WO2010149019A1

WO2010149019A1 - Implementation method for non-transparent transmission, non-transparent bridge and communication system

Info

Publication number: WO2010149019A1
Application number: PCT/CN2010/074209
Authority: WO
Inventors: 张恩东
Original assignee: 成都市华为赛门铁克科技有限公司
Priority date: 2009-06-24
Filing date: 2010-06-22
Publication date: 2010-12-29
Also published as: CN101588285A; CN101588285B

Abstract

The embodiments of the present invention disclose an implementation method for non-transparent transmission, a non-transparent bridge and a communication system. The embodiments of the present invention use a link which is established between non-transparent bridges and connects in connect way of "root module-terminal device" and then use the link to implement the data transmission between the non-transparent bridges. During the process of link establishment and configuration, the two sides of the link can determine the master and slave without negotiation and perform configuration for themselves respectively because of the connection way of "root module-terminal device" used between the non-transparent bridges, thereby reducing the resource occupation and logic overhead in the process of link establishment and configuration; moreover such connection way can be supported by existing Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIE) protocol, which is easy to be understood and implemented by users.

Description

Transparent method, transparent. Letter

5 Wood field This relates to the field of communication wood, and Hugh involves non-transparent methods, non-transparency and communication systems. Background Wood PCE (PC-EXpess) is the higher and the most external and external (PC, Pe phe a Co po e e ec).

The basic conclusions of PCE include oo Co pe, switch (Sw c ) and terminal (dpo). The joint can be integrated in the north (also the main os B dge) in the processor, (1/, p / O p ) 5 each of the equivalent connection switches are not provided with 1 / 1, support the same communication in different terminals, the switch Including or more PCE to PCE connection bar (CE-PCEB dge, P2P), in order to keep the existing C compatible terminals each of the PCE's or complete, can be external, Ethernet, SB or each.

0 system is on or, the processor needs and configures the software to exist, support and configuration software, C each configuration with the same register (CSR, Co fg ao SpaceRegse) RS ( 0 ) for the connection and the terminal, RS (that is, the CSR of P2P,

1) The same connection to the PCE, using the transparent of the US 1 (ie transparent P2P5, TB, T sp e B dg), using transparent, the processor can be different S, that is, the transparent processor can be configured separately and control.

There are multi-processors in the system, and the processor and the various devices are in the system, which will inevitably lead to the system. Often working, and not transparent.

The existing non-transparent (ie, non-transparent P2P, TB, o sp e B "dg") all exhibit 0, since it presents 0, so the configuration software, in the form of fish, that is, non-transparent in different rational Each device can only go to non-transparent terminals, eliminating the possibility of multiprocessors and configuration software.

The system, the master and the controller, the processor (the processor or the processor) are respectively connected to each other, and the transparent terminal is connected, but the non-transparent connection is not used, and the non-transparent connection method is weak. PCE support, the configuration of the road needs to pass the undetermined master, the configuration of the master control body, but the master PCE, in, the same. In the existing research and the description of the wood, the resource allocation in the establishment configuration is large because the main configuration is not determined.

Content This provides a non-transparent method, non-transparent, and communication system that reduces resource usage and build-up in the configuration.

Non-transparent method, including

The second non-transparent body ( oo ) the second non-transparent terminal each interface is the same as the establishment of the first terminal each interface to the connection terminal

Non-transparent

The second non-transparent of the non-transparent configuration.

Non-transparent, including

The first set up sheep, in the second non-transparent terminal of each body, the same terminal is established, each interface is connected to the terminal

The first configuration sheep, the first configuration of the sheep established in the first sheep, the second configuration of the configuration of the sheep .

God communication system, including the first non-transparent and the second non-transparent

The first non-transparent, the second non-transparent terminal on the interface of the second non-transparent terminal, the second non-transparent terminal is configured, and each interface is connected to the terminal.

The second is non-transparent and the first is non-transparent. In the non-transparent connection with the connection of "terminals" (OO-E dPO), the non-transparent and identical numbers are used. Since the non-transparent is the connection method of "terminals", the road is established. The configuration does not require the undetermined master and the separate configuration, which can reduce the resource occupation in the established configuration and the connection mode can be supported by the existing PCE, and the user understands.

To explain more clearly the wood scheme in this or existing wood, the following will introduce the sheep that need to be used in the existing wood, and the easy ones, the following are the ones, the ordinary wood in the field, not paying for the work. Under the premise, you can get other.

1 is the method flow 2 of the non-transparent method provided by the company. 2 is the schematic diagram of the system (the sheep) provided by the second paragraph. 3 is the schematic diagram of the system provided by the third (the indication 4) is the non-transparent indication provided by the company.

5 is the schematic of the communication system provided by the firm.

6 is the process flow of the other non-transparent method provided by this six

7 is another non-transparent indication provided by the firm.

8 is the other non-transparent first established sheep provided by this seven Schematic

囤9 The "Seventh mention of another non-transparent" establishment of the sheep's "Hugh Way will be combined with the present, the wood scheme of this book is clear and complete, of course, this part, not all." In the Ming Dynasty, all the other ordinary woods in this field are not made under the premise of making a property.

This provides non-transparent methods, non-transparency, and communication systems. The following is a detailed description. ,

The non-transparent method, first, in the non-transparent connection with the "terminal" connection, but using the non-transparent same number, as shown in Figure 1, the rest process can be

101, the first non-transparent second non-transparent terminal in each body, the same interface, the same terminal, each interface, at the connection terminal

Since the first non-transparent and the second non-transparent are the same as the "terminal" connection, the same path can be established by the existing PC E line, and the non-transparent and the second non-transparent are not required. The master is not determined, that is, the master is not determined to be the non-transparent, and the second opaque is the work of the non-transparent, the second opaque master, and also It does not need to be configured separately, but it is established by the non-transparent interface of the other non-transparent terminal.

The second non-transparent terminal of the non-transparent body, the second interface is received, and the generation is successful.

The interfaces of the terminal are non-transparent, non-transparent After receiving the success, you can create the same in the same.

102, the first non-transparent configuration, example, can be configured according to the existing PC E

103. The second non-transparent of the non-transparent configuration

.

In addition to the above in the non-transparent with the establishment of the sheep, that is to establish the first

In addition, it is also possible to establish multiple or more cases in non-transparent, and some of them may be established or in the same way, and the operations of each phase may be completed. Outside "name second, then, you can

The second non-transparent terminal interface and the second non-transparent second establish the second, the second of which can be established by the second non-transparent, and the second non-transparent configuration is established in the second path by the second non-transparent configuration. The first non-transparent can be second. That is to say, the first non-transparent and the second non-transparent have the same as the second and the second, and the system can be non-transparent. If the fault occurs in the other, the operation of each phase can be completed, and the normal operation is performed.

However, the establishment of the first, the existing PC E can be established in the second interface of the non-invasive terminal and the second non-transparent, the second operation, the non-transparent and the second non-transparent are not required If the master does not decide the master, it does not need to be separately configured, but it is established, but the non-transparent is directly connected to the established non-transparent terminal interface examples.

The second non-transparent body is the non-transparent terminal interface, the non-transparent body terminal is received by each interface,

If the generation is successful, each interface of the terminal returns to the second non-transparent, and the second can be established in the same way.

Explain that this refers to PC E, this The same is true, so after the road is established, the number of non-transparent and identical can still be in accordance with the existing PCE. In addition to the above, the first non-transparent and the second non-transparent are the same as the sheep (ie, the first) or (ie, the first and Second, outside, more than one can be established, the method in front of it, no longer here.

From the above, this is connected in the non-transparent connection with the "terminal" connection, but the non-transparent same number is used. Since the non-transparent is the connection mode of the terminal, it is not necessary to establish the configuration on the road. By not determining the main and separate configuration, the resource occupancy in the setup configuration can be reduced and, in addition to the existing wood, the connection mode can be supported by the existing PCE, as understood by the user.

Second,

The method will be described in detail below. The party, in this, will be explained in detail, and the non-transparent non-transparent, non-transparent, second non-transparent.

The configuration of PCE can only be from north or north, and does not support downlink to uplink. Moreover, each terminal only has a CRS with the same address.

0, so if the downstream terminals are each, then the US 0 is downstream.

The PCE mentioned above makes the connection between the non-transparent and the second non-transparent and can be supported by the existing PCE. It needs the existing system transformation, but it can also be re-established.

2, in the present embodiment, the processor and the processor are respectively connected to each other, and each of the interfaces is connected to the interfaces of the non-transparent (ie, non-transparent and second non-transparent) terminals. Because the non-transparent expressiveness is connected to each interface of the terminal, the non-transparent joints in the respective configurations are the terminals (or each), so that the received message is not, but can be different from the same device. And different The second opaque terminal is connected to each other, and the second non-transparent non-transparent terminal is connected. The connection between the non-transparent and the second non-transparent terminals, and the second non-transparent and non-transparent terminals can be directly established according to the existing PCE. In the non-transparent (ie, non-transparent and second non-transparent) schemes, the interfaces of the terminals in the main non-transparent are connected, or the interfaces and connections of the terminals in the non-transparent are mainly operated by the unaddressed, the ep, and the ep. , and the number in the system.

Explain that non-transparent allows for a composite or PCE interface or multiple shared address windows, and the same communication with the processor, non-transparent usually can also include the other side of the register (oo than e Regse), and A temporary register ( c ac adRegse ). can

3. Both the non-transparent neutral and the second non-transparent can include a port register and a scratchpad register.

Firstly, the non-transparent internal ones can make the second non-transparent terminal interfaces, that is, (or downstream) the respective terminals, and then the non-transparent direct connection between the US and the second non-transparent terminal interfaces is established. The second opaque reception is successful, and the interface of the terminal is non-transparent, and the non-transparent reception is successful, and the phase is established according to the phase of the PCE, that is, the non-transparent The interfaces of the two non-transparent terminals are the same as the first.

After the road is established, the first non-transparent needs the first configuration, and can be configured according to the existing PCE configuration.

Non-transparent Second opaque The same number of directions, that is, non-transparent. Hugh's phase of the existing PCE is no longer here.

Explain that, in this, mainly non-transparent included It is understood that the second non-transparent includes, but the interfaces of the non-transparent terminal are the same, the manner is the same as before, and no further here, it is stated that the solution provided by the present solution is not limited to this combination. It is also the same as the system with more than (above) the number of the processor, which is not the same as the way.

From the above, the sheep that are connected in the non-transparent connection with the "terminal" connection are used, and the non-transparent and identical numbers are used. Since the non-transparent is the "terminal" connection, the configuration is not established on the road. The need to pass the undecided master and separate configuration can reduce the resource occupation in the establishment configuration and, in addition, the existing connection can be supported by the existing PC E, and the user understands.

three,

The difference is that in the non-transparent, the "-terminal" connection of the sheep is established, and the present will be established with the "-terminal" connection in the non-transparent, ie, the non-transparent and the second non-transparent. The detailed description of the way to connect.

3, in the same, in the system, the processor and the processor are respectively connected to each other, but the respective connection is in the non-transparent (ie, the non-transparent and the second non-transparent) terminals. The interface, because of the non-transparent expressiveness, connects the interfaces of the terminal to each other. Therefore, in the respective configurations, the non-transparent joints are the terminals (or each), so that the connected messages are not, but different interfaces can be used. Same as the same, that is, the second non-transparent and the second non-transparent

- the connection mode of the terminal, that is, the non-transparent second non-transparent terminal interface connection, the non-transparent and the second non-transparent terminal respectively establish the same path, and the configuration may be directly followed. The existing PC E is not fixed. In addition, the scheme is non-transparent (that is, the second In the transparent and the second non-transparent), the interfaces of the terminals in the main non-transparent are connected, or the interfaces and connections of the terminals in the non-transparent are mainly operated by the unaddressed, the ep, and the like, and the numbers in the system.

First, the non-transparent, that is, the first non-transparent and the second non-transparent respectively, the internal non-transparent body, the second non-transparent second non-transparent terminal interface, the same, the second non-transparent Transparent inside, can make the second opaque

The non-transparent terminal interfaces, that is, the transparently different (or downstream) terminals, respectively, so that the non-transparent direct connection is established from the US to the second non-transparent terminal interface. The second opaque reception is successful, and the interface of the terminal is non-transparent, and the non-transparent reception is successful, and the phase is established according to the phase of the PCE, that is, the second non-transparent non-transparent The interfaces of the transparent terminal are the same as the first one. The second opaque one can also be directly established by the interface of the non-zero terminal. The non-transparent reception is successful, and the generation is successful. Successful second opaque, the second opaque received success, can be established in accordance with the phase of the PCE, that is, the first non-transparent

The second non-transparent terminal is the same as the second interface.

After the first and second paths are established, configuration is required, and the rest can be configured by the non-transparent first, and the second non-transparent second. Configuration, the configuration can be configured according to the existing PCE.

Configuration, you can (ie, the second and second) the non-transparent second opaque same number of directions, that is, non-transparent. Hugh, can synchronize methods to synchronize. Some of these reasons are established or in the same way, and the remaining ones can complete the operation of each phase. However, the sheep mode is the same.

Hugh's phase of the existing PCE is no longer here. Explain that, in addition to this combination, the solution provided by the company is the same as the system with more than (the above), and the number of the rest of the processor, which is similar in this way, is no longer here.

From the above, the sheep that are connected in the non-transparent connection with the connection of the terminal are used, and the non-transparent same number is used. Since the non-transparent is the connection mode of the terminal, it is not necessary to establish the configuration on the road. By not determining the main and separate configuration, the resource occupancy in the setup configuration can be reduced and, in addition to the existing wood, the connection mode can be supported by the existing PE, and understood by the user. Step, not

The connection method used is the unity of the 妳, and there is a better interchange in the complete phase.

,

Better to apply the above method, the phase provides non-transparent, 4, non-transparent 400 includes the first established sheep 401, the first configuration sheep 402 and the first sheep 403 to better illustrate the different sheep, 4 in the other non-transparent, Second opaque 600

The first set up sheep 401, in the second non-transparent 600 terminal of each body, the same interface

The first configuration sheep 402, the first configuration sheep 403 established in the first establishment sheep 401, the first configuration of the sheep configuration 402 Non-transparent 600.

The first established sheep 401 may include a child and a receiving sheep.

Ask the child, the body of the second non-transparent 600 terminal

The first receiving sub-goat, the terminal that receives the second non-transparent 600 in the body, seeks the success of the return of the child.

In addition to the non-transparent connection with the terminal - the "connection" of the sheep, it is possible to establish multiple "-terminal" connection methods, than the establishment - terminal "connection", if in

If the fault occurs, the other phases can be completed, and the normal operation can be performed. Thus, as shown at 4, the non-transparent 400 can include a second established sheep 404 and a second sheep 405

The second set sheep 404, the second interface 214 is configured by the second interface 205, and the second opaque 600 is configured by the second set sheep 404. second.

The second establishing sheep 404 may include a second receiving child and a sheep

a second receiving sub-leg, each terminal of the terminal receiving the second non-transparent 600 to establish the second

The child sheep, received in the second receiver, the terminal of each terminal returns to the second non-transparent 600.

Hugh, non-transparent 400 Hugh 2 or 3, that is, non-transparent 400 Hugh can include terminals of each terminal, and can include other interfaces of the interface, for the purpose of other non-transparent, but can include port registers and temporary Save the register, the above connection mode and Hugh and can be no longer.

Explain that, in addition to this combination, the scheme provided by the firm is also the same as the system with more than (the above), and the number of the restoring devices is mainly due to the similarity. No longer here.

From the above, the non-transparent 400 of the first established sheep 401 and / or second The establishment of the sheep 404 can be established in the non-transparent connection with the "terminal" connection, and the non-transparent number is used. Since the non-transparent is the "terminal" connection, the configuration is established on the road. No need to pass the undecided master and separate

Configuration, which can reduce the resource usage in the setup configuration

Moreover, compared to the existing wood, the connection method can be supported by the existing PCE, which is understood by the user. ,

In contrast, the present disclosure provides that the communication system includes a non-transparent 501 and a second non-transparent 502.

The first non-transparent 501, in the second non-transparent 502 terminal of each body, the same interface, the first configuration, the first configuration

Second non-transparent 502

Second non-transparent 502, in the first non-transparent 501

.

Since the non-transparent 501 and the second non-transparent 502 are the same as the "terminal", the same path can be established by the existing PCE line, where the non-transparent 501 and the second non-transparent 502 are located. It is not necessary to pass the undetermined master, that is, it is not determined to be the master of the non-transparent 501, the force of the second opaque 502 is the force of the non-transparent 501, and the second opaque 502 is located. Force master, and, also, do not need separate configuration, only to

Established, but by the non-transparent directly established non-transparent terminal interfaces, therefore,

The first non-transparent 501, the interface of the terminal that establishes the second non-transparent 502, and the success of each interface of the terminal that receives the second non-transparent 502 to establish the non-transparent 501, the second non-transparent 502 Same

The second non-transparent 502 receives the non-501 of each interface of the terminal at the body, and returns the interfaces of the terminal Successfully non-transparent 501.

In addition, it is also possible to establish multiple or more cases in non-transparent, and some of them may be established or in the same way, and the operations of each phase may be completed. Therefore, under

The first non-transparent 501, the second interface of the interface between the terminal and the second non-transparent 502 is established in the second, the second configuration in the second non-transparent 502, and the second configuration

The second opaque 502 is in the second configuration.

Establishing the first, the existing PCE can establish the second in the non-transparent 501 terminal interface and the second non-transparent 502, and the second non-transparent 501 and the second non-transparent 502 are located. There is no need to pass the undecided master, nor do you need to configure the body separately, but the non-transparent terminal is directly connected to the established non-transparent terminal interface, that is, the non-transparent 501, the terminal of the body. Each interface receives the second opaque 502, and the interfaces of the ubiquitous terminal are returned to the second opaque 502 to establish the second opaque 501, the second opaque 502, and the second

The second non-transparent 502, the terminal of the non-transparent 501 terminal of the body, and the terminal of the terminal that receives the non-transparent 501 are successfully returned.

The rest of the above communication system can be used in the front, and it is no longer here. In addition, it is explained that the solution provided by the company, in addition to this combination, is also the same as the system with more than (more) The number of processors is mainly due to the fact that they are not in the same way.

From the above, the communication system can establish a connection with a "terminal" connection in a non-transparent manner, and use a non-transparent same number. Since the non-transparent is the "terminal" connection method, So it is not necessary to establish a configuration on the road Undetermined master and separate configuration can reduce the resource occupation in the established configuration and, in addition, the existing connection can be supported by the existing PC E, and the user understands. Steps, you can build more security in non-transparent, so that

Among them, the fault can be completed, and the operation of each phase can be completed.

Explain that, although the existing non-transparent transformation, but only the non-transparent and the same establishment and configuration of the household, after the road is established, the number of non-transparent and the same, and the internal number is not, non-transparent and internal Still can follow the existing PC E. ,

The non-transparent method, first, in the non-transparent connection with the "terminal" connection, but using the non-transparent same number, 6 shows that the rest process can be

601, the second non-transparent body, the second non-transparent terminal, each interface

602. The second non-transparent body receives the second non-transparent terminal.

603, the first non-transparent configuration

604, the first non-transparent configuration

605, the terminal of the non-transparent body, each interface receives the second non-transparent to establish the second

606, the terminal of the non-transparent body, each interface returns successfully, the second non-transparent

607, second non-transparent configuration

608, the second non-transparent configuration.

It is stated that the term refers to PC E, and the same is true, so after the road is established, the number of non-transparent is still the same. However, according to the existing PCE, in addition to the above, in the first non-transparent and the second non-transparent, the establishment of the sheep (ie, the first) or (ie, the second and the second), more than one can be established, the method is as before, No longer here.

From the above, in the non-transparent connection with the establishment of the "terminal" connection, the use of non-transparent and the same number, because non-transparent is the terminal connection method, so in the road establishment configuration, It is not necessary to pass the undetermined main and separate configuration, which can reduce the resource occupation in the established configuration. Moreover, compared with the existing wood, the connection mode can be supported by the existing PCE, and the user understands.

,

Better to apply the above method, the phase provides non-transparent, as shown in 7, the non-transparent 700 includes the first established sheep 701, the first configured sheep 702 and the first sheep 703

The first set up sheep 701, in the second non-transparent terminal of the body, the same interface

The first configuration sheep 702, the first configuration sheep 703 established in the first establishment sheep 701, and the second non-transparent configuration configured in the first configuration sheep 702.

Wherein, the first established sheep 701 may include a child sheep 7011 and a first receiving child 7012

Ask the child 7011, the second non-transparent terminal in the body.

The first receiving sub-goat 7012, the body receiving the second non-transparent terminal interface, seeks the success of the return of the sheep.

In addition to the non-transparent and the establishment of the terminal - the connection of the sheep, you can establish more "-terminal" connection mode, than the establishment - terminal connection mode, if in, where If there is a fault, then the rest of the operations can be completed, and it can be done routinely. Therefore, as shown in 7, the non-transparent 700 may include a second established sheep 704 and a second sheep 705

The second establishing sheep 704 establishes a second, second, and second non-transparent configuration at each terminal of the terminal and the second opaque

The second sheep 705 is configured to be second by the second established sheep 704.

As shown in FIG. 9, the second established sheep 704 may include a second receiving child 7041 and a child sheep 7042.

The second receiving sub-goel 7041, the terminal of each terminal receives the second non-transparent to establish the second

The child sheep 7042, received in the second receiver, the terminal of each terminal returns successfully second opaque.

Hugh, non-transparent 700 Hugh 2 or 3, that is, non-transparent 700 Hugh can include the terminals of each terminal, and can include other interfaces of the other terminals, to achieve the purpose of non-transparent and the same, of course, can include the port register and the temporary Save the register, the above connection mode and Hugh and can be no longer.

From the above, the non-transparent 700 of the first established sheep 701 and / or the second established sheep 704 can be established in the non-transparent with the connection of the terminal "connected" sheep, or use the non-transparent same number, due to Transparent use is the connection method of "terminals". Therefore, it is not necessary to determine the main and separate configurations in the path establishment configuration, which can reduce the resource occupation in the established configuration.

Moreover, compared to the existing wood, the connection method can be supported by the existing PCE, and is understood by the user. The step is that the hardware of the program uncommanded phase is not completed, and the program can be stored in the storable storage, which can include a memory (RO, Read O ye oy), an access (M4, R do Access e oy, or the like.

The above non-transparent methods, non-transparent and communication systems are introduced. In this paper, the principles and methods of Hugh are used. The above descriptions are only used to help understand the method and the same. Wood, according to the idea of this, in the way of rest and solid, on, the content of this description does not understand the power.

Claims

Requirements 1. Non-transparent methods, which are characterized by

The second non-transparent terminal in the body is the same as the interface.

Non-transparent

The second non-transparent of the non-transparent configuration.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-transparent second non-transparent terminal interface is the same as the first

The second non-transparent body establishes the second non-terminal

The non-transparent body receives the second non-transparent terminal and each interface returns successfully.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, which is characterized by

The first non-transparent terminal in the body and the second non-transparent second and second by the second non-transparent configuration

The second non-transparent configuration.

4. The method of claim 3, characterized in that the non-transparent end of the interface and the second non-transparent

Terminals that are not transparent, each interface receives a second opaque

Establishing the second

The terminal of the non-transparent body returns the success of the second non-transparent.

5, non-transparent, its special features, including

The first establishment of the sheep, the second non-transparent terminal in the body, the same interface

The first configuration sheep, the first configuration of the first sheep established in the first sheep, is configured to be the second non-transparent configuration of the sheep configuration.

6. The non-transparency of requirement 5, which is characterized in that the first establishment of the sheep includes

Qingqizi sheep, in the body of the establishment of the first Second non-transparent terminal interface

The first receiving child, the receiving second non-transparent terminal of the body, respectively, requests the success of the return of the child.

7. Requirements 5 or 6 are non-transparent, and are characterized in that, including the second establishing sheep, the interfaces at the end of the body and the second non-transparent are the second and second by the second non-transparent configuration.

The second sheep, in the second set established by the second established sheep

.

8. The non-transparency of requirement 7, which is characterized in that the second established sheep includes

The second receiving sub-goel, the terminal of each terminal receives the second non-transparent to establish the second

The sub-goat is received by the second receiver, and the interface of each terminal is successfully returned to the second opaque.

9. The god communication system is characterized in that it comprises a non-transparent and a second non-transparent non-transparent, and the second non-transparent terminal interface is established in the second non-transparent terminal, and the second non-transparent configuration is configured.

The second opaque, the first non-transparent.

10. The communication system of Requirement 9, which is characterized by

The first non-transparent, in the first configuration of the second non-transparent terminal interface, the success of receiving the second non-transparent terminal interface to establish the non-transparent second non-transparent same First

The second opaque, the terminal of each terminal receives the non-transparent, and the interfaces of the terminal are successfully non-transparent.