WO2010078258A1 - Compounds comprising two or more biologically functional ions and method of treating parkinson's disease - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed are compounds and methods of preparing ionic liquid compositions of active pharmaceutical, biological, nutritional, and energetic ingredients. Also disclosed are methods of using the compositions described herein to overcome polymorphism, overcome solubility and delivery problems, to control release rates, add functionality, enhance efficacy (synergy), and improve ease of use and manufacture.

Description

COMPOUNDS COMPRISING TWO OR MORE BIOLOGICALLY FUNCTIONAL IONS AND METHOD OF TREATING PARKINSON'S DISEASE

PRIORITY This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application Serial Number

61/141,166 filed on December 29, 2008, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

Disclosed herein are compounds comprising two biologically functional ions, for example, a cation having a first primary biological function and an anion having a second different primary biological function, wherein the compounds can be used to treat a neurodegenerative disease, inter alia, Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Further disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions that comprise one or more of the disclosed compounds and methods of treating one or more neurodegenerative diseases.

BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease is a brain disorder which impairs motor skills and speech. The symptoms of this disease can vary, but are in general related to motor skills; however, other symptoms include disorders of mood, behavior, thinking, and sensation. Those patients suffering from Parkinson's disease normally exhibit tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness or absence of movement), akinesia (inability to initiate movement), and postural instability. This disorder occurs when dopamine producing nerve cells in the substantia nigra portion of the brain die or become impaired. When 80% of these cells are impaired, the symptoms of Parkinson's disease begin to appear. Currently the worldwide estimate of Parkinson's disease cases are thought to be 4 million with up to 1.5 million of them occurring in the United States alone. As such, 60,000 new cases of Parkinson's disease are diagnosed in the U.S. annually. The current prediction is that the number of diagnosed cases of Parkinson's disease will double in the next 25 years.

At the present time, the treatment for Parkinson's disease involves a drug cocktail of a number of different biologically active ingredients. The primary ingredient in these cocktails is levodopa (L-dopa), the precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine. L-Dopa is used because it is able to cross the blood-brain barrier, whereas dopamine itself cannot.

Once levodopa has entered the central nervous system (CNS), it is metabolized to dopamine by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. The presence of pyridoxal phosphate (the active form of vitamin B6) is required as a cofactor for this decarboxylation, and in many instances is administered along with levodopa, usually as pyridoxine.

Another treatment option has been the use of dopamine agonists which initially stimulate dopamine receptors but this course of action eventually leads to the receptors becoming increasingly less sensitive to stimulation. Other methods include the use of monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B inhibitors to inhibit the breakdown of naturally present dopamine, while catechol o-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors act to inhibit the breakdown of levodopa.

The current treatments for Parkinson's disease, however, only relieve the symptoms or slow the progression of the disease. There is therefore a long felt need for a treatment for Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases that not only relieves the symptoms or slows the disease state progression, but that also provides a cure.

SUMMARY

In accordance with the purposes of the disclosed materials, compounds, compositions, devices, and methods, as embodied and broadly described herein, the disclosed subject matter, in one aspect, relates to compounds comprising a cation of a first biologically functional compound and an anion of a second biologically functional compound. In a further aspect, the disclosed subject matter relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the disclosed compounds. In another aspect, the disclosed subject matter relates to methods for treating a neurodegenerative disease. Additional advantages will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the aspects described below. The advantages described below will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Figure 1 depicts the results of the test conducted in Example 1 showing the difference in neuronal damage between a control, a lidocaine/meclofenamic acid admixture and lidocainium meclofenamicate. Figure 2 depicts the ¹H NMR spectrum of lidocainium meclofenamicate.

Figure 3 depicts the thermal stability of lidocainium meclofenamicate using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA).

Figure 4 depicts the melting curve of lidocainium meclofenamicate using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The materials, compounds, compositions, articles, and methods described herein may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of specific aspects of the disclosed subject matter and the Examples included therein. Before the present materials, compounds, compositions, articles, devices, and methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the aspects described below are not limited to specific synthetic methods or specific reagents, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting. Also, throughout this specification, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which the disclosed matter pertains. The references disclosed are also individually and specifically incorporated by reference herein for the material contained in them that is discussed in the sentence in which the reference is relied upon. General Definitions

In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings:

Throughout the description and claims of this specification the word "comprise" and other forms of the word, such as "comprising" and "comprises," means including but not limited to, and is not intended to exclude, for example, other additives, components, integers, or steps.

As used in the description and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a composition" includes mixtures of two or more of the disclosed compounds, the disclosed compounds in combination with other pharmaceutically active compounds, or the disclosed compounds, solvates or diluents of the compounds as defined herein with other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients.

"Optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.

Ranges can be expressed herein as from "about" one particular value, and/or to "about" another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about," it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as "about" that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value "10" is disclosed, then "about 10" is also disclosed. It is also understood that when a value is disclosed, then "less than or equal to" the value, "greater than or equal to the value," and possible ranges between values are also disclosed, as appropriately understood by the skilled artisan. For example, if the value "10" is disclosed, then "less than or equal to 10" as well as "greater than or equal to 10" is also disclosed. It is also understood that throughout the application data are provided in a number of different formats and that this data represent endpoints and starting points and ranges for any combination of the data points. For example, if a particular data point "10" and a particular data point "15" are disclosed, it is understood that greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, and equal to 10 and 15 are considered disclosed as well as between 10 and 15. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed. As used herein, by a "subject" is meant an individual. Thus, the "subject" can include domesticated animals (e.g., cats, dogs, etc.), livestock (e.g., cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, etc.), laboratory animals (e.g., mouse, rabbit, rat, guinea pig, etc.), and birds. "Subject" can also include a mammal, such as a primate or a human.

By "reduce" or other forms of the word, such as "reducing" or "reduction," is meant lowering of an event or characteristic (e.g., microorganism growth or survival). It is understood that this is typically in relation to some standard or expected value, in other words it is relative, but that it is not always necessary for the standard or relative value to be referred to. For example, "reduces neurodegeneration" means lowering the amount of dopamine producing neurons that are degenerated. By "prevent" or other forms of the word, such as "preventing" or "prevention," is meant to stop a particular event or characteristic, to stabilize or delay the development or progression of a particular event or characteristic, or to minimize the chances that a particular event or characteristic will occur. Prevent does not require comparison to a control as it is typically more absolute than, for example, reduce. As used herein, something could be reduced but not prevented, but something that is reduced could also be prevented. Likewise, something could be prevented but not reduced, but something that is prevented could also be reduced. It is understood that where reduce or prevent are used, unless specifically indicated otherwise, the use of the other word is also expressly disclosed. By "treat" or other forms of the word, such as "treated" or "treatment," is meant to administer a composition or to perform a method in order to reduce, prevent, inhibit, breakdown, or eliminate a particular characteristic or event (e.g., microorganism growth or survival). The term "control" is used synonymously with the term "treat."

By "biologically functional compound" is meant a compound that has biological activity unrelated to the treatment of a neurodegenerative disease, for example, 2-(diethyl- amino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide (lidocaine), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, has known biological activity and use as a topical anesthetic.

It is understood that throughout this specification the identifiers "first" and "second" are used solely to aid in distinguishing the various components and steps of the disclosed subject matter. The identifiers "first" and "second" are not intended to imply any particular order, amount, preference, or importance to the components or steps modified by these terms. Chemical Definitions

References in the specification and concluding claims to parts by weight of a particular element or component in a composition denotes the weight relationship between the element or component and any other elements or components in the composition or article for which a part by weight is expressed. Thus, in a compound containing 2 parts by weight of component X and 5 parts by weight component Y, X and Y are present at a weight ratio of 2:5, and are present in such ratio regardless of whether additional components are contained in the compound. A weight percent (wt. %) of a component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included.

The term "ion," as used herein, refers to any molecule, portion of a molecule, cluster of molecules, molecular complex, moiety, or atom that contains a charge (positive, negative, or both (e.g., zwitterions)) or that can be made to contain a charge. Methods for producing a charge in a molecule, portion of a molecule, cluster of molecules, molecular complex, moiety, or atom are disclosed herein and can be accomplished by methods known in the art, e.g., protonation, deprotonation, oxidation, reduction, alkylation, etc. The term "anion" is a type of ion and is included within the meaning of the term "ion." An "anion" is any molecule, portion of a molecule (e.g., Zwitterion), cluster of molecules, molecular complex, moiety, or atom that contains a net negative charge or that can be made to contain a net negative charge. The term "anion precursor" is used herein to specifically refer to a molecule that can be converted to an anion via a chemical reaction (e.g., deprotonation).

The term "cation" is a type of ion and is included within the meaning of the term "ion." A "cation" is any molecule, portion of a molecule (e.g., Zwitterion), cluster of molecules, molecular complex, moiety, or atom, that contains a net positive charge or that can be made to contain a net positive charge. The term "cation precursor" is used herein to specifically refer to a molecule that can be converted to a cation via a chemical reaction (e.g., protonation or alkylation).

As used herein the term "pharmaceutical active" refers to 2-(diethylamino)-JV-(2,6- dimethylphenyl)acetamide (lidocaine), (25,3iS)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4- methoxyphenyl)-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[b][l,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate, 2-(2,6-dichloro- 3-methylphenylamino)benzoic acid (meclofenamate), 5-ethyl-8-oxo-5,8-dihydro- [l,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid (oxolinate), and (2S,5R,6R)-6-((R)-2-amino- 2-phenylacetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-l-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (ampicillinate). As used herein the term "biologically functional ions" refers to the disclosed pharmaceutical actives when present in a disclosed compound in a sufficient amount wherein a binary, tertiary, or greater "salt" is formed. For example, as disclosed herein below, lidocainium meclofenamate comprises two biologically functional ions when lidocaine and meclofenamium are present in a stoichiometric 1 : 1 ratio. As used herein the term "non-stoichiometric" compounds refers to compounds having an excess of one or more biologically functional ions, wherein the excess of the pharmaceutical active is present as a free or uncharged species. For example, the non- stoichiometric compound lidocaine lidocainium meclofenamate comprises lidocaine in excess of a 1 :1 ratio wherein the excess lidocaine is present as a free base. As used herein the term "solvates" refers to disclosed compounds having one or more molecules associated with the compounds wherein molecules do not cause the compounds to be in solution but instead the resulting solvates can have different properties from the compound when the compound is not associated with the one or more molecules. Non-limiting examples of molecules that result in a disclosed compound becoming a solvate include water, C₁-C₂₀ alcohols, or other solvents, inter alia, glyme, diglyme, and xylitol.

As used herein the term "diluent" refers to a disclosed non-stoichiometric compound further comprising a compound having pharmaceutical activity present that is not one of the biologically functional anions that comprise the compounds as defined herein, but which can, however, affect the physical, chemical, biological, or organoleptic properties of the compound. For example, a disclosed compound such as diltiazemium oxolineate can be combined with acetaminophen to form a diluent of diltiazemium oxolineate.

Reference will now be made in detail to specific aspects of the disclosed materials, compounds, compositions, articles, and methods, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying Examples.

Materials and Compositions

Certain materials, compounds, compositions, and components disclosed herein can be obtained commercially or readily synthesized using techniques generally known to those of skill in the art. For example, the starting materials and reagents used in preparing the disclosed compounds and compositions are either available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co., (Milwaukee, WI), Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ), Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA), Sigma (St. Louis, MO), Pfizer (New York, NY), GlaxoSmithKline (Raleigh, NC), Merck (Whitehouse Station, NJ), Johnson & Johnson (New Brunswick, NJ), Aventis (Bridgewater, NJ), AstraZeneca (Wilmington, DE), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), Wyeth (Madison, NJ), Bristol-Myers-Squibb (New York, NY), Roche (Basel, Switzerland), Lilly (Indianapolis, ESf), Abbott (Abbott Park, IL), Schering Plough (Kenilworth, NJ), or Boehringer Ingelheim (Ingelheim, Germany), or are prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art following procedures set forth in references such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, (John Wiley and Sons, 4th Edition); and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989). Other materials, such as the active pharmaceutical ingredients, pesticides, herbicides, and other biological agents disclosed herein can be obtained from commercial sources. The specific physical properties {e.g., melting point, viscosity, density, water solubility, etc.) of the disclosed compounds are determined by the choice of cation and anion, as is disclosed more fully herein. As an example, the melting point for an ionic liquid can be changed by making structural modifications to the ions or by combining different ions. Similarly, the particular chemical properties (e.g., bioactivity, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, etc.), can be selected by changing the constituent ions of the ionic liquid. Compounds

In one aspect, disclosed herein are compounds chosen from lidocanium meclofenamate, lidocanium oxolineate, lidocanium ampicillinate, diltiazemium meclofenamate, diltiazemium oxolineate, and diltiazemium ampicillinate.

In another aspect, disclosed herein are compounds chosen from bis(lidocanium) meclofenamate ampicillinate, bis(lidocanium) oxolineate ampicillinate, bis(lidocanium) meclofenamate oxolineate, bis(diltiazemium) meclofenamate ampicillinate, bis(diltiazemium) oxolineate ampicillinate, and bis(diltiazemium) meclofenamate oxolineate.

In a further aspect, disclosed herein are compounds chosen from lidocanium diltiazemium bis(meclofenamate), lidocanium diltiazemium bis(ampicillinate), and lidocanium diltiazemium bis(oxolineate). In a yet further aspect, disclosed herein are compositions comprising one or more non-stoichiometric compounds, the non-stoichiometric compounds comprising: a) one or more compounds chosen from lidocanium meclofenamate, lidocanium oxolineate, lidocanium ampicillinate, diltiazemium meclofenamate, diltiazemium oxolineate, and diltiazemium ampicillinate; and b) 2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide (lidocaine), (2S,35)-5-[2-

(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo- [b][l,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate, 2-(2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenylamino)benzoic acid (meclofenamate), 5-ethyl-8-oxo-5,8-dihydro-[l,3]dioxolo[4,5- g]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid (oxolinate), or (2S,5R,6R)-6-((R)-2-amino-2- phenylacetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-l-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2- carboxylic acid (ampicillinate).

In a still further aspect, disclosed herein are compositions comprising one or more non-stoichiometric compounds, the non-stoichiometric compounds comprising: a) one or more compounds chosen from lidocanium meclofenamate, lidocanium oxolineate, lidocanium ampicillinate, diltiazemium meclofenamate, diltiazemium oxolineate, and diltiazemium ampicillinate; and b) one or more compounds having biological activity.

In a still yet further aspect, disclosed herein are compositions comprising one or more non-stoichiometric compounds, the non-stoichiometric compounds comprising: a) one or more compounds chosen from lidocanium meclofenamate, lidocanium oxolineate, lidocanium ampicillinate, diltiazemium meclofenamate, diltiazemium oxolineate, and diltiazemium ampicillinate; b) 2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide (lidocaine), (2S,3S)-5-[2- (dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo-

[b][l,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate, 2-(2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenylamino)benzoic acid (meclofenamate), 5-ethyl-8-oxo-5,8-dihydro-[l,3]dioxolo[4,5- g]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid (oxolinate), or (25',5i?,6i?)-6-((i?)-2-amino-2- phenylacetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia- 1 -azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2- carboxylic acid (ampicillinate); and c) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients.

In a still yet another further aspect, disclosed herein are compositions comprising one or more non-stoichiometric compounds, the non-stoichiometric compounds comprising: a) one or more compounds chosen from lidocanium meclofenamate, lidocanium oxolineate, lidocanium ampicillinate, diltiazemium meclofenamate, diltiazemium oxolineate, and diltiazemium ampicillinate; b) one or more compounds having biological activity; and c) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients.

One further aspect, disclosed herein are compositions comprising one or more non- stoichiometric compounds, the non-stoichiometric compounds comprising: a) one or more compounds chosen from lidocanium meclofenamate, lidocanium oxolineate, lidocanium ampicillinate, diltiazemium meclofenamate, diltiazemium oxolineate, and diltiazemium ampicillinate; and b) one or more compounds that can form an anion or a cation that exchanges with a lidocanium, diltiazemium cation, or meclofenamate, oxolineate, or ampicillinate anion.

In a first aspect, the present disclosure relates to compounds that can be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases, the disclosed compounds comprising a cation of a first biologically functional compound and an anion or a second biologically functional anion. The first biologically functional compound is chosen from: i) 2-(diethylamino)-iV-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide (lidocaine) having the formula:

ϋ) (2,S',35)-5-[2-(dimethylammo)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-oxo-2,3,4,5- tetrahydrobenzo[b][l,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate (c) having the formula:

Prior to combining with an anion of a second biologically functional compound to form a disclosed ionic liquid, the first biologically functional compound is provided as a cation having the formula:

wherein X represents a suitable anion. Non-limiting examples of anions include chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, bisulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, phosphate, phosphonate, formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, pyruvate, lactate, oxalate, malonate, maleate, succinate, tartrate, fumarate, citrate, and the like.

The second biologically active compound is chosen from: i) 2-(2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenylamino)benzoic acid (meclofenamate) having the formula:

ϋ) 5-ethyl-8-oxo-5,8-dihydro-[l,3]dioxolo[4,5-g-]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid (oxolinate) having the formula:

iii) (25',5i?,6Λ)-6-((i?)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia- l-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (ampicillinate) having the formula:

wherein M⁺ represents a suitable cation. Non-limiting examples of suitable cations include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bismuth, and the like.

One embodiment of the disclosed compounds relates to compounds comprising a 1:1 ratio of a first and a second biologically functional compound. Non-limiting examples of this embodiment include: i) lidocainium meclofenamate having the formula:

ii) diltiazemium meclofenamate having the formula:

iii) diltiazemium ampicillinate having the formula:

iv) diltiazemium oxolineate having the formula

Another embodiment of the disclosed compounds relates to compounds comprising a 2: 1 : 1 ratio of a first and two second biologically functional compounds. Non-limiting examples of this embodiment include: i) bis(lidocainium) meclofenamate ampicillinate having the formula:

ii) lidocainium diltiazemium bis-(ampicillinate) having the formula:

A further embodiment of the disclosed compounds relates to compounds comprising other than 1 : 1 ratio of a first and a second biologically functional compound wherein a proton is shared between anion and corresponding acid or between cation and corresponding base. Non-limiting examples of this embodiment include: i) lidocaine-lidocainium meclofenamate or lidocainium-meclofenamate- meclofenamic acid having the formula:

wherein n ≥l; ii) diltiazem-diltiazemium meclofenamate or diltiazemium meclofenamate- meclofenamic acid having the formula:

wherein in n ≥l ; iii) diltiazem-diltiazemium ampicillinate or diltiazemium ampicillinate- ampicillinic acid having the formula:

wherein n ^; and iv) diltiazem-diltiazemium oxolineate or diltiazemium oxolineate-oxolineic acid having the formula

wherein n ^.

In still another embodiment of the disclosed compounds relates to compounds with a ratio other than 1:1 comprising a first cationic biologically functional compound and two or more biologically functional compounds sharing one proton with a total charge of one. Non- limiting examples of this embodiment include: i) lidocainium meclofenamate-ampicillinate having the formula:

In another embodiment of the disclosed compounds relates to compounds with a ratio other than 1 : 1 comprising two or more biologically functional compounds sharing one proton with the total charge of one and one biological functional anion. Non-limiting examples of this embodiment include: i) lidocain-diltiazemium ampicillinate having the formula:

As disclosed herein above, the compounds forming the cations and anions of the compounds have a known biological function or are used to treat a medical condition that is wholly unrelated to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. For example, 2-(diethyl- mino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide (lidocaine, XYLOCAINE™, XYLOCARD™) is a common local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug that is used topically to relieve pain from skin inflammations and minor surgery. It is also used in an orally injectable form as a dental anesthetic.

(25',35)-5-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- benzo[b][l,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate (diltiazem, CARDIZEM™, DILACOR™, TIAZAC™) is a member of the benzothiazepine-type calcium channel blockers useful for teating hypertensioin, angina pectoris, and particular types of arrhythmia. 2-(2,6-Dichloro-3- methylphenylamino)benzoic acid (meclofenamate) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation properties. It is primarily used in domestic animals, for example, horses, ponies, and dogs. 5-Ethyl-8-oxo-5,8-dihydro-

[l,3]dioxolo[4,5-,g]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid (oxolinic acid) is a quinoline antibiotic used to treat Gram-negative bacteria primarily in livestock, specifically cattle, and shrimp and fish. (25^r,5J?,6i?)-6-((i?)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-l- azabicyclo-[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (ampicillin, OMNIPEN™, POLYCILLIN™, PRINCIPEN™) is one of the most widely prescribed antibiotics.

Further disclosed herein are are compositions comprising one or more non- stoichiometric compounds, the non-stoichiometric compounds comprising: a) one or more compounds chosen from lidocanium meclofenamate, lidocanium oxolineate, lidocanium ampicillinate, diltiazemium meclofenamate, diltiazemium oxolineate, and diltiazemium ampicillinate; and b) 2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide (lidocaine), (25,3<S)-5-[2- (dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo- [b][l ,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate, 2-(2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenylamino)benzoic acid (meclofenamate), 5-ethyl-8-oxo-5,8-dihydro-[l,3]dioxolo[4,5- g]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid (oxolinate), or (2iS',5i?,6R)-6-((i?)-2-amino-2- phenylacetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-l-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2- carboxylic acid (ampicillinate). Non-limiting examples of non-stoichimetric compositions according to this aspect include; i) lidocane lidocanium meclofenamate having the formula:

wherein the amount of free lidocaine can be present in any ratio with the lidocanium meclofenamate; and ii) lidocanium meclofenamate/2-(2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenylamino)-benzoic acid having the formula:

wherein the amount of free 2-(2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenylamino)benzoic acid can be present in any ratio with the lidocanium meclofenamate.

Solvates and Diluates

Disclosed herein are solvates and diluates of the disclosed compounds. The disclosed solvates can comprise: a) one or more compounds chosen from lidocanium meclofenamate, lidocanium oxolineate, lidocanium ampicillinate, diltiazemium meclofenamate, diltiazemium oxolineate, and diltiazemium ampicillinate; and b) one or more molecules that can associate with the compounds of (a) without forming a solution.

The molecules that can associate with the compounds to form solvates include water, and any other halogenated or non-halogenated organic solvent. Non-limiting examples of non-halogenated solvents include: ketones, inter alia, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone; alcohols, inter alia, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, benzyl alcohol, glycerol; ethers, inter alia, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, glyme, diglyme; esters, inter alia, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate; hydrocarbons, inter alia, n-pentane, iso-pentane, hexane, heptane, isooctane, benzene, toluene, xylene (all isomers); polar aprotic solvents, inter alia, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, hexarnethylphosphoramide, and the like. Non-limiting examples of halogenated solvents include carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methylene chloride, chloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane. Further disclosed herein are diluents comprising: a) one or more compounds chosen from lidocanium meclofenamate, lidocanium oxolineate, lidocanium ampicillinate, diltiazemium meclofenamate, diltiazemium oxolineate, and diltiazemium ampicillinate; and b) one or more compounds having biological activity. The compounds having biological activity can be any pharmaceutically active compounds. Non-limiting examples of compounds having biological activity are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application 11/545,938 included herein by reference in its entirety.

The following examples are set forth below to illustrate the methods and results according to the disclosed subject matter. These examples are not intended to be inclusive of all aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein, but rather to illustrate representative methods and results. These examples are not intended to exclude equivalents and variations of the present invention which are apparent to one skilled in the art.

Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers {e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in °C or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. There are numerous variations and combinations of reaction conditions, e.g., component concentrations, temperatures, pressures and other reaction ranges and conditions that can be used to optimize the product purity and yield obtained from the described process. Only reasonable and routine experimentation will be required to optimize such process conditions. Inhibition of Neurodegeneration

The disclosed compounds were tested using the soil nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, as a model for the human brain. C. elegans share approximately 70% of its genes with humans. Because of their approximately 14 day life cycle, C. elegans affords rapid testing of agents for their ability to affect neurodegeneration. In addition, C. elegans possess hallmarks of mammalian neuronal function, including ion channels, neurotransmitters, vesicular transporters, receptors, and synaptic components. The worm's nervous system is experimentally tractable, as it has exactly 302 neurons, 8 of which produce dopamine. Specifically, dopamine neurodegeneration can be monitored in living worms by co-expression with the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Worms are treated with several concentrations of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), which induces neurodegenration of neurons expressing dopamine.

EXAMPLE 1 NGM drug plates are prepared according to standard procedures. Approximately fifty gravid C. elegans adults expressing P_dat-1 -GFP were placed on the NGM plates with 1% dimethyl sulfoxide and 1) no drugs (control); 2) and admixture of 0.43 mg lidocaine and 0.5 mg meclofenamic acid per mL DMSO; 3) 0.93 mg of ionic liquid lidocanium meclofenamicate per mL DMSO. The C. elegans are grown until the late L3 larval stage. At that point, worms were rinsed with doubly distilled water into Falcon tubes, cleared from bacteria with doubly distilled water and centrifuged. Worms were then exposed to 10 mM 6-hydroxydopamine with 2 mM ascorbic acid for one hour with gentle mixing every ten minutes. The worms were then washed with doubly distilled water and M9 buffer to remove any residual 6-hydroxydopamine and ascorbic acid. The worms were lated onto OP50-seeded bacterial plates containing the admixture or the ionic liquid. The worms were analyzed at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours after exposure to 6-hydroxydopamine. Figure 1 depicts the result of this experiment.

The neurodegeneration of dopamine is monitored as the worms develop and age. As seen in Figure 1 following a 1 hour treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine, worm dopamine neurons begin to rapidly degenerate. Within 24 hours of exposure, only 54.5% of these neurons have not degenerated. Within 48 hour 42.7% and within 72 hours only 34.3% of the neurons are observed to have not degenerated.

When the worms are exposed to an admixture of lidocaine hydrochloride and meclofenamic acid sodium salt, the dopamine neurons were observed to not be significantly protected from degeneration. When treated with the ionic liquid, lidocanium meclofenamicate, significant 6-hydroxydopamine induced degeneration was not observed at by 72 hours. Preparation of the Disclosed Compounds

The following are non-limiting examples of procedures for forming the disclosed compounds. For example, compounds which are immiscible with water are often conveniently prepared by the combination of aqueous solution of two precursor salts, each of which contains one of the biologically functional compounds. On combination, the desired salt forms a separate phase from the aqueous admixture. Such phases are readily washed free of byproduct salts with additional water, and may subsequently subjected to other procedures (e.g., as disclosed in the Examples) to separate them from non- water soluble impurities.

EXAMPLE 2 Diltiazemium ampicillinate

Diltiazemium hydrochloride (225.5 mg, 0.5 mmol) and sodium ampicillin (185.6 mg, 0.5 mmol) are dissolved in de-ionized water (5 mL). A white precipitate forms after which chloroform (5 mL) is added and the precipitate dissolves. The organic phase is washed with water until a test for chloride ion using silver nitrate remains negative. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure to afford 235 mg, 0.308 mmol (61.2% yield) of the desired product as a white foam.

EXAMPLE 3 Lidocainium meclofenamicate

Lidocaine hydrochloride (135 mg, 0.5 mmol) and sodium meclofenamicate (159 mg, 0.5 mmol) are dissolved in de-ionized water (5 mL). A white precipitate forms after which chloroform (55 mL) is added and the precipitate partially dissolves. The solution is allowed to stand for 18 hours after which the precipitate has dissolved. The volume of the organic phase is reduced under a stream of air to afford colorless crystals having amorphous regions. The organic phase is washed with de-ionized water until a test for chloride ion using silver nitrate remains negative. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure to afford 0.051 mg, 0.096 mmol (19.2% yield) of the desired product as a white solid.

Figure 2 depicts the ¹H NMR spectrum of lidocainium meclofenamicate showing the ratio of diltiazemium and meclofenamicate to be present in a ratio of 1 : 1 in the ionic liquid.

Figure 3 depicts the thermal stability of lidocainium meclofenamicate using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA).

Figure 4 depicts the fact that lidocainium meclofenamicate exhibited no melting point or melting transition prior to decomposition as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

EXAMPLE 4 Diltiazemium meclofenamate

Diltiazem hydrochloride (146 mg, 0.46 mmol) is dissolved in de-ionized water (5 mL) and sodium meclofenamicate (171 mg, 0.46) is dissolved in de-ionized water (5 mL). The solutions are combined and a white precipitate forms. The suspension is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and the solid collected by filtration on a glass frit. The solid is washed with de-ionized water until the filtrate tests negative for chloride ion with silver nitrate. The solid is dried under high vacuum.

EXAMPLE 4 Diltiazemium oxolineate

Diltiazem hydrochloride (235 mg, 0.5 mmol) is dissolved in de-ionized water (5 mL) and oxolinic acid sodium salt (141.6 mg, 0.5 mmol) is suspended in a mixture of de- ionized water (25 mL) and chloroform (15 mL). The solution of diltiazem hydrochloride is added dropwise to the suspension of oxolinic acid salt and a surface reaction occurs. The upper aqueous phase is clear and the organic phase a white opaque color. The phases are separated and the organic layer is washed with de-ionized water until the test for chloride ion remains negative to silver nitrate. The solvent is then removed under a stream of air providing a white precipitate.

EXAMPLE 5 Bis(lidocainium) meclofenamate ampicillinate

Lidocaine hydrochloride (270 mg, 1 mmol) is dissolved in de-ionized water (10 mL). Separately, sodium meclofenamicate (159 mg, 0.5 mmol) and sodium ampicillinate (185.6 mg, 0.5 mmol) are each dissolved in de-ionized water (5 mL). The solutions of sodium meclofenamicate and sodium ampicillin are combined with thorough stirring. Dropwise, the solution of lidocaine hydrochloride is added. A white mass forms. Chloroform (10 mL) is added and the mixture stirred until the white solid is fully dissolved. The organic layer is washed with water until a test for chloride ion using silver nitrate remains negative. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the desired product.

The purification of the disclosed compounds can be accomplished by techniques familiar to those skilled in the art of organic and inorganic synthesis, with the notable exception of purification by distillation of the ionic liquid. One particularly useful approach is the use of conventional or reverse-phase chromatography to separate the salt of interest from other ionic or non-ionic materials, followed by the separation of the ionic liquid from the eluting solvent, commonly by evaporation of the latter. In some cases, compounds can be purified by crystallization or thermal zone crystallization at appropriate conditions of temperature and pressure. Such techniques can include the use of a solvent from which the ionic liquid can be crystallized at an appropriate temperature. Other purification techniques include exchange column chromatography and supercritical CO₂ fluid extraction.

EXAMPLE 6 Lidocain-lidocainium meclofenamicate

Lidocaine as the free amine (0.1 to 2 mmol depending upon the final form desired by the formulator) is added to lidocainium meclofenamicate (1 mmol) and combined with a compatible solvent. The mixture is stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature and the solvent removed. Any remaining volatiles are removed under reduced pressure to afford lidocaine-lidocainium meclofenamicate.

Alternatively, the above procedure can be performed under solvent-free conditions by grinding the lidocaine free amine added in excess with lidocainium meclofenamicate (1 mmol) in a mortar or by melting the lidocaine free amine with lidocainium meclofenamicate (1 mmol) over the corresponding melting point.

Ia addition, lidocaine-lidocainium meclofenamicate can be formed by directly combining lidocaine as a free amine (1.1 to 3 mmol) and meclofenamic acid (1 mmol) together in an appropriate solvent, or by grinding or melting.

EXAMPLE 7 Lidocainium meclofenamicate-meclofenamic acid

Meclofenamic acid (0.1 to 2 mmol depending upon the final form desired by the formulator) is combined with lidocainium meclofenamicate (1 mmol) and dissolved in an compatible solvent. The mixture is stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature and the solvent removed. Any remaining volatiles are removed under reduced pressure to afford lidocainium meclofenamicate-meclofenamic acid.

Alternatively, the above procedure can be performed under solvent-free conditions by grinding the lidocaine free amine added in excess with lidocainium meclofenamicate (1 mmol) in a mortar or by melting the lidocaine free amine with lidocainium meclofenamicate (1 mmol) over the corresponding melting point. hi addition, lidocainium meclofenamicate-meclofenamic acid can be formed by directly combining lidocaine as a free amine (1 mmol) and meclofenamic acid (1.1-3 mmol) together in an appropriate solvent, or by grinding or melting.

Pharmaceutical Compositions Disclosed herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds comprising: a) one or more cations formed from a compound chosen from 2-(diethylamino)- iV-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide and (2_>S',35)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2- (4-methoxyphenyl)-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[b][l,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate; and b) one or more anions formed from a compound chosen from 2-(2,6-dichloro-3- methylphenylamino)benzoic acid, 5-ethyl-8-oxo-5,8-dihydro-[ 1 ,3]dioxolo- [4,5-^]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid, and (2S,5R,6R)-6-((R)-2-amino-2- phenylacetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-l-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2- carboxylic acid. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a single ionic liquid. The following are non-limiting examples of this embodiment. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) an effective amount of an ionic liquid comprising: i) the cation of 2-(diethylamino)-iV-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide

(lidocainium); and ii) the anion of 2-(2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenylamino)benzoic acid

(meclofenamate); and b) optionally, a pharmaceutical excipient or carrier. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) an effective amount of an ionic liquid comprising: i) the cation of (25',3<S)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxy- phenyl)-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[b] [ 1 ,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate (diltiazemium); and ii) the anion of 2-(2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenylamino)benzoic acid

(meclofenamate); and b) optionally, a pharmaceutical excipient or carrier.

A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) an effective amount of an ionic liquid comprising: i) the cation of (25,3S)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)emyl]-2-(4-methoxy- phenyl)-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[b][l,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate (diltiazemium); and ii) the anion of 5-ethyl-8-oxo-5,8-dihydro-[l ,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]quinoline- 7-carboxylic acid (oxolineate); and b) optionally, a pharmaceutical excipient or carrier. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) an effective amount of an ionic liquid comprising: i) the cation of (2&3S)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxy- phenyl)-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[b][l,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate (diltiazemium); and ii) the anion of (2,S',5/-,6i?)-6-((^)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3,3- dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia- 1 -azabicyclo [3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid

(ampicillinate); and b) optionally, a pharmaceutical excipient or carrier. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise one or more compounds, for example, compositions comprising: a) an effective amount of an ionic liquid comprising: i) one or more cations formed from a compound chosen from 2- (diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide and (2S,3S)-5-[2-

(dimethylammo)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-oxo-2,3,4,5- tetrahydrobenzo[b][l,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate; and ii) one or more anions formed from a compound chosen from 2-(2,6- dichloro-3-methylphenylamino)benzoic acid, 5-ethyl-8-oxo-5,8- dihydro-[l,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid, and

(2»S',5i?,6i-)-6-((i?)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo- 4-thia-l-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid; and b) optionally, a pharmaceutical excipient or carrier. Methods

The efficacy of administration of a particular dose of the ionic liquid compositions according to the methods described herein can be determined by evaluating the particular aspects of the medical history, signs, symptoms, and objective laboratory tests that are known to be useful in evaluating the status of a subject in need of attention for the treatment of a disease and/or condition. These signs, symptoms, and objective laboratory tests will vary, depending upon the particular disease or condition being treated or prevented, as will be known to any clinician who treats such patients or a researcher conducting experimentation in this field. For example, if, based on a comparison with an appropriate control group and/or knowledge of the normal progression of the disease in the general population or the particular individual: (1) a subject's physical condition is shown to be improved, (2) the progression of the disease or condition is shown to be stabilized, or slowed, or reversed, or (3) the need for other medications for treating the disease or condition is lessened or obviated, then a particular treatment regimen will be considered efficacious.

Many of the disclosed ionic liquid compositions can be used therapeutically as neat compounds. Also, the disclosed compounds can be used in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. By "pharmaceutically acceptable" is meant a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material may be administered to a subject without causing any undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the pharmaceutical formulation in which it is contained. The carrier would naturally be selected to minimize any degradation of the active ingredient and to minimize any adverse side effects in the subject, as would be well known to one of skill in the art. In another aspect, many of the disclosed compounds can be used prophylactically, i.e., as a preventative agent, either neat or with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The ionic liquid compositions disclosed herein can be conveniently formulated into pharmaceutical compositions composed of neat ionic liquid or in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. See e.g., Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, by E. W. Martin Mack Pub. Co., Easton, PA, which discloses typical carriers and conventional methods of preparing pharmaceutical compositions that can be used in conjunction with the preparation of formulations of the compounds described herein and which is incorporated by reference herein. Such pharmaceutical carriers, most typically, would be standard carriers for administration of compositions to humans and non-humans, including solutions such as sterile water, saline, and buffered solutions at physiological pH. Other compounds can be administered according to standard procedures used by those skilled in the art. For example, pharmaceutical compositions can also include one or more additional active ingredients such as antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anesthetics, and the like.

Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution. The pH of the solution is preferably from about 5 to about 8, and more preferably from about 7 to about 7.5. Further carriers include sustained release preparations such as semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the disclosed compounds, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, liposomes, microparticles, or microcapsules. It will be apparent to those persons skilled in the art that certain carriers can be more preferable depending upon, for instance, the route of administration and concentration of composition being administered. Other compounds can be administered according to standard procedures used by those skilled in the art.

Pharmaceutical formulations can include additional carriers, as well as thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, surface active agents and the like in addition to the compounds disclosed herein. Pharmaceutical formulations can also include one or more additional active ingredients such as antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anesthetics, and the like.

The pharmaceutical formulation can be administered in a number of ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is desired, and on the area to be treated. Administration may be topically (including ophthalmically, vaginally, rectally, intranasally), orally, by inhalation, or parenterally, for example by intravenous drip, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection. The disclosed compounds can be administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intracavity, or transdermally as is described more fully elsewhere herein. Administration and Delivery

In one aspect, disclosed herein are uses of a delivery device to deliver an ionic liquid composition as disclosed herein to a subject. Further, disclosed are methods for delivering an ionic liquid composition to a subject by administering to the subject any of the nutritional supplements, pharmaceutical formulations, controlled release vehicles, delivery and/or devices.

The compositions described herein can be administered to the subject in a number of ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is desired, and on the area to be treated. Thus, for example, a composition described herein can be administered as an ophthalmic solution and/or ointment to the surface of the eye. Moreover, a compound or pharmaceutical composition can be administered to a subject vaginally, rectally, intranasally, orally, by inhalation, or parenterally, for example, by intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrarectal, intraarterial, intralymphatic, intravenous, intrathecal and intratracheal routes. Parenteral administration, if used, is generally characterized by injection. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. A more recently revised approach for parenteral administration involves use of a slow release or sustained release system such that a constant dosage is maintained. In one example an ionic liquid composition such as lidocaine docusate is contacted to the skin of a subject to provide an anesthetic effect. Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions which can also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's, or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like. Preservatives and other additives, such as antimicrobials, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases and the like, can also be present.

Formulations for topical administration can include ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. The disclosed ionic liquid compositions having hydrophobic ions can be particularly useful in such applications because they can adhere to the surface longer when exposed to water or other fluids than would a similar hydrophilic salt. Likewise, compounds comprising disinfectant, herbicide, or pesticide ions and hydrophobic counterions can be expected to resist erosion from rainfall. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like can be necessary or desirable. When applied to skin or mucous tissues (e.g., oral applications) ionic liquid compositions containing pharmaceutical actives formulated with highly hydrophobic anions or cations (as appropriate) can have longer durations of adhesion when exposed to water or other fluids than would similar hydrophilic salts applied in these environments. This would be particularly beneficial for sun screens. It should also be noted that disinfectants, pesticides, or herbicides applied to plant leaves can be less prone to be lost by rain even if it follows application.

When one or more ions in the disclosed ionic liquid compositions are an antibacterial, an effective amount of the composition can be contacted (i.e., administered) to any surface that has bacteria. Similarly, when one or more ions in the disclosed ionic liquid composition are a pesticidal active, an effective amount of the composition can be administered to an area to control pests. When one or more ions in the disclosed ionic liquid composition are a herbicidally active, an effective amount of the composition can be administered to an area to control plants. Techniques for contacting such surfaces and areas with the disclosed ionic liquid compositions can include, spraying, coating, dipping, immersing, or pouring the composition into or onto the surface or area. The precise technique will depend on such factors as the type and amount of infestation or contamination, the size of the area, the amount of composition needed, preference, cost and the like. Delivery Devices

Any of the compounds described herein can be incorporated into a delivery device. Examples of delivery devices include, but are not limited to, microcapsules, microspheres, nanospheres or nanoparticles, liposomes, noisome, nanoerythrosome, solid-liquid nanoparticles, gels, gel capsules, tablets, lotions, creams, sprays, emulsions, or powders. Other examples of delivery devices that are suitable for non-oral administration include pulmospheres. Examples of particular delivery devices useful herein are described below. As described herein, niosomes are delivery devices that can be used to deliver the compositions disclosed herein. Noisomes are multilamellar or unilamellar vesicles involving non-ionic surfactants. An aqueous solution of solute is enclosed by a bilayer resulting from the organization of surfactant macromolecules. Similar to liposomes, noisomes are used in targeted delivery of, for example, anticancer drugs, including methotrexate, doxorubicin, and immunoadjuvants. They are generally understood to be different from transferosomes, vesicles prepared from amph philic carbohydrate and amino group containing polymers, e.g., chitosan. Solid-lipid nanoparticles, as described herein, are other delivery devices that can be used to deliver the compositions disclosed herein. Solid-lipid nanoparticles are nanoparticles, which are dispersed in an aqueous surfactant solution. They are comprised of a solid hydrophobic core having a monolayer of a phospholipid coating and are usually prepared by high-pressure homogenization techniques. Immunomodulating complexes (ISCOMS) are examples of solid-lipid nanoparticles. They are cage-like 40 run supramolecular assemblies comprising of phospholipid, cholesterol, and hydrophobic antigens and are used mostly as immunoadjuvants. For instance, ISCOMs are used to prolong blood-plasma levels of subcutaneously injected cyclosporine.

Microspheres and micro-capsules, as described herein, are yet other delivery devices that can be used to deliver the compositions disclosed herein. In contrast to liposomal delivery systems, microspheres and micro-capsules typically do not have an aqueous core but a solid polymer matrix or membrane. These delivery devices are obtained by controlled precipitation of polymers, chemical cross-linking of soluble polymers, and interfacial polymerization of two monomers or high-pressure homogenization techniques. The encapsulated compound is gradually released from the depot by erosion or diffusion from the particles. Successful formulations of short acting peptides, such as LHRH agonists like leuprorelin and triptoreline, have been developed. Poly(lactide co-glycolide (PLGA) microspheres are currently used as monthly and three monthly dosage forms in the treatment of advanced prostrate cancer, endometriosis, and other hormone responsive conditions. Leuprolide, an LHRH superagonist, was incorporated into a variety of PLGA matrices using a solvent extraction/evaporation method. As noted, all of these delivery devices can be used in the methods disclosed herein.

It is also contemplated that the disclosed ionic liquid compositions can be formulated as part of a controlled release vehicle. For example, microspheres and microcapsules, implants, and the like containing liquid bioactive agents are well known, as are methods for their preparation. As such, these methods can be used with the disclosed ionic liquid compositions to produce controlled release vehicles that can release the disclosed ionic liquid composition with a desired release profile. Also contemplated are pills prepared from the disclosed ionic liquid compositions that are glasses. For example, a glass ionic liquid composition can be cooled to form a pill. That is, glasses are "cast-able" above their glass transition temperature (Tg) into shapes with specific surface areas, allowing predictable release/pharmacokinetic properties. Below T_g, these disclosed glass ionic liquid composition can be milled into specific shapes and sizes. Alternatively, the disclosed ionic liquid compositions can be tableted as liquids that upon cooling form glasses. Such a method can allow the homogeneous distribution of a pharmaceutical active into the tablet.

A particular example includes ionic liquid compositions that are in the glass form but melt at or slightly above body temperature. Such compositions can allow formulation as a solid, but have known solubility, bioavailability, etc. as a liquid. These compositions can have uses in, for example, bandages, patches, or wound dressings. Further, glass compositions that "melt" slightly above room temperature can be "melted" by a consumer or physician with, e.g., hot water or body heat, and "painted" onto an area of interest (infected area). Cooling of the composition can then provide a thin, solid coating of material which is both a slow release form of an active ingredient ion {e.g., anti-infective, steroid, anesthetic, or combination thereof), plus serve as a physical barrier.

Further methods of administration can include incorporating the disclosed ionic liquid composition in to a food stuff or beverage, which can be ingested by a subject.

The disclosed compounds can also be encapsulated in a polymer matrix by methods known in the art.

Also, the disclosed ionic liquid compositions can be dissolved in a suitable solvent or carrier as are disclosed herein. This method can enhance the delivery of one or more active ions in the ionic liquid. Further, as is disclosed herein, this method can create a synergistic effect among the various ions present. While not wishing to be bound by theory, the dissociate coefficient of various ions in an ionic liquid can be different in different solvents. Thus, ions in an ionic liquid can dissociate freely in one solvent and cluster in another. This phenomenon can be utilized to provide formulations of compound that are difficult to deliver (e.g., increase the water solubility of steroids). That is, compounds can be formed into an ionic liquid, as described herien, and then dissolved in a suitable solvent to provide an easily deliverable solution. A synertistic effect can be observed upon administration to a subject, when ions cluster and act together, rather than independently.

Other advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the invention will be evident to one skilled in the art. It will be understood that certain features and sub- combinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims. Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is to be understood that all matter herein set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. An ionic liquid comprising: a) one or more cations formed from a compound chosen from 2-(diethylamino)- N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide and (25',3S)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2- (4-methoxyphenyl)-oxo-2,3_»4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[b] [ 1 ,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate; and b) one or more anions formed from a compound chosen from 2-(2,6-dichloro-3- methylphenylamino)benzoic acid, 5-ethyl-8-oxo-5,8-dihydro- [l,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid, and (2S,5R,6R)-6-((R)-2- amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-l- azabicyclo[3.

2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid.

The ionic liquid according to Claim 1, having the formula:

3. The ionic liquid according to Claim 1, having the formula:

4. The ionic liquid according to Claim 1, having the formula:

The ionic liquid according to Claim 1, having the formula:

A pharmaceutical composition comprising, one or more compounds comprising: a) one or more cations formed from a compound chosen from 2-(diethylamino)- 7V-(2,6-dimethylρhenyl)acetamide and (25',3_JS)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2- (4-methoxyphenyl)-oxo-2,3,4,

5-tetrahydrobenzo[b] [ 1 ,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate; and b) one or more anions formed from a compound chosen from 2-(2,

6-dichloro-3- methylphenylamino)benzoic acid, 5-ethyl-8-oxo-5,8-dihydro- [l,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid, and (2S,5R,6R)-6-((R)-2- amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-l- azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid.

7. The composition according to Claim 6, wherein the ionic liquid has the formula:

8. The composition according to Claim 6, wherein the ionic liquid has the formula:

9. The composition according to Claim 6, wherein the ionic liquid has the formula:

10. The composition according to Claim 6, wherein the ionic liquid has the formula:

11. The composition according to Claim 6, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

12. An ionic liquid comprising: a) one or more cations formed from a compound chosen from 2-(diethylamino)- N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide and (25,3<S)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2- (4-methoxyphenyl)-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[b] [ 1 ,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate; and b) one or more anions formed from a compound chosen from 2-(2,6-dichloro-3- methylphenylamino)benzoic acid, 5-ethyl-8-oxo-5,8-dihydro- [l,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid, and (2S,5R,6R)-6-((R)-2- amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3 ,3 -dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia- 1 - azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid. wherein a ratio other than 1:1 ratio of a first and a second biologically functional compound is present with a proton is shared between anion and corresponding acid or between cation and corresponding base.

13. An ionic liquid composition comprising: a) one or more cations formed from a compound chosen from 2-(diethylamino)- N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide and (25',35)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2- (4-methoxyphenyl)-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[b][l,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate; and b) one or more anions formed from a compound chosen from 2-(2,6-dichloro-3- methylphenylamino)benzoic acid, 5-ethyl-8-oxo-5,8-dihydro- [l,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid, and (2S,5R,6R)-6-((R)-2- amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3 ,3 -dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia- 1 - azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid. wherein a ratio other than 1:1 ratio of a first and a second biologically functional compound is present with oligomeric ions formed by addition of an acid or base other than the corresponding one of the parent salt.

14. A method for treating a neurodegenerative disease comprising, contacting a subject in need of treatment with an effective amount of an ionic liquid comprising:

a) one or more cations formed from a compound chosen from 2-(diethylamino)- N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide and (25',35)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2- (4-methoxyphenyl)-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[b][l,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate; and b) one or more anions formed from a compound chosen from 2-(2,6-dichloro-3- methylphenylamino)benzoic acid, 5-ethyl-8-oxo-5,8-dihydro- [l,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid, and (2S,5R,6R)-6-((R)-2- amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3 ,3 -dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia- 1 - azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid.

15. The method according to Claim 12, wherein the ionic liquid has the formula:

16. The method according to Claim 12, wherein the ionic liquid has the formula:

17. The method according to Claim 12, wherein the ionic liquid has the formula:

18. The method according to Claim 12, wherein the ionic liquid has the formula:

19. The method according to any of Claims 14 to 18, wherein the degenerative disease is Parkinson's disease.

20. The method according to any of Claims 14 to 18, wherein the degenerative disease is Alzheimer's.

21. The method according to any of Claims 14 to 18, wherein the degenerative disease is multiple sclerosis.