WO2010078303A2 - Système d'arrêt de sécurité électrique et dispositifs pour modules photovoltaïques - Google Patents

Système d'arrêt de sécurité électrique et dispositifs pour modules photovoltaïques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010078303A2
WO2010078303A2 PCT/US2009/069658 US2009069658W WO2010078303A2 WO 2010078303 A2 WO2010078303 A2 WO 2010078303A2 US 2009069658 W US2009069658 W US 2009069658W WO 2010078303 A2 WO2010078303 A2 WO 2010078303A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
enable signal
module
switch element
modules
shutoff
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2009/069658
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English (en)
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WO2010078303A3 (fr
Inventor
Michael Gostein
Russell Apfel
Lawrence R. Dunn
William Stueve
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Atonometrics, Inc.
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Publication of WO2010078303A2 publication Critical patent/WO2010078303A2/fr
Publication of WO2010078303A3 publication Critical patent/WO2010078303A3/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H1/00—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
    • H02H1/0007—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements concerning the detecting means
    • H02H1/0015—Using arc detectors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/02016—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices
    • H01L31/02019—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
    • H01L31/02021—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00016—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using a wired telecommunication network or a data transmission bus
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00022—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using wireless data transmission
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00032—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for
    • H02J13/00036—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving switches, relays or circuit breakers
    • H02J13/0004—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving switches, relays or circuit breakers involved in a protection system
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/35—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering with light sensitive cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/20—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for electronic equipment
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/70—Smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the energy generation sector
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/12—Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation
    • Y04S10/123—Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation the energy generation units being or involving renewable energy sources
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
    • Y04S40/12—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment
    • Y04S40/124—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment using wired telecommunication networks or data transmission busses
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
    • Y04S40/12—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment
    • Y04S40/126—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment using wireless data transmission

Definitions

  • Atonometrics, Inc. (Assignee) ELECTRICAL SAFETY SHUTOFF SYSTEM AND DEVICES FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES
  • the invention relates to an electrical safety shutoff system and associated devices that can disable the electrical output of individual photovoltaic modules, also known as solar panels, in a photovoltaic array.
  • PV solar energy generation systems use photovoltaic cells (“solar cells”) to produce electricity from sunlight. They are typically implemented as arrays of individual panels, referred to as PV modules, wherein each module contains multiple cells.
  • PV modules One difficulty with PV systems is that, whenever sunlight is incident on a PV array, the modules will be energized and cannot be turned off. This situation presents certain safety problems.
  • FIGURE 1 illustrates the typical layout of a PV array, with optional elements indicated by dashed lines.
  • Individual modules 100 are connected in series to form one or more strings 110 having desired output voltage; multiple strings 110 are combined in parallel at one or more string-combiners 120 to aggregate power; and the outputs of the one or more string combiners 120 are fed to one or more inverters 140 which convert the direct current (DC) output of the PV modules 100 to alternating current (AC), which is then provided to a load or utility grid.
  • the series connection of multiple modules 100 is used to achieve high voltages that minimize resistive losses in current-carrying wires comprising the DC power lines 105 which interconnect the system elements.
  • array short-circuit involves implementing a safety system including a switching device that can electrically short-circuit the positive and negative DC outputs of the PV array to each other in order to bring the array voltage to zero, thereby removing the hazard of electric shock when the switching device is activated.
  • array disconnect involves implementing a switching device that can disconnect the array from the inverter 140 and load, creating an open circuit that brings the array current to zero and removes electrical hazards from the inverter and load portions of the circuit.
  • a shortcoming of both array short-circuit and array disconnect methods is that they disable only a portion of the PV array.
  • an array disconnect system only the portion of the array located between the switching element and the inverter or load is disabled, while hazards persist in the remainder of the array.
  • an array short-circuit device appears to disable the entire PV system, it is only effective if all electrical interconnects are functioning properly. If one section of the array becomes disconnected due to interconnect failures or wiring disruption, that section will not be shorted and will still present an electrical hazard.
  • Another system for electrical disconnection uses thermally activated switches that can short-circuit portions of the array if an over-temperature condition is detected. However, this system only responds to thermal triggers. Furthermore, with this system it is difficult for personnel to know with certainty when the PV array, or any portion of it, has been disabled.
  • a significant potential hazard in a PV array is electrical arcing, particularly because PV systems use DC rather than AC electricity.
  • arc faults in an electrical system can be of several types. Series arcs occur when normal current flow is interrupted at failed or improper interconnections, while parallel arcs occur when a portion of the circuit is short-circuited due to failed electrical isolation. Ground faults are a special case of parallel arcs.
  • arc detection circuitry can be implemented for PV arrays, as indicated by the optional fault detection and interrupt 130 in Figure 1. For example, Haeberlin and Real outline an approach to arc detection in "Arc Detector for Remote Detection of Dangerous Arcs on the DC Side of PV Plants" in the proceedings of the 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Milano, Italy, September 2007.
  • a shortcoming of this type of system is that it requires the ability to distinguish between series and parallel arcs, which require different countermeasures. Furthermore, applying the wrong countermeasure can worsen the problem. In addition, either array short-circuit or array disconnect may result in disabling only a portion of the system, as already discussed.
  • various products have been introduced which include the capability to individually disconnect each module 100 in a PV array by activating a switch incorporated into the module 100 via a control signal. For example, this feature has been incorporated within such products as micro-inverters, power optimizers, and monitoring systems, designed to be installed on individual PV modules 100. Such systems permit individual modules 100 to be disconnected, thus limiting any electrical hazard.
  • the invention provides a method, system, and associated devices that can be used to disable the electrical output of an array of PV modules 100. It is an object of the invention to provide a system that can confine electrical power within individual PV modules 100 and eliminate hazards at wiring and interconnections, and to do so with greater reliability and lower cost than prior approaches.
  • Another advantage of the disclosed subject matter is to disable a particular module, sub-array, array, or entire system in response to user control, an electrical anomaly, or other emergency.
  • Yet another advantage of the disclosed subject matter is to reduce or eliminate electrical shock hazards independent of malfunctioning electrical interconnects.
  • An additional advantage of the disclosed subject matter is to reduce or eliminate hazards attributable to arcing faults.
  • FIGURE 2 depicts an overview of a shutoff system according to the disclosed subject matter. Labels on some repeated elements are omitted for clarity, and dashed lines indicate optional elements or combinations of elements.
  • the system consists of individual "shutoff circuits" 300, each of which can disable the electrical output of a single module 100; and one or more “enable signal generators” 400, each of which transmits signals to the shutoff circuits 300 to enable electrical power output from their associated modules 100.
  • the shutoff circuits 300 are designed such that, in the absence of an enable signal 310, the shutoff circuits 300 revert to a safe state in which the module 100 power is disabled.
  • the shutoff circuits 300 are integrated into the assemblies or the junction boxes of their associated modules 100.
  • the enable signal 310 is transmitted via the DC power lines 105 of the PV array, such that no additional wiring to the modules is required beyond the normal interconnections.
  • Figure 2 depicts only one string 110, but it should be understood that the system could contain a plurality of strings 110.
  • Each shutoff circuit 300 contains at least a switch element 330 and a signal detector 320.
  • the switch element 330 is arranged such that in its normal state, the module 100 power output is disabled.
  • the signal detector 320 detects the presence of the enable signal 310 and, if the enable signal 310 is present, causes the switch element 330 to change to a state that enables module 100 power output.
  • the shutoff circuit 300 may be implemented as a combination of discrete devices or integrated substantially into a single device or integrated circuit.
  • circuit interrupter a normally open switch element 330 is placed in series with the PV generating capacity 102 of the module 100, such that in the default state, the circuit is interrupted.
  • the signal detector 320 causes the switch 330 to close to complete the circuit when an enable signal 310 is detected.
  • circuit shorter denoted “circuit shorter,” (NOTE: 300 refers to the shutoff circuit of the circuit interrupter embodiment whereas 301 refers to the shutoff circuit of the circuit shorter embodiment; however, on the figures, 300 and 301 refer to the same diagram element and for clarity 301 has been omitted in some figures)
  • a normally closed switch element 331 (NOTE: 330 refers to the switch of the circuit interrupter embodiment whereas 331 refers to the switch of the circuit shorter embodiment; however, on the figures, 330 and 331 refer to the same diagram element and for clarity 331 has been omitted in some figures) is placed in parallel with the PV generating capacity 102 such that in the default state, the circuit is shorted.
  • a signal detector 321 (NOTE: 320 refers to the signal detector of the circuit interrupter embodiment whereas 321 refers to the signal detector of the circuit shorter embodiment; however, on the figures, 320 and 321 refer to the same diagram element and for clarity 321 has been omitted in some figures) opens the switch 331 when the enable signal 310 is detected.
  • the shutoff circuit, signal detector, and switch of the circuit interrupter versus circuit shorter embodiments 300, 320, 330) and (301, 321, 331), respectively, are understood to be interchangeable where the context does not distinguish between one and the other.
  • the shutoff circuit 300 is passive, in the sense of requiring no independent power source and containing no logic elements.
  • the signal detector 300 changes the state of the switch element 330 using only energy derived from the enable signal 310.
  • the shutoff circuit 300 is powered by its associated module 100, and uses this power to amplify the signal detection and activate the switch element 330.
  • the shutoff circuit 300 is powered by its associated module and also contains a controller 360 (not shown) that can control the switch element 330.
  • the controller 360 could cause the module 100 power output to be disabled even when the enable signal 310 is present.
  • the shutoff circuit 300 includes both a controller 360
  • controller 360 (not shown) and sensing elements (370 (not shown), 371 (not shown)) with which the controller 360 (not shown) can detect arc faults or ground faults in its associated module 100, and the controller 360 can cause the switch element 330 to disable module 100 power output in order to protect against detected faults.
  • Each enable signal generator 400 generates an enable signal 310 that, when detected by the shutoff circuits 300, will enable module 100 power output.
  • the enable signal 310 may be, for example, a high-frequency AC current or voltage.
  • the enable signal 310 is transmitted continuously in order to maintain module 100 power output.
  • the enable signal 310 is transmitted at regular intervals, and module 100 power output is disabled if the enable signal 310 is not detected by the shutoff circuit 300 within a predetermined time.
  • the enable signal 310 may be modulated in order to encode information, which may be received by a controller 360 (not shown) within a shutoff circuit 300 or by another device. Such information could include, for example, instructions to enable or disable the power output of a particular module 100.
  • enable signal generator 400 For small PV arrays, only a single enable signal generator 400 is required. For larger arrays, multiple enable signal generators 400 may be used. These may be combined in a master-slave relationship.
  • the enable signal generator 400 includes a power supply 430 (not shown) for generating the enable signal 310.
  • the power supply 430 (not shown) derives power from a power source external to the PV array, such as an electric grid. In another embodiment, power is derived directly from the PV array. In either case, the enable signal generator 400 may include an energy storage device 432 (not shown) such as a battery, to facilitate starting the signal generation without the external power source.
  • the enable signal generator 400 may contain a disconnect switch 444 (not shown) to remove the enable signal 310 from the PV array, thus shutting off the array. It may also shut off the array in response to control signals from other equipment, such as inverters 140, fault detection systems 130, or other devices.
  • Enable signal generators 400 may be integrated with other components of the PV array, such as inverters 140 and/or string combiners (120, 121).
  • FIGURE 1 depicts the typical layout of a photovoltaic array, including multiple parallel strings of series-connected PV modules, according to the prior art. Dashed lines indicate optional elements or combinations of elements.
  • FIGURE 2 depicts a schematic diagram of a PV array incorporating a shutoff system according to the disclosed subject matter. Only one of a potential plurality of module strings is depicted. Dashed lines indicate optional elements or combinations of elements.
  • FIGURE 3 depicts a schematic diagram of a PV array incorporating a safety shutoff system according to the disclosed subject matter, in which multiple enable signal generators are used to enable modules in multiple PV sub-arrays. Dashed lines indicate optional elements or combinations of elements.
  • FIGURE 4 depicts a comparison of voltages along a PV module string with circuits enabled versus disabled when using shutoff circuits in the circuit interrupter embodiment.
  • FIGURE 5 depicts the functional elements of a shutoff circuit in the circuit interrupter embodiment. Dashed lines indicate optional elements or combinations of elements.
  • FIGURE 6 depicts an electrical schematic of a simple exemplary implementation of a shutoff circuit in the circuit interrupter embodiment.
  • FIGURE 7 depicts an electrical schematic of a second exemplary implementation of a shutoff circuit, in which power from the associated PV module is used to amplify detection of the enable signal.
  • FIGURE 8 depicts the functional elements of a shutoff circuit device in the circuit shorter embodiment. Dashed lines indicate optional elements or combinations of elements.
  • FIGURE 9 depicts a comparison of voltages along a PV module string with circuits enabled versus disabled when using shutoff circuits in the circuit shorter embodiment.
  • FIGURE 10 depicts functional elements of an enable signal generator. Dashed lines indicate optional elements or combinations of elements.
  • Figure 2 depicts a PV array incorporating a module-level shutoff system according to the disclosed subject matter. Dashed lines indicate optional elements and combinations of elements. The figure depicts only a single string 110, but it should be understood that multiple strings 110 could be present and combined at a string combiner (120, 121), which is not shown.
  • shutoff circuit 300 is associated with each
  • the shutoff circuit 100 comprises at least a switch element 330 and a signal detector 320.
  • an enable signal generator 400 couples an enable signal 310 onto the DC power lines 105 interconnecting the modules 100.
  • the enable signal 310 may be, for example, a high-frequency AC voltage or current.
  • the enable signal 310 could be delivered by a separate wired or wireless communication medium; however, this would increase the cost of implementation.
  • the shutoff circuits 300 are configured such that the electrical output of each module 100 is enabled only when the enable signal 310 is present. In the absence of the enable signal 310, the shutoff circuits 300 revert to a safe state in which electrical output from the modules 100 is disabled.
  • the enable signal 310 is transmitted continuously in order to maintain module 100 power output. In another embodiment, the enable signal 310 is transmitted at regular intervals, and module 100 power output is disabled if the enable signal 310 is not detected by the shutoff circuit 300 within a pre-determined time. In one embodiment, the enable signal 310 may be modulated in order to encode information, which may be received by a controller 360 (not shown) within a shutoff circuit 300 or by another device. Such information could include, for example, instructions to enable or disable the power output of a particular module 100.
  • the enable signal generator 400 may be controlled from a control panel 410, and the control panel 410 may include a manual shutoff switch 444 (not shown) that stops the enable signal 310 and therefore disables the modules 100.
  • the enable signal generator 400 may also respond to control signals from other equipment, such as signals from an inverter 140, fault detection equipment 130, or other equipment. Similarly, the enable signal generator 400 may respond to signals from fire alarms or other safety systems. Response to these control signals allows automatic shutoff of the PV array.
  • the enable signal generator 400 may be a separate piece of equipment, or, as illustrated by dashed lines in Figure 2, may be integrated with an inverter 140 or other equipment.
  • Figure 2 depicts a particular embodiment (denoted “circuit interrupter”) in which a normally open switch element 330 is in series with the PV generating capacity 102 and the switch element 330 is closed only when the enable signal 310 is detected.
  • a normally closed switch element 331 is in parallel with the PV generating capacity 102 and the switch element 331 is opened only when the enable signal 310 is detected.
  • an optional PV bypass diode 340 may be included allowing current flowing in a string 110 to bypass a disconnected module 100.
  • a PV array may contain multiple enable signal generators
  • FIGURE 3 depicts a PV array with multiple sub-arrays 125, wherein each sub-array has a slave enable signal generator 401 which in turn requires signals from master enable signal generator 402 in order to output its own signal, such that in the absence of a signal from the master 402 each sub-array 125 will be disabled.
  • the various enable signal generators (400, 401, 402) may be integrated with other PV array equipment.
  • the master 402 could optionally be integrated with an inverter 141 and the slaves 401 could optionally be integrated with string combiners 121.
  • the master enable signal may be delivered to the slaves 401 via the DC power lines 106, or may be delivered via a separate wired or wireless communication link 404.
  • FIGURE 4 further depicts the operation of the shutoff system, in a circuit interrupter embodiment.
  • the figure compares the voltages along an exemplary string 110' when the shutoff circuits 300 are enabled (left side - Figure 4A) versus disabled (right side - Figure 4B).
  • the exemplary string 110' consists of 12 modules 100', wherein the modules 100' have a max power point voltage of 25 V and an open circuit voltage of 35 V, and where the negative terminal of the string 110' is at ground potential (0 V).
  • the enable signal 310 is present (left side - Figure 4A) signal detectors 320 cause the normally open switch elements to close (330') and the modules 100' are enabled.
  • a shutoff system will automatically protect against hazards caused by breaking of wiring or opening of connectors during operation of the PV array. If an open circuit develops within a module string 110 or along any interconnecting wiring, the enable signal 310 will be blocked and therefore the modules 100 beyond the open circuit point will be shut off.
  • FIGURE 5 depicts the functional elements of the shutoff circuit 300 in the circuit interrupter embodiment. Optional elements are shown with dashed lines.
  • the shutoff circuit 300 is connected to the PV generating capacity 102 of its associated module 100 through the "PV + In” and “PV - In” terminals (305, 306) and is connected to the PV array via the "PV + Out” and “PV - Out” terminals (307, 308). Note that the polarity refers to the relative voltage and not to the direction of positive current flow through the shutoff circuit 300, which is from “-" to "+”.
  • a normally-open switch element 330 is in series with either the "+" or "-" leg of the circuit.
  • the switch element 330 may be, for example, a mechanical relay or a solid-state device such as a transistor.
  • FET field-effect transistor
  • the switch element 330 should be designed to withstand the inductive voltages that may be created when it opens and disrupts the string 110 current. Therefore, the switch element 330 may preferentially be designed to open slowly enough to limit inductive voltages to acceptable levels, and/or may include a bypass element such as a diode to suppress transient voltage spikes.
  • a signal detector 320 is placed in series with either the "+" or "-" leg of the circuit.
  • the signal detector 320 detects the enable signal 310 and causes the switch element 330 to close when the enable signal 310 is present.
  • the signal detector 320 may be implemented, for example, as an inductive or capacitive filter or resonant circuit, or in another manner.
  • passive (unamp lifted) detection of the enable signal 310 causes the circuit to drive the control gate of switch element 330 to enable module 100 power output.
  • a PV bypass element 340 such as a diode, may be included to allow the module
  • the signal detector 320 must be positioned within the portion of the circuit that will remain in series with the rest of the array when the PV bypass 340 is activated, to ensure that the enable signal 310 can be sensed.
  • the PV bypass 340 could also be implemented as a switch element with a control terminal.
  • a signal bypass 345 such as a capacitor, may be included in parallel with the PV bypass 340 to permit passage of the enable signal 310.
  • the shutoff circuit 300 includes a power supply 350 that draws power from the associated PV module 100 in order to operate active components.
  • the power supply 350 could consist of a resistive divider, a zener diode, or a voltage regulator integrated circuit, together with a filter capacitor.
  • a driver circuit 325 is used to amplify the output of the signal detector 320 and operate the switch element 330.
  • the driver 325 may include an operational amplifier.
  • a controller 360 such as a microcontroller, may be included.
  • the controller 360 may analyze the enable signal 310 received by the signal detector 320 and may either enable or disable the switch element 330 via the driver 325 according to internal logic.
  • the enable signal 310 may be modulated in order to encode information, which may be received by the controller 360. Such information could include, for example, instructions to enable or disable the power output of a particular module 100.
  • the controller 360 may also contain a communication mechanism, such as a wireless link, allowing the shutoff circuit 300 to be either enabled or disabled in response to a remote signal. In one embodiment, the wireless communication link could be used to deliver the enable signal 310, instead of delivering it via the DC power line.
  • current sense elements (370, 371) are included in series with the "+" and "-" legs of the circuit, and the sensed currents are analyzed by the controller 360.
  • the current sense elements (370, 371) permit the detection of ground faults or arc faults within the module 100, through analysis of the sensed signals using logic within the controller 360. The controller 360 may therefore cause the module 100 to shut off due to a locally detected fault.
  • voltage sense elements could be included in addition to or instead of the current sense elements (370, 371).
  • individual modules 100 can be disabled according to logic within their associated controllers 360, without shutting down the entire array or string 110, provided that PV bypass elements (e.g. 340) are included.
  • PV bypass elements e.g. 340
  • the PV module 100 When the PV module 100 is used to power the driver 325 that controls the switch element 330, there is the possibility for oscillatory behavior. For example, if a PV module 100 is shaded, it may be driven into reverse bias by excessive current flowing from the remainder of the string 110, thereby removing power to the active components of the module's associated shutoff circuit 300. As a result, the driver 325 will not operate and the switch 330 will revert to the normally open position.
  • the effect of such oscillations is reduced by incorporating circuitry that lowers the frequency of restart events by decreasing the speed of the circuit response.
  • the effect of such oscillations is reduced by using the controller 360 to manage restart events, for example by introducing time delays, pro-actively disabling module power output in response to detected under-voltage conditions, or through other methods.
  • FIGURE 6 depicts a circuit schematic for a simple exemplary implementation of the shutoff circuit 300 in a circuit interrupter embodiment containing only the switch element 330 and the signal detector 320.
  • Ql is an enhancement-mode FET which constitutes the switch element 330.
  • the enable signal 310 is a high-frequency AC current imposed on the DC power line (105, 106) interconnecting the modules 100.
  • the enable signal 310 generates an AC voltage across Ll, which is rectified by Dl and charges Cl, creating a DC voltage at the gate of Ql. This turns on Ql, permitting current to flow out of the module 100. If the enable signal 310 is removed, Cl discharges through Rl and Ql is turned off when its gate voltage falls below the threshold.
  • inductor Ll and the frequency and magnitude of the enable signal 310 must be chosen to develop sufficient voltage to turn on FET Ql . Typically 5-10 V are required for this type of device. For example, this may be achieved with an inductor of ⁇ 1 mH and an enable signal 310 of -100 kHz and ⁇ 10 niA. Using a higher frequency and/or a greater current magnitude would permit the use of a smaller and therefore less expensive inductor, while lower frequencies or current magnitudes require a larger and more expensive inductor. Therefore, the enable signal 310 frequency is preferably on the order of 100 kHz or higher. [0073] The time constant of the device is controlled by R 1 , C 1 , and L 1.
  • FIGURE 7 depicts an exemplary implementation of a shutoff circuit 300 in a circuit interrupter embodiment that includes a power supply 350 and powered components.
  • the switch element 330 and signal detector 320 are similar to those of Figure 6, however here operational amplifier Ul serves as a driver for the gate of Ql, amplifying the detected enable signal 310. This permits choosing smaller values of the inductor Ll or of the frequency or magnitude of the enable signal 310.
  • FIGURE 8 depicts the functional elements of a shutoff circuit 301 in a circuit shorter embodiment. Dashed lines indicate optional elements.
  • the switch element 331 is now a normally-closed switch placed in parallel with the PV generating capacity, and the switch 331 is opened when the enable signal 310 is detected by signal detector 321.
  • Other elements are substantially the same as discussed in reference to Figure 5.
  • the normally-closed switch element 331 could be implemented, for example, as a mechanical relay or a solid-state device such as a transistor. In particular, it could be implemented as a depletion-mode FET.
  • the normally-closed switch element 331 brings the voltage across the input terminals (305, 306) to zero when it is closed.
  • module 100 power is not available to power the functions of controller 360 or driver 326 while module 100 is in its disabled state. Therefore, signal detector 321 must derive enough energy from the enable signal 310 to drive switch 331 to its open state in order to enable module 100 power output.
  • these limitations are lifted by, for example, placing a voltage limiting device (such as a diode) in series with switch element 331, in order to prevent the module 100 voltage from falling all the way to zero and therefore permitting power supply 350 to function when the module 100 is in its disabled state. The voltage should be kept low to minimize power dissipation in the voltage limiting device.
  • FIGURE 9 compares the voltages along an exemplary PV module string 110' incorporating shutoff circuits 301 in the circuit shorter embodiment, when the shutoff circuits 301 are enabled (left side - Figure 9A) versus disabled (right side - Figure 9B).
  • an exemplary string of 12 modules 100' is shown wherein the modules 100' operate at a max power point of 25 V and wherein the negative terminal of the string 110' is at ground potential (0 V).
  • the switch elements are in an open state (331'), voltages add from the negative to the positive end of the string, and voltages up to 300 V are present.
  • the enable signal generator 400 imposes the enable signal
  • FIGURE 10 depicts the functional elements of the enable signal generator 400, with optional elements indicated by dashed lines.
  • Power from the PV array is fed through the enable signal generator 400 via the four +/- in/out terminals (421, 422, 423, 424).
  • a signal generator 440 generates the enable signal 310, which is applied to either the "+" or "-" leg of the circuit via a driver 442 and signal coupling elements 446.
  • the signal may be a high-frequency AC voltage or current.
  • the frequency is on the order of 100 kHz or higher.
  • the enable signal 310 is generated continuously, while in another embodiment, it is generated at regular intervals.
  • the enable signal 310 may be modulated in order to encode information to be transmitted.
  • the signal coupling element 446 may be implemented as, for example, a bypass capacitor, a transformer, or a semiconductor device such as a transistor.
  • a switch 444 positioned either locally or remotely, provides for the interruption of the enable signal 310 in order to disable the PV modules 100.
  • the placement of the switch 444 between driver 442 and signal coupling 446 indicated in Figure 10 is only exemplary. Other placements of switch 444 could also serve to disable the generation or application of enable signal 310.
  • Filter elements 450 on one or both legs of the circuit may be used to block high- frequency signals and thus prevent the enable signal 310 from interfering with other equipment installed on the PV array, such as inverters 140, as well as to prevent high-frequency signals from such other equipment from reaching the modules and enabling them spuriously.
  • a controller element 460 such as a microcontroller, may be included.
  • the controller 460 may implement the signal generator 440 function in software. In addition, it may process control signals received from other equipment, such as inverters 140, fault detectors 130, or other safety systems, in order to automatically shut down the PV array under certain conditions.
  • the controller 460 also may be used in a slaved enable signal generator 401 to respond to signals from a master 402.
  • a power supply 430 is included within the enable signal generator 400 in order to operate the controller 460, signal generator 440, and driver 442.
  • This power supply 430 may derive power from the PV array itself and/or from an external source, such as a utility power grid to which the array is connected, or any other external power source.
  • an external source such as a utility power grid to which the array is connected, or any other external power source.
  • the enable signal generator 400 may include an energy storage device 432, such as a rechargeable battery, in order to start the PV array in the absence of an external power source.
  • the enable signal generator 400 uses a wireless transmission device to deliver the enable signal 310 to the shutoff circuits 300, rather than imposing an enable signal 310 on the DC power lines.
  • the safety shutoff system and devices disclosed herein could be implemented in conjunction with a module-level monitoring system and devices such as disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application number 61/102,933, "Photovoltaic Module Performance Monitoring System, Method, and Storage Medium” and Patent Cooperation Treaty application PCT/US09/59716 "Photovoltaic Module Performance Monitoring System And Devices,” in order to realize certain benefits, including sharing of components and enabling of additional features due to synergistic operation.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système et des dispositifs d'arrêt de sécurité électrique pour désactiver l'énergie électrique produite par des modules photovoltaïques individuels dans un ensemble photovoltaïque, comprenant un ou plusieurs circuits d'arrêt, chacun d'eux pouvant désactiver l'énergie électrique produite par un module associé ; et au moins un générateur de signal d'activation transmettant un signal aux circuits d'arrêt pour activer la production d'énergie, la production d'énergie par le module étant désactivée en l'absence du signal d'activation.
PCT/US2009/069658 2008-12-29 2009-12-29 Système d'arrêt de sécurité électrique et dispositifs pour modules photovoltaïques WO2010078303A2 (fr)

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US61/141,033 2008-12-29

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