WO2010075143A1 - Genes and uses for plant enhancement - Google Patents

Genes and uses for plant enhancement Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010075143A1
WO2010075143A1 PCT/US2009/068351 US2009068351W WO2010075143A1 WO 2010075143 A1 WO2010075143 A1 WO 2010075143A1 US 2009068351 W US2009068351 W US 2009068351W WO 2010075143 A1 WO2010075143 A1 WO 2010075143A1
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dna
plants
enhanced
plant
myb
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PCT/US2009/068351
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French (fr)
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Marie Coffin
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Monsanto Technology Llc
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Priority to US13/140,920 priority Critical patent/US20110258735A1/en
Publication of WO2010075143A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010075143A1/en
Priority to US13/999,850 priority patent/US20140331357A1/en
Priority to US15/211,720 priority patent/US10301642B2/en

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    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
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    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
    • C12N15/8243—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine
    • C12N15/8247—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine involving modified lipid metabolism, e.g. seed oil composition
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    • C12N15/8273—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for drought, cold, salt resistance
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    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
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    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
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    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
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    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6888—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for detection or identification of organisms
    • C12Q1/6895—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for detection or identification of organisms for plants, fungi or algae
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    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/13—Plant traits
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    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/158—Expression markers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/146—Genetically Modified [GMO] plants, e.g. transgenic plants

Definitions

  • This invention provides plant cell nuclei with recombinant DNA that imparts enhanced agronomic traits in transgenic plants having the nuclei in their cells, e.g. enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, enhanced heat tolerance, enhanced shade tolerance, enhanced high salinity tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein or enhanced seed oil.
  • enhanced water use efficiency e.g. enhanced cold tolerance, enhanced heat tolerance, enhanced shade tolerance, enhanced high salinity tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein or enhanced seed oil.
  • the trait is imparted by producing in the cells a protein that is encoded by recombinant DNA and/or in other cases the trait is imparted by suppressing the production of a protein that is natively produced in the cells.
  • the method for manufacturing transgenic seed e.g, corn, soybean, cotton, alfalfa, canola wheat or rice seed, further comprising (a) verifying that said recombinant DNA is stably integrated in said selected plants, and (b) analyzing tissue of said selected plant to determine the expression or suppression of a protein having the function of a protein having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 140-278.
  • Figures 4(a) and 4(b) illustrate a consensus amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237 and their homologs. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • SEQ ID NO: 279-6023 homologs are amino acid sequences of homologous proteins
  • Cold stress means the exposure of a plant to a temperatures below (two or more degrees Celsius below) those normal for a particular species or particular strain of plant.
  • operably linked refers to the association of two or more nucleic acid elements in a recombinant DNA construct, e.g. as when a promoter is operably linked with DNA that is transcribed to RNA whether for expressing or suppressing a protein.
  • Recombinant DNA constructs can be designed to express a protein which can be an endogenous protein, an exogenous homologue of an endogenous protein or an exogenous protein with no native homologue.
  • recombinant DNA constructs can be designed to suppress the level of an endogenous protein, e.g. by suppression of the native gene.
  • a consensus amino acid sequence will be aligned with a query protein amino acid sequence in an optimal alignment, e.g. CLUSTALW.
  • An embodiment of the invention will have identity to the conserved amino acids indicated in the consensus amino acid sequence.
  • a "homolog” means a protein in a group of proteins that perform the same biological function, e.g. proteins that belong to the same Pfam protein family and that provide a common enhanced trait in transgenic plants of this invention. Homologs are expressed by homologous genes.
  • Alkaopsis means plants of Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • All DNA encoding proteins that have scores higher than the gathering cutoff disclosed in Table 19 by Pfam analysis disclosed herein can be used in recombinant DNA of the plant cells of this invention, e.g. for selecting transgenic plants having enhanced agronomic traits.
  • NUC SEQ ID NO refers to a SEQ ID NO. for particular DNA sequence in the Sequence Listing .
  • Optimal alignment of sequences for aligning a comparison window can be conducted by algorithms or by computerized implementations of these algorithms (for example, the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package Release 7.0-10.0, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, WI).
  • the reference polynucleotide can be a full-length molecule or a portion of a longer molecule.
  • the window of comparison for determining polynucleotide identity of protein encoding sequences is the entire coding region.
  • Proteins useful for imparting enhanced traits are entire proteins or at least a sufficient portion of the entire protein to impart the relevant biological activity of the protein. Proteins used for generation of transgenic plants having enhanced traits include the proteins with an amino acid sequence provided herein as SEQ ID NO: 140 through SEQ ID NO: 278, as well as homologs of such proteins.
  • Proteins that are homologous to each other can be grouped into families and included in multiple sequence alignments. Then a consensus sequence for each group can be derived. This analysis enables the derivation of conserved and class-(family) specific residues or motifs that are functionally important. These conserved residues and motifs can be further validated with 3D protein structure if available.
  • the consensus sequence can be used to define the full scope of the invention, e.g., to identify proteins with a homolog relationship.
  • the present invention contemplates that protein homologs include proteins with an amino acid sequence that has at least 90% identity to such a consensus amino acid sequence sequences. Promoters
  • Patent 6,433,252 which discloses a maize L3 oleosin promoter
  • U.S. Patent 6,429,357 which discloses a rice actin 2 promoter and intron
  • U.S. Patent 5,837,848 which discloses a root specific promoter
  • U.S. Patent 6,084,089 which discloses cold inducible promoters
  • U.S. Patent 6,294,714 which discloses light inducible promoters
  • U.S. Patent 6,140,078 which discloses salt inducible promoters
  • U.S. Patent 6,252,138 which discloses pathogen inducible promoters
  • U.S. Patent 6,175,060 which discloses phosphorus deficiency inducible promoters
  • Patent Application Publication 2002/0192813Al which discloses 5', 3' and intron elements useful in the design of effective plant expression vectors
  • U.S. patent application Serial No. 09/078,972 which discloses a coixin promoter
  • U.S. patent application Serial No. 09/757,089 which discloses a maize chloroplast aldolase promoter
  • U.S. patent application Serial No. 10/739,565 which discloses water-deficit inducible promoters, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • These and numerous other promoters that function in plant cells are known to those skilled in the art and available for use in recombinant polynucleotides of the present invention to provide for expression of desired genes in transgenic plant cells.
  • Microprojectile bombardment methods are illustrated in US Patents 5,015,580 (soybean); 5,550,318 (corn); 5,538,880 (corn); 5,914,451 (soybean); 6,160,208 (corn); 6,399,861 (corn); 6,153,812 (wheat) and 6,365,807 (rice) and Agrob ⁇ cterium-mediated transformation is described in US Patents 5,159,135 (cotton); 5,824,877 (soybean); 5,463,174 (canola, also known as rapeseed); 5,591,616 (corn); 6,384,301 (soybean), 7,026,528 (wheat) and 6,329,571 (rice), all of which are incorporated herein by reference for enabling the production of transgenic plants.
  • Transformation of plant material is practiced in tissue culture on a nutrient media, i.e. a mixture of nutrients that will allow cells to grow in vitro.
  • Recipient cell targets include, but are not limited to, meristem cells, hypocotyls, calli, immature embryos and gametic cells such as microspores, pollen, sperm and egg cells.
  • Callus may be initiated from tissue sources including, but not limited to, immature embryos, hypocotyls, seedling apical meristems, microspores and the like. Cells containing a transgenic nucleus are grown into transgenic plants.
  • Plants can be pollinated using conventional plant breeding methods known to those of skill in the art and seed produced. Progeny can be recovered from transformed plants and tested for expression of the exogenous recombinant polynucleotide.
  • Nitrogen is a key factor in plant growth and crop yield.
  • the metabolism, growth and development of plants are profoundly affected by their nitrogen supply. Restricted nitrogen supply alters shoot to root ratio, root development, activity of enzymes of primary metabolism and the rate of senescence (death) of older leaves.
  • All field crops have a fundamental dependence on inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer. Since fertilizer is rapidly depleted from most soil types, it must be supplied to growing crops two or three times during the growing season. Enhanced nitrogen use efficiency by plants should enable crops cultivated under low nitrogen availability stress condition resulted from low fertilizer input or poor soil quality.
  • Transformation vectors were prepared to constitutively transcribe DNA in either sense orientation (for enhanced protein expression) or anti-sense orientation (for endogenous gene suppression) under the control of an enhanced Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter (U.S. patent 5,359,142) directly or indirectly (Moore, e.g., PNAS 95:376-381, 1998; Guyer, e.g., Genetics 149: 633- 639, 1998; International patent application NO. PCT/EP98/07577).
  • the transformation vectors also contain a bar gene as a selectable marker for resistance to glufosinate herbicide.
  • the risk scores from multiple events of the transgene of interest were evaluated for statistical significance by t-test using SAS statistical software (SAS 9, SAS/STAT User's Guide, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
  • SAS 9 SAS/STAT User's Guide, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
  • RS with a value greater than 0 indicates that the transgenic plants perform better than the reference.
  • RS with a value less than O indicates that the transgenic plants perform worse than the reference.
  • the RS with a value equal to 0 indicates that the performance of the transgenic plants and the reference don't show any difference. If p ⁇ 0.05 and risk score mean >0, the transgenic plants showed statistically significant trait enhacement as compared to the reference. If p ⁇ 0.2 and risk score mean > 0, the transgenic plants showed a trend of trait enhancement as compared to the reference.
  • the measurements (M) of each plant were transformed by Iog 2 calculation.
  • the Delta was calculated as log 2 M(transgenic)- log 2 M(reference).
  • Two criteria were used to determine trait enhancement. A transgene of interest could show trait enhancement according to either or both of the two criteria.
  • the measurements (M) of each plant were transformed by Iog 2 calculation.
  • the Delta was calculated as log 2 M(transgenic)- log 2 M(reference). If the measured response was Petiole Length for the Low Light assay, Delta was subsequently multiplied by -1, to account for the fact that a shorter petiole length is considered an indication of trait enhancement.
  • the All Protein Database is queried using amino acid sequence of protein for gene DNA used in trait-improving recombinant DNA, e.g., sequences of SEQ ID NO: 140 through SEQ ID NO: 278 using "blastp" with E-value cutoff of Ie "8 .
  • Up to 1000 top hits were kept, and separated by organism names.
  • a list is kept for hits from the query organism itself with a more significant E-value than the best hit of the organism.
  • the list contains likely duplicated genes, and is referred to as the Core List.
  • Another list was kept for all the hits from each organism, sorted by E-value, and referred to as the Hit List.
  • ClustalW program is selected for multiple sequence alignments of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 140 and its homologs, through SEQ ID NO: 278 and its homologs.
  • Three major factors affecting the sequence alignments dramatically are (1) protein weight matrices; (2) gap open penalty; (3) gap extension penalty.
  • Protein weight matrices available for ClustalW program include Blosum, Pam and Gonnet series. Those parameters with gap open penalty and gap extension penalty were extensively tested. On the basis of the test results, Blosum weight matrix, gap open penalty of 10 and gap extension penalty of 1 were chosen for multiple sequence alignment.
  • the consensus sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237 and its 9 homologs were derived according to the procedure described above and is displayed in Figures 4(a) and 4(b).
  • Figure 4(b) is a continuation of Figure 4(a).
  • SEQ ID NO: 6033 is the consensus sequence built.
  • This example illustrates the identification of domain and domain module by Pfam analysis.
  • the amino acid sequence of the expressed proteins that were shown to be associated with an enhanced trait were analyzed for Pfam protein family against the current Pfam collection of multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models using the HMMER software in the appended computer listing.
  • the Pfam domain modules and individual protein domain for the proteins of SEQ ID NO: 140 through 278 are shown in Table 17 and Table 18 respectively.
  • the Hidden Markov model databases for the identified patent families are also in the appended computer listing allowing identification of other homologous proteins and their corresponding DNA to enable the full breadth of the invention for a person of ordinary skill in the art. Certain proteins are identified by a single Pfam domain and others by multiple Pfam domains.
  • This example illustrates the construction of plasmids for transferring recombinant DNA into the nucleus of a plant cell which can be regenerated into a transgenic crop plant of this invention.
  • Primers for PCR amplification of protein coding nucleotides of recombinant DNA are designed at or near the start and stop codons of the coding sequence, in order to eliminate most of the 5' and 3' untranslated regions.
  • DNA of interest e.g., each DNA identified in Table 2 and the DNA for the identified homologous genes, are cloned and amplified by PCR prior to insertion into the insertion site the base vector.
  • Plasmids for use in transformation of soybean are also prepared. Elements of an exemplary common expression vector plasmid pMON82053 are shown in Table 21 below.
  • This exemplary soybean transformation base vector illustrated in Figure 2 is assembled using the technology known in the art. DNA of interest, e.g., each DNA identified in Table 2 and the DNA for the identified homologous genes, is cloned and amplified by PCR prior to insertion into the insertion site the base vector at the insertion site between the enhanced 35 S CaMV promoter and the termination sequence of cotton E6 gene.
  • Corn transformation is effected using methods disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0344075 Al where corn embryos are inoculated and co-cultured with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain ABI and the corn transformation vector.
  • To regenerate transgenic corn plants the transgenic callus resulting from transformation is placed on media to initiate shoot development in plantlets which are transferred to potting soil for initial growth in a growth chamber followed by a mist bench before transplanting to pots where plants are grown to maturity.
  • the plants are self fertilized and seed is harvested for screening as seed, seedlings or progeny R2 plants or hybrids, e.g., for yield trials in the screens indicated above.
  • transgenic plants and seeds having the transgenic cells of this invention which have recombinant DNA imparting the enhanced agronomic traits are identified by screening for nitrogen use efficiency, yield, water use efficiency, cold tolerance and enhanced seed composition.
  • Transgenic soybean cells are prepared with recombinant DNA expressing each of the protein encoding DNAs listed in Table 1 by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using the soybean transformation constructs disclosed in Example 5. Soybean transformation is effected using methods disclosed in U.S. Patent 6,384,301 where soybean meristem explants are wounded then inoculated and co- cultured with the soybean transformation vector, then transferred to selection media for 6-8 weeks to allow selection and growth of transgenic shoots. The transformation is repeated for each of the protein encoding DNAs identified in Table 2.
  • Transgenic shoots producing roots are transferred to the greenhouse and potted in soil. Many transgenic events which survive to fertile transgenic plants that produce seeds and progeny plants do not exhibit an enhanced agronomic trait.
  • the transgenic plants and seeds having the transgenic cells of this invention which have recombinant DNA imparting the enhanced agronomic traits are identified by screening for nitrogen use efficiency, yield, water use efficiency, cold tolerance and enhanced seed composition.
  • This example illustrates identification of nuclei of the invention by screening derived plants and seeds for an enhanced trait identified below.
  • transgenic seed and plants prepared in Examples 6 and 7 are screened to identify those transgenic events providing transgenic plant cells with a nucleus having recombinant DNA imparting an enhanced trait.
  • Each population is screened for enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, increased yield, enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced tolerance to cold and heat, increased level of oil and protein in seed using assays described below.
  • Plant cell nuclei having recombinant DNA with each of the genes identified in Table 2 and the identified homo logs are identified in plants and seeds with at least one of the enhanced traits.
  • Transgenic corn plants with nuclei of the invention are planted in fields with three levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer being applied, i.e. low level (0 pounds per acre N), medium level (80 pounds per acre N) and high level (180 pounds per acre N). Liquid 28% or 32% UAN (Urea, Ammonium Nitrogen) are used as the N source and apply by broadcast boom and incorporate with a field cultivator with rear rolling basket in the same direction as intended crop rows. Although there is no N applied in the low level treatment, the soil should still be disturbed in the same fashion as the treated area.
  • Transgenic plants and control plants can be grouped by genotype and construct with controls arranged randomly within genotype blocks. For improved statistical analysis each type of transgenic plant can be tested by 3 replications and across 4 locations.
  • Nitrogen levels in the fields are analyzed before planting by collecting sample soil cores from 0-24" and 24 to 48" soil layer. Soil samples are analyzed for nitrate- nitrogen, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), organic matter and pH to provide baseline values. P, K and micronutrients are applied based upon soil test recommendations.
  • Transgenic corn plants prepared in Example 6 and which exhibit a 2 to 5% yield increase as compared to control plants when grown in the high nitrogen field are selected as having nuclei of the invention.
  • Transgenic corn plants which have at least the same or higher yield as compared to control plants when grown in the medium nitrogen field are selected as having nuclei of the invention.
  • Transgenic corn plants having a nucleus with DNA identified in Table 3 as imparting nitrogen use efficiency (LN) and homologous DNA are selected from a nitrogen use efficiency screen as having a nucleus of this invention.
  • transgenic plants of this invention exhibit increased yield as compared to a control plant.
  • Increased yield can result from enhanced seed sink potential, e.g., the number and size of endosperm cells or kernels and/or enhanced sink strength, e.g., the rate of starch biosynthesis.
  • Sink potential can be established very early during kernel development, as endosperm cell number and size are determined within the first few days after pollination.
  • Much of the increase in corn yield of the past several decades has resulted from an increase in planting density. During that period, corn yield has been increasing at a rate of 2.1 bushels/acre/year, but the planting density has increased at a rate of 250 plants/acre/year.
  • a characteristic of modern hybrid corn is the ability of these varieties to be planted at high density.
  • HI harvest index
  • a useful target for increased yield is a 5% to 10% increase in yield as compared to yield produced by plants grown from seed for a control plant. Selection methods can be applied in multiple and diverse geographic locations, for example up to 16 or more locations, over one or more planting seasons, for example at least two planting seasons to statistically distinguish yield improvement from natural environmental effects.
  • Each of the transgenic corn plants and soybean plants with a nucleus of the invention prepared in Examples 6 and 7 are screened for yield enhancement. At least one event from each of the corn plants is selected as having at least between 3 and 5 % increase in yield as compared to a control plant as having a nucleus of this invention.
  • SIH shoot initial height
  • SWH shoot wilt height
  • SWM shoot wilted biomass
  • STM shoot turgid weight
  • SDM shoot dry biomass
  • Transgenic corn plants and soybean plants prepared in Examples 6 and 7 are screened for water use efficiency.
  • Transgenic plants having at least a 1 % increase in RGR and RWC as compared to control plants are identified as having enhanced water used efficiency and are selected as having a nucleus of this invention.
  • Transgenic corn and soybean plants having in their nucleus DNA identified in Table 3 as imparting drought tolerance enhancement (DS, HS, SS, and PEG) and homologous DNA are identified as showing increased water use efficiency as compared to control plants and are selected as having a nucleus of this invention.
  • Cold germination assay Three sets of seeds are used for the assay.
  • the first set consists of positive transgenic events (Fl hybrid) where the genes of the present invention are expressed in the seed.
  • the second seed set is nontransgenic, wild-type negative control made from the same genotype as the transgenic events.
  • the third set consisted of two cold tolerant and one cold sensitive commercial check lines of corn. All seeds are treated with a fungicide "Captan” (MAESTRO ® 80DF Fungicide, Arvesta Corporation, San Francisco, CA, USA). 0.43 mL Captan is applied per 45 g of corn seeds by mixing it well and drying the fungicide prior to the demonstation.
  • Captan MAESTRO ® 80DF Fungicide
  • Corn kernels are placed embryo side down on blotter paper within an individual cell (8.9 x 8.9 cm) of a germination tray (54 x 36 cm). Ten seeds from an event are placed into one cell of the germination tray. Each tray can hold 21 transgenic events and 3 replicates of wildtype (LH244SDms+LH59), which is randomized in a complete block design. For every event there are five replications (five trays). The trays are placed at 9.7C for 24 days (no light) in a Convrion® growth chamber (Conviron Model PGV36, Controlled Environments, Winnipeg, Canada). Two hundred and fifty millilters of deionized water are added to each germination tray.
  • Convrion® growth chamber Convrion® growth chamber
  • Transgenic corn plants and soybean plants prepared in Examples 6 and 7 are screened for water use efficiency.
  • Transgenic plants having at least a 5% increase in germination index as compared to control plants are identified as having enhanced cold stress tolerance and are selected as having a nucleus of this invention.
  • Transgenic corn and soybean plants having in their nucleus DNA identified in Table 3 as imparting cold tolerance enhancement (CK or CS) and homologous DNA are identified as showing increased cold stress tolerance as compared to control plants and are selected as having a nucleus of this invention.
  • the following is a high-throughput selection method for identifying plant seeds with improvement in seed composition using the Infratec® 1200 series Grain Analyzer, which is a near-infrared transmittance spectrometer used to determine the composition of a bulk seed sample.
  • Near infrared analysis is a non-destructive, high-throughput method that can analyze multiple traits in a single sample scan.
  • An NIR calibration for the analytes of interest is used to predict the values of an unknown sample.
  • the NIR spectrum is obtained for the sample and compared to the calibration using a complex chemometric software package that provides a predicted values as well as information on how well the sample fits in the calibration.
  • Infratec® Model 1221, 1225, or 1227 analyzer with transport module by Foss North America is used with cuvette, item # 1000-4033, Foss North America or for small samples with small cell cuvette, Foss standard cuvette modified by Leon Girard Co. Corn and soy check samples of varying composition maintained in check cell cuvettes are supplied by Leon Girard Co. NIT collection software is provided by Maximum Consulting Inc.. Calculations are performed automatically by the software. Seed samples are received in packets or containers with barcode labels from the customer. The seed is poured into the cuvettes and analyzed as received.
  • Transgenic corn plants and soybean plants prepared in Examples 6 and 7 are screened for increased protein and oil in seed.
  • Transgenic inbred corn and soybean plants having an increase of at least 1 percentage point in the total percent seed protein or at least 0.3 percentage point in total seed oil and transgenic hybrid corn plants having an increase of at least 0.4 percentage point in the total percent seed protein as compared to control plants are identified as having enhanced seed protein or enhanced seed oil and are selected as having a nucleus of this invention.
  • Transgenic cotton plants containing each of the recombinant DNA having a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 139 are obtained by transforming with recombinant DNA from each of the genes identified in Table 1.
  • Progeny transgenic plants are selected from a population of transgenic cotton events under specified growing conditions and are compared with control cotton plants.
  • Control cotton plants are substantially the same cotton genotype but without the recombinant DNA, for example, either a parental cotton plant of the same genotype that was not transformed with the identical recombinant DNA or a negative isoline of the transformed plant.
  • a commercial cotton cultivar adapted to the geographical region and cultivation conditions i.e. cotton variety ST474, cotton variety FM 958, and cotton variety Siokra L-23, are used to compare the relative performance of the transgenic cotton plants containing the recombinant DNA.
  • the specified culture conditions are growing a first set of transgenic and control plants under "wet” conditions, e.g., irrigated in the range of 85 to 100 percent of evapotranspiration to provide leaf water potential of -14 to -18 bars, and growing a second set of transgenic and control plants under "dry” conditions, e.g., irrigated in the range of 40 to 60 percent of evapotranspiration to provide a leaf water potential of -21 to -25 bars.
  • Example 10 Canola plants with enhanced agrominic traits
  • This example illustrates plant transformation useful in producing the transgenic canola plants of this invention and the production and identification of transgenic seed for transgenic canola having enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil.
  • Transgenic canola plant cells are transformed with recombinant DNA from each of the genes identified in Table 2.
  • Transgenic progeny plants and seed of the transformed plant cells are screened for enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil.
  • This example illustrates monocot and dicot plant transformation to produce nuclei of this invention in cells of a transgenic plant by transformation where the recombinant DNA suppresses the expression of an endogenous protein identified in Table 24.
  • Corn, soybean, cotton, or canola tissue are transformed as describe in Examples 6, 7, 9 or 10 using recombinant DNA in the nucleus with DNA that transcribes to RNA that forms double-stranded RNA targeted to an endogenous gene with DNA encoding the protein.
  • the genes for which the double-stranded RNAs are targeted are the native gene in corn and soybean that are homolog of the genes encoding the protein of Arabidopsis thaliana as identified in table 24.

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Abstract

The present invention discloses transgenic seeds for crops with enhanced agronomic traits are provided by trait-improving recombinant DNA in the nucleus of cells of the seed where plants grown from such transgenic seed exhibit one or more enhanced traits as compared to a control plant. Of particular interest are transgenic plants that have increased yield. The present invention also provides recombinant DNA molecules for expression of a protein, and recombinant DNA molecules for suppression of a protein.

Description

GENES AND USES FOR PLANT ENHANCEMENT CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims benefit under 35 USC § 119(e) of United States provisional application Serial No. 61/206,529, filed December 22nd, 2008, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety along with sequence listings and computer program listings.
INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTING The sequence listing that is contained in the file named "38-21(54977)A- PCT_SeqListing.txt", created on December 14th, 2009 is filed herewith by electronic submission and incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
Disclosed herein are transgenic plant cells, plants and seeds comprising recombinant DNA and methods of making and using such plant cells, plants and seeds.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention provides plant cell nuclei with recombinant DNA that imparts enhanced agronomic traits in transgenic plants having the nuclei in their cells, e.g. enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, enhanced heat tolerance, enhanced shade tolerance, enhanced high salinity tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein or enhanced seed oil. In certain cases the trait is imparted by producing in the cells a protein that is encoded by recombinant DNA and/or in other cases the trait is imparted by suppressing the production of a protein that is natively produced in the cells.
Such recombinant DNA in a plant cell nuclus of this invention is provided in as a construct comprising a promoter that is functional in plant cells and that is operably linked to DNA that encodes a protein or to DNA that results in gene suppression. Such DNA in the construct is sometimes defined by protein domains of an encoded protein targeted for production or suppression, e.g. a "Pfam domain module" (as defined herein below) from the group of Pfam domain modules identified in Table 17. Alternatively, e.g. where a Pfam domain module is not available, such DNA in the construct is defined a consensus amino acid sequence of an encoded protein that is targeted for production or surpression, e.g. a protein having amino acid sequence with at least 90%, with at least 95%, with at least 98%, and with at least 99%, or 99.5% identity to a consensus amino acid sequence in the group of SEQ ID NO: 6027 through SEQ ID NO: 6034, or their corresponding nucleic acid sequences.
Other aspects of the invention are directed to specific derivative physical forms of the transgenic plant cell nuclei, e.g. where such a transgenic nucleus is present in a transgenic plant cell, a transgenic plant including plant part(s) such as progeny transgenic seed, and a haploid reproductive derivative of plant cell such as transgenic pollen and transgenic ovule. Such plant cell nuclei and derivatives are advantageously selected from a population of transgenic plants regenerated from plant cells having a nucleus that is transformed with recombinant DNA by screening the transgenic plants or progeny seeds in the population for an enhanced trait as compared to control plants or seed that do not have the recombinant DNA in their nuclei, where the enhanced trait is enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, enhanced heat tolerance, enhanced shade tolerance, enhanced high salinity tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein or enhanced seed oil. One aspect of the present invention includes a plant cell nucleus with stably integrated, recombinant DNA, wherein said recombinant DNA comprises a promoter that is functional in said plant cell and that is operably linked to a protein coding DNA encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising a Pfam domain module selected from the group consisting of WRKY:: WRKY, AP2, AUX IAA, WRKY, WRKY, HLH, Myb DNA- binding: :Linker_histone, zf-B_box::zf-B_box, Ank::Ank::Ank::Chromo, NAM, zf-C2H2,
Myb DNA-binding, bZIP l, PHD, Linker_histone::AT_hook::AT_hook::AT_hook::AT_hook, B3::Auxin_resp, HLH, zf-Dof, AT_hook::DUF296, AT_hook::AT_hook::DUF296, NAM, GATA, NAM, Myb DNA-binding, zf-B_box::CCT, POX::Homeobox, B3 : : Auxin_resp: : AUXJAA, Myb_DNA-binding: :Myb_DNA-binding, Myb_DNA- binding: :Myb_DNA-binding, zf-C2H2, zf-C2H2, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding, TCP, KN0Xl::KN0X2, zf-ZPRl ::zf-ZPRl, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding, DUF630::DUF632, WRKY, Myb_DNA-binding, zf- C2H2, HLH, AP2, AT_hook::DUF296, Ank: : Ank: : Ank: : Ank: : Ank, WRKY, zf-C2H2, NAM, AP2, NAM, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding, NAM, HLH, Myb_DNA-binding: :Myb_DNA-binding, Myb_DNA-binding, HLH, bZIP_2, bZIP_2,
BAH::PHD, HLH, NAM, GATA, SSrecog::Rttl06::HMG_box, DUF573, zf-B_box::CCT, HLH, RWP-RK, AP2::B3, AUX IAA, SRF-TF, AP2, AP2, HSF DNA-bind, AP2, SRF- TF::K-box, Myb DNA-binding, zf-LSDl::zf-LSDl::zf-LSDl, KNOXl ::KNOX2::ELK, zf- C3HC4, MFMR::bZIP_l, DUF573, Myb_DNA-binding, HLH, NAM, Myb_DNA- binding: Myb DNA-binding, SRF-TF: :K-box, zf-C3HC4, zf-B_box, WRKY, zf-B_box: :CCT, EIN3, HSF_DNA-bind, AUXJAA, TCP, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding, AP2, KNOXl::KNOX2::ELK::Homeobox, HSF DNA-bind, HSF DNA-bind, AP2::B3, NAM, SBP, AP2, zf-C2H2, SRF-TF ::K-box, zf-C2H2, GRAS, AP2, Myb DNA-binding, AP2, AP2::AP2, HLH, CXC::CXC, AP2, NAM, zf-C3HC4, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA- binding, GRAS, Homeobox::HALZ, Myb DNA-binding, NAM, WRKY, zf-C2H2, zf-C2H2, NAM, zf-C2H2, AP2::AP2, zf-C3HC4, RWP-RK: :PB1, SRF-TF: :K-box, and zf-B box; said recombinant DNA comprises a promoter that is functional in said plant cell and that is operably linked to a protein coding DNA encoding a protein comprising an amino acid sequence with at least 90% identity to a consensus amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6027 through 6034; or said recombinant DNA suppresses comprises a promoter that is functional in said plant cell and operably linked to DNA that transcribe into RNA that suppresses the level of an endogenous protein wherein said endogenous protein has an amino acid sequence comprising a pfam domain module selected from the group consisting of RWP- RK, AUX IAA, SRF-TF, zf-C3HC4, Myb DNA-binding, CCT, PHD, EDNB, and AP2; and wherein said plant cell nucleus is selected by screening a population of transgenic plants that have said recombinant DNA and an enhanced trait as compared to control plants that do not have said recombinant DNA in their nuclei; and wherein said enhanced trait is selected from group of enhanced traits consisting of enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, enhanced heat tolerance, enhanced resistance to salt exposure, enhanced shade tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil.
In another aspect of the present invention, the plant cell nucleus where said protein coding DNA encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 140 through SEQ ID NO: 6023. In addition, the plant cell nucleus can comprising DNA expressing a protein that provides tolerance from exposure to an herbicide, e.g, glyphosate, dicamba, or glufosinate, applied at levels that are lethal to a wild type of said plant cell.
Yet in another aspect of the invention includes a plurality of plant cells or planys with the plant cell nucleus described, and the transgenic plant cell or plant are homozygous for said recombinant DNA. In addition, these plant cells are transgenic seeds from crops such as a corn, soybean, cotton, canola, alfalfa, wheat or rice plant, or transgenic pollen grain comprising a haploid derivative of a plant cell nucleus.
One aspect of the present invention includes a method for manufacturing non-natural, transgenic seed that can be used to produce a crop of transgenic plants with an enhanced trait resulting from expression of recombinant DNA in a nucleus described, wherein said method for manufacturing said transgenic seed comprising (a) screening a population of plants for said enhanced trait and said recombinant DNA, wherein individual plants in said population can exhibit said trait at a level less than, essentially the same as or greater than the level that said trait is exhibited in control plants which do not contain the recombinant DNA, wherein said enhanced trait is selected from the group of enhanced traits consisting of enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, enhanced heat tolerance, enhanced high salinity tolerance, enhanced shade tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil, (b) selecting from said population one or more plants that exhibit said trait at a level greater than the level that said trait is exhibited in control plants, and (c) collecting seeds from selected plant selected from step b.
In another aspect, the method for manufacturing transgenic seed, e.g, corn, soybean, cotton, alfalfa, canola wheat or rice seed, further comprising (a) verifying that said recombinant DNA is stably integrated in said selected plants, and (b) analyzing tissue of said selected plant to determine the expression or suppression of a protein having the function of a protein having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 140-278.
Yet another aspect of the present invention includes a method of producing hybrid corn seed comprising (a) acquiring hybrid corn seed from a herbicide tolerant corn plant which also has stably-integrated, recombinant DNA in a nucleus of claim 2; (b) producing corn plants from said hybrid corn seed, wherein a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid corn seed is homozygous for said recombinant DNA, a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid corn seed is hemizygous for said recombinant DNA, and a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid corn seed has none of said recombinant DNA; (c) selecting corn plants which are homozygous and hemizygous for said recombinant DNA by treating with an herbicide; (d) collecting seed from herbicide-treated-surviving corn plants and planting said seed to produce further progeny corn plants; (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) at least once to produce an inbred corn line; and (f) crossing said inbred corn line with a second corn line to produce hybrid seed. In one aspect of the invention, the transgenic plant comprise recombinant DNA constructs for expressing proteins are characterized by amino acid sequence that have at least 90% identity over at least 90% of the length of a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 140-278 when the amino acid sequence is aligned to the reference sequence. In one aspect of the invention, the transgenic plant comprise recombinant DNA constructs for expressing proteins are characterized by amino acid sequence that have at least 92.5% identity over at least 92.5% of the length of a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 140-278 when the amino acid sequence is aligned to the reference sequence. In one aspect of the invention, the transgenic plant comprise recombinant DNA constructs for expressing proteins are characterized by amino acid sequence that have at least 95% identity over at least 95% of the length of a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 140-278 when the amino acid sequence is aligned to the reference sequence.
In one aspect of the invention, the transgenic plant comprise recombinant DNA constructs for expressing proteins are characterized by amino acid sequence that have at least 97% identity over at least 97% of the length of a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 140-278 when the amino acid sequence is aligned to the reference sequence.
In one aspect of the invention, the transgenic plant comprise recombinant DNA constructs for expressing proteins are characterized by amino acid sequence that have at least 98% identity over at least 98% of the length of a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 140-278 when the amino acid sequence is aligned to the reference sequence.
In one aspect of the invention, the transgenic plant comprise recombinant DNA constructs for expressing proteins are characterized by amino acid sequence that have at least 99% identity over at least 99% of the length of a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 140-278 when the amino acid sequence is aligned to the reference sequence.
In one aspect of the invention, the transgenic plant comprise recombinant DNA constructs for expressing proteins are characterized by amino acid sequence that have at least 99.5% identity over at least 99.5% of the length of a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 140-278 when the amino acid sequence is aligned to the reference sequence.
In other aspects of the invention the nuclei of plant cells and derivative transgenic cells, plants, seeds, pollen and ovules further include recombinant DNA expressing a protein that provides tolerance from exposure to one or more herbicide applied at levels that are lethal to a wild type plant. Such herbicide tolerance is not only an advantageous trait in such plants but is also useful as a selectable marker in the transformation methods for producing the nuclei and nuclei derivatives of the invention. Such herbicide tolerance includes tolerance to a glyphosate, dicamba, or glufosinate herbicide.
Yet other aspects of the invention provide transgenic plant cell nuclei which are homozygous for the recombinant DNA. The transgenic plant cell nuclei of the invention and dervitave cells, plants, seed and haploid reproductive derivatives of the invention are adveatageously provided in corn, soybean, cotton, canola, alfalfa, wheat, rice plants, or combinations thereof.
This invention also provides methods for manufacturing non-natural, transgenic seed that can be used to produce a crop of transgenic plants with an enhanced trait resulting from expression of stably-integrated, recombinant DNA in the nucleus of the plant cells. More specifically the method includes, but are not limited to, (a) screening a population of plants for an enhanced trait and recombinant DNA, where individual plants in the population can exhibit the trait at a level less than, essentially the same as or greater than the level that the trait is exhibited in control plants which do not express the recombinant DNA; (b) selecting from the population one or more plants that exhibit the trait at a level greater than the level that said trait is exhibited in control plants and (c) collecting seed from a selected plant. Such method can further include the steps of (a) verifying that the recombinant DNA is stably integrated in said selected plants; and (b) analyzing tissue of a selected plant to determine the production of a protein having the function of a protein encoded by a recombinant DNA with a sequence of one of SEQ ID NO: 1-139; In one aspect of the invention the plants in the population can further include DNA expressing a protein that provides tolerance to exposure to an herbicide applied at levels that are lethal to wild type plant cells and where the selecting is effected by treating the population with the herbicide, e.g. a glyphosate, dicamba, or glufosinate compound. In another aspect of the invention, the plants are selected by identifying plants with the enhanced trait. The methods can be used for manufacturing corn, soybean, cotton, canola, alfalfa, wheat and/or rice seed selected as having one of the enhanced traits described above.
Another aspect of the invention provides a method of producing hybrid corn seed including the step of acquiring hybrid corn seed from a herbicide tolerant corn plant which also has a nucleus of this invention with stably-integrated, recombinant DNA. The method can further include the steps of producing corn plants from said hybrid corn seed, where a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid corn seed is homozygous for said recombinant DNA, a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid corn seed is hemizygous for said recombinant DNA, and/or a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid corn seed has none of said recombinant DNA; selecting corn plants which are homozygous and hemizygous for said recombinant DNA by treating with an herbicide; collecting seed from herbicide-treated- surviving corn plants and planting said seed to produce further progeny corn plants; repeating the selecting and collecting steps at least once to produce an inbred corn line; and crossing the inbred corn line with a second corn line to produce hybrid seed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figures 1, 2 and 3 are pictures illustrating plasmid maps; and
Figures 4(a) and 4(b) illustrate a consensus amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237 and their homologs. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the attached sequence listing:
SEQ ID NO: 1-139 are nucleotide sequences of the coding strand of DNA for "genes" used in the recombinant DNA imparting an enhanced trait in plant cells, i.e. each represents a coding sequence for a protein;
SEQ ID NO: 140-278 are amino acid sequences of the protein of the "genes" encoding by nucleotide sequence 1-139;
SEQ ID NO: 279-6023 homologs are amino acid sequences of homologous proteins;
SEQ ID NO: 6024 is a nucleotide sequence of a plasmid base vector useful for corn transformation;
SEQ ID NO: 6025 is a DNA sequence of a plasmid base vector useful for soybean transformation;
SEQ ID NO: 6026 is a DNA sequence of a plasmid base vector useful for cotton transformation; and
SEQ ID NO: 6027-6034 are consensus sequences.
Table 1 lists the protein SEQ ID NOs and their corresponding consensus SEQ ID NOs.
Table 1.
Figure imgf000009_0001
The nuclei of this invention are identified by screening transgenic plants for one or more traits including enhanced drought stress tolerance, enhanced heat stress tolerance, enhanced cold stress tolerance, enhanced high salinity stress tolerance, enhanced low nitrogen availability stress tolerance, enhanced shade stress tolerance, enhanced plant growth and development at the stages of seed imbibition through early vegetative phase, and enhanced plant growth and development at the stages of leaf development, flower production and seed maturity.
"Gene" means a chromosomal element for expressing a protein and specifaccly includes the DNA encoding a protein. In cases where expression of a target protein is desired, the pertinent part of a gene is the DNA encoding the target protein; in cases where suppression of a target is desired, the pertinent part of a gene is that part that is transcribed as mRNA. "Recombinant DNA" means a polynucleotide having a genetically engineered modification introduced through combination of endogenous and/or exogenous elements in a transcription unit. Recombinant DNA can include DNA segments obtained from different sources, or DNA segments obtained from the same source, but which have been manipulated to join DNA segments which do not naturally exist in the joined form.
"Trait" means a physiological, morphological, biochemical, or physical characteristic of a plant or particular plant material or cell, or any combinations thereor. A "control plant" is a plant without trait-improving recombinant DNA in its nucleus.
A control plant is used to measure and compare trait enhancement in a transgenic plant with such trait-improving recombinant DNA. A suitable control plant can be a non-transgenic plant of the parental line used to generate a transgenic plant herein. Alternatively, a control plant can be a transgenic plant having an empty vector or marker gene, but does not contain the recombinant DNA that produces the trait enhancement. A control plant can also be a negative segregant progeny of hemizygous transgenic plant. In certain demonstrations of trait enhancement, the use of a limited number of control plants can cause a wide variation in the control dataset. To minimize the effect of the variation within the control dataset, a "reference" is used. As use herein a "reference" is a trimmed mean of all data from both transgenic and control plants grown under the same conditions and at the same developmental stage. The trimmed mean is calculated by eliminating a specific percentage, e.g., 20%, of the smallest and largest observation from the data set and then calculating the average of the remaining observation.
"Trait enhancement" means a detectable and desirable difference in a characteristic in a transgenic plant relative to a control plant or a reference. In some cases, the trait enhancement can be measured quantitatively. For example, the trait enhancement can entail at least a 2% desirable difference in an observed trait, at least a 5% desirable difference, at least about a 10% desirable difference, at least about a 20% desirable difference, at least about a 30% desirable difference, at least about a 50% desirable difference, at least about a 70% desirable difference, at least about a 80% desirable difference, at least about a 90% desirable difference, at least about a 92.5% desirable difference, at least about a 95% desirable difference, at least about a 98% desirable difference, at least about a 99% desirable difference, at least about a 99.5% desirable difference or at least about a 100% difference, or an even greater desirable difference. In other cases, the trait enhancement is only measured qualitatively. It is known that there can be a natural variation in a trait. Therefore, the trait enhancement observed entails a change of the normal distribution of the trait in the transgenic plant compared with the trait distribution observed in a control plant or a reference, which is evaluated by statistical methods provided herein. Trait enhancement includes, but is not limited to, yield increase, including increased yield under non-stress conditions and increased yield under environmental stress conditions. Stress conditions can include, for example, drought, shade, fungal disease, viral disease, bacterial disease, insect infestation, nematode infestation, cold temperature exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, reduced nitrogen nutrient availability, reduced phosphorus nutrient availability, high plant density, or any combinations thereof. Many agronomic traits can affect "yield", including without limitation, plant height, pod number, pod position on the plant, number of internodes, incidence of pod shatter, grain size, efficiency of nodulation and nitrogen fixation, efficiency of nutrient assimilation, resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, carbon assimilation, plant architecture, resistance to lodging, percent seed germination, seedling vigor, juvenile traits, or any combinations thereof. Other traits that can affect yield include, efficiency of germination (including germination in stressed conditions), growth rate (including growth rate in stressed conditions), ear number, seed number per ear, seed size, composition of seed (starch, oil, protein) and characteristics of seed fill. Also of interest is the generation of transgenic plants that demonstrate desirable phenotypic properties that can confer an increase in overall plant yield. Such properties include enhanced plant morphology, plant physiology or improved components of the mature seed harvested from the transgenic plant.
"Yield-limiting environment" means the condition under which a plant would have the limitation on yield including environmental stress conditions.
"Stress condition" means a condition unfavorable for a plant, which adversely affect plant metabolism, growth and/or development. A plant under the stress condition typically shows reduced germination rate, retarded growth and development, reduced photosynthesis rate, and eventually leading to reduction in yield. Specifically, "water deficit stress" used herein refers to the sub-optimal conditions for water and humidity needed for normal growth of natural plants. Relative water content (RWC) can be used as a physiological measure of plant water deficit. It measures the effect of osmotic adjustment in plant water status, when a plant is under stressed conditions. Conditions which can result in water deficit stress include, but are not limited to, heat, drought, high salinity and PEG induced osmotic stress.
"Cold stress" means the exposure of a plant to a temperatures below (two or more degrees Celsius below) those normal for a particular species or particular strain of plant.
"Nitrogen nutrient" means any one or any mix of the nitrate salts commonly used as plant nitrogen fertilizer, including, but not limited to, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate. The term ammonium as used herein means any one or any mix of the ammonium salts commonly used as plant nitrogen fertilizer, e.g., ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, etc.
"Low nitrogen availability stress" means a plant growth condition that does not contain sufficient nitrogen nutrient to maintain a healthy plant growth and/or for a plant to reach its typical yield under a sufficient nitrogen growth condition. For example, a limiting nitrogen condition can refers to a growth condition with 50% or less of the conventional nitrogen inputs. "Sufficient nitrogen growth condition" means a growth condition where the soil or growth medium contains or receives optimal amounts of nitrogen nutrient to sustain a healthy plant growth and/or for a plant to reach its typical yield for a particular plant species or a particular strain. One skilled in the art would recognize what constitute such soil, media and fertilizer inputs for most plant species. "Shade stress" means a growth condition that has limited light availability that triggers the shade avoidance response in plant. Plants are subject to shade stress when localized at lower part of the canopy, or in close proximity of neighboring vegetation. Shade stress can become exacerbated when the planting density exceeds the average prevailing density for a particular plant species. "Increased yield" of a transgenic plant of the present invention is evidenced and measured in a number of ways, including test weight, seed number per plant, seed weight, seed number per unit area (e.g., seeds, or weight of seeds, per acre), bushels per acre, tons per acre, tons per acre, kilo per hectare. For example, maize yield can be measured as production of shelled corn kernels per unit of production area, e.g., in bushels per acre or metric tons per hectare, often reported on a moisture adjusted basis, e.g., at 15.5 % moisture. Increased yield can result from enhanced utilization of key biochemical compounds, such as nitrogen, phosphorous and carbohydrate, or from enhanced tolerance to environmental stresses, such as cold, heat, drought, salt, and attack by pests or pathogens. Trait-improving recombinant DNA can also be used to provide transgenic plants having enhanced growth and development, and ultimately increased yield, as the result of modified expression of plant growth regulators or modification of cell cycle or photosynthesis pathways.
A "plant promoter" is a promoter capable of initiating transcription in plant cells whether or not its origin is a plant cell. Exemplary plant promoters include, but are not limited to, those that are obtained from plants, plant viruses, and bacteria which include genes expressed in plant cells such Agrobacterium or Rhizobium. Examples of promoters under developmental control include promoters that preferentially initiate transcription in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, or seeds. Such promoters are referred to as "tissue preferred". Promoters which initiate transcription only in certain tissues are referred to as "tissue specific". A "cell type" specific promoter primarily drives expression in certain cell types in one or more organs, for example, vascular cells in roots or leaves. An "inducible" or "repressible" promoter is a promoter which is under environmental control. Examples of environmental conditions that can effect transcription by inducible promoters include anaerobic conditions, or certain chemicals, or the presence of light. Tissue specific, tissue preferred, cell type specific, and inducible promoters constitute the class of "non-constitutive" promoters. A "constitutive" promoter is a promoter which is active under most conditions.
As used herein, "operably linked" refers to the association of two or more nucleic acid elements in a recombinant DNA construct, e.g. as when a promoter is operably linked with DNA that is transcribed to RNA whether for expressing or suppressing a protein. Recombinant DNA constructs can be designed to express a protein which can be an endogenous protein, an exogenous homologue of an endogenous protein or an exogenous protein with no native homologue. Alternatively, recombinant DNA constructs can be designed to suppress the level of an endogenous protein, e.g. by suppression of the native gene. Such gene suppression can be effectively employed through a native RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism in which recombinant DNA comprises both sense and anti-sense oriented DNA matched to the gene targeted for suppression where the recombinant DNA is transcribed into RNA that can form a double-strand to initiate an RNAi mechanism. Gene suppression can also be effected by recombinant DNA that comprises anti-sense oriented DNA matched to the gene targeted for suppression. Gene suppression can also be effected by recombinant DNA that comprises DNA that is transcribed to a microRNA matched to the gene targeted for suppression. In the examples illustrating the invention recombinant DNA for effecting gene suppression that imparts is identified by the term "antisense". It will be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art that any of the ways of effecting gene suppression are contemplated and enabled by a showing of one approach to gene suppression. A "consensus amino acid sequence" means an artificial, amino acid sequence indicating conserved amino acids in the sequence of homologous proteins as determined by statistical analyis of an optimal alignment, e.g. CLUSTALW, of amino acid sequence of homolog proteins. The consensus sequences listed in the sequence listing were created by identifying the most frequent amino acid at each position in a set of aligned protein sequences. When there was 100% identity in an alignment the amino acid is indicated by a capital letter. When the occurance of an amino acid is at least about 70% in an alignemnt, the amino acid is indicated by a lower case letter. When there is no amino acid occurance of at least about 70%, e.g. due to diversity or gaps, the amino acid is inidcated by an "x". When used to defined embodiments of the invention, a consensus amino acid sequence will be aligned with a query protein amino acid sequence in an optimal alignment, e.g. CLUSTALW. An embodiment of the invention will have identity to the conserved amino acids indicated in the consensus amino acid sequence. As used herein a "homolog" means a protein in a group of proteins that perform the same biological function, e.g. proteins that belong to the same Pfam protein family and that provide a common enhanced trait in transgenic plants of this invention. Homologs are expressed by homologous genes. With reference to homologous genes, homologs include orthologs, e.g. genes expressed in different species that evolved from a common ancestral genes by speciation and encode proteins retain the same function, but do not include paralogs, e.g., genes that are related by duplication but have evolved to encode proteins with different functions. Homologous genes include naturally occurring alleles and artificially-created variants. Degeneracy of the genetic code provides the possibility to substitute at least one base of the protein encoding sequence of a gene with a different base without causing the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide produced from the gene to be changed. When optimally aligned, homolog proteins have typically at least about 60% identity, in some instances at least about 70%, for example about 80% and even at least about 90% identity over the full length of a protein, such as from SEQ ID No. 140-278, identified as being associated with imparting an enhanced trait when expressed in plant cells. In one aspect of the invention homolog proteins have an amino acid sequence that has at least 95%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% identity to a consensus amino acid sequence of proteins and homologs disclosed herein. Homologs are identified by comparison of amino acid sequence, e.g. manually or by use of a computer-based tool using known homology -based search algorithms such as those commonly known and referred to as BLAST, FASTA, and Smith- Waterman. A local sequence alignment program, e.g. BLAST, can be used to search a database of sequences to find similar sequences, and the summary Expectation value (E- value) used to measure the sequence base similarity. Because a protein hit with the best E-value for a particular organism may not necessarily be an ortholog, i.e. have the same function, or be the only ortholog, a reciprocal query is used to filter hit sequences with significant E-values for ortholog identification. The reciprocal query entails search of the significant hits against a database of amino acid sequences from the base organism that are similar to the sequence of the query protein. A hit can be identified as an ortholog, when the reciprocal query's best hit is the query protein itself or a protein encoded by a duplicated gene after speciation. A further aspect of the homologs encoded by DNA useful in the transgenic plants of the invention are those proteins that differ from a disclosed protein as the result of deletion or insertion of one or more amino acids in a native sequence.
As used herein, "percent identity" means the extent to which two optimally aligned DNA or protein segments are invariant throughout a window of alignment of components, for example nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence. An "identity fraction" for aligned segments of a test sequence and a reference sequence is the number of identical components that are shared by sequences of the two aligned segments divided by the total number of sequence components in the reference segment over a window of alignment which is the smaller of the full test sequence or the full reference sequence. "Percent identity" ("% identity") is the identity fraction times 100. Such optimal alignment is understood to be deemed as local alignment of DNA sequences. For protein alignment, a local alignment of protein sequences should allow introduction of gaps to achieve optimal alignment. Percent identity is calculated over the aligned length not including the gaps introduced by the alignment per se.
Homologous genes are genes which encode proteins with the same or similar biological function to the protein encoded by the second gene. Homologous genes can be generated by the event of speciation (see ortholog) or by the event of genetic duplication (see paralog). "Orthologs" refer to a set of homologous genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by specification. Normally, orthologs retain the same function in the course of evolution; and "paralogs" refer to a set of homologous genes in the same species that have diverged from each other as a consequence of genetic duplication. Thus, homologous genes can be from the same or a different organism. As used herein, "homolog" means a protein that performs the same biological function as a second protein including those identified by sequence identity search.
"Arabidopsis " means plants of Arabidopsis thaliana.
"Pfam" database is a large collection of multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models covering many common protein families, e.g. Pfam version 19.0 (December 2005) contains alignments and models for 8183 protein families and is based on the Swissprot 47.0 and SP-TrEMBL 30.0 protein sequence databases. See S.R. Eddy, "Profile Hidden Markov Models", Bioinformatics 14:755-763, 1998. The Pfam database is currently maintained and updated by the Pfam Consortium. The alignments represent some evolutionary conserved structure that has implications for the protein's function. Profile hidden Markov models (profile HMMs) built from the protein family alignments are useful for automatically recognizing that a new protein belongs to an existing protein family even if the homology by alignment appears to be low.
A "Pfam domain module" is a representation of Pfam domains in a protein, in order from N terminus to C terminus. In a Pfam domain module individual Pfam domains are separated by double colons "::". The order and copy number of the Pfam domains from N to C terminus are attributes of a Pfam domain module. Although the copy number of repetitive domains is important, varying copy number often enables a similar function. Thus, a Pfam domain module with multiple copies of a domain should define an equivalent Pfam domain module with variance in the number of multiple copies. A Pfam domain module is not specific for distance between adjacent domains, but contemplates natural distances and variations in distance that provide equivalent function. The Pfam database contains both narrowly- and broadly-defined domains, leading to identification of overlapping domains on some proteins. A Pfam domain module is characterized by non-overlapping domains. Where there is overlap, the domain having a function that is more closely associated with the function of the protein (based on the E value of the Pfam match) is selected.
Once one DNA is identified as encoding a protein which imparts an enhanced trait when expressed in transgenic plants, other DNA encoding proteins with the same Pfam domain module are identified by querying the amino acid sequence of protein encoded by candidate DNA against the Hidden Markov Models which characterizes the Pfam domains using
HMMER software, a current version of which is provided in the appended computer listing. Candidate proteins meeting the same Pfam domain module are in the protein family and have corresponding DNA that is useful in constructing recombinant DNA for the use in the plant cells of this invention. Hidden Markov Model databases for use with HMMER software in identifying DNA expressing protein with a common Pfam domain module for recombinant DNA in the plant cells of this invention are also included in the appended computer listing. Version 19.0 of the HMMER software and Pfam databases were used to identify known domains in the proteins corresponding to amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 140 through SEQ ID NO:278. All DNA encoding proteins that have scores higher than the gathering cutoff disclosed in Table 19 by Pfam analysis disclosed herein can be used in recombinant DNA of the plant cells of this invention, e.g. for selecting transgenic plants having enhanced agronomic traits. The relevant Pfam modules for use in this invention, as more specifically disclosed below, are WRKY:: WRKY, AP2, AUX IAA, WRKY, WRKY, HLH, Myb_DNA-binding: :Linker_histone, zf-B_box: :zf-B_box, Ank: :Ank: :Ank: :Chromo, NAM, zf- C2H2, Myb DNA-binding, bZIP l, PHD,
Linker_histone::AT_hook::AT_hook::AT_hook::AT_hook, B3::Auxin_resp, HLH, zf-Dof, AT_hook::DUF296, AT_hook::AT_hook::DUF296, NAM, GATA, NAM, Myb_DNA-binding, zf-B_box::CCT, POX::Homeobox, B3::Auxin_resp:: AUXJAA, Myb DNA- binding: :Myb_DNA-binding, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding, zf-C2H2, zf-C2H2, Myb_DNA-binding: :Myb_DNA-binding, Myb_DNA-binding: :Myb_DNA-binding, TCP, KN0Xl::KN0X2, zf-ZPRl::zf-ZPRl, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding, DUF630::DUF632, WRKY, Myb DNA-binding, zf-C2H2, HLH, AP2, AT_hook::DUF296, Ank:: Ank:: Ank:: Ank:: Ank, WRKY, zf-C2H2, NAM, AP2, NAM, Myb_DNA- binding: :Myb_DNA-binding: :Myb_DNA-binding, NAM, HLH, Myb_DNA- binding::Myb_DNA-binding, Myb DNA-binding, HLH, bZIP_2, bZIP_2, BAH::PHD, HLH, NAM, GATA, SSrecog::Rttl06::HMG_box, DUF573, zf-B_box::CCT, HLH, RWP-RK, AP2::B3, AUX IAA, SRF-TF, AP2, AP2, HSF DNA-bind, AP2, SRF-TF ::K-box, Myb DNA-binding, zf-LSDl::zf-LSDl ::zf-LSDl, KNOX1::KNOX2::ELK, zf-C3HC4, MFMR: :bZIP_l , DUF573, Myb_DNA-binding, HLH, NAM, Myb_DNA-binding: :Myb_DNA- binding, SRF-TF: :K-box, zf-C3HC4, zf-B_box, WRKY, zf-B_box::CCT, EIN3, HSF DNA- bind, AUX_IAA, TCP, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding, AP2, KNOXl::KNOX2::ELK::Homeobox, HSF DNA-bind, HSF DNA-bind, AP2::B3, NAM, SBP, AP2, zf-C2H2, SRF-TF ::K-box, zf-C2H2, GRAS, AP2, Myb DNA-binding, AP2, AP2::AP2, HLH, CXC::CXC, AP2, NAM, zf-C3HC4, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA- binding, GRAS, Homeobox::HALZ, Myb DNA-binding, NAM, WRKY, zf-C2H2, zf-C2H2, NAM, zf-C2H2, AP2::AP2, zf-C3HC4, RWP-RK: :PB1, SRF-TF: :K-box, and zf-B box. Recombinant DNA constructs
The invention uses recombinant DNA for imparting one or more enhanced traits to transgenic plant when incorporated into the nucleus of the plant cells. Such recombinant DNA is a constructcomprising a promoter operatively linked to to DNA for expression or suppression of a target protein in plant cells. Other construct components can include additional regulatory elements, such as 5 ' or 3 ' untranslated regions (such as polyadenylation sites), intron regions, and transit or signal peptides. Such recombinant DNA constructs can be assembled using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Recombinant constructs prepared in accordance with the present invention also generally include a 3' untranslated DNA region (UTR) that typically contains a polyadenylation sequence following the polynucleotide coding region. Examples of useful 3' UTRs include those from the nopaline synthase gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (nos), a gene encoding the small subunit of a ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (rbcS), and the T7 transcript of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Constructs and vectors can also include a transit peptide for targeting of a gene target to a plant organelle, particularly to a chloroplast, leucoplast or other plastid organelle. For descriptions of the use of chloroplast transit peptides, see U.S. Patent 5, 188,642 and U.S. Patent No. 5,728,925, incorporated herein by reference.
Table 2 provides a list of genes that provided recombinant DNA that was expressed in a model plant and identified from screening as imparting an enhanced trait. When the stated orientation is "sense", the expression of the gene or a homolog in a crop plant provides the means to identify transgenic events that provide an enhanced trait in the crop plant. When the stated orientation is "antisense", the suppression of the native homolog in a crop plant provides the means to identify transgenic events that provide an enhanced trait in the crop plant. In some cases the expression/suppression in the model plant exhibited an enhanced trait that corresponds to an enhanced agronomic trait, e.g. cold stress tolerance, water deficit stress tolerance, low nitrogen stress tolerance and the like. In other cases the expression/suppression in the model plant exhibited an enhanced trait that is a surrogate to an enhanced agronomic trait, e.g. salinity stress tolerance being a surrogate to drought tolerance or improvement in plant growth and development being a surrogate to enhanced yield. Even when expression of a transgene or suppression of a native gene imparts an enhanced trait in a model plant, not every crop plant expressing the same transgene or suppressing the same native gene will necessarily demonstrate an indicated enhanced agronomic trait. For instance, it is well known that multiple transgenic events are required to identify a transgenic plant that can exhibit an enhanced agronomic trait. A skilled artisan can identify a transgenic plant cell nuclei, cell, plant or seed by making number of transgenic events, typically a very large number, and engaging in screening processes identified in this specification and illustrated in the examples. For example, a screening process includes selecting only those transgenic events with an intact, single copy of the recombinant DNA in a single locus of the host plant genome and further screening for transgenic events that impart a desired trait that is replicatable when the recombinant DNA is introgressed into a variety of germplams without imparting significant adverse traits.
An understanding of Table 2 is facilitated by the following description of the headings:
"NUC SEQ ID NO" refers to a SEQ ID NO. for particular DNA sequence in the Sequence Listing .
"PEP SEQ ID NO" refers to a SEQ ID NO. in the Sequence Listing for the amino acid sequence of a protein corresponding to a particular DNA
"constructed" refers to an arbitrary number used to identify a particular recombinant DNA construct comprising the particular DNA.
"Gene ID" refers to an arbitrary name used to identify the particular DNA.
"orientation" refers to the orientation of the particular DNA in a recombinant DNA construct relative to the promoter.
Table 2
Figure imgf000019_0001
Figure imgf000020_0001
Recombinant DNA
DNA for use in the present invention to improve traits in plants have a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 139, as well as the homologs of such DNA molecules. A subset of the DNA for gene suppression aspects of the invention includes fragments of the disclosed full polynucleotides consisting of oligonucleotides of 21 or more consecutive nucleotides. Oligonucleotides the larger molecules having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 139 are useful as probes and primers for detection of the polynucleotides used in the invention. Also useful in this invention are variants of the DNA. Such variants can be naturally occurring, including DNA from homologous genes from the same or a different species, or can be non-natural variants, for example DNA synthesized using chemical synthesis methods, or generated using recombinant DNA techniques. Degeneracy of the genetic code provides the possibility to substitute at least one base of the protein encoding sequence of a gene with a different base without causing the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide produced from the gene to be changed. Hence, a DNA useful in the present invention can have any base sequence that has been changed from the sequences provided herein by substitution in accordance with degeneracy of the genetic code. Homologs of the genes providing DNA demonstrated as useful in improving traits in model plants disclosed herein will generally have significant identity with the DNA disclosed herein. DNA is substantially identical to a reference DNA if, when the sequences of the polynucleotides are optimally aligned there is at least about 60% nucleotide equivalence over a comparison window. The DNA can also be about 70% equivalence, about 80% equivalence; about 85% equivalence; about 90%; about 95%; or even about 98%, 98.5%, 99% or 99.5% equivalence over a comparison window. A comparison window is at least about 50-100 nucleotides, and/or is the entire length of the polynucleotide provided herein. Optimal alignment of sequences for aligning a comparison window can be conducted by algorithms or by computerized implementations of these algorithms (for example, the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package Release 7.0-10.0, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, WI). The reference polynucleotide can be a full-length molecule or a portion of a longer molecule. In one embodiment, the window of comparison for determining polynucleotide identity of protein encoding sequences is the entire coding region.
Proteins useful for imparting enhanced traits are entire proteins or at least a sufficient portion of the entire protein to impart the relevant biological activity of the protein. Proteins used for generation of transgenic plants having enhanced traits include the proteins with an amino acid sequence provided herein as SEQ ID NO: 140 through SEQ ID NO: 278, as well as homologs of such proteins.
Homologs of the trait-improving proteins provided herein generally demonstrate significant sequence identity. Of particular interest are proteins having at least about 50% sequence identity, at least about 70% sequence identity or higher, e.g., at least about 80% sequence identity with an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 140 through SEQ ID NO: 278. Proteins also include those with higher identity, e.g., at least about 100% to at least about 99.5%, at least about 100% to at least about 99%, at least about 100% to at least about 98%, at least about 100% to at least about 97.5%, at least about 100% to at least about 95%, at least about 100% to at least about 92.5%, and at least about 100% to at least about 90%. Identity of protein homologs is determined by aligning the amino acid sequence of a putative protein homolog with a defined amino acid sequence and by calculating the percentage of identical and conservatively substituted amino acids over the window of comparison. The window of comparison for determining identity can be the entire amino acid sequence disclosed herein, e.g., the full sequence of any of SEQ ID NO: 140 through SEQ ID NO: 278.
The relationship of homologs with amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 279 to SEQ ID NO: 6023 to the proteins with amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: to 140 to SEQ ID NO: 278 are found in the listing of Table 16.
Other functional homolog proteins differ in one or more amino acids from those of a trait-improving protein disclosed herein as the result of one or more of the well-known conservative amino acid substitutions, e.g., valine is a conservative substitute for alanine and threonine is a conservative substitute for serine. Conservative substitutions for an amino acid within the native sequence can be selected from other members of a class to which the naturally occurring amino acid belongs. Representative amino acids within these various classes include, but are not limited to: (1) acidic (negatively charged) amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid; (2) basic (positively charged) amino acids such as arginine, histidine, and lysine; (3) neutral polar amino acids such as glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine; and (4) neutral nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids such as alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine. Conserved substitutes for an amino acid within a native amino acid sequence can be selected from other members of the group to which the naturally occurring amino acid belongs. For example, a group of amino acids having aliphatic side chains is glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; a group of amino acids having aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains is serine and threonine; a group of amino acids having amide-containing side chains is asparagine and glutamine; a group of amino acids having aromatic side chains is phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; a group of amino acids having basic side chains is lysine, arginine, and histidine; and a group of amino acids having sulfur-containing side chains is cysteine and methionine. Naturally conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine, valine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine- arginine, alanine-valine, aspartic acid-glutamic acid, and asparagine-glutamine. A further aspect of the invention includes proteins that differ in one or more amino acids from those of a described protein sequence as the result of deletion or insertion of one or more amino acids in a native sequence.
Genes that are homologous to each other can be grouped into families and included in multiple sequence alignments. Then a consensus sequence for each group can be derived. This analysis enables the derivation of conserved and class-(family) specific residues or motifs that are functionally important. These conserved residues and motifs can be further validated with 3D protein structure if available. The consensus sequence can be used to define the full scope of the invention, e.g., to identify proteins with a homolog relationship. Thus, the present invention contemplates that protein homologs include proteins with an amino acid sequence that has at least 90% identity to such a consensus amino acid sequence sequences. Promoters
Numerous promoters that are active in plant cells have been described in the literature. These include promoters present in plant genomes as well as promoters from other sources, including nopaline synthase (NOS) promoter and octopine synthase (OCS) promoters carried on tumor-inducing plasmids of Agro bacterium tumefaciens , caulimovirus promoters such as the cauliflower mosaic virus or Figwort mosaic virus promoters. For instance, see U.S. Patents No. 5,858,742 and 5,322,938 which disclose versions of the constitutive promoter derived from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV35S), US Patent No. 5,378,619 which discloses a Figwort Mosaic Virus (FMV) 35S promoter, U.S. Patent 6,437,217 which discloses a maize RS81 promoter, U.S. Patent 5,641,876 which discloses a rice actin promoter, U.S. Patent 6,426,446 which discloses a maize RS324 promoter, U.S. Patent 6,429,362 which discloses a maize PR-I promoter, U.S. Patent 6,232,526 which discloses a maize A3 promoter, U.S. Patent 6,177,611 which discloses constitutive maize promoters, U.S. Patent 6,433,252 which discloses a maize L3 oleosin promoter, U.S. Patent 6,429,357 which discloses a rice actin 2 promoter and intron, U.S. Patent 5,837,848 which discloses a root specific promoter, U.S. Patent 6,084,089 which discloses cold inducible promoters, U.S. Patent 6,294,714 which discloses light inducible promoters, U.S. Patent 6,140,078 which discloses salt inducible promoters, U.S. Patent 6,252,138 which discloses pathogen inducible promoters, U.S. Patent 6,175,060 which discloses phosphorus deficiency inducible promoters, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2002/0192813Al which discloses 5', 3' and intron elements useful in the design of effective plant expression vectors, U.S. patent application Serial No. 09/078,972 which discloses a coixin promoter, U.S. patent application Serial No. 09/757,089 which discloses a maize chloroplast aldolase promoter, and U.S. patent application Serial No. 10/739,565 which discloses water-deficit inducible promoters, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. These and numerous other promoters that function in plant cells are known to those skilled in the art and available for use in recombinant polynucleotides of the present invention to provide for expression of desired genes in transgenic plant cells. Furthermore, the promoters can include multiple "enhancer sequences" to assist in elevating gene expression. Such enhancers are known in the art. By including an enhancer sequence with such constructs, the expression of the selected protein can be enhanced. These enhancers often are found 5' to the start of transcription in a promoter that functions in eukaryotic cells, but can often be inserted in the forward or reverse orientation 5 ' or 3' to the coding sequence. In some instances, these 5' enhancing elements are introns. Deemed to be particularly useful as enhancers are the 5' introns of the rice actin 1 and rice actin 2 genes. Examples of other enhancers that can be used in accordance with the invention include elements from the CaMV 35 S promoter, octopine synthase genes, the maize alcohol dehydrogenase gene, the maize shrunken 1 gene and promoters from non-plant eukaryotes. In some aspects of the invention, the promoter element in the DNA construct can be capable of causing sufficient expression to result in the production of an effective amount of a polypeptide in water deficit conditions. Such promoters can be identified and isolated from the regulatory region of plant genes that are over expressed in water deficit conditions. Specific water-deficit- inducible promoters for use in this invention are derived from the 5' regulatory region of genes identified as a heat shock protein 17.5 gene (HSPl 7.5), an HVA22 gene (HVA22), a Rabl7 gene and a cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (CA4H) gene (CA4H) of Zea maize. Such water-deficit- inducible promoters are disclosed in U.S. application Serial No.10/739,565, incorporated herein by reference.
In some aspects of the invention, sufficient expression in plant seed tissues is desired to effect improvements in seed composition. Exemplary promoters for use for seed composition modification include promoters from seed genes such as napin (U.S. Patent 5,420,034), maize L3 oleosin (U.S. Patent 6,433,252), zein Z27 (Russell et al, (1997) Transgenic Res . 6(2): 157- 166), globulin 1 (Belanger et al, (1991) Genetics 129:863-872), glutelin 1 (Russell (1997) supra), and peroxiredoxin antioxidant (Perl) (Stacy et al, (1996) Plant MoI Biol. 31(6): 1205- 1216).
In some aspects of the invention, expression in plant green tissues is desired. Promoters of interest for such uses include those from genes such as SSU (Fischhoff, et al, (1992) Plant MoI Biol. 20:81-93), aldolase and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) (Taniguchi, et al, (2000) Plant Cell Physiol. 41(l):42-48).
Gene suppression includes any of the well-known methods for suppressing transcription of a gene or the accumulation of the mRNA corresponding to that gene thereby preventing translation of the transcript into protein. Posttranscriptional gene suppression is mediated by transcription of RNA that forms double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) having homology to a gene targeted for suppression. Suppression can also be achieved by insertion mutations created by transposable elements can also prevent gene function. For example, in many dicot plants, transformation with the T-DNA of Agro bacterium can be readily achieved and large numbers of transformants can be rapidly obtained. Also, some species have lines with active transposable elements that can efficiently be used for the generation of large numbers of insertion mutations, while some other species lack such options. Mutant plants produced by Agrobacterium or transposon mutagenesis and having altered expression of a polypeptide of interest can be identified using the polynucleotides of the present invention. For example, a large population of mutated plants can be screened with polynucleotides encoding the polypeptide of interest to detect mutated plants having an insertion in the gene encoding the polypeptide of interest. Gene stacking
The present invention also contemplates that the trait-improving recombinant DNA provided herein can be used in combination with other recombinant DNA to create plants with multiple desired traits or a further enhanced trait. The combinations generated can include multiple copies of any one or more of the recombinant DNA constructs. These stacked combinations can be created by any method, including but not limited to cross breeding of transgenic plants, or multiple genetic transformation.
Transformation Methods Numerous methods for producing plant cell nuclei with recombinant DNA are known in the art and can be used in the present invention. Two commonly used methods for plant transformation axe Agro bacterium-mediated transformation and microprojectile bombardment. Microprojectile bombardment methods are illustrated in U.S. Patents 5,015,580 (soybean); 5,550,318 (corn); 5,538,880 (corn); 5,914,451 (soybean); 6,160,208 (corn); 6,399,861 (corn) and 6,153,812 (wheat) and Agro bacterium-mediated transformation is described in U.S. Patents 5,159,135 (cotton); 5,824,877 (soybean); 5,463,174 (canola), 5,591,616 (corn); and 6,384,301 (soybean), all of which are incorporated herein by reference. For Agrobαcterium tumefαciens based plant transformation system, additional elements present on transformation constructs will include T-DNA left and right border sequences to facilitate incorporation of the recombinant polynucleotide into the plant genome.
Numerous methods for transforming chromosomes in a plant cell nucleus with recombinant DNA are known in the art and are used in methods of preparing a transgenic plant cell nucleus cell, and plant. Two effective methods for such transformation are Agrobαcterium- mediated transformation and microprojectile bombardment. Microprojectile bombardment methods are illustrated in US Patents 5,015,580 (soybean); 5,550,318 (corn); 5,538,880 (corn); 5,914,451 (soybean); 6,160,208 (corn); 6,399,861 (corn); 6,153,812 (wheat) and 6,365,807 (rice) and Agrobαcterium-mediated transformation is described in US Patents 5,159,135 (cotton); 5,824,877 (soybean); 5,463,174 (canola, also known as rapeseed); 5,591,616 (corn); 6,384,301 (soybean), 7,026,528 (wheat) and 6,329,571 (rice), all of which are incorporated herein by reference for enabling the production of transgenic plants. Transformation of plant material is practiced in tissue culture on a nutrient media, i.e. a mixture of nutrients that will allow cells to grow in vitro. Recipient cell targets include, but are not limited to, meristem cells, hypocotyls, calli, immature embryos and gametic cells such as microspores, pollen, sperm and egg cells. Callus may be initiated from tissue sources including, but not limited to, immature embryos, hypocotyls, seedling apical meristems, microspores and the like. Cells containing a transgenic nucleus are grown into transgenic plants.
In general it is useful to introduce heterologous DNA randomly, e.g., at a non-specific location, in the genome of a target plant line. In special cases it can be useful to target heterologous DNA insertion in order to achieve site-specific integration, e.g., to replace an existing gene in the genome, to use an existing promoter in the plant genome, or to insert a recombinant polynucleotide at a predetermined site known to be active for gene expression. Several site specific recombination systems exist which are known to function in plants including cre-lox as disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,959,317 and FLP-FRT as disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,527,695, both incorporated herein by reference.
Transformation methods of this invention can be practiced in tissue culture on media and in a controlled environment. "Media" refers to the numerous nutrient mixtures that are used to grow cells in vitro, that is, outside of the intact living organism. Recipient cell targets include, but are not limited to, meristem cells, calli, hypocotyles, immature embryos and gametic cells such as microspores, pollen, sperm and egg cells. It is contemplated that any cell from which a fertile plant can be regenerated is useful as a recipient cell. Callus can be initiated from tissue sources including, but not limited to, immature embryos, seedling apical meristems, microspores and the like. Cells capable of proliferating as callus are also recipient cells for genetic transformation. Practical transformation methods and materials for making transgenic plants of this invention, e.g., various media and recipient target cells, transformation of immature embryos and subsequent regeneration of fertile transgenic plants are disclosed in U.S. Patents 6,194,636 and 6,232,526 and U.S. patent application Serial No. 09/757,089, which are incorporated herein by reference.
The seeds of transgenic plants can be harvested from fertile transgenic plants and be used to grow progeny generations of transformed plants of this invention including hybrid plants line for selection of plants having an enhanced trait. In addition to direct transformation of a plant with a recombinant DNA, transgenic plants can be prepared by crossing a first plant having a recombinant DNA with a second plant lacking the DNA. For example, recombinant DNA can be introduced into a first plant line that is amenable to transformation to produce a transgenic plant which can be crossed with a second plant line to introgress the recombinant DNA into the second plant line. A transgenic plant with recombinant DNA providing an enhanced trait, e.g. enhanced yield, can be crossed with transgenic plant line having other recombinant DNA that confers another trait, for example herbicide resistance or pest resistance, to produce progeny plants having recombinant DNA that confers both traits. Typically, in such breeding for combining traits the transgenic plant donating the additional trait is a male line and the transgenic plant carrying the base traits is the female line. The progeny of this cross will segregate such that some of the plants will carry the DNA for both parental traits and some will carry DNA for one parental trait; such plants can be identified by markers associated with parental recombinant DNA, e.g. marker identification by analysis for recombinant DNA or, in the case where a selectable marker is linked to the recombinant, by application of the selecting agent such as a herbicide for use with a herbicide tolerance marker, or by selection for the enhanced trait. Progeny plants carrying DNA for both parental traits can be crossed back into the female parent line multiple times, for example usually 6 to 8 generations, to produce a progeny plant with substantially the same genotype as one original transgenic parental line but for the recombinant DNA of the other transgenic parental line.
In practice, DNA is introduced into only a small percentage of target cell nuclei. Marker genes are used to provide an efficient system for identification of those cells with nuclei that are stably transformed by receiving and integrating a recombinant DNA molecule into their genomes. Some marker genes provide selective markers that confer resistance to a selective agent, such as an antibiotic or herbicide. Potentially transformed cells with a nucleus of the invention are exposed to the selective agent. In the population of surviving cells will be those cells where, generally, the resistance-conferring gene has been integrated and expressed at sufficient levels to permit cell survival. Cells can be tested further to confirm stable integration of the exogenous DNA in the nucleus. Useful selective marker genes include those conferring resistance to antibiotics such as kanamycin (nptll), hygromycin B (aph IV), spectinomycin (aadA) and gentamycin (aac3 and aacCA) or resistance to herbicides such as glufosinate {bar or pat), dicamba (DMO) and glyphosate (EPSPS). Examples of such selectable markers are illustrated in U.S. Patents 5,550,318; 5,633,435; 5,780,708 and 6, 118,047, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Screenable markers which provide an ability to visually identify transformants can also be employed, e.g., a gene expressing a colored or fluorescent protein such as a luciferase or green fluorescent protein (GFP) or a gene expressing a έeto-glucuronidase or uidA gene (GUS) for which various chromogenic substrates are known. It is also contemplated that combinations of screenable and selectable markers will be useful for identification of transformed cells. See PCT publication WO 99/61 129 (herein incorporated by reference) which discloses use of a gene fusion between a selectable marker gene and a screenable marker gene, e.g., an NPTII gene and a GFP gene. Plant cells that survive exposure to the selective agent, or cells that have been scored positive in a screening assay, can be cultured in regeneration media and allowed to mature into plants. Developing plantlets can be transferred to soil less plant growth mix, and hardened off, e.g., in an environmentally controlled chamber at about 85% relative humidity, 600 ppm CO2, and 25-250 microeinsteins m"2 s"1 of light, prior to transfer to a greenhouse or growth chamber for maturation. Plants are matured either in a growth chamber or greenhouse. Plants are regenerated from about 6 weeks to 10 months after a transformant is identified, depending on the initial tissue. During regeneration, cells are grown to plants on solid media at about 19 to 28 0C. After regenerating plants have reached the stage of shoot and root development, they can be transferred to a greenhouse for further growth and testing. Plants can be pollinated using conventional plant breeding methods known to those of skill in the art and seed produced. Progeny can be recovered from transformed plants and tested for expression of the exogenous recombinant polynucleotide. Useful assays include, for example, "molecular biological" assays, such as Southern and Northern blotting and PCR; "biochemical" assays, such as detecting the presence of RNA, e.g., double stranded RNA, or a protein product, e.g., by immunological means (ELISAs and Western blots) or by enzymatic function; plant part assays, such as leaf or root assays; and also, by analyzing the phenotype of the whole regenerated plant. Discovery of Trait-improving Recombinant DNA
To identify nuclei with recombinant DNA that confer enhanced traits to plants, Arabidopsis thaliana was transformed with a candidate recombinant DNA construct and screened for an enhanced trait.
Arabidopsis thaliana is used a model for genetics and metabolism in plants. A two-step screening process was employed which included two passes of trait characterization to ensure that the trait modification was dependent on expression of the recombinant DNA, but not due to the chromosomal location of the integration of the transgene. Twelve independent transgenic lines for each recombinant DNA construct were established and assayed for the transgene expression levels. Five transgenic lines with high transgene expression levels were used in the first pass screen to evaluate the transgene' s function in T2 transgenic plants. Subsequently, three transgenic events, which had been shown to have one or more enhanced traits, were further evaluated in the second pass screen to confirm the transgene's ability to impart an enhanced trait. The following Table 3 summarizes the enhanced traits that have been confirmed as provided by a recombinant DNA construct. In particular, Table 3 reports:
"PEP SEQ ID" which is the amino acid sequence of the protein corresponding to the DNA in the recombinant DNA construct corresponding to a protein sequence of a SEQ ID NO. in the Sequence Listing.
"constructed" is an arbitrary name for the recombinant DNA describe more particularly in Table 1.
"annotation" refers to a description of the top hit protein obtained from an amino acid sequence query of each PEP SEQ ID NO to GenBank database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (ncbi). More particularly, "gi" is the GenBank ID number for the top BLAST hit. " description" refers to the description of the top BLAST hit.
"e-value" provides the expectation value for the BLAST hit. " % id" refers to the percentage of identically matched amino acid residues along the length of the portion of the sequences which is aligned by BLAST between the sequence of interest provided herein and the hit sequence in GenBank.
"traits" identify by two letter codes the confirmed enhancement in a transgenic plant 5 provided by the recombinant DNA . The codes for enhanced traits are:
"CK" which indicates cold tolerance enhancement identified under a cold shock tolerance screen;
"CS" which indicates cold tolerance enhancement identified by a cold germination tolerance screen;
10 "DS" which indicates drought tolerance enhancement identified by a soil drought stress tolerance screen;
"PEG" which indicates osmotic stress tolerance enhancement identified by a PEG induced osmotic stress tolerance screen;
"HS" which indicates heat stress tolerance enhancement identified by a heat stress 15 tolerance screen;
"SS" which indicates high salinity stress tolerance enhancement identified by a salt stress tolerance screen;
"LN" which indicates nitrogen use efficiency enhancement identified by a limited nitrogen tolerance screen; 0 "LL" which indicates attenuated shade avoidance response identified by a shade tolerance screen under a low light condition;
"PP" which indicates enhanced growth and development at early stages identified by an early plant growth and development screen;
"SP" which indicates enhanced growth and development at late stages identified by a 5 late plant growth and development screen provided herein.
Table 3.
Figure imgf000030_0001
Figure imgf000031_0001
Figure imgf000032_0001
Figure imgf000033_0001
Figure imgf000034_0001
Figure imgf000035_0001
Trait Enhancement Screens
DS- Enhancement of drought tolerance identified by a soil drought stress tolerance screen: Drought or water deficit conditions impose mainly osmotic stress on plants. Plants are 5 particularly vulnerable to drought during the flowering stage. The drought condition in the screening process disclosed in Example IB started from the flowering time and was sustained to the end of harvesting. The present invention provides recombinant DNA that can improve the plant survival rate under such sustained drought condition. Exemplary recombinant DNA for conferring such drought tolerance are identified as such in Table 3. Such recombinant DNA
10 can be used in generating transgenic plants that are tolerant to the drought condition imposed during flowering time and in other stages of the plant life cycle. As demonstrated from the model plant screen, in some embodiments of transgenic plants with trait-improving recombinant DNA grown under such sustained drought condition can also have increased total seed weight per plant in addition to the increased survival rate within a transgenic population,
15 providing a higher yield potential as compared to control plants.
PEG-Enhancement of drought tolerance identified by PEG induced osmotic stress tolerance screen: Various drought levels can be artificially induced by using various concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to produce different osmotic potentials (Pilon- Smits e.g., (1995) Plant Physiol. 107: 125-130). Several physiological characteristics have been reported as being reliable indications for selection of plants possessing drought tolerance. These characteristics include the rate of seed germination and seedling growth. The traits can be assayed relatively easily by measuring the growth rate of seedling in PEG solution. Thus, a PEG-induced osmotic stress tolerance screen is a useful surrogate for drought tolerance screen. As demonstrated from the model plant screen, embodiments of transgenic plants with trait- improving recombinant DNA identified in the PEG-induced osmotic stress tolerance screen can survive better drought conditions providing a higher yield potential as compared to control plants. SS-Enhancement of drought tolerance identified by high salinity stress tolerance screen:
Three different factors are responsible for salt damages: (1) osmotic effects, (2) disturbances in the mineralization process, and (3) toxic effects caused by the salt ions, e.g., inactivation of enzymes. While the first factor of salt stress results in the wilting of the plants that is similar to drought effect, the ionic aspect of salt stress is clearly distinct from drought. The present invention provides genes that help plants maintain biomass, root growth, and/or plant development in high salinity conditions, which are identified as such in Table 3. Since osmotic effect is one of the major components of salt stress, which is common to the drought stress, trait-improving recombinant DNA identified in a high salinity stress tolerance screen can also provide transgenic crops with enhanced drought tolerance. As demonstrated from the model plant screen, embodiments of transgenic plants with trait-improving recombinant DNA identified in a high salinity stress tolerance screen can survive better drought conditions and/or high salinity conditions providing a higher yield potential as compared to control plants.
HS-Enhancement of drought tolerance identified by heat stress tolerance screen: Heat and drought stress often occur simultaneously, limiting plant growth. Heat stress can cause the reduction in photosynthesis rate, inhibition of leaf growth and osmotic potential in plants. Thus, genes identified by the present invention as heat stress tolerance conferring genes can also impart enhanced drought tolerance to plants. As demonstrated from the model plant screen, embodiments of transgenic plants with trait- improving recombinant DNA identified in a heat stress tolerance screen can survive better heat stress conditions and/or drought conditions providing a higher yield potential as compared to control plants.
CK and CS-Enhancement of tolerance to cold stress: Low temperature can immediately result in mechanical constraints, changes in activities of macromolecules, and reduced osmotic potential. In the present invention, two screening conditions, e.g., cold shock tolerance screen (CK) and cold germination tolerance screen (CS), were set up to look for transgenic plants that display visual growth advantage at lower temperature. In cold germination tolerance screen, the transgenic Arabidopsis plants were exposed to a constant temperature of 80C from planting until day 28 post plating. The trait- improving recombinant DNA identified by such screen are particular useful for the production of transgenic plant that can germinate more robustly in a cold temperature as compared to the wild type plants. In cold shock tolerance screen, the transgenic plants were first grown under the normal growth temperature of 220C until day 8 post plating, and subsequently were placed under 80C until day 28 post plating. As demonstrated from the model plant screen, embodiments of transgenic plants with trait- improving recombinant DNA identified in a cold shock stress tolerance screen and/or a cold germination stress tolerance screen can survive better cold conditions providing a higher yield potential as compared to control plants.
Enhancement of tolerance to multiple stresses: Different kinds of stresses often lead to identical or similar reaction in the plants. Genes that are activated or inactivated as a reaction to stress can either act directly in a way the genetic product reduces a specific stress, or they can act indirectly by activating other specific stress genes. By manipulating the activity of such regulatory genes, e.g., multiple stress tolerance genes, the plant can be enabled to react to different kinds of stresses. For examples, PEP SEQ ID NO: 172 can be used to enhance both cold chock tolerance and heat stress tolerance in plants. Of particular interest, plants transformed with PEP SEQ ID NO: 235 can resist salt and osmotic stress. Plants transformed with PEP SEQ ID NO: 243 can also improve growth in early stage and under heat stress. In addition to these multiple stress tolerance genes, the stress tolerance conferring genes provided by the present invention may be used in combinations to generate transgenic plants that can resist multiple stress conditions.
PP-Enhancement of early plant growth and development: It has been known in the art that to minimize the impact of disease on crop profitability, it is important to start the season with healthy and vigorous plants. This means avoiding seed and seedling diseases, leading to increased nutrient uptake and increased yield potential. Traditionally early planting and applying fertilizer are the methods used for promoting early seedling vigor. In early development stage, plant embryos establish only the basic root-shoot axis, a cotyledon storage organ(s), and stem cell populations, called the root and shoot apical meristems that continuously generate new organs throughout post-embryonic development. "Early growth and development" used herein encompasses the stages of seed imbibition through the early vegetative phase. The present invention provides genes that are useful to produce transgenic plants that have advantages in one or more processes including, but not limited to, germination, seedling vigor, root growth and root morphology under non-stressed conditions. The transgenic plants starting from a more robust seedling are less susceptible to the fungal and bacterial pathogens that attach germinating seeds and seedling. Furthermore, seedlings with advantage in root growth are more resistant to drought stress due to extensive and deeper root architecture. Therefore, it can be recognized by those skilled in the art that genes conferring the growth advantage in early stages to plants can also be used to generate transgenic plants that are more resistant to various stress conditions due to enhanced early plant development. The present invention provides such exemplary recombinant DNA that confer both the stress tolerance and growth advantages to plants, identified as such in Table 3, e.g., PEP SEQ ID NO: 173 which can improve the plant early growth and development, and impart salt tolerance to plants. As demonstrated from the model plant screen, embodiments of transgenic plants with trait- improving recombinant DNA identified in the early plant development screen can grow better under non-stress conditions and/or stress conditions providing a higher yield potential as compared to control plants. SP-Enhancement of late plant growth and development: "Late growth and development" used herein encompasses the stages of leaf development, flower production, and seed maturity. In certain embodiments, transgenic plants produced using genes that confer growth advantages to plants provided by the present invention, identified as such in Table 3, exhibit at least one phenotypic characteristics including, but not limited to, increased rosette radius, increased rosette dry weight, seed dry weight, silique dry weight, and silique length. On one hand, the rosette radius and rosette dry weight are used as the indexes of photosynthesis capacity, and thereby plant source strength and yield potential of a plant. On the other hand, the seed dry weight, silique dry weight and silique length are used as the indexes for plant sink strength, which are considered as the direct determinants of yield. As demonstrated from the model plant screen, embodiments of transgenic plants with trait- improving recombinant DNA identified in the late development screen can grow better and/or have enhanced development during leaf development and seed maturation providing a higher yield potential as compared to control plants.
LL-Enhancement of tolerance to shade stress identified in a low light screen: The effects of light on plant development are especially prominent at the seedling stage. Under normal light conditions with unobstructed direct light, a plant seeding develops according to a characteristic photomorphogenic pattern, in which plants have open and expanded cotyledons and short hypocotyls. Then the plant's energy is devoted to cotyledon and leaf development while longitudinal extension growth is minimized. Under low light condition where light quality and intensity are reduced by shading, obstruction or high population density, a seedling displays a shade-avoidance pattern, in which the seedling displays a reduced cotyledon expansion, and hypocotyls extension is greatly increased. As the result, a plant under low light condition increases significantly its stem length at the expanse of leaf, seed or fruit and storage organ development, thereby adversely affecting of yield. The present invention provides recombinant DNA that enable plants to have an attenuated shade avoidance response so that the source of plant can be contributed to reproductive growth efficiently, resulting higher yield as compared to the wild type plants. As demonstrated from the model plant screen, embodiments of transgenic plants with trait- improving recombinant DNA identified in a shade stress tolerance screen can have attenuated shade response under shade conditions providing a higher yield potential as compared to control plants. The transgenic plants generated by the present invention can be suitable for a higher density planting, thereby resulting increased yield per unit area.
LN-Enhancement of tolerance to low nitrogen availability stress Nitrogen is a key factor in plant growth and crop yield. The metabolism, growth and development of plants are profoundly affected by their nitrogen supply. Restricted nitrogen supply alters shoot to root ratio, root development, activity of enzymes of primary metabolism and the rate of senescence (death) of older leaves. All field crops have a fundamental dependence on inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer. Since fertilizer is rapidly depleted from most soil types, it must be supplied to growing crops two or three times during the growing season. Enhanced nitrogen use efficiency by plants should enable crops cultivated under low nitrogen availability stress condition resulted from low fertilizer input or poor soil quality.
This invention demonstrates that the transgenic plants generated using the recombinant nucleotides, which confer enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, identified as such in Table 3, exhibit one or more desirable traits including, but not limited to, increased seedling weight, greener leaves, increased number of rosette leaves, increased or decreased root length. One skilled in the art can recognize that the transgenic plants provided by the present invention with enhanced nitrogen use efficiency can also have altered amino acid or protein compositions, increased yield and/or better seed quality. The transgenic plants of the present invention can be productively cultivated under low nitrogen growth conditions, e.g., nitrogen-poor soils and low nitrogen fertilizer inputs, which would cause the growth of wild type plants to cease or to be so diminished as to make the wild type plants practically useless. The transgenic plants also can be advantageously used to achieve earlier maturing, faster growing, and/or higher yielding crops and/or produce more nutritious foods and animal feedstocks when cultivated using nitrogen non-limiting growth conditions.
Stacked Traits: The present invention also encompasses transgenic plants with stacked engineered traits, e.g., a crop having an enhanced phenotype resulting from expression of a trait-improving recombinant DNA, in combination with herbicide and/or pest resistance traits. For example, genes of the current invention can be stacked with other traits of agronomic interest, such as a trait providing herbicide resistance, for example a RoundUp Ready® trait, or insect resistance, such as using a gene from Bacillus thuringensis to provide resistance against lepidopteran, coliopteran, homopteran, hemiopteran, and other insects. Herbicides for which resistance is useful in a plant include glyphosate herbicides, phosphinothricin herbicides, oxynil herbicides, imidazolinone herbicides, dinitroaniline herbicides, pyridine herbicides, sulfonylurea herbicides, bialaphos herbicides, sulfonamide herbicides and gluphosinate herbicides. To illustrate that the production of transgenic plants with herbicide resistance is a capability of those of ordinary skill in the art, reference is made to U.S. patent application publications 2003/0106096A1 and 2002/0112260A 1 and U.S. Patents 5,034,322; 5,776,760, 6,107,549 and 6,376,754, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. To illustrate that the production of transgenic plants with pest resistance is a capability of those of ordinary skill in the art, reference is made to U.S. Patents 5,250,515 and 5,880,275 which disclose plants expressing an endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria, to U.S. Patent 6,506,599 which discloses control of invertebrates which feed on transgenic plants which express dsRNA for suppressing a target gene in the invertebrate, to U.S. Patent 5,986,175 which discloses the control of viral pests by transgenic plants which express viral replicase, and to U.S. Patent Application Publication 2003/0150017 Al which discloses control of pests by a transgenic plant which express a dsRNA targeted to suppressing a gene in the pest, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Once one recombinant DNA has been identified as conferring an enhanced trait of interest in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, several methods are available for using the sequence of that recombinant DNA and knowledge about the protein it encodes to identify homologs of that sequence from the same plant or different plant species or other organisms, e.g., bacteria and yeast. Thus, in one aspect, the invention provides methods for identifying a homologous gene with a DNA sequence homologous to any of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 139, or a homologous protein with an amino acid sequence homologous to any of SEQ ID NO: 140 through SEQ ID NO: 278. In another aspect, the present invention provides the protein sequences of identified homologs for a sequence listed as SEQ ID NO: 279 through SEQ ID NO: 6023. In yet another aspect, the present invention also includes linking or associating one or more desired traits, or gene function with a homolog sequence provided herein.
The trait-improving recombinant DNA and methods of using such trait- improving recombinant DNA for generating transgenic plants with enhanced traits provided by the present invention are not limited to any particular plant species. Indeed, the plants according to the present invention can be of any plant species, e.g., can be monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. In one embodiment, they will be agricultural useful plants, e.g., plants cultivated by man for purposes of food production or technical, particularly industrial applications. Of particular interest in the present invention are corn and soybean plants. The recombinant DNA constructs optimized for soybean transformation and recombinant DNA constructs optimized for corn transformation are provided by the present invention. Other plants of interest in the present invention for production of transgenic plants having enhanced traits include, without limitation, cotton, canola, wheat, sunflower, sorghum, alfalfa, barley, millet, rice, tobacco, fruit and vegetable crops, and turfgrass. In certain embodiments, the present invention contemplates to use an orthologous gene in generating the transgenic plants with similarly enhanced traits as the transgenic Arabidopsis counterpart. Enhanced physiological properties in transgenic plants of the present invention can be confirmed in responses to stress conditions, for example in assays using imposed stress conditions to detect enhanced responses to drought stress, nitrogen deficiency, cold growing conditions, or alternatively, under naturally present stress conditions, for example under field conditions. Biomass measures can be made on greenhouse or field grown plants and can include such measurements as plant height, stem diameter, root and shoot dry weights, and, for corn plants, ear length and diameter.
Trait data on morphological changes can be collected by visual observation during the process of plant regeneration as well as in regenerated plants transferred to soil. Such trait data includes characteristics such as normal plants, bushy plants, taller plants, thicker stalks, narrow leaves, striped leaves, knotted phenotype, chlorosis, albino, anthocyanin production, or altered tassels, ears or roots. Other enhanced traits can be identified by measurements taken under field conditions, such as days to pollen shed, days to silking, leaf extension rate, chlorophyll content, leaf temperature, stand, seedling vigor, internode length, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, tillering, brace roots, stay green, stalk lodging, root lodging, plant health, barreness/prolificacy, green snap, and pest resistance. In addition, trait characteristics of harvested grain can be confirmed, including number of kernels per row on the ear, number of rows of kernels on the ear, kernel abortion, kernel weight, kernel size, kernel density and physical grain quality.
To confirm hybrid yield in transgenic corn plants expressing genes of the present invention, it can be desirable to test hybrids over multiple years at multiple locations in a geographical location where maize is conventionally grown, e.g., in Iowa, Illinois or other locations in the midwestern United States, under "normal" field conditions as well as under stress conditions, e.g., under drought or population density stress.
Transgenic plants can be used to provide plant parts according to the invention for regeneration or tissue culture of cells or tissues containing the constructs described herein. Plant parts for these purposes can include leaves, stems, roots, flowers, tissues, epicotyl, meristems, hypocotyls, cotyledons, pollen, ovaries, cells and protoplasts, or any other portion of the plant which can be used to regenerate additional transgenic plants, cells, protoplasts or tissue culture. Seeds of transgenic plants are provided by this invention can be used to propagate more plants containing the trait- improving recombinant DNA constructs of this invention. These descendants are intended to be included in the scope of this invention if they contain a trait-improving recombinant DNA construct of this invention, whether or not these plants are selfed or crossed with different varieties of plants.
The various aspects of the invention are illustrated by means of the following examples which are in no way intended to limit the full breath and scope of claims. EXAMPLES
Example 1. Identification of recombinant DNA that confers enhanced trait(s) to plants A. Plant expression constructs for Arabidopsis transformation
Each gene of interest was amplified from a genomic or cDNA library using primers specific to sequences upstream and downstream of the coding region. Transformation vectors were prepared to constitutively transcribe DNA in either sense orientation (for enhanced protein expression) or anti-sense orientation (for endogenous gene suppression) under the control of an enhanced Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter (U.S. patent 5,359,142) directly or indirectly (Moore, e.g., PNAS 95:376-381, 1998; Guyer, e.g., Genetics 149: 633- 639, 1998; International patent application NO. PCT/EP98/07577). The transformation vectors also contain a bar gene as a selectable marker for resistance to glufosinate herbicide. The transformation of Arabidopsis plants was carried out using the vacuum infiltration method known in the art (Bethtold, e.g., Methods MoI. Biol. 82:259-66, 1998). Seeds harvested from the plants, named as Tl seeds, were subsequently grown in a glufosinate-containing selective medium to select for plants which were actually transformed and which produced T2 transgenic seed.
B. Soil Drought tolerance screen
This example describes a soil drought tolerance screen to identify Arabidopsis plants transformed with recombinant DNA that wilt less rapidly and/or produce higher seed yield when grown in soil under drought conditions
T2 seeds were sown in flats filled with Metro/Mix® 200 (The Scotts® Company, USA). Humidity domes were added to each flat and flats were assigned locations and placed in climate-controlled growth chambers. Plants were grown under a temperature regime of 22°C at day and 200C at night, with a photoperiod of 16 hours and average light intensity of 170 μmol/m2/s. After the first true leaves appeared, humidity domes were removed. The plants were sprayed with glufosinate herbicide and put back in the growth chamber for 3 additional days. Flats were watered for 1 hour the week following the herbicide treatment. Watering was continued every seven days until the flower bud primordia became apparent, at which time plants were watered for the last time.
To identify drought tolerant plants, plants were evaluated for wilting response and seed yield. Beginning ten days after the last watering, plants were examined daily until 4 plants/line had wilted. In the next six days, plants were monitored for wilting response. Five drought scores were assigned according to the visual inspection of the phenotypes: 1 for healthy, 2 for dark green, 3 for wilting, 4 severe wilting, and 5 for dead. A score of 3 or higher was considered as wilted.
At the end of this assay, seed yield measured as seed weight per plant under the drought condition was characterized for the transgenic plants and their controls and analyzed as a quantitative response according to example IM. Two approaches were used for statistical analysis on the wilting response. First, the risk score was analyzed for wilting phenotype and treated as a qualitative response according to the example IL. Alternatively, the survival analysis was carried out in which the proportions of wilted and non-wilted transgenic and control plants were compared over each of the six days under scoring and an overall log rank test was performed to compare the two survival curves using S-PLUS statistical software (S-PLUS 6, Guide to statistics, Insightful, Seattle, WA, USA). A list of recombinant DNA constructs which improve drought tolerance in transgenic plants is illustrated in Table 4
Table 4.
Figure imgf000044_0001
Transgenic plants comprising recombinant DNA expressing protein as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 160, 161, 184, 239, 240 or 268 showed enhanced drought tolerance by the second criteria as illustrated in Example IL. C. Heat stress tolerance screen
Under high temperatures, Arabidopsis seedlings become chlorotic and root growth is inhibited. This example sets forth the heat stress tolerance screen to identify Arabidopsis plants transformed with the gene of interest that are more resistant to heat stress based on primarily their seedling weight and root growth under high temperature. T2 seeds were plated on 1/2 X MS salts, 1/% phytagel, with 10 μg/ml BASTA (7 per plate with 2 control seeds; 9 seeds total per plate). Plates were placed at 4°C for 3 days to stratify seeds. Plates were then incubated at room temperature for 3 hours and then held vertically for 11 additional days at temperature of 34°C at day and 200C at night. Photoperiod was 16 h. Average light intensity was -140 μmol/m2/s. After 14 days of growth, plants were scored for glufosinate resistance, root length, final growth stage, visual color, and seedling fresh weight. A photograph of the whole plate was taken on day 14.
The seedling weight and root length were analyzed as quantitative responses according to example IM. The final grow stage at day 14 was scored as success if 50% of the plants had reached 3 rosette leaves and size of leaves are greater than lmm (Boyes, et al. (2001) The Plant Cell 13, 1499-1510). The growth stage data was analyzed as a qualitative response according to example IL. A list of recombinant DNA constructs that improve heat tolerance in transgenic plants illustrated in Table 5.
Table 5.
Figure imgf000044_0002
Figure imgf000045_0001
Transgenic plants comprising recombinant DNA expressing protein as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 179, 222 or 243 showed enhanced heat stress tolerance by the second criteria as illustrated in Example IL and IM.
D. Salt stress tolerance screen
This example sets forth the high salinity stress screen to identify Arabidopsis plants transformed with the gene of interest that are tolerant to high levels of salt based on their rate of development, root growth and chlorophyll accumulation under high salt conditions.
T2 seeds were plated on glufosinate selection plates containing 90 mM NaCl and grown under standard light and temperature conditions. All seedlings used in the embodiments were grown at a temperature of 22°C at day and 200C at night, a 16-hour photoperiod, an average light intensity of approximately 120 umol/m2. On day 11, plants were measured for primary root length. After 3 more days of growth (day 14), plants were scored for transgenic status, primary root length, growth stage, visual color, and the seedlings were pooled for fresh weight measurement. A photograph of the whole plate was also taken on day 14.
The seedling weight and root length were analyzed as quantitative responses according to example IM. The final growth stage at day 14 was scored as success if 50% of the plants reached 3 rosette leaves and size of leaves are greater than lmm (Boyes, D. C, et ah, (2001), The Plant Cell 13, 1499/1510). The growth stage data was analyzed as a qualitative response according to example IL. A list of recombinant DNA constructs that improve high salinity tolerance in transgenic plants illustrated in Table 6.
Table 6.
Figure imgf000046_0001
Transgenic plants comprising recombinant DNA expressing protein as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 143, 144, 146, 150, 163, 165, 166, 174, 183, 199, 235, 264 or 273 showed enhanced salt stress tolerance by the second criteria as illustrated in Example IL and IM.
E. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) induced osmotic stress tolerance screen
There are numerous factors, which can influence seed germination and subsequent seedling growth, one being the availability of water. Genes, which can directly affect the success rate of germination and early seedling growth, are potentially useful agronomic traits for improving the germination and growth of crop plants under drought stress. In this assay, PEG was used to induce osmotic stress on germinating transgenic lines of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds in order to screen for osmotically resistant seed lines.
T2 seeds were plated on BASTA selection plates containing 3% PEG and grown under standard light and temperature conditions. Seeds were plated on each plate containing 3% PEG, 1/2 X MS salts, 1% phytagel, and 10 μg/ml glufosinate. Plates were placed at 4°C for 3 days to stratify seeds. On day 11, plants were measured for primary root length. After 3 more days of growth, i.e., at day 14, plants were scored for transgenic status, primary root length, growth stage, visual color, and the seedlings were pooled for fresh weight measurement. A photograph of the whole plate was taken on day 14.
Seedling weight and root length were analyzed as quantitative responses according to example IM. The final growth stage at day 14 was scored as success or failure based on whether the plants reached 3 rosette leaves and size of leaves are greater than lmm. The growth stage data was analyzed as a qualitative response according to example IL. A list of recombinant DNA constructs that improve osmotic stress tolerance in transgenic plants illustrated in Table 7.
Table 7.
Figure imgf000047_0001
Transgenic plants comprising recombinant DNA expressing protein as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 147, 157, 198, 202, 207, 211, 252, 253, 266 or 272 showed enhanced PEG osmotic stress tolerance by the second criteria as illustrated in Example IL and IM.
F. Cold shock tolerance screen
This example set forth a screen to identify Arabidopsis plants transformed with the genes of interest that are more tolerant to cold stress subjected during day 8 to day 28 after seed planting. During these crucial early stages, seedling growth and leaf area increase were measured to assess tolerance when Arabidopsis seedlings were exposed to low temperatures. Using this screen, genetic alterations can be found that enable plants to germinate and grow better than wild type plants under sudden exposure to low temperatures.
Eleven seedlings from T2 seeds of each transgenic line plus one control line were plated together on a plate containing 1A X Gamborg Salts with 0.8 Phytagel™, 1% Phytagel, and 0.3% Sucrose. Plates were then oriented horizontally and stratified for three days at 40C. At day three, plates were removed from stratification and exposed to standard conditions (16 hr photoperiod, 22°C at day and 200C at night) until day 8. At day eight, plates were removed from standard conditions and exposed to cold shock conditions (24 hr photoperiod, 8°C at both day and night) until the final day of the assay, i.e., day 28. Rosette areas were measured at day 8 and day 28, which were analyzed as quantitative responses according to example IM. A list of recombinant nucleotides that improve cold shock stress tolerance in plants is illustrated in Table 8.
Table 8.
Figure imgf000048_0001
Transgenic plants comprising recombinant DNA expressing protein as set forth in PEP SEQ ID NO. 265 or 270 showed enhanced cold stress tolerance by the second criterial as illustrated in Example IL and IM.
G. Cold germination tolerance screen
This example sets forth a screen to identify Arabidopsis plants transformed with the genes of interests are resistant to cold stress based on their rate of development, root growth and chlorophyll accumulation under low temperature conditions.
T2 seeds were plated and all seedlings used in the embodiments were grown at 8°C. Seeds were first surface disinfested using chlorine gas and then seeded on assay plates containing an aqueous solution of 1/2 X Gamborg's B/5 Basal Salt Mixture (Sigma/Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO, USA G/5788), 1% Phytagel™ (Sigma-Aldrich, P-8169), and 10 ug/ml glufosinate with the final pH adjusted to 5.8 using KOH. Test plates were held vertically for 28 days at a constant temperature of 8°C, a photoperiod of 16 hr, and average light intensity of approximately 100 umol/m /s. At 28 days post plating, root length was measured, growth stage was observed, the visual color was assessed, and a whole plate photograph was taken.
The root length at day 28 was analyzed as a quantitative response according to example IM. The growth stage at day 7 was analyzed as a qualitative response according to example IL. A list of recombinant DNA constructs that improve cold stress tolerance in transgenic plants illustrated in Table 9.
Table 9.
Figure imgf000049_0001
Transgenic plants comprising recombinant DNA expressing protein as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 173, 204, 207, 208, 209, 213, 228 or 251 showed enhanced cold stress tolerance by the second criterial as illustrated in Example IL and IM.
H. shade tolerance screen
Plants undergo a characteristic morphological response in shade that includes the elongation of the petiole, a change in the leaf angle, and a reduction in chlorophyll content. While these changes can confer a competitive advantage to individuals, in a monoculture the shade avoidance response is thought to reduce the overall biomass of the population. Thus, genetic alterations that prevent the shade avoidance response can be associated with higher yields. Genes that favor growth under low light conditions can also promote yield, as inadequate light levels frequently limit yield. This protocol describes a screen to look for Arabidopsis plants that show an attenuated shade avoidance response and/or grow better than control plants under low light intensity. Of particular interest, we were looking for plants that didn't extend their petiole length, had an increase in seedling weight relative to the reference and had leaves that were more close to parallel with the plate surface.
T2 seeds were plated on glufosinate selection plates with 1A MS medium. Seeds were sown on 1/2 X MS salts, 1% Phytagel, 10 ug/ml BASTA. Plants were grown on vertical plates at a temperature of 22°C at day, 200C at night and under low light (approximately 30 uE/m /s, far/red ratio (655/665/725/735) -0.35 using PLAQ lights with GAM color filter #680). Twenty-three days after seedlings were sown, measurements were recorded including seedling status, number of rosette leaves, status of flower bud, petiole leaf angle, petiole length, and pooled fresh weights. A digital image of the whole plate was taken on the measurement day. Seedling weight and petiole length were analyzed as quantitative responses according to example IM. The number of rosette leaves, flowering bud formation and leaf angel were analyzed as qualitative responses according to example IL.
A list of recombinant DNA constructs that improve shade tolerance in plants illustrated in Table 10.
Table 10.
Figure imgf000050_0001
For "seeding weight", if p<0.05 and delta or risk score mean >0, the transgenic plants showed statistically significant trait enhancement as compared to the reference. If p<0.2 and delta or risk score mean >0, the transgenic plants showed a trend of trait enhancement as compared to the reference with p<0.2.
For "petiole length", if p<0.05 and delta <0, the transgenic plants showed statistically significant trait enhancement as compared to the reference. If p<0.2 and delta <0, the transgenic plants showed a trend of trait enhancement as compared to the reference. Transgenic plants comprising recombinant DNA expressing protein as set forth in SEQ
ID NO: 160, 184, 197, 225, 233, 234, 236, 237, 241, 242, 255, 258, 259, 260, 263, 267 or 276 showed enhanced tolerance to shade or low light condition by the second criterial as illustrated in Example IL and IM.
I. early plant growth and development screen This example sets forth a plate based phenotypic analysis platform for the rapid detection of phenotypes that are evident during the first two weeks of growth. In this screen, we were looking for genes that confer advantages in the processes of germination, seedling vigor, root growth and root morphology under non-stressed growth conditions to plants. The transgenic plants with advantages in seedling growth and development were determined by the seedling weight and root length at day 14 after seed planting.
T2 seeds were plated on glufosinate selection plates and grown under standard conditions (-100 uE/m2/s, 16 h photoperiod, 22°C at day, 200C at night). Seeds were stratified for 3 days at 4°C. Seedlings were grown vertically (at a temperature of 22°C at day 200C at night). Observations were taken on day 10 and day 14. Both seedling weight and root length at day 14 were analyzed as quantitative responses according to example IM.
A list recombinant DNA constructs that improve early plant growth and development illustrated in Table 11.
Table 11.
Figure imgf000051_0001
Transgenic plants comprising recombinant DNA expressing a protein as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 149, 155, 165, 173, 174, 186, 218 or 243 showed enhanced tolerance to shade or low light condition by the second criterial as illustrated in Example IL and IM.
J. late plant growth and development screen
This example sets forth a soil based phenotypic platform to identify genes that confer advantages in the processes of leaf development, flowering production and seed maturity to plants.
Arabidopsis plants were grown on a commercial potting mixture (Metro Mix 360, Scotts Co., Marysville, OH) consisting of 30-40% medium grade horticultural vermiculite, 35- 55% sphagnum peat moss, 10-20% processed bark ash, 1-15% pine bark and a starter nutrient charge. Soil was supplemented with Osmocote time-release fertilizer at a rate of 30 mg/ft3. T2 seeds were imbibed in 1% agarose solution for 3 days at 4 0C and then sown at a density of ~5 per 2 1A" pot. Thirty-two pots were ordered in a 4 by 8 grid in standard greenhouse flat. Plants were grown in environmentally controlled rooms under a 16 h day length with an average light intensity of ~200 μmoles/m2/s. Day and night temperature set points were 22 0C and 20 0C, respectively. Humidity was maintained at 65%. Plants were watered by sub- irrigation every two days on average until mid- flowering, at which point the plants were watered daily until flowering was complete.
Application of the herbicide glufosinate was performed to select T2 individuals containing the target transgene. A single application of glufosinate was applied when the first true leaves were visible. Each pot was thinned to leave a single glufosinate-resistant seedling ~3 days after the selection was applied.
The rosette radius was measured at day 25. The silique length was measured at day 40. The plant parts were harvested at day 49 for dry weight measurements if flowering production was stopped. Otherwise, the dry weights of rosette and silique were carried out at day 53. The seeds were harvested at day 58. All measurements were analyzed as quantitative responses according to example IM.
A list of recombinant DNA constructs that improve late plant growth and development illustrated in Table 12.
Table 12
Figure imgf000052_0001
If p<0.05 and delta or risk score mean >0, the transgenic plants showed statistically significant trait enhancement as compared to the reference. If p<0.2 and delta or risk score mean >0, the transgenic plants showed a trend of trait enhancement as compared to the reference. Transgenic plants comprising recombinant DNA expressing protein as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 245 showed enhanced tolerance to shade or low light condition by the second criterial as illustrated in Example IL and IM. K. Limited nitrogen tolerance screen
Under low nitrogen conditions, Arabidopsis seedlings become chlorotic and have less biomass. This example sets forth the limited nitrogen tolerance screen to identify Arabidopsis plants transformed with the gene of interest that are altered in their ability to accumulate biomass and/or retain chlorophyll under low nitrogen condition.
T2 seeds were plated on glufosinate selection plates containing 0.5x N-Free Hoagland's T 0.1 mM NH4NO3 T 0.1% sucrose T 1% phytagel media and grown under standard light and temperature conditions. At 12 days of growth, plants were scored for seedling status (i.e., viable or non- viable) and root length. After 21 days of growth, plants were scored for BASTA resistance, visual color, seedling weight, number of green leaves, number of rosette leaves, root length and formation of flowering buds. A photograph of each plant was also taken at this time point.
The seedling weight and root length were analyzed as quantitative responses according to example IM. The number green leaves, the number of rosette leaves and the flowerbud formation were analyzed as qualitative responses according to example IL. The leaf color raw data were collected on each plant as the percentages of five color elements (Green, DarkGreen, LightGreen, RedPurple, YellowChlorotic) using a computer imaging system. A statistical logistic regression model was developed to predict an overall value based on five colors for each plant.
A list of recombinant DNA constructs that improve low nitrogen availability tolerance in plants illustrated in Table 13.
Table 13
Figure imgf000053_0001
For rosette weight, if p<0.05 and delta or risk score mean >0, the transgenic plants showed statistically significant trait enhancement as compared to the reference. If p<0.2 and delta or risk score mean >0, the transgenic plants showed a trend of trait enhancement as compared to the reference with p<0.2. For root length, if p<0.05, the transgenic plants showed statistically significant trait enhancement as compared to the reference. If p<0.2, the transgenic plants showed a trend of trait enhancement as compared to the reference.
Transgenic plants comprising recombinant DNA expressing a protein as set forth in SED ID NO: 151, 152, 188, 195, 206, 254, 256, 261, 264, or 274 showed enhanced tolerance to shade or low light condition by the second criterial as illustrated in Example IL and IM.
L. Statistic analysis for qualitative responses
A list of responses that were analyzed as qualitative responses illustrated in Table 14.
Table 14
Figure imgf000054_0001
Plants were grouped into transgenic and reference groups and were scored as success or failure according to Table 14. First, the risk (R) was calculated, which is the proportion of plants that were scored as of failure plants within the group. Then the relative risk (RR) was calculated as the ratio of R (transgenic) to R (reference). Risk score (RS) was calculated as - Iog2 RR. Two criteria were used to determine a transgenic with enhanced trait(s). Transgenic plants comprising recombinant DNA disclosed herein showed trait enhancement according to either or both of the two criteria.
For the first criteria, the risk scores from multiple events of the transgene of interest were evaluated for statistical significance by t-test using SAS statistical software (SAS 9, SAS/STAT User's Guide, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). RS with a value greater than 0 indicates that the transgenic plants perform better than the reference. RS with a value less than O indicates that the transgenic plants perform worse than the reference. The RS with a value equal to 0 indicates that the performance of the transgenic plants and the reference don't show any difference. If p<0.05 and risk score mean >0, the transgenic plants showed statistically significant trait enhacement as compared to the reference. If p<0.2 and risk score mean > 0, the transgenic plants showed a trend of trait enhancement as compared to the reference.
For the second criteria, the RS from each event was evaluated for statistical significance by t-test using SAS statistical software (SAS 9, SAS/STAT User's Guide, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, USA). The RS with a value greater than 0 indicates that the transgenic plants from this event performs better than the reference. The RS with a value less than 0 indicates that the transgenic plants from this event perform worse than the reference. The RS with a value equal to 0 indicates that the performance of the transgenic plants from this event and the reference don't show any difference. If p<0.05 and risk score mean >0, the transgenic plants from this event showed statistically significant trait enhancement as compared to the reference. If p<0.2 and risk score mean > 0, the transgenic plants showed a trend of trait enhancement as compared to the reference. If two or more events of the transgene of interest showed improvement in the same response, the transgene was deemed to show trait enhancement. M. Statistic analysis for quantitative responses A list of responses that were analyzed as quantitative responses illustrated in Table 15.
Table 15
Figure imgf000055_0001
Figure imgf000056_0001
The measurements (M) of each plant were transformed by Iog2 calculation. The Delta was calculated as log2M(transgenic)- log2M(reference). Two criteria were used to determine trait enhancement. A transgene of interest could show trait enhancement according to either or both of the two criteria. The measurements (M) of each plant were transformed by Iog2 calculation. The Delta was calculated as log2M(transgenic)- log2M(reference). If the measured response was Petiole Length for the Low Light assay, Delta was subsequently multiplied by -1, to account for the fact that a shorter petiole length is considered an indication of trait enhancement. For the first criteria, the Deltas from multiple events of the transgene of interest were evaluated for statistical significance by t-test using SAS statistical software (SAS 9, SAS/STAT User's Guide, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, USA). Delta with a value greater than 0 indicates that the transgenic plants perform better than the reference. Delta with a value less than 0 indicates that the transgenic plants perform worse than the reference. The Delta with a value equal to 0 indicates that the performance of the transgenic plants and the reference don't show any difference. If p<0.05 and risk score mean >0, the transgenic plants showed statistically significant trait enhancement as compared to the reference. If p<0.2 and risk score mean > 0, the transgenic plants showed a trend of trait enhancement as compared to the reference. For the second criteria, the delta from each event was evaluated for statistical significance by t-test using SAS statistical software (SAS 9, SAS/STAT User's Guide, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The Delta with a value greater than 0 indicates that the transgenic plants from this event performs better than the reference. The Delta with a value less than 0 indicates that the transgenic plants from this event perform worse than the reference. The Delta with a value equal to 0 indicates that the performance of the transgenic plants from this event and the reference don't show any difference. If p<0.05 and delta mean >0, the transgenic plants from this event showed statistically significant trait improvement as compared to the reference. If p<0.2 and delta mean >0, the transgenic plants showed a trend of trait enhancement as compared to the reference. If two or more events of the transgene of interest showed enhancement in the same response, the transgene was deemed to show trait improvement.
Example 2. Identification of Homologs
A BLAST searchable "All Protein Database" is constructed of known protein sequences using a proprietary sequence database and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non-redundant amino acid database (nr.aa). For each organism from which a DNA sequence provided herein was obtained, an "Organism Protein Database" is constructed of known protein sequences of the organism; the Organism Protein Database is a subset of the All Protein Database based on the NCBI taxonomy ID for the organism.
The All Protein Database is queried using amino acid sequence of protein for gene DNA used in trait-improving recombinant DNA, e.g., sequences of SEQ ID NO: 140 through SEQ ID NO: 278 using "blastp" with E-value cutoff of Ie"8. Up to 1000 top hits were kept, and separated by organism names. For each organism other than that of the query sequence, a list is kept for hits from the query organism itself with a more significant E-value than the best hit of the organism. The list contains likely duplicated genes, and is referred to as the Core List. Another list was kept for all the hits from each organism, sorted by E-value, and referred to as the Hit List.
The Organism Protein Database is queried using amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 140 through SEQ ID NO: 278 using "blastp" with E-value cutoff of Ie"4. Up to 1000 top hits are kept. A BLAST searchable database is constructed based on these hits, and is referred to as "SubDB". SubDB was queried with each sequence in the Hit List using "blastp" with E-value cutoff of Ie"8. The hit with the best E-value is compared with the Core List from the corresponding organism. The hit is deemed a likely ortholog if it belongs to the Core List, otherwise it is deemed not a likely ortholog and there is no further search of sequences in the Hit List for the same organism. Likely orthologs from a large number of distinct organisms were identified and are reported by amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 279 to SEQ ID NO: 6023. These orthologs are reported in Tables 16 as homologs to the proteins corresponding to genes used in trait-improving recombinant DNA.
Table 16. SEQ IE) NO: homolog SEQ ID NOs
140 : 706 583 749 1086 889 4107 4890 5430 5612 5594 5975 5992
3470 3467 4873 5969 2008 1250 2884 2958 5903 2565 2070 1078
773 2235 4335 3214 4415 4455 3698 2745 2621 5012 3281 5559
5099 4670 5882 4112 292 2139 2117 574 3241 5646 765
141: 5572 480 2492 5574 3604 3508 1313 4894 2962 1986 980 1872
2159 5857 2531 4416 2195 5995 3011 1037 1829 1932 332
142: 1425 4267 1156 1158 3175 3370 5813 5349 323 1183 3689 3801
5576 909 3422
143: 1940 1119 2138 1862 5052 5472 868 572 1040 4058 676 5951
1286 4676 5427 5999 6004
144: 4034 1262 5043 4488 3122 382 2293 4246 5255 3244 265 2807
2929 5984 4993 1551 4627 1294 1566 1459 458 4519 2776 1652
2082 2649 5796 2283 2023 4293 4315 1293 4100 3901 3311 4688
4068 820 1612 1221 4055 3085 1996 4893 3751 5025 2729 845
2135 3195 3814 4466 5641 5108 5763 2640 586 4810 5694 4552
496 1055 1714 4402 1493 3104
145: 4559 4904 5098 4982 1325 2232 4706 2837
146: 4044 4599 4596 4123 4126 4927 3191 3185 3187 1517 523 421
469 474 3181 3946 3466 1289 684 2433 4760 554 5051 1173
1177 4119 4157 4154 4153 1653 1623 4318 3119 1096 1895 1538
686 1291 3891 370 4991 5005 4396 2493 386 3794 1257 5775
2919 1934 5213 4973 1838 3945 5344 5304 2122 4587 646 5819
2977 2759 3349 2817 2736 5208 526 1147 525 551 550 548
547 1144 2160 2158 2163 1561 1801 1804 608 626 4158 2547
1771 1137 1923 751 299 5783 690 1295 5690 3430 833 992
1100 4289 1726 5130 3169 3149 582 3850
147: 2968 1281 3943 3942 2774 2848 2846 3813 1113 1696 1881 1858
5614 1426 1427 1900 1902 1879 1876 1057 3093 2526 2530 2522
1823 1821 4989 2826 2824 2026 2027 4260 5513 5078 2002 4849
3096 3094 1850 1848 2532 1851 1056 1700 1633 2879 1017 3441
3443 3884 2057 2054 2024 2000 1997 1781 2494 1110 2855 1115
5275 2020 402 4915 2190 1957 931 2654 4159 4332 5767 1062
1061 1085 1083 2489 1087 1673 1698 3188 1815 1713 3439 4122
3541 5209 2025 1386 1363 1391 3739 3815 4065 5795 1865 4640
4278 2787 2984 2735 5981 1990 1972 1974 1646 2858 1600 1596
2225 2204 2211 1595 2208 2227 2199 2223 2224 2202 1114 1116
738 367 5838 4568 647 450 5010 2251 5512 2691 1129 2798
641 659 4698 1165 1089 1716 4731 2721 2306 2324 1754 1907
1760 4220 4238 2121 1373 3967 5220 4005 4022 3832 3835 3852
2175 1521 4240 405 1395 4268 1569 516 1752 2019 2073 2074
1689 654 2092 4857 2046 3575 5183 2042 3831 2593 705 3763
3296 5917 5625 2641 5890 2658 1108 4250 3736 2327 3342 374
5119 1079 3170 1813 3859 2820 2080 1039 2497 2500 5121 3783
3803 4103 3382 3385 1976 3336 2313 1311 353 2646 3954 2071
1971 4404 609 1675 1694 3840 4456 1530 4622 1202 3539 2203
148: 4182 2778 4726 3323 4652 2981 322 390 3479 1263 2331 1241
1956 5803 3120 4500 4418 732 4740 2645
149: 3953 1949 1651 4276 5811 2557 5727 4517 2978 4020 3215 4950
3135
150: 2990 2566 3100 4734 3825 756 4214 5757 3851 2321 4679 5525
3354 3855 3941 5018 3517 4172 3250 5399 873
151: 2968 2970 4423 3943 3942 1859 5233 1155 3627 3653 4236 4254
3680 4989 3816 2771 3935 5513 5138 3009 5832 5266 3963 3964
3707 3711 2002 4790 5326 5331 5192 3940 3921 3687 305 2329
5540 5724 5235 3556 5395 1633 3784 4113 1017 3884 2024 2057
2000 1997 2923 2855 3489 3490 5198 2186 4613 5382 5392 5387
5887 2051 2020 2021 452 455 2628 476 5122 4332 803 4118
5139 3739 1945 1941 3128 2596 2614 4690 932 910 929 3105
3101 3080 5069 3010 3026 3013 3012 3815 546 5153 2342 2936
2924 5254 5251 3672 4241 4453 3675 4640 5652 1952 1774 2735 1882 3728 3702 3704 591 5231 1990 1972 1974 1646 5408 2612
2642 2699 4985 4841 5637 4876 1114 1116 219 5072 5101 4785
4225 4752 4753 5415 5352 3660 6003 5114 541 5054 5132 3914
3919 3916 1548 3402 902 2721 2718 3334 5965 1543 3087 4523
5088 4134 806 1338 1340 3967 3966 4244 2053 3992 5602 4005
4003 3944 5355 5358 5363 4249 3807 979 981 4497 2877 1581
2340 2050 908 1926 1584 2872 4266 5369 5453 5449 5421 5423
2098 3930 4102 2942 563 2667 2623 1368 4475 4399 911 2345
1964 5889 4704 4192 4008 2686 4811 2806 2939 3636 681 3639
2946 2948 4713 4831 4830 2644 1857 4103 2529 1908 3385 2799
1740 1861 6023 2943 2941 3033 3049 1311 3074 3077 3030 3028
3962 3108 3123 336 353 2646 4716 3908 2179 3808 2134 1971
1993 4781 5732 5102 922 1570 4031 4084 4036 4082 4039
152: 5416 883 5152 2568 5743 1968 2983 3159 4213 5015 2469 3190
2028 515 2432 2739 2741 2018 4146 5137 4751 4953 2987 3255
1704 2044 1245 1192 1773 1292 3528
153: 2405 5876 2401 1562 2187 3269 1611 5721 1822 1816 3058 3232
3795 5928 880 3889 2299 5638 721 3362 3121 3699 4832 5124
1690 5173 4966 1819 1810 786 633 509 4205 4092 5880 4436
154: 819 4425 5257 4363 642 5501 1511 5785 5942 2716 1841 5443
3600 4353 2428 3445 3444 5473 2410 2184 5526 2013 2918 5569
371 2032 3873 5203 5161 578
155: 1721 1093 2228 4171 2514 2318 1917 804 3460 459 2578 341
4880 4511 1090 6021 1868 1824 5028 4480 1013 4255 4612
156: 3014 1344 2750 2332 1438 5692 3595 2508 1587 1572 5265 5262
5713 1374 2443 602 2045 2510 5219 4408 4037 2274 2289 3348
3431 1350 680 3247 1226 1663 3469 479 3084 5286 4921 4557
5008 2576 1402 533 361 357 1767 279 5630 5936 5961 1994
3838 3124 359 449 2351 2724 2316 5250 3114 4494 5238 5827
3261 368 2993 3777 2803 5597 4526 876
157: 5202 4554 5544 1467 3645 5899 735 4111 3024 1002 4992 3589
3905 3715 5971 4300 3290 1222 3628
158: 2474 5667 561 5836 1953 3107 2481 2238 1342 5800 1664 2499
792 5755 2191 1502 1370
159: 1494 464 5709 2152 2279 3994 4034 5789 2738 5600 3122 4398
382 4030 1938 2293 4246 3601 853 5636 2582 4316 4313 4310
5446 2426 4367 5694
160: 2374 1010 5914 1710 712 2261 5977 4454 2033 4256 4756 770
3703 1200 5588 5082 5524 2996 1574 4380 1939 4668 4602 4348
1556 5940 2065 3932 4351 3156 5024 5738 2146 1191 713 5128
4759 5040 4089 4416 905 3678 1942 3138 3607 2209 962 898
1212 388 2119 2952 5810 2384 2367 3878
161: 1680 4990 4400 5120 1549 1008 3563 912 4945 2252 3585 4631
5821 5229 4996 4540 1833 4207 2049 2650 1607 5658 3847 1510
788 1573 1343 4639 590 3078 628 3194 3192 3371 4403 407
3098 3086 5498 577 4501 387 385 383 365 346 343 339
337 4168 4330 4626
162: 3724 5809 4846 3166
163: 3366 5222 5300 3266 447 3614 632 285 4094 3785 2294 4482
4678 604 3616 5846 4285 767 2624 5056 5632 1776 3868 5285
378 3092 4924
164: 1654 2695 3293 4355 2088 1611 1365 1943 4070 1816 1822 2055
5693 317 4606 5124 1690 1810 1819 786 3223 509 4205 4092
5100 2606 349 5880 998 2341 5514 3648 5623 4979 1980 1274
2344 2302 4135 5451 2130 5545 5237 4301 4529 797 3242 4262
165: 4371 5585 2976 4302 1393 2287 857 1167 3936 4011 5870 1697
1720 4625 5097 1954 2600 852 1211 5206 4892 821 1239 2501
3780 2655 2626 1478 5657 2571 4955 2643 1505 3482
166: 5373 1616 5059 4534 2772 5175 2483 5884 3243 4618 2938 2613
2856 3110 3168 2189 1006 5414 2780 1028 4142 4971 2567 4314
4515 1583 1430 1431 514 2193 660 2256 4634 3619 4574 1929 4527 1749 5146 769 2505 3072 1890 3357 5123 2857 1302 1436
5357 848 4889 1560 2218 2889 456 596 5994 2165 3845 3846
4389 1787 4032 1593 414 335 4661 5178 3789
167: 5845 1878 567 1423 4601 2722 2391 4729 3634 2698 771 3501
2078 4021 3126 4095 5650 5607 1755 2271 1464 1328 1359 761
2476 4373 2603 3363 1909 5816 2177 4464 3484 1190 3856 1683
3221 2609 1648 886 338 664 381 999 986 3265 5665
168: 4044 1836 2399 1517 418 421 469 472 474 4685 4660 4662
3466 684 1289 4655 2982 320 395 3043 3054 4396 3794 1257
1280 2919 4973 4378 1912 5519 2107 737 5662 1845 543 675
1204 4896 2104 2116 2122 2120 1801 1804 4158 4328 5403 4617
1276 5438 1466 5783 5690 3430 404 4289 403 5130 582 3850
2131 3224 5941
169: 1277 2372 1925 5947 4545 2136 921 1594 429 620 2947 1251
3038 1709 5556 1435 471 5067 1094 4877 5182 2730 4705 4096
4843 174 1632
170: 4908 1888 5020 5021 5036 5405 5913 5522 3125 2634 4681 2182
1620 4516 2355 435 4869 2387 4434 3657 1396 4271 3139 4919
2933 2300 1259 1487 2141 4385 2304 1134 1649 5035
171: 5601 2178 1509 1817 2260 512 527 3478 6017 1358 3551 347
1074 1347 2011 4975 3975
172: 4150 3450 2563 5837 937 5062 3696 3827 5946 1958 892 3810
5017 651 3925 3321 4621 3369 4326 5401 4009 2058 4356 5306
3822 2455 5551 3416 1421 3414 1418 1415 5770 5766 3411 3393
3392 3320 3312 2715 5756 3387 3288 2746 2744 1417 3316 3289
3388 3361 3358 3390 3350 3295 3355 3353 2749 2748 2713 3446
3447 3452 3510 3480 1434 1433 3598 3593 3542 3509 3483 3473
3453 3423 3544 3502 3591 3513 3548 3587 3424 3582 3504 4166
3449 4176 1585 1568 5535 4771 5496 3679 4208 5716 1258 319
4686 3364 4762 3203 5243 3070 4115 1513 1488 1483 3655 1157
5026 3758 759
173: 4447 4541 1214 534 2512 5290 5242 2315 1800 433 3950 5619
3958 4350 2217 5505 4433 2168 3610 1580 1482 334 3673 4724
2743
174: 5568 1277 2372 1925 5947 4930 429 620 2947 1251 1709 5556
3038 2311 1435 471 4189 5067 4877 4076 2396
175: 5343 4666 1525 1526 2766 4329 1869 2897 1225 1224 2867 2728
2813 2836 2883 2833 2832 2881 2830 2827 2814 2859 2693 2090
2811 1634 1300 1927 1930 2692 2732 1831 4062 4438 4413 4409
4410 1324 1319 1962 3263 4317 4467 3580 5215 3020 2108 5799
915 997 995 1685 291 3088 3036 2997 2994 2991 3019 1446
2210 1579 1474 1428 5729 5773 5706 636 4926 3246 3227 3270
1357 585 540 4845 4818 5604 4887 5629 298 4229 4006 881
5748 5745 6011 4180 4352 5931 5217 4247 3623 3476 6007 5136
5798 5096 4426 3674 2885 2840 2140 2111 4558 6002 2094 3208
290 6008 6005 5986 2448 5293 1273 3474 3496 3498 3497 1501
4345 503 502 3481 1499 1066 2397 2047 2660 2659 311 1853
5167 5168 1565 2673 1029 268 3767 4934 1670 970 5296 5295
4739 5381 5307 5379 5410 4361 1306 4463 1576 1559 4656 4462
822 3769 3701 1629 3924 3918 5339 5733 3637 4598 1318 1916
4594 380 3524 930 2385 2386 2388 3245 3248 3426 3432 2132
519 1883 4564 3913 4595 2253 3708 2591 3915 4728 1249 1254
4732 4735 2037 2012 4725 5742 5354 901 3903 4987 5071 3590
1628 4486 3057 4072 5368 4667 384 5842 891 4590 1711 3111
325 5853 1528 983 5726 1496 1904 1899 3907 837 838 649
5507 4045 2995 1766 2444 4530 3834 4303 5277
176: 1586 4775 3515 1476 4682 2688 2109 2291 3164 3890 568 1837
1264 4577 286 3286 1031 1208 3690 4963 4965 5508 5939 1535
560 3090 2040 5159 1285 2056 1486 1092 946 345 1232 1217
177: 4555 5998 1792 2093 4556 961 5561 4547 4390 2657 4520 2999
3968 1712 3391 682 2523 5211 882 5105 2206 5877 3526 3791 879 614 3849 4743 6015 3182
178: 4044 4599 4596 4123 3805 1284 1836 3185 3191 3187 2399 1517
418 469 474 3181 2666 3466 3946 715 4961 3097 4177 3154
1176 3297 489 1173 4119 4157 1623 4153 1653 4156 1627 3781
1895 1096 4318 3119 4575 3043 1538 3440 3054 370 4991 5005
3681 795 3651 2349 454 2765 3794 4288 1131 5344 646 2977
2759 2736 2817 3349 4638 4948 1804 4158 2547 4617 720 717
5690 4289 701 4290 1726 5317 5316 3169 3149 582
179: 4334 1320 2950 3218 1541 627 4235 3260 5826 3239 1105 495 3989 3308 4362 5991 3865 5083 2369 1658 1278 2412 3271 1808 1406 3695 5070 1537 3743 4280 5073 180: 1966 2015 2267 5147 4138 5312 1782 5270 1515 5715 3576 5029 4657 1863 890 549 3732 3931 2845 3377 3032 5590 619 2147 1027 579 2325 4460 4860 2328 4077 3155 5391 2086 5047 3298 1979 4311 5164 5162 5190 5165 5193 5187 4702 878 4050 5278 1707
181: 5679 5907 2200 3826 5471 3605 4284 4379 4320 985 4148 4357 3866 3196 5675 2231 5090 3400 2371 934 2172 182: 743 1279 2456 5589 3183 4450 2648 5298 3471 5860 4492 3830 2669 2870 3543 5350 1270 5444 1261 674 4179 1577 183: 1795 1794 5504 3837 1046 2389 5668 3979 4922 3798 4518 4647 501 4768 4782 2222 1275 3500 4607 5542 5549 3180 5843 1744 5660 2917 3514 1780 4769 1656 5454 2197 4098 5595 5527 508 4397 5972 4412 5484 3978 2229 1601 2269 2248 5440 760 375 1770 5417 914 2518 559
184: 5993 3521 2513 3291 3017 4699 3222 4505 5944 5541 4972 1470 754 2262 4736 314 1458 5615 1197 344 1122 1591 3406 3824 4188 4491 569 4614 1255 5489 3252 2268 185: 5378 3046 1687 4334 2950 4235 627 3417 4143 2326 5826 3239 3260 4197 1424 836 1170 3753 1105 5083 1808 1406 3695 5070 1537
186: 4370 2960 3521 3741 1518 4699 5560 1073 1504 4223 314 1458 392 1445 1650 4294 3682 2171 936 4524 187: 624 5667 561 5836 1175 831 2212 2499 5755 5402 1502 4169 1169 188: 706 753 3969 1086 889 1733 5370 3806 4324 4890 5430 5973 5978 3467 3470 4873 1181 1182 5968 2008 5703 704 5205 2565 4521 2174 1351 3546 1961 597 5474 2804 4913 4916 2462 2463 5374 5475 1297 3165 5371 4658 4419 1719 1532 5515 1025 420 4393 3770 4604 2117 2139 2166 507 574 2926 3241 1172 2022 5646 3373
189 2290 1706 3332 4422 1329 2914 3643 863 4802 1234 4014 5216 3717 2398 3016 4259 5823 5345 4974 1870 5095 190 1180 282 5348 1818 2036 307 352 393 4805 1152 1194 5801 348 1196 5718 1070 1067 1041 4834 4836 1353 1404 4833 5741 4531 4506 1331 1243 1148 1045 1049 5413 424 5879 351 5089 4231 5840 1272 4354 658 1362 4066 4064 4042 4018 4136 4870 4202 4804 4902 4900 4931 4942 4994 4962 4935 4905 5620 4928 5016 5013 4741 4744 4871 4897 4750 4809 4808 4776 4623 4211 4322 4321 4319 4298 431 960 2406 4591 1547 1023 1452 3836 846 2851 3881 1507 3961 5533 1268 1298 4206 4777 4865 4779 4803 4838 4842 4747 4749 4874 4903 4901 4774 5867 5851 1014 2234 1610 2507 1178 1198 844
191 963 3161 2708 4263 5794 372 945 3965 593 4895 3748 1437 2216 5060 1199
192 1193 3937 5922 3970 398 893 3378 5847 492 4954 4087 4636 193 4551 2254 3050 2988 1423 1400 2391 564 3634 4152 1328 1359 761 3564 3557 6018 2854 1739 1308 5199
194 416 417 4815 442 1052 3389 621 4110 5133 5320 4431 444 1983 5688 3116 5009 2866 5653 4325 2916 517 1588 4025 4691 1485 5932 3550 5771 4999 3737 195: 2001 1995 1992 4043 3381 6016 3375 1814 3376 3335 3337 2096
2892 1635 2077 580 2170 3306 3574 1797 2980 1405 3137 3130
3299 1856 5186 4863 4761 3742 2672 1267 1360 3823 5829 3172
521 5812 5023 2690 835 5308 2215 5156 3511 4866 4835 379
2538 613 5683 5708 3755 4248 3885 5447 5145 3345 3305 2631
3343 2128 5661 3457 2760 1555
196: 4555 3235 1533 3060 3912 2622 2480 3056 4556 4847 961 5561
5432 775 566 4390 5547 3117 2986 4799 1352 667 4956 304
5919 2661 2517 4116 426 2188 2689 4366 4457 1449 5987 2007
2664 1238 614 3849 5888 4743 1873 4498 5905 4162 2679 631
5327 766
197: 4619 1614 1668 4958 1643 3771 2742 3947 1398 3731 4694 2611
4695 1875 4199 1495 1791 3583 1082 1937 1567 897 1477
198: 4044 4123 4128 4959 3191 3185 5855 421 469 3181 3946 2651
1539 3887 370 4396 2525 386 1257 5532 2919 5213 1934 4973
4381 5344 5764 5958 1145 5252 5493 2104 4587 4638 1801 1804
2246 4158 432 2547 5428 5424 5455 5486 1827 2992 4562 5491
4617 364 5690 3430 3327 5130 3169 3149 582 4807
199: 1654 2401 5876 3237 3568 427 1121 4355 4070 5721 1816 1822
1762 5638 826 1408 5693 5104 3121 3699 4424 1564 2411 4566
783 5124 1690 5173 1810 1819 786 2546 3267 3861 576 5004
4205 4092 349 5880 4436 5689 3875 400 2585 3141
200: 1180 282 1012 3612 5874 1790 307 352 393 4805 1152 1194
5801 348 1196 1070 1067 1041 4834 1353 4833 3972 2181 4687
1016 1015 5085 1148 1049 1045 5413 424 5170 4287 887 2284
5006 1717 5356 2148 4231 1272 4360 2873 4042 4064 4018 4136
4088 4202 4066 4804 4870 4741 4744 4871 4750 4897 4808 4809
4776 4211 4322 4321 4319 4298 573 1730 431 625 4674 4692
4206 Mil 4868 4865 4779 4803 4842 4838 4749 4747 4874 4903
4774 4901 5851 5867 1014 1610 2133 1178 1918 2702
201: 1098 1060 5786 5523 4091 5297 209 2647 2620 5039 3842 1914
3140 4507 3160
202: 2844 3179 5027 4726 2778 4093 5396 4178 2435 2581 2447 2752
5878 2424 1409 4024 5710 2331 1241 4151 1956 1420 3472 4976
3864 2439 616 5579 4500 401 3442 4237 3549 3230 4054 5746
732 5951 4740 4858 1154 3061 4977 1731
203: 4789 1795 1794 5924 2482 5225 3572 4495 5648 1419 1844 4139
3418 1380 750 5129 5328 1151 2714 5091 2602 2558 3220 4201
3837 1125 1622 1631 2286 2103 3979 1933 1931 1896 5336 1928
5635 3902 5461 4518 1248 4647 501 4672 3790 1128 2754 2153
5660 2917 1247 752 3730 4821 1682 3109 5985 4010 830 1536
1778 2434 4769 2115 2949 2805 2550 373 1462 2541 2764 4485
3978 5626 2229 1601 2269 2248 389 412 1189 3503 5384 1271
411 3178 789 3922
204: 2064 2537 5112 4071 1746 5669 993 1950 5337 4382 2365 2333
1678 3799 4624 5543 5722 5719 2429 2381 5329 1722 1718 1307
5779 862 1332 5144 800 2633 1529 306 4855 2336 2696 1312
1399 707 5116 5768 1138 685 662 5322 3313 5019 694 5720
3983 522 312 3274 2066 2275 2573 463
205: 2401 5876 3237 4867 3700 3568 5557 1562 2187 4421 3795 4125
3351 3641 3699 3745 4569 5124 1690 1810 1819 786 2528 1758
3142 4439 509 349 4436
206: 861 3389 1052 2373 4608 5063 621 4502 5478 2464 4251 4711
2438 3987 5126 4839 4795 468 5133 5320 3116 5009 1983 4325
2916 5653 1588 4693 517 3277 2129 5909 2944 5771 4999 1485
5055 1799 2060 834 4675 1705 3386 2907
207: 1844 1109 1631 5668 5400 5360 2769 5635 3463 5195 5626 5440
2488 2521 1644 5087 5323
208: 5204 1132 5728 1500 1924 1638 399 645 1265 5731 3876 3397
3204 1982 1826
209: 1098 1060 5786 5523 1914 4091 5297 201 1326 2620 5039 3842 4507
210: 1489 843 958 2339 5714 3468 5380 4813 5881 3599 2676 1508
4375 2777 5258 1702 758 1349 1847 5948 3257 2314 4386 2599
558 4757 1323 545
211: 4555 4307 5534 1387 4556 5561 5432 5774 4390 1874 1195 623
2317 2999 859 1737 1582 4279 928 2477 817 2149 3776 2740
2307 4209 535 460 3340 5539 4200 4780 2761 1840 1141 2945
2378 2890 2998 3849 824
212: 1985 3595 989 5125 1374 1797 2484 2789 4037 2289 2274 3348
394 4391 1640 3228 1951 1026 5936 3838 3151 3860 1450 2316
1348 4344 1765 3683 1266 4048 1102 2993 2803 3777 876 2361
213: 4789 1795 1794 5924 4495 4139 5648 1419 2482 728 1125 1622
1631 2286 3979 5336 1931 1928 1933 1896 2769 5635 5461 4518
3980 629 5804 4567 2801 951 3730 752 1247 2920 2912 3109
5985 830 1536 1778 2434 4769 2115 2949 4722 3649 2545 2420
2770 2124 4019 2616 2350 1613 3978 2229 1601 2269 2248 2570
1271 411 789
214: 3417 4947
215: 2405 1562 2187 2695 656 2734 2839 3232 2055 2052 2266 2588
5584 3121 3699 509 4205 4092 349 598 2221
216: 3951 1562 2784 4355 1822 1816 3494 2055 5226 5230 3408 1408
3699 3505 3307 5124 1690 1975 3558 1819 1810 1789 5880
217: 3888 920 5833 3892 3894 5834 923 5850 5299 948 5856 5301
950 5873 5321 969 5324 973 5908 5325 5910 5346 5347 988
5915 1003 5351 5934 5375 1004 5670 5924 3870 919 5831 3843
3220 4201 3837 1125 1626 3979 4049 1931 1896 2769 3143 1935
4920 4327 870 4518 5131 3676 4647 501 4532 6000 3176 1454
5660 2917 752 1247 3730 4737 2243 1522 4659 2470 1536 2434
2115 2949 5744 1315 3309 1339 4576 5155 4184 2370 3978 2229
1601 2269 2248 1271 3178 789 3867 903 3152 1520 3259
218: 2967 1403 5318 4078 5871 3622 5561 2899 965 2276 4358 5656
1383 1051 2810 2661 2014 4395 2589 2689 391 1228 4149 4186
614 3849
219: 2968 4423 3942 3943 5233 4236 4254 2595 4161 1426 1427 5663
3680 2771 3935 2027 2026 5513 5138 3009 5469 5832 5271 3963
3964 5078 5079 3707 2002 5192 3940 3921 3687 305 2329 5540
2878 5724 5235 3556 1633 3784 4113 1017 2024 2057 2000 1997
2923 3489 3490 5198 2186 4613 5887 2020 2051 2021 452 4938
5747 1598 5777 4332 4118 803 5139 1941 1945 3128 2596 2614
932 910 929 3105 3101 3080 5069 3010 3815 4264 546 5795
5153 5135 5701 1317 2936 2924 5254 5251 3672 4241 4640 1570
151 3955 922 5102 4035 4082 4031 4036 4084 4039 4059 2358
3419 2712 5652 1952 1774 2735 3728 3702 3704 591 5231 1990
1972 1974 1646 5408 5376 2642 2699 2612 4985 1116 1114 738
4225 4752 3660 6003 5114 3055 5132 5054 3914 3919 3916 1548
902 2721 3334 2718 5864 5088 4134 2121 806 1338 4244 2053
3992 5602 3944 4249 3807 979 981 982 4497 2877 2340 1926
2050 908 1581 1584 2872 3998 2282 4181 4266 2098 2345 1964
2686 5889 4704 4008 4192 5830 3193 1305 1361 1042 5442 4811
2806 2939 3639 2946 5064 4713 5929 4451 5956 5933 2644 1857
3783 3803 3786 3788 4103 2414 2529 3385 2799 2943 2941 3033
3049 1311 3074 3077 3030 3028 3962 3108 3123 3102 3103 353
336 2646 4716 3908 3808 2134 1971 609 611 2747 3840 1993
5196 1530 4781 5732 5101
220: 4596 4599 724 699 3898 731 3181 2520 4414 4417 4441 4440
668 696 689 1805 4664 3234 3031 3346 438 2955 3554 2700
2535 925 4124 1662 4127 4129 1659 1655 3043 1542 693 3887
386 1969 2542 5364 441 1024 718 3596 3910 3225 5366 5080
4553 4510 5918 4427 2322 895 3809 4376 2496 5651 653 672
5696 2630 3189 665 366 4484 1750 5448 4800 410 2491 4638
4943 4944 1804 2757 1988 3719 3775 799 5938 2335 330 4615 1864 594 1832 4772 3877 2639 2515 1314 1283 4286 4493 4144
3425 4689 1076 4578 2862 700 4642 280 1469 5783 5687 5817
716 698 726 719 4218 1786 423 2758 2423 5566 1807 1619
221: 1948 2237 2487 5068 3207 4549 1018 2430 4461 4584 5598 3276
5166 1072 5111 5127 5697 747 1369 4898 634 1558 2922 2240
1811 477 1091 4435 3559 2265 1050 943 3211 2392 1048 2383
2971 3333 2207 2619 3883 4306 3981 2802 5188 5792 5896 5180
4274 4270 1397 814 3686 3948 1523 2005 413 5772 1734 5749
1906 1973 1889 4499 1866 3620 2241 3911 2258 5627 1498 358
3492 3762 1171 5433 5419 5621 3760 1681 3367 991
222: 1330 4043 297 2653 5081 4629 5479 1438 1590 1589 2590 520
4120 1686 3858 2656 3407 2310 3409 1107 2577 1903 2652 802
1174 4283 2838 4742 4190 5900 1095 4173 2733 2403 5236 811
1201 4079 5084 2323 2888 491 2337 1065 2731 818 5185 289
1001 809 5686 4797 531 2473 3722 3720 5333 606 5769 3615
2800 3212 5570 5758 4257 1645 6009 1453 6012 6013 5163 5528
5592 4745 2039 3200 5828 288 1724 3518 2849 2869 3485 3456
5176 2150 3404 5886 5536 2684 4611 5456 847 669 2144 3339
1102 927 3777 4654 3303 2852 3264 3630
223: 4044 4599 4596 1118 4927 3191 3187 3185 421 469 474 3181
2668 1984 4163 395 4258 4156 3043 686 370 386 1257 5781
2059 2919 1934 5213 4997 2496 3945 5344 4719 3379 2180 3001
1647 5516 5435 5493 5448 1835 3349 2759 2736 2817 4638 5642
1801 1804 3854 436 2808 2246 4158 2547 5428 5424 5455 5486
2169 4384 3352 2296 4075 3213 5491 4617 4281 4573 4277 4117
4875 3403 5273 1390 1127 2143 3254 3812 5633 2213 3045 1571
3662 1812 2816 4720 5673 3063 4816 4879 2506 5704 4183 5783
690 1295 5690 3327 3430 833 992 1726 4807 3066 3025 1020
3048 3923
224: 3068 1379 2590 3405 745 2292 2818 3258 2928 957 956 5634
238 340 4140 3986 3144 4899 4198 1321 2081 918 2347 536
900 2594 5643 4909 1728 1679 1860 1209 1944 683 3084 3042
1981 1978 2004 5260 570 2409 3486 3714 1413 4610 5340 1999
505 3412 1346 3151 5148 1783 2415 5739 3879 3718 1796 4703
1701 3008 3537 4080 5862 1133 2123 4041 1855 542 3697
225: 1164 1166 3451 2194 3300 2694 2554 422 5912 4444 3394 5044
4673 2911 2360 1019 2790 4023 5680 3817 3752 2860 4981 1385
2717 5303 4368 5970 4216 5409 4442 1684 376 1337 3744 362
1081 363 947 791 1237 1497
226: 5699 2102 2835 1407 679 3506 5587 589 3186 5723 3002 2781
643 1213 1461 4561 3197 396 3095 4548 2303 2812 537 1099
4765 2106 4282 3249 2062 2574 1367 5902 3059 793 1150 5482
926 4337 6020
227: 1654 2404 2402 1562 2295 5031 5177 3106 1611 1414 1822 1816
842 5104 3746 3721 3047 3699 1690 1819 1810 688 714 692
349 5880 4436 301 1185
228: 624 4536 5667 561 5836 1605 1175 1953 831 3839 3107 2219
610 5894 581 2167 1946 5824 666 3018 3301 2214 2499 530
4910 1244 2675 2380 5429 3820 1288 630 3173 2309 3201 5240
1674 2255 3787 3792 3285 4826 779 1735 4056 2569 2601 2587
1531 1316 4428 2091 2319 3231 2285 1502 3712 2707 397 2564
5578 5735
229: 1948 2237 2487 5068 3207 4549 1018 2430 4584 4461 5166 3276
5598 1072 5111 5127 5697 747 1886 4420 1369 4898 634 1558
1618 2922 3578 477 2240 1811 1091 4435 3559 2265 1050 943
3211 1048 2392 2383 4000 2971 3333 2207 2619 3883 4306 2802
3981 5188 5792 5896 5180 4274 4270 3499 1599 3948 5943 1523
5700 3384 1389 406 1898 5749 1906 1889 1973 4499 1866 4411
5897 984 5707 865 4265 4028 5608 2258 5627 1498 358 3492
3762 1171 5419 5433 4490 5621 3760 1681 3367 3199 991 5691 230: 1654 1562 2695 2880 655 4394 1611 5197 5721 1822 1816 2069
3853 1296 2458 4683 3699 1159 5124 1690 4210 1819 1810 786
2084 1378 4205 4092 688 714 692 349 5880
231: 5343 1525 1526 2766 4432 5952 3051 1603 808 1831 4465 2072
4062 5011 2843 3725 1688 2876 3040 5404 3294 5367 1345 3314
5436 3208 1479 1480 839 5465 2932 3982 3292 3310 3317 2448
2446 670 3498 2930 1472 350 1468 4342 303 4936 4643 3523
5835 2453 5168 5167 5295 4739 5388 746 4253 1364 3209 755
5341 2298 3793 930 2386 2388 3432 1913 1911 5822 587 618
5841 677 710 4732 5825 4735 4725 5338 3035 832 1384 5885
2618 513 2264 3669 1621 2842 1624 4637 111 1528 994 1033
2418 1692 983 2610 976 1465 1554 840 649 5507 5037 3545
4864
232: 1411 2629 4051 5110 2437 2843 5160 5759 3410 2662 2875 2617
2687 3638 437 2017 2579 2533 2954 443 466 467 462 1699
4160 313 4017 486 470 369 4708 5953 4957 5586 2281 4164
1592
233: 764 3328 3330 1053 1075 2723 2725 1030 1088 2680 5450 5452
5818 5791 5494 5470 5497 5227 4850 4844 4848 2683 3427 1104
2682 2061 1038 3322 3325 4401 488 5282 5362 5359 5365 5274
3779 3713 3663 3569 3635 3661 3560 3633 3666 3565 661 4338
2527 2782 1035 2751 2755 2753 3368 2638 3372 1084 3374 3395
5288 5287 5289 4717 5802 3428 5805 5790 5788 5310 5311 5313
5949 5891 5901 5920 5959 5923 5974 5926 5980 5925 3650 3654
5210 4814 4817 4822 4820 5503 5517 5520 5500 5499 5518 5521
5332 5334 5335 5393 5389 5269 5309 5305 5426 5422 5462 5466
5458 5490 5485 5492 2703 2706 2524 3464 3527 2756 1036 4881
4878 4854 4851 592 4155 3778 3709 3764 2270 4508 4721 4718
5459 5467 5464 4917 4914 5468 4911 529 553 2592 2348 1448
2198 2956 1463 2957 2979 1444 652 4925 1849 4233 1825 5418
5420 3561 4336 3566 3461 5283 4763 4755 4758 4888 4884 4886
3547 2727 3640 3692 5041 4487 3608 4620 3304 4131 3044 4052
3534 3667 3611 3688 3609 4794 4792 4791 4796 4812 4767 4787
5765 4026 3434 4230 4786 4783 4232 4960 2636 1054 2516 3459
3493 3462 4333 955 5034 924 2417 711 885 884 2442 3495
1871 1854 487 506 5563 5593 5582 5510 5538 2959 1077 1106
2436 2422 3491 2472 5053 5750 949 953 3530 3535 5174 2701
5950 5895 5476 5480 1442 1447 3691 3694 3629 3631 3331 1058
2779 2580 2584 1034 2719 3454 1111 2720 3613 3734 3757 3632
3759 3665 4215 4588 4616 4929 4980 4933 2894 2895 5904 5957
4828 5927 5982 3804 3671 867 3062 730
234: 2552 2110 3754 2029 5207 3021 1130 3000 2063 1471 2598 3819
235: 5202 1642 2809 1617 4111 3024 1002 3715 5955 3589 5971 1575
4300 3290 1893 3628 4308 2162 1222 3761
236: 2402 2466 3951 3064 1757 4355 1414 1365 4070 1822 1816 3995
5865 3699 3262 1690 1975 1810 1819 2910 539 866 3882
237: 3937 5922 1193 3378 2697 4085 2953 5407
238: 3068 1379 2332 745 2292 2818 3258 5265 1374 1209 1944 683
224 2927 2003 1473 430 394 5286 3042 1981 1978 2004 5260
570 2409 3486 3714 2407 1413 4610 5340 5148 1783 2415 5739
3879 3718 4703 1796 1701 3008 2549 1133 5862 4080 2123 3537
4041 1855 542 3697 796 4407
239: 819 5267 2716 3929 615 1920 5618 3555 2428 3445 3444 5330
5967 4793 3685 4937 3928 3359 1602 1775
240: 1654 4696 1322 5737 1216 1987 2695 3106 655 4394 2792 1334
3153 5294 5107 1769 2368 5386 708 3991 2763 637 5506 5721
1822 1816 5445 2305 5705 2458 4683 3118 3853 1296 2266 3774
939 2099 2097 3699 3716 2413 3993 3065 328 781 2394 5124
1690 2364 584 4040 2379 5778 5564 1819 1810 786 509 688
714 692 349 5880
241: 5681 3973 2791 4701 2239 4033 1412 5740 3592 1963 1253 2031 1960 1299 2677 1695 3477 3081 4194 4754 2902 3727 1661 4669
5030 3869 1798 4560 1615 2075 1456 1236 5434 3205 2126 294
1742 4939 5751 5154 296 2793 3553 888 5793 499 2509 638
2898 3863 5276 2242 2544 2572 4746 1809 3796 5575 4222 4593
4932 5412 5149 2125 5264 3433 4446 3594 996 829
242: 5416 2359 5038 4784 5152 2568 498 2441 1246 1192 1773 4074
1292 3562 2356 2465 2586
243: 4406 4254 4236 1426 1427 3680 4989 2771 2829 5138 3009 5832
5271 5078 5079 5192 3940 3921 3687 305 3278 3275 2329 5540
2878 5724 1839 3556 3784 4113 3884 1997 5736 5666 1781 1779
2923 2821 3489 3490 4613 2186 5275 5887 3488 4388 805 803
5139 3739 1941 1945 3128 3133 3129 910 929 3105 3101 3080
3010 3013 3026 3012 1301 4264 546 5795 5153 1327 1317 2936
2924 4640 1563 2735 1990 1972 1974 5376 4876 4872 738 4261
4225 4752 5142 4243 5114 3055 5054 5132 3919 3914 3916 1548
3402 3076 902 5893 2985 5864 1543 2121 4244 2053 3992 3944
3710 4249 3807 979 981 982 2877 4497 1581 2340 1926 2050
908 1584 3998 2282 2872 4181 1546 4266 5369 2098 2345 1964
2686 5442 2320 4811 2806 2939 871 3859 2948 2946 5064 4713
5929 4451 5956 4831 4830 2644 293 3783 3803 3786 3788 4103
2414 2529 1908 2799 1976 2943 2941 4193 3033 3049 1311 3074
3077 3030 3028 3108 3123 3102 3103 2646 4716 2134 1971 609
2747 611 3840 1993 5196 1530 4781 4245 5732 5158
244: 4044 4513 308 3533 2607 974 1836 1071 1069 418 421 3996
2786 3083 3684 5875 4441 4440 4417 4414 2583 2540 2273 3236
3747 5609 3750 2338 4512 316 1662 4124 4129 2651 1542 3887
5685 5684 1257 1443 3735 2635 1665 4452 640 5477 860 2966
2451 5628 896 2762 5171 5654 1715 4504 3475 2427 3132 5263
4097 3939 2975 5546 4369 4234 5213 1934 4372 653 672 1131
3167 2503 2475 2445 3005 5553 1777 5672 3206 1609 3652 4145
5976 1691 4677 6014 2951 3091 4081 3145 3756 1260 3448 2257
4800 1227 1229 1231 4943 4944 3854 436 2868 2808 2246 432
4331 5457 5861 782 784 5113 2815 1919 785 938 511 1120
1524 5022 2016 2335 3985 4027 4459 5806 3399 3283 2874 757
3706 5687 3430 3327 3053 3874 2366 582 5817 5782
245: 697 5617 4680 4007 671 942 4312 3383 954 1220 1219 5232
4978 2105 687 2137 1806 3067 3318 3347 695 2400 2421 2705
1240 1242 4645 4650 3997 1235 5212 2118 5531 4185 5001 3957
5046 5048 1768
246: 4304 2904 917 1059 2089 5647 318 874 736 855 3356 858
3595 2151 3150 5061 494 2310 3990 3988 1371 300 1374 1797
5169 3977 1210 1998 2390 5562 5558 4086 415 3740 3577 3617
4387 2789 1142 2289 2274 3348 3084 2937 2825 3507 5286 4391
2278 2280 571 331 1381 1022 3722 2473 1793 1772 1703 2145
3833 5935 5118 4949 3838 2961 3151 5674 5189 5567 3625 4473
3099 4458 972 3800 4509 1011 3069 1187 622 673 1102 2548
368 2993 2901 2852 2863 4526 3264 2230 2010
247: 2359 5038 4644 1759 5989 644 3904 3906 648 3956 1484 3159
1834 5076 801 4542 565 5007 2459 2101 2425 4305 5049 5150
3573 5015 703 4635 3329 5734 5937 2989 5537 4546 1192 1773
4074 3562 5645 1788 2861
248: 2450 409 5292 3436 1514 3766 3765 913 617 5279 1184 2244
4773 1491 4219 1970 3659 5385 4347 5411 326 5086
249: 722 2797 484 3115 4998 1669 1392 869 5103 3437 650 4748
5092 5815 2067 907 5194 600 5962 5253 815 1512 691 2095
1553 1557 1550 1552 4296 4099 4343 4217 2511 2796 4550 4191
1936 377 327 2259 1506 4528 3782 4061 5314 2183 4292 5157
823 5571 4469 603 2921 2969 321 1416
250: 324 4801 2498 1000 457 987 3532 780 5616 3540 1894 3642
1481 1429 4970 5820 4952 899 3136 5762 5439 4946 4405 5509
552 3512 4837 3862 2393 875 3268 663 2671 2233 1676 1179 251: 2353 5695 1795 1794 5504 3843 3220 3837 1335 1723 1046 1933
2769 4922 1290 4340 3798 4518 4647 501 2440 4628 4782 4738
4768 2222 5141 4912 4563 4607 3500 5542 2605 453 2773 1744
5549 3180 3974 4570 5843 2377 5660 2917 3729 4648 3514 3109
1534 4769 2115 2949 1636 798 3041 1656 4707 4098 2974 2197
5454 4840 5595 1743 4700 1666 3174 3536 4412 284 2965 2847
5058 5954 5972 1064 508 5596 2468 5484 2205 4397 3978 5626
2229 1601 2269 2248 5384 5440
252: 1727 1725 2767 3365 4273 1103 3421 4764 5964 3273 3341 3338
3949 4586 3089 1101 5094 5892 355 2460 451 2085 2560 2556
3401 3396 1309 1880 2887 3003 3857 1207 5906 5872 5248 2408
2562 4585 3113 3210 2711 1660 2785 425 5599 4187 333 4479
1140 1143 1126 3624 1519 2485 4038 964 3829 2247
253: 5244 5284 5184 4859 2375 4221 2154 556 4067 4449 3146 2357
990 4923 3429 5460 2553 5249 2156 5606 2674 3147 1333 5730
5990 4481 1785 5247 5268 2906 2828 2637 5397 1828 5191 3134
3668 2449 2164 5966 5611 2079 2263 1063 2490 1188 1282 2362
741 3251 2250 1802 1223
254: 1948 2237 2487 5068 3207 4549 1018 2430 4584 4461 5166 5598
3276 1072 5111 5127 5697 747 4898 1369 634 1558 2922 2240
1811 477 1091 4435 3559 2265 1050 943 3211 1048 2392 2971
3333 2619 3883 4306 2802 3981 5188 5792 5896 5180 4274 4270
5394 814 3686 3948 2272 1523 5700 588 309 2597 2841 413
1734 5749 2909 4228 2905 2908 2903 2891 1889 1973 1455 2940
4499 1866 5898 4001 5707 5580 2142 2882 5488 5678 2258 5627
1498 358 3492 2236 3762 1171 5433 5419 5621 3760 1681 3367
991 4339
255: 4044 4513 5002 967 418 3181 4392 3554 2955 2700 2535 316
370 386 1257 2185 1032 1667 1376 2536 2322 2900 5651 5342
2608 5319 4800 410 1804 432 1153 2335 3158 4852 5783 833
992 4503 5817
256: 2353 5695 1795 1794 5504 5045 774 3979 5400 5360 2769 4922
475 4299 1375 3798 4518 4647 501 2555 1732 1852 5660 2917
3729 4648 3514 3516 3522 3487 3519 3581 2434 4769 5221 916
5315 5143 5000 490 5605 5134 5302 4885 2176 5201 448 4114
2245 2201 2083 3978 2229 1601 2269 2248 5384 1271 411 3178
5440 977 1230 3773
257: 2466 1843 1846 4582 1562 4137 4141 4133 4108 3552 1756 4377
1822 1816 5065 2055 2964 864 2627 2794 842 317 3699 2030
3603 1921 5124 1690 812 1819 1810 786 440 3171 4539 2823
1887 509 5100 2606 688 714 692 349 5880 4436
258: 819 5267 5093 4671 4474 2454 2710 2100 1897 3602 5942 2716
3897 1336 5997 4940 3929 5849 2925 2157 1955 5214 2428 3444
3445 3841 5241 3071 2249 2013 5330 1168 1741 5760 5406 5911
4633
259: 1608 2783 1763 5218 1135 790 483 4630 4544 3163 1136 2834
3723 1457 5610 2114 1693 3465 5677 851 4132 2972 1139 4583
739 2009 4710 2288 4204 2795 2575 1490 1440 3202 1820
260: 4044 1836 1517 469 472 4685 4660 1965 395 3794 850 2334
4383 3952 4470 4581 1356 445 2919 4973 4378 1131 5342 4632
841 2308 5502 4374 3027 2775 5398 5493 4587 2246 4158 5428
5424 5486 3738 2871 3326 1388 1186 4617 4665 2173 1977 3520
5383 740 944 5256 3999 5377 2893 3670 5050 635 2452 5361
1124 404 3850 1729 5353 2467 510 4730 2006
261: 1654 2402 2404 2041 5228 3420 763 2695 3413 4603 655 4394
1611 1414 657 2615 3893 816 1527 4641 3162 4477 5712 3618
1080 1146 3802 1822 1816 5065 2055 842 1408 317 5584 3699
5124 1690 1819 1810 509 4205 4092 349 5880 3818 4853 2461
5441 3933 3821
262: 1708 3917 500 4609 1947 2663 1047 4297 4121 1377 5581 4788
5495 1672 2519 1432 5702 5869 1215 2346 3226 4964 2277 287 3315 5682 3279 3256 482 4073 354 3034 5033 5814 3705 952
1905 4496 2226
263: 1747 1745 3398 2767 3365 4273 3896 3341 3338 4589 3089 5094
5892 356 355 2457 451 1341 1877 4239 1044 5390 3079 1097
4806 3075 810 1422 3844 5246 4083 4187 1143 1140 3656 1519
5245
264: 3886 3014 1021 3644 2625 461 729 4941 2332 3595 2486 494
5265 302 1374 1797 3348 3084 4391 975 1910 6022 505 3151
3693 2685 4309 2155 622 1102 2548 368 5858 2993 2803 3777
2852 4526 876 3264 3280 1112 5664
265: 5789 1262 5043 4489 3122 4398 382 4030 1938 1714 4552 1055
496 2038 4246 1294 1566 1459 458 1652 2082 2776 4519 2023
2649 2283 5796 4293 5140 4313 4310 3901 4068 3311 4688 1612
4100 1293 820 1996 845 3195 2135 4466 3814 5996 4810 3244
266: 4046 4476 5754 1751 959 1475 3927 2035 2665 532 2678 3029
4883 465 5979 5725 2504 2382 4891 1149 1606 1410 3588 3976
4572 3006 3435 1492 5622 1355 2788 1630 709 3934 4252 2220
538 1123 5613 2192 807 3646 4684 1252 4224 5644 5057 4543
605 575 3971 1959 4016 4723 4862 5437 3872 5463 3037 5761
4995 4646 3272 518 4472 1269 5780 1441 5945 1677 4798 4825
5200 849 1892 6019 595 1256 813 734 5753 497 2431
267: 1394 3886 6016 3375 1814 3376 3335 3438 504 2865 4535 2048
4349 485 971 3571 3677 3253 478 4443 4437 5075 4715 3287
6010 4629 2096 1635 2892 3023 5125 3567 3570 3574 1657 5172
3959 295 4714 4712 4709 787 4227 854 3137 3130 5866 1991
493 5084 5676 2363 5808 872 3004 5787 5807 835 4969 4967
3284 1401 2495 4203 3131 5156 1545 5176 4212 2376 4882 2973
2161 1597 6006 5106 2416 4226 4533 555 1639 4170 3339 5145
3345 927 1451 2993 5181 3303 3343 2128 3217 894
268: 5343 2766 4329 1869 3051 2897 1225 1224 2836 2833 2867 2813
2832 2728 2883 2693 2090 2811 1603 1634 808 1300 1930 1927
2692 2732 2681 1831 4465 2072 4062 4438 4413 4410 4409 1324
1319 1962 5215 2108 1688 915 5799 3040 3314 5404 3294 5367
5436 1345 3208 3292 3310 3982 3317 2448 5293 670 1273 3498
2930 1472 1501 4345 1468 3481 1499 5698 2397 2047 2660 2659
1853 5167 5168 5296 5295 4739 2831 4600 776 778 825 3768
4295 4733 4291 822 3769 3701 1738 702 1748 4951 4597 2034
3880 3899 5988 3240 2709 5280 2068 4471 725 723 4364 4861
4829 4823 4824 1218 4727 3984 1203 1287 3924 755 3918 5733
3637 2298 1318 1916 930 2297 519 1883 1885 1884 5822 587
4564 3913 4595 2591 3708 2253 5841 677 710 3915 4728 4732
5825 4735 2037 2012 4725 5071 1711 4590 3590 5842 384 5368
4486 325 4072 5853 1033 1692 2610 976 1465 1554 1496 1904
1899 3907 768 837 838 970 1670 3767
269: 4242 4060 4063 4012 4015 4002 4057 439 5425 1604 3233 2419
5784
270: 3014 2332 1438 2590 3405 2127 5639 2310 5262 3871 302 1374
1797 5839 1503 2395 2471 4175 3647 3900 4986 5115 4323 3909
2886 4037 2289 2274 3586 5930 5281 533 361 357 1026 2473
1767 2113 279 5630 5936 1989 5117 3838 3124 3151 359 449
2343 4907 2316 5555 5554 5552 5573 1625 5550 5548 5529 2896
5261 4778 3664 4478 5109 733 4906 2479 3772 772 3626 607
5655 4605 4592 1540 4130 941 3529 4004 622 2539 2993 876
315
271: 2850 4029 5797 5717 1761 434 1922 5077 4565 5577 4359 5151
4819 1967 4653 3015 1439 4537 3238 678 4272 5223 5671 5844
4090 1007 5624 3157 5003 2853 1005 4053 428 3216 978 2534
5372 966 3415 2768 935 5179 3749 3198 1206 4918 4468 1736
2543 3797 1641 4571 4663 446 5511 4196 310 5481 748 329
4827 524
272: 1948 2237 3052 2561 4697 5960 2487 5068 3207 4549 1018 2430 4584 4461 5598 3276 5166 1072 5111 5127 5697 747 1369 634 1558 2922 2240 477 1811 1091 4435 3559 2265 1050 943
3211 1048 2392 2383 2971 3333 2207 2619 3883 4306 2802 3981
5896 5188 5792 5180 4274 4270 5583 814 3948 4275 1523 5700
588 940 1906 5530 1889 1973 5272 4047 4147 3022 5042 3177
4499 1866 5898 3911 5707 4346 3184 968 5752 2258 5627 1498
358 3492 419 3762 1171 5433 5621 3760 1681 3367 991
273: 1163 2076 1830 1303 4069 544 562 4165 4167 4174 2963 1304
5852 5848 5854 4109 4448 3733 3579 3584 828 4429 4430 5631
1784 4483 2330 3073 1205 481 2301 2915 5859 3148 1460 4538
4580 3127 3938 4770 1354 1382 281 283 5921 1161 1160 5603
1162 601 4104 4105 3811 4649 4651 4106 1544 5916 933 599
473 1637 3112 3621 2312 3039 1915 5487 5066 5776 2737 612
1366 904 794 5868 3606 5565
274: 3538 5649 2228 2704 3658 459 3828 727 5028 2087
275: 3886 4043 3014 3644 2625 4941 1021 461 729 1438 2590 3405
4525 360 3595 2486 2310 302 1797 5169 5483 2289 2274 3348
1901 3344 3084 3586 4269 3926 2604 762 5591 342 3722 2473
975 1999 3151 3282 3848 2819 4984 3302 3219 1867 1102 368
3777 2852 2863 876 3264
276: 1043 1753 5074 408 2632 2112 4101 5032 5640 2502 3007 3380
4968 1009 5983 5963 4522 2551 557 2043 4579 4365 5224 3960
1372 5863 2864 1891 3597 5259 5234 6001 3319 5239 2822 2670
4341 3920 2352 2354 4445 2478 2934 742 1516 827 1671 1117
1842 5291 5883 3458 5711 5659 2931 4013
277: 4766 1313 3531 980 2159 2935 906 4416 1068 3895 2559
278: 4983 639 5014 5431 2860 3082 3324 1578 4195 2196 4856 2717
3229 3455 2726 3726 376 4514 528 1337 362 3744 363 1081
2913 877 1764 3360 1803 3525 856 1310 1237 1233 744
Example 3. Consensus sequence build
ClustalW program is selected for multiple sequence alignments of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 140 and its homologs, through SEQ ID NO: 278 and its homologs. Three major factors affecting the sequence alignments dramatically are (1) protein weight matrices; (2) gap open penalty; (3) gap extension penalty. Protein weight matrices available for ClustalW program include Blosum, Pam and Gonnet series. Those parameters with gap open penalty and gap extension penalty were extensively tested. On the basis of the test results, Blosum weight matrix, gap open penalty of 10 and gap extension penalty of 1 were chosen for multiple sequence alignment. The consensus sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237 and its 9 homologs were derived according to the procedure described above and is displayed in Figures 4(a) and 4(b). Figure 4(b) is a continuation of Figure 4(a). SEQ ID NO: 6033 is the consensus sequence built.
Example 4. Pfam module annoation
This example illustrates the identification of domain and domain module by Pfam analysis.
The amino acid sequence of the expressed proteins that were shown to be associated with an enhanced trait were analyzed for Pfam protein family against the current Pfam collection of multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models using the HMMER software in the appended computer listing. The Pfam domain modules and individual protein domain for the proteins of SEQ ID NO: 140 through 278 are shown in Table 17 and Table 18 respectively. The Hidden Markov model databases for the identified patent families are also in the appended computer listing allowing identification of other homologous proteins and their corresponding DNA to enable the full breadth of the invention for a person of ordinary skill in the art. Certain proteins are identified by a single Pfam domain and others by multiple Pfam domains. For instance, the protein with amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 180 is characterized by two Pfam domains, e.g. "Homeobox" and "HALZ". See also the protein with amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 248 which is characterized by two copies of the Pfam domain "Ank". In Table 18 "score" is the gathering score for the Hidden Markov Model of the domain which exceeds the gathering cutoff reported in Table 19.
Table 17
Figure imgf000070_0001
Figure imgf000071_0001
Figure imgf000072_0001
Figure imgf000073_0001
Table 18
Figure imgf000073_0002
Figure imgf000074_0001
Figure imgf000075_0001
Figure imgf000076_0001
Figure imgf000077_0001
Table 19.
Figure imgf000077_0002
Figure imgf000078_0001
Figure imgf000079_0001
Example 5. Plasmid contruction for transferring recombinant DNA
This example illustrates the construction of plasmids for transferring recombinant DNA into the nucleus of a plant cell which can be regenerated into a transgenic crop plant of this invention. Primers for PCR amplification of protein coding nucleotides of recombinant DNA are designed at or near the start and stop codons of the coding sequence, in order to eliminate most of the 5' and 3' untranslated regions. DNA of interest, e.g., each DNA identified in Table 2 and the DNA for the identified homologous genes, are cloned and amplified by PCR prior to insertion into the insertion site the base vector.
A. Plant expression constructs for corn transformation
Elements of an exemplary common expression vector, pMON93039 are illustrated in Table 20. The exemplary base vector which is especially useful for corn transformation is illustrated in Figure 2 and assembled using technology known in the art.
Table 20. pMON93039
Figure imgf000079_0002
Figure imgf000080_0001
Figure imgf000081_0001
B. Plant expression constructs for soybean or canola transformation
Plasmids for use in transformation of soybean are also prepared. Elements of an exemplary common expression vector plasmid pMON82053 are shown in Table 21 below. This exemplary soybean transformation base vector illustrated in Figure 2 is assembled using the technology known in the art. DNA of interest, e.g., each DNA identified in Table 2 and the DNA for the identified homologous genes, is cloned and amplified by PCR prior to insertion into the insertion site the base vector at the insertion site between the enhanced 35 S CaMV promoter and the termination sequence of cotton E6 gene.
Table 21. pMON82053
Figure imgf000081_0002
Figure imgf000082_0001
C. Plant expression constructs for cotton transformation
Plasmids for use in transformation of cotton are also prepared. Elements of an exemplary common expression vector plasmid pMON99053 are shown in Table 22 below and Figure 3. Primers for PCR amplification of protein coding nucleotides of recombinant DNA are designed at or near the start and stop codons of the coding sequence, in order to eliminate most of the 5' and 3' untranslated regions. Each recombinant DNA coding for a protein identified in Table 2 is amplified by PCR prior to insertion into the insertion site within the gene of interest expression cassette of one of the base.
Table 22 pMON99053
Figure imgf000082_0002
Figure imgf000083_0001
Example 6. Corn plant tranformation
This example illustrates the production and identification of transgenic corn cells in seed of transgenic corn plants having an enhanced agronomic trait, e.g., enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, increased yield, enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced tolerance to cold and/or enhanced seed compositions as compared to control plants. Transgenic corn cells are prepared with recombinant DNA expressing each of the protein encoding DNAs listed in Table 2 by Agrobacterium-vaQάi&tQά transformation using the corn transformation constructs as disclosed in Example 5.
Corn transformation is effected using methods disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0344075 Al where corn embryos are inoculated and co-cultured with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain ABI and the corn transformation vector. To regenerate transgenic corn plants the transgenic callus resulting from transformation is placed on media to initiate shoot development in plantlets which are transferred to potting soil for initial growth in a growth chamber followed by a mist bench before transplanting to pots where plants are grown to maturity. The plants are self fertilized and seed is harvested for screening as seed, seedlings or progeny R2 plants or hybrids, e.g., for yield trials in the screens indicated above.
Many transgenic events which survive to fertile transgenic plants that produce seeds and progeny plants do not exhibit an enhanced agronomic trait. The transgenic plants and seeds having the transgenic cells of this invention which have recombinant DNA imparting the enhanced agronomic traits are identified by screening for nitrogen use efficiency, yield, water use efficiency, cold tolerance and enhanced seed composition.
Example 7. Soybean plant transformation
This example illustrates the production and identification of transgenic soybean cells in seed of transgenic soybean plants having an enhanced agronomic trait, e.g., enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, increased yield, enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced tolerance to cold and/or enhanced seed compositions as compared to control plants. Transgenic soybean cells are prepared with recombinant DNA expressing each of the protein encoding DNAs listed in Table 1 by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using the soybean transformation constructs disclosed in Example 5. Soybean transformation is effected using methods disclosed in U.S. Patent 6,384,301 where soybean meristem explants are wounded then inoculated and co- cultured with the soybean transformation vector, then transferred to selection media for 6-8 weeks to allow selection and growth of transgenic shoots. The transformation is repeated for each of the protein encoding DNAs identified in Table 2.
Transgenic shoots producing roots are transferred to the greenhouse and potted in soil. Many transgenic events which survive to fertile transgenic plants that produce seeds and progeny plants do not exhibit an enhanced agronomic trait. The transgenic plants and seeds having the transgenic cells of this invention which have recombinant DNA imparting the enhanced agronomic traits are identified by screening for nitrogen use efficiency, yield, water use efficiency, cold tolerance and enhanced seed composition.
Example 8. Selection of transgenic plants with enhanced agronomic trait(s)
This example illustrates identification of nuclei of the invention by screening derived plants and seeds for an enhanced trait identified below.
Many transgenic events which survive to fertile transgenic plants that produce seeds and progeny plants will not exhibit an enhanced agronomic trait. Populations of transgenic seed and plants prepared in Examples 6 and 7 are screened to identify those transgenic events providing transgenic plant cells with a nucleus having recombinant DNA imparting an enhanced trait. Each population is screened for enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, increased yield, enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced tolerance to cold and heat, increased level of oil and protein in seed using assays described below. Plant cell nuclei having recombinant DNA with each of the genes identified in Table 2 and the identified homo logs are identified in plants and seeds with at least one of the enhanced traits.
A. Selection for enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency
Transgenic corn plants with nuclei of the invention are planted in fields with three levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer being applied, i.e. low level (0 pounds per acre N), medium level (80 pounds per acre N) and high level (180 pounds per acre N). Liquid 28% or 32% UAN (Urea, Ammonium Nitrogen) are used as the N source and apply by broadcast boom and incorporate with a field cultivator with rear rolling basket in the same direction as intended crop rows. Although there is no N applied in the low level treatment, the soil should still be disturbed in the same fashion as the treated area. Transgenic plants and control plants can be grouped by genotype and construct with controls arranged randomly within genotype blocks. For improved statistical analysis each type of transgenic plant can be tested by 3 replications and across 4 locations. Nitrogen levels in the fields are analyzed before planting by collecting sample soil cores from 0-24" and 24 to 48" soil layer. Soil samples are analyzed for nitrate- nitrogen, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), organic matter and pH to provide baseline values. P, K and micronutrients are applied based upon soil test recommendations.
Transgenic corn plants prepared in Example 6 and which exhibit a 2 to 5% yield increase as compared to control plants when grown in the high nitrogen field are selected as having nuclei of the invention. Transgenic corn plants which have at least the same or higher yield as compared to control plants when grown in the medium nitrogen field are selected as having nuclei of the invention. Transgenic corn plants having a nucleus with DNA identified in Table 3 as imparting nitrogen use efficiency (LN) and homologous DNA are selected from a nitrogen use efficiency screen as having a nucleus of this invention. B. Selection for increased yield
Many transgenic plants of this invention exhibit increased yield as compared to a control plant. Increased yield can result from enhanced seed sink potential, e.g., the number and size of endosperm cells or kernels and/or enhanced sink strength, e.g., the rate of starch biosynthesis. Sink potential can be established very early during kernel development, as endosperm cell number and size are determined within the first few days after pollination. Much of the increase in corn yield of the past several decades has resulted from an increase in planting density. During that period, corn yield has been increasing at a rate of 2.1 bushels/acre/year, but the planting density has increased at a rate of 250 plants/acre/year. A characteristic of modern hybrid corn is the ability of these varieties to be planted at high density. Many studies have shown that a higher than current planting density should result in more biomass production, but current germplasm does not perform well at these higher densities. One approach to increasing yield is to increase harvest index (HI), the proportion of biomass that is allocated to the kernel compared to total biomass, in high density plantings. Effective yield selection of enhanced yielding transgenic corn events uses hybrid progeny of the transgenic event over multiple locations with plants grown under optimal production management practices, and maximum pest control. A useful target for increased yield is a 5% to 10% increase in yield as compared to yield produced by plants grown from seed for a control plant. Selection methods can be applied in multiple and diverse geographic locations, for example up to 16 or more locations, over one or more planting seasons, for example at least two planting seasons to statistically distinguish yield improvement from natural environmental effects. Each of the transgenic corn plants and soybean plants with a nucleus of the invention prepared in Examples 6 and 7 are screened for yield enhancement. At least one event from each of the corn plants is selected as having at least between 3 and 5 % increase in yield as compared to a control plant as having a nucleus of this invention.
C. Selection for enhanced water use efficiency (WUE)
The following is a high-throughput method for screening for water use efficiency in a greenhouse to identify the transgenic corn plants with a nucleus of this invention. This selection process imposes 3 drought/re-water cycles on plants over a total period of 15 days after an initial stress free growth period of 11 days. Each cycle consists of 5 days, with no water being applied for the first four days and a water quenching on the 5th day of the cycle. The primary phenotypes analyzed by the selection method are the changes in plant growth rate as determined by height and biomass during a vegetative drought treatment. The hydration status of the shoot tissues following the drought is also measured. The plant heights are measured at three time points. The first is taken just prior to the onset drought when the plant is 11 days old, which is the shoot initial height (SIH). The plant height is also measured halfway throughout the drought/re- water regimen, on day 18 after planting, to give rise to the shoot mid-drought height (SMH). Upon the completion of the final drought cycle on day 26 after planting, the shoot portion of the plant is harvested and measured for a final height, which is the shoot wilt height (SWH) and also measured for shoot wilted biomass (SWM). The shoot is placed in water at 40 degree Celsius in the dark. Three days later, the shoot is weighted to give rise to the shoot turgid weight (STM). After drying in an oven for four days, the shoots are weighted for shoot dry biomass (SDM). The shoot average height (SAH) is the mean plant height across the 3 height measurements. The procedure described above can be adjusted for +/- ~ one day for each step given the situation.
To correct for slight differences between plants, a size corrected growth value is derived from SIH and SWH. This is the Relative Growth Rate (RGR). Relative Growth Rate (RGR) is calculated for each shoot using the formula [RGR% = (SWH- SIH)/((S WH+SIH)/2)X 100] . Relative water content (RWC) is a measurement of how much (%) of the plant was water at harvest. Water Content (RWC) is calculated for each shoot using the formula [RWC% = (SWM-SDM)/(STM-SDM)X100]. Fully watered corn plants of this age run around 98% RWC.
Transgenic corn plants and soybean plants prepared in Examples 6 and 7 are screened for water use efficiency. Transgenic plants having at least a 1 % increase in RGR and RWC as compared to control plants are identified as having enhanced water used efficiency and are selected as having a nucleus of this invention. Transgenic corn and soybean plants having in their nucleus DNA identified in Table 3 as imparting drought tolerance enhancement (DS, HS, SS, and PEG) and homologous DNA are identified as showing increased water use efficiency as compared to control plants and are selected as having a nucleus of this invention.
D. Selection for Growth under Cold Stress
Cold germination assay - Three sets of seeds are used for the assay. The first set consists of positive transgenic events (Fl hybrid) where the genes of the present invention are expressed in the seed. The second seed set is nontransgenic, wild-type negative control made from the same genotype as the transgenic events. The third set consisted of two cold tolerant and one cold sensitive commercial check lines of corn. All seeds are treated with a fungicide "Captan" (MAESTRO® 80DF Fungicide, Arvesta Corporation, San Francisco, CA, USA). 0.43 mL Captan is applied per 45 g of corn seeds by mixing it well and drying the fungicide prior to the demonstation.
Corn kernels are placed embryo side down on blotter paper within an individual cell (8.9 x 8.9 cm) of a germination tray (54 x 36 cm). Ten seeds from an event are placed into one cell of the germination tray. Each tray can hold 21 transgenic events and 3 replicates of wildtype (LH244SDms+LH59), which is randomized in a complete block design. For every event there are five replications (five trays). The trays are placed at 9.7C for 24 days (no light) in a Convrion® growth chamber (Conviron Model PGV36, Controlled Environments, Winnipeg, Canada). Two hundred and fifty millilters of deionized water are added to each germination tray. Germination counts are taken 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 17th, 19th, 21st, and 24th day after start date of the demonstration. Seeds are considered germinated if the emerged radicle size is 1 cm. From the germination counts germination index is calculated. The germination index is calculated as per:
Germination index = (Σ ([T+ 1 -n,] *[P,-P,-i]))/T where T is the total number of days for which the germination assay is performed. The number of days after planting is defined by n. "i" indicated the number of times the germination had been counted, including the current day. P is the percentage of seeds germinated during any given rating. Statistical differences are calculated between transgenic events and wild type control. After statistical analysis, the events that show a statistical significance at the p level of less than 0.1 relative to wild-type controls will advance to a secondary cold selection. The secondary cold screen is conducted in the same manner of the primary selection only increasing the number of repetitions to ten. Statistical analysis of the data from the secondary selection is conducted to identify the events that show a statistical significance at the p level of less than 0.05 relative to wild-type controls.
Transgenic corn plants and soybean plants prepared in Examples 6 and 7 are screened for water use efficiency. Transgenic plants having at least a 5% increase in germination index as compared to control plants are identified as having enhanced cold stress tolerance and are selected as having a nucleus of this invention. Transgenic corn and soybean plants having in their nucleus DNA identified in Table 3 as imparting cold tolerance enhancement (CK or CS) and homologous DNA are identified as showing increased cold stress tolerance as compared to control plants and are selected as having a nucleus of this invention.
E. Screens for transgenic plant seeds with increased protein and/or oil levels
The following is a high-throughput selection method for identifying plant seeds with improvement in seed composition using the Infratec® 1200 series Grain Analyzer, which is a near-infrared transmittance spectrometer used to determine the composition of a bulk seed sample. Near infrared analysis is a non-destructive, high-throughput method that can analyze multiple traits in a single sample scan. An NIR calibration for the analytes of interest is used to predict the values of an unknown sample. The NIR spectrum is obtained for the sample and compared to the calibration using a complex chemometric software package that provides a predicted values as well as information on how well the sample fits in the calibration.
Infratec® Model 1221, 1225, or 1227 analyzer with transport module by Foss North America is used with cuvette, item # 1000-4033, Foss North America or for small samples with small cell cuvette, Foss standard cuvette modified by Leon Girard Co. Corn and soy check samples of varying composition maintained in check cell cuvettes are supplied by Leon Girard Co. NIT collection software is provided by Maximum Consulting Inc.. Calculations are performed automatically by the software. Seed samples are received in packets or containers with barcode labels from the customer. The seed is poured into the cuvettes and analyzed as received.
Table 23
Figure imgf000089_0001
Transgenic corn plants and soybean plants prepared in Examples 6 and 7 are screened for increased protein and oil in seed. Transgenic inbred corn and soybean plants having an increase of at least 1 percentage point in the total percent seed protein or at least 0.3 percentage point in total seed oil and transgenic hybrid corn plants having an increase of at least 0.4 percentage point in the total percent seed protein as compared to control plants are identified as having enhanced seed protein or enhanced seed oil and are selected as having a nucleus of this invention.
Example 9. Cotton transgenic plants with enhanced agronomic traits
Cotton transformation is performed as generally described in WO0036911 and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,797 and are incorporated herein by reference. Transgenic cotton plants containing each of the recombinant DNA having a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 139 are obtained by transforming with recombinant DNA from each of the genes identified in Table 1. Progeny transgenic plants are selected from a population of transgenic cotton events under specified growing conditions and are compared with control cotton plants. Control cotton plants are substantially the same cotton genotype but without the recombinant DNA, for example, either a parental cotton plant of the same genotype that was not transformed with the identical recombinant DNA or a negative isoline of the transformed plant. Additionally, a commercial cotton cultivar adapted to the geographical region and cultivation conditions, i.e. cotton variety ST474, cotton variety FM 958, and cotton variety Siokra L-23, are used to compare the relative performance of the transgenic cotton plants containing the recombinant DNA. The specified culture conditions are growing a first set of transgenic and control plants under "wet" conditions, e.g., irrigated in the range of 85 to 100 percent of evapotranspiration to provide leaf water potential of -14 to -18 bars, and growing a second set of transgenic and control plants under "dry" conditions, e.g., irrigated in the range of 40 to 60 percent of evapotranspiration to provide a leaf water potential of -21 to -25 bars. Pest control, such as weed and insect control is applied equally to both wet and dry treatments as needed. Data gathered during the trial includes weather records throughout the growing season including detailed records of rainfall; soil characterization information; any herbicide or insecticide applications; any gross agronomic differences observed such as leaf morphology, branching habit, leaf color, time to flowering, and fruiting pattern; plant height at various points during the trial; stand density; node and fruit number including node above white flower and node above crack boll measurements; and visual wilt scoring. Cotton boll samples are taken and analyzed for lint fraction and fiber quality. The cotton is harvested at the normal harvest timeframe for the trial area. Enhanced water use efficiency is indicated by increased yield, improved relative water content, enhanced leaf water potential, increased biomass, enhanced leaf extension rates, and improved fiber parameters.
The transgenic cotton plants of this invention are identified from among the transgenic cotton plants by agronomic trait screening as having increased yield and enhanced water use efficiency.
Example 10. Canola plants with enhanced agrominic traits
This example illustrates plant transformation useful in producing the transgenic canola plants of this invention and the production and identification of transgenic seed for transgenic canola having enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil.
Tissues from in vitro grown canola seedlings are prepared and inoculated with a suspension of overnight grown Agrobacterium containing plasmid DNA with the gene of interest cassette and a plant selectable marker cassette. Following co-cultivation with Agrobacterium, the infected tissues are allowed to grow on selection to promote growth of transgenic shoots, followed by growth of roots from the transgenic shoots. The selected plantlets are then transferred to the greenhouse and potted in soil. Molecular characterizations are performed to confirm the presence of the gene of interest, and its expression in transgenic plants and progenies. Progeny transgenic plants are selected from a population of transgenic canola events under specified growing conditions and are compared with control canola plants. Control canola plants are substantially the same canola genotype but without the recombinant DNA, for example, either a parental canola plant of the same genotype that is not transformed with the identical recombinant DNA or a negative isoline of the transformed plant
Transgenic canola plant cells are transformed with recombinant DNA from each of the genes identified in Table 2. Transgenic progeny plants and seed of the transformed plant cells are screened for enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil.
Example 11. Monocot and dicot plant transformation for the suppression of endogeneous protein
This example illustrates monocot and dicot plant transformation to produce nuclei of this invention in cells of a transgenic plant by transformation where the recombinant DNA suppresses the expression of an endogenous protein identified in Table 24.
Corn, soybean, cotton, or canola tissue are transformed as describe in Examples 6, 7, 9 or 10 using recombinant DNA in the nucleus with DNA that transcribes to RNA that forms double-stranded RNA targeted to an endogenous gene with DNA encoding the protein. The genes for which the double-stranded RNAs are targeted are the native gene in corn and soybean that are homolog of the genes encoding the protein of Arabidopsis thaliana as identified in table 24.
Populations of transgenic plants prepared in Examples 5, 6, 7, 9 or 10 with DNA for suppressing a gene identified in Table 2 as providing an enhanced trait by gene suppression are screened to identify an event from those plants with a nucleus of the invention by selecting the trait identified in this specification.
Table 24.
Figure imgf000092_0001

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A plant cell nucleus with stab Iy- integrated, recombinant DNA comprising a promoter that is functional in plant cells and that is operably linked to protein coding DNA encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising a Pfam domain module Linker_histone: : AT_hook: : AT_hook: :AT_hook: : AT_hook; wherein said plant cell nucleus is selected by screening a population of transgenic plants that have said recombinant DNA in its nuclei and express said protein for an enhanced trait as compared to control plants that do not have said recombinant DNA in their nuclei; and wherein said enhanced trait is selected from group of enhanced traits consisting of enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil.
2. A plant cell nucleus with stably integrated, recombinant DNA, wherein a. said recombinant DNA comprises a promoter that is functional in said plant cell and that is operably linked to a protein coding DNA encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising a Pfam domain module selected from the group consisting of WRKY:: WRKY, AP2, AUXJAA, WRKY, WRKY, HLH, Myb_DNA- binding::Linker_histone, zf-B_box::zf-B_box, Ank::Ank::Ank::Chromo, NAM, zf- C2H2, Myb_DNA-binding, bZIP_l, PHD, Linker_histone::AT_hook::AT_hook::AT_hook::AT_hook, B3 : : Auxin_resp, HLH, zf- Dof, AT_hook::DUF296, AT_hook::AT_hook::DUF296, NAM, GATA, NAM, Myb_DNA-binding, zf-B_box::CCT, POX::Homeobox, B3::Auxin_resp::AUX_IAA, Myb_DNA-binding: :Myb_DNA-binding, Myb_DNA-binding: :Myb_DNA-binding, zf- C2H2, zf-C2H2, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding, Myb_DNA- binding: :Myb_DNA-binding, TCP, KNOXl ::KN0X2, zf-ZPRl ::zf-ZPRl, Myb_DNA- binding::Myb_DNA-binding, DUF630::DUF632, WRKY, Myb_DNA-binding, zf- C2H2, HLH, AP2, AT_hook::DUF296, Ank: : Ank: : Ank: : Ank: : Ank, WRKY, zf-C2H2, NAM, AP2, NAM, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding, NAM, HLH, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding, Myb_DNA-binding, HLH, bZIP_2, bZIP_2, BAH::PHD, HLH, NAM, GATA, SSrecog::Rttl06::HMG_box,
DUF573, zf-B_box::CCT, HLH, RWP-RK, AP2::B3, AUXJAA, SRF-TF, AP2, AP2, HSF_DNA-bind, AP2, SRF-TF: :K-box, Myb_DNA-binding, zf-LSDl::zf-LSDl ::zf- LSDl, KNOXl ::KNOX2::ELK, zf-C3HC4, MFMR::bZIP_l, DUF573, Myb_DNA- binding, HLH, NAM, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding, SRF-TF ::K-box, zf- C3HC4, zf-B_box, WRKY, zf-B_box::CCT, EIN3, HSF_DNA-bind, AUXJAA, TCP, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding, AP2, KNOXl ::KNOX2::ELK::Homeobox, HSF_DNA-bind, HSF_DNA-bind, AP2::B3, NAM, SBP, AP2, zf-C2H2, SRF-TF::K- box, zf-C2H2, GRAS, AP2, Myb_DNA-binding, AP2, AP2::AP2, HLH, CXC:: CXC, AP2, NAM, zf-C3HC4, Myb_DNA-binding::Myb_DNA-binding, GRAS, Homeobox::HALZ, Myb_DNA-binding, NAM, WRKY, zf-C2H2, zf-C2H2, NAM, zf- C2H2, AP2::AP2, zf-C3HC4, RWP-RK: :PB1, SRF-TF ::K-box, and zf-B_box; b. said recombinant DNA comprises a promoter that is functional in said plant cell and that is operably linked to a protein coding DNA encoding a protein comprising an amino acid sequence with at least 90% identity to a consensus amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6027 through 6034; or c. said recombinant DNA suppresses comprises a promoter that is functional in said plant cell and operably linked to DNA that transcribe into RNA that suppresses the level of an endogenous protein wherein said endogenous protein has an amino acid sequence comprising a pfam domain module selected from the group consisting of RWP-RK, AUXJAA, SRF-TF, zf-C3HC4, Myb_DNA-binding, CCT, PHD, EIN3, and AP2; and wherein said plant cell nucleus is selected by screening a population of transgenic plants that have said recombinant DNA and an enhanced trait as compared to control plants that do not have said recombinant DNA in their nuclei; and wherein said enhanced trait is selected from group of enhanced traits consisting of enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, enhanced heat tolerance, enhanced resistance to salt exposure, enhanced shade tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil.
3. The plant cell nucleus of claim 2 wherein said protein coding DNA encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 140 through SEQ ID NO: 6023.
4. The plant cell nucleus of claim 2 further comprising DNA expressing a protein that provides tolerance from exposure to an herbicide applied at levels that are lethal to a wild type of said plant cell.
5. The plant cell nucleus of claim 4 wherein said herbicide is a glyphosate, dicamba, or glufosinate compound.
6. A transgenic plant cell or plant comprising a plurality of plant cells with the plant cell nucleus of claim 2.
7. The transgenic plant cell or plant of claim 6 which is homozygous for said recombinant DNA.
8. A transgenic seed comprising a plurality of plant cells with a plant cell nucleus of claim 2.
9. The transgenic seed of claim 8 from a corn, soybean, cotton, canola, alfalfa, wheat or rice plant.
10. A transgenic pollen grain comprising a haploid derivative of a plant cell nucleus of claim 2.
11. A method for manufacturing non-natural, transgenic seed that can be used to produce a crop of transgenic plants with an enhanced trait resulting from expression of recombinant DNA in a nucleus of claim 2, wherein said method for manufacturing said transgenic seed comprising: (a) screening a population of plants for said enhanced trait and said recombinant
DNA, wherein individual plants in said population can exhibit said trait at a level less than, essentially the same as or greater than the level that said trait is exhibited in control plants which do not contain the recombinant DNA, wherein said enhanced trait is selected from the group of enhanced traits consisting of enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, enhanced heat tolerance, enhanced high salinity tolerance, enhanced shade tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil,
(b) selecting from said population one or more plants that exhibit said trait at a level greater than the level that said trait is exhibited in control plants, and (c) collecting seeds from selected plant selected from step b.
12. The method of claim 1 1 wherein said method for manufacturing said transgenic seed further comprising
(a) verifying that said recombinant DNA is stably integrated in said selected plants, and (b) analyzing tissue of said selected plant to determine the expression or suppression of a protein having the function of a protein having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 140-278.
13. The method of claim 1 1 wherein said seed is corn, soybean, cotton, alfalfa, canola wheat or rice seed.
14. A method of producing hybrid corn seed comprising:
(a) acquiring hybrid corn seed from a herbicide tolerant corn plant which also has stably-integrated, recombinant DNA in a nucleus of claim 2;
(b) producing corn plants from said hybrid corn seed, wherein a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid corn seed is homozygous for said recombinant
DNA, a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid corn seed is hemizygous for said recombinant DNA, and a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid corn seed has none of said recombinant DNA;
(c) selecting corn plants which are homozygous and hemizygous for said recombinant DNA by treating with an herbicide;
(d) collecting seed from herbicide-treated-surviving corn plants and planting said seed to produce further progeny corn plants;
(e) repeating steps (c) and (d) at least once to produce an inbred corn line; and (f) crossing said inbred corn line with a second corn line to produce hybrid seed.
15. A transgenic plant comprising recombinant DNA constructs encoding amino acid sequence that have at least 90% identity over at least 90% of the length of a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 140-278 when the amino acid sequence is aligned to the reference sequence.
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