.
- Figure 7 shows viscosity profile over time for a fluid made of guar polymer with erucic amidopropyl dimethyl betaine (0.75% by weight) and non-emulsifying agent (0.5% by weight). Tests are conducted at temperature of 82.2°C. An increase in the viscosity can be noted for the fluid according to the invention.
- tests were run at 71.1 0 C as follows: establish baseline permeability to 2% KCl, perform static leakoff test with fracturing fluid (30 in. 500 psi) and measure retained permeability to 2% KCl at increasing differential pressure up to 250 psi.
- a test was run with 0.25% by weight of VES in a core with an effective permeability to water of 18 mD shown on Figure 8.
- the values of both spurt loss and C w were much lower than what is reported in the specification for crosslinked polymer fluid made of guar at 65.5°C in a 1 mD core (see Table 1 below).
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WO2016086232A1 (en) * | 2014-11-30 | 2016-06-02 | Solvay Usa Inc. | Produced water borate crosslinking compositions and method of use |
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US10669468B2 (en) * | 2013-10-08 | 2020-06-02 | Weatherford Technology Holdings, Llc | Reusable high performance water based drilling fluids |
CA3024591C (en) | 2016-05-25 | 2024-05-07 | Rhodia Operations | Shear recovery for viscosifying surfactants in stimulation fluids |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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RU2012102420A (en) | 2013-07-27 |
MX2011013714A (en) | 2012-06-01 |
US20100326658A1 (en) | 2010-12-30 |
CA2765948A1 (en) | 2010-12-29 |
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