WO2010070255A1 - Glucagon analogues - Google Patents
Glucagon analogues Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010070255A1 WO2010070255A1 PCT/GB2008/004157 GB2008004157W WO2010070255A1 WO 2010070255 A1 WO2010070255 A1 WO 2010070255A1 GB 2008004157 W GB2008004157 W GB 2008004157W WO 2010070255 A1 WO2010070255 A1 WO 2010070255A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/575—Hormones
- C07K14/605—Glucagons
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
- A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
- A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
Definitions
- the present invention relates to glucagon analogues and their medical use, for example in the treatment of excess food intake, obesity and excess weight.
- Obesity classified is a globally increasing health problem and is associated with various diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.
- CVD cardiovascular disease
- type 2 diabetes type 2 diabetes
- obstructive sleep apnea certain types of cancer
- osteoarthritis As a result, obesity has been found to reduce life expectancy.
- WHO projections by the World Health Organization there are 400 million adults (age > 15) classified as obese worldwide. In the US, obesity is now believed to be the second-leading cause of preventable death after smoking.
- the rise in obesity drives an increase in diabetes, and approximately 90% of peoble with type 2 diabetes may be classified obese. There are 246 million people worldwide with diabetes, and by 2025 it is estimated that 380 million will have diabetes. Many have additional cardiovascular risk factors including high/aberrant LDL and triglycerides and low HDL.
- Cardiovascular disease accounts for about 50% of the mortality in people with diabetes.Young adults with diabetes have rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) 12-40 times higher than those in young adults without • diabetes and together with the high incidence and prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, the morbidity and mortality rates relating to these metabolic disorders underscore the medical need for efficacious treatment options
- the invention provides a compound having the formula R 1 -X-Z-R 2
- 29 is selected from: Thr, Arg;
- X differs from formula I at up to 4 of the following positions whereby, if different from formula I: the residue at position 2 is selected from: D-Ser, Aib; the residue at position 16 is selected from: Ser, Asp, Lys; the residue at position 20 is selected from: GIn, Arg, GIu; the residue at position 27 is selected from: Met, Cys, Lys; and the residue at position 28 is selected from: Asn, Arg, Ala.
- X may differ from formula I at up to 3 of the following positions whereby, if different from formula I: the residue at position 2 is selected from: D-Ser, Aib; the residue at position 16 is selected from: Ser, Asp, Lys; and the residue at position 20 is selected from: GIn, Arg, GIu.
- the residues at positions 16 and 20 may be capable of forming a salt bridge.
- suitable pairs of residues include: 16-Asp, 20-Lys;
- X may have the sequence:
- the present invention provides a composition comprising a glucagon analogue peptide as defined herein, or a salt or derivative thereof, a nucleic acid encoding such a glucagon analogue peptide, an expression vector comprising such a nucleic acid, or a host cell containing such a nucleic acid or expression vector, in admixture with a carrier.
- the composition is a pharmaceutically acceptable composition and the carrier is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the glucagon peptide analogue may be a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of the glucagon analogue.
- the compounds described find use in preventing weight gain or promoting weight loss.
- preventing is meant inihibiting or reducing weight gain when compared to the absence of treatment, and is not necessarily meant to imply complete cessation of weight gain.
- the peptides may cause a decrease in food intake and/or increased energy expenditure, resulting in the observed effect on body weight.
- the compounds of the invention may have a beneficial effect on glucose tolerance and circulating cholesterol levels, being capable of lowering circulating LDL levels and increasing HDL/LDL ratio.
- the invention provides use of a compound of the invention in the treatment of a condition as described above, in an individual in need thereof.
- the invention also provides a compound of the invention for use in a method of medical treatment, particularly for use in a method of treatment of a condition as described above.
- the invention extends to expression vectors comprising the above-described nucleic acid sequence, optionally in combination with sequences to direct its expression, and host cells containing the expression vectors.
- the host cells are capable of expressing and secreting the compound of the invention.
- the present invention provides a method of producing the compound, the method comprising culturing the host cells under conditions suitable for expressing the compound and purifying the compound thus produced.
- the invention further provides a nucleic acid of the invention, an expression vector of the invention, or a host cell capable of expressing and secreting a compound of the invention, for use in a method of medical treatment.
- the nucleic acid, expression vector and host cells may be used for treatment of any of the disorders described herein which may be treated with the compounds themselves.
- References to a therapeutic composition comprising a compound of the invention, administration of a compound of the invention, or any therapeutic use thereof, should therefore be construed to encompass the equivalent use of a nucleic acid, expression vector or host cell of the invention except where the context demands otherwise.
- mice Groups of stratified mice (stratified after body weight) were fasted overnight and treated with PYY 3 . 3 6 (30 nmol/kg) (internal positive control), glucagon (500 nmol/kg), ZP2663 (500 nmol/kg) or vehicle. After one hour pre-weighed food was introduced to the mice and food intake measured by weighing the remaining food after one hour and expressed relative to body weight (mg food/g BW). PYY(3-36) showed an anorectic effect as expected from previous findings. ZP2663 (500 nmol/kg) significantly decreased food intake during the first hour following injection of peptide. Glucagon had no effect on food intake.
- FIG. 4 Effect of dual Glu-GLP-1 agonist treatment of DIO mice for 4 weeks (b.i.d.) on concentrations of LDL cholesterol.
- FIG. 5 Effect of dual Glu-GLP-1 agonist treatment of DIO mice for 4 weeks (b.i.d.) on HDL/LDL ratios.
- PBS pH 7.4
- acetate pH 5.0
- ZP2663 ZP2663
- native glucagon refers to native human glucagon having the sequence H-His-Ser-Gln- Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu- Met-Asn-Thr-OH (SEQ ID NO: 1).
- oxygentomodulin and “OXM” refer to native human oxyntomodulin having the sequence H- His-Ser-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val- Gln-Trp-Leu-Met-Asn-Thr-Lys-Arg-Asn-Arg-Asn-Asn-lle-Ala-OH (SEQ ID NO: 3).
- the invention provides compounds as defined above.
- sequence of X only differs from Formula I at those positions which are stated to allow variation.
- Amino acids within the sequence X can be considered to be numbered consecutively from 1 to 29 in the conventional N-terminal to C-terminal direction.
- Reference to a "position" within X should be construed accordingly, as should reference to positions within native human glucagon and other molecules.
- the compounds of the invention may carry one or more intramolecular bridge within the peptide sequence X.
- Each such bridge is formed between the side chains of two amino acid residues of X which are typically separated by three amino acids in the linear sequence of X (i.e. between amino acid A and amino acid A+4).
- the bridge may be formed between the side chains of residue pairs 12 and 16, 16 and 20, 17 and 21 , 20 and 24, or 24 and 28.
- the two side chains can be linked to one another through ionic interactions, or by covending bonds.
- these pairs of residues may comprise oppositely charged side chains in order to form a salt bridge by ionic interactions.
- one of the residues may be GIu or Asp, while the other may be Lys or Arg.
- the pairings of Lys and GIu and Lys and Asp may also be capable of reacting to form a lactam ring.
- a Tyr and a GIu or a Tyr and a Asp are capable of forming a lactone ring.
- residues at positions 16 and 20, and/or 20 and 24 may be capable of forming an intramolecular bridge.
- suitable pairs of residues at these positions include: 16-Asp, 20-Lys;
- 16-Lys 20-Asp; 16-Arg, 20-Asp; 16-Lys, 20-GIu; 16-Arg, 20-GIu; and/or
- Substitution at position 24 may also enhance potency and/or selectivity at the GLP-1 receptor.
- the residues at positions 27, 28 and 29 of native glucagon appear to provide significant selectivity for the glucagon receptor. Substitutions at one, two, or all three of these positions with respect to the native glucagon sequence may increase potency at and/or selectivity for the GLP-1 receptor, potentially without significant reduction of potency at the glucagon receptor.
- Particular examples include Leu at position 27, Ser at position 28 and Ala at position 29.
- Substitution of the naturally-occurring Asn residue at position 28 also reduces the potential for deamidation in acidic solution, so increasing the chemical stability of the compounds.
- Potency and/or selectivity at the GLP-1 receptor may also be increased by introducing residues that are likely to form an amphipathic helical structure, potentially without significant loss of potency at the glucagon receptor. This may be achieved by introduction of charged residues at one or more of positions 16, 20, 24, and 28.
- the residues of positions 16 and 20 may all be charged, the residues at positions 16, 20, and 24 may all be charged, or the residues at positions 16, 20, 24, and 28 may all be charged.
- the residue at position 16 may be GIu, Lys or Asp.
- the residue at position 20 may be Lys, Arg or GIu.
- the residue at position 24 may be GIu, Asp, Lys or Arg.
- the residue at position 28 may be Arg.
- the compound may comprise a C-terminal peptide sequence Z of 1-20 amino acids, for example to stabilise the conformation and/or secondary structure of the glucagon analogue peptide, and/or to make the glucagon analogue peptide more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis, e.g. as described in WO99/46283.
- Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity of a given peptide or polypeptide sequence with respect to another polypeptide sequence (e.g. IP-1) is calculated as the percentage of amino acid residues in the given peptide sequence that are identical with corresponding amino acid residues in the corresponding sequence of that other polypeptide when the two are aligned with one another, introducing gaps for optimal alignment if necessary.
- a % amino acid sequence identity value is determined by the number of matching identical residues as determined by WU-BLAST-2, divided by the total number of residues of the reference sequence (gaps introduced by WU-BLAST-2 into the reference sequence to maximize the alignment score being ignored), multiplied by 100.
- One or more of the amino acid side chains in the compound of the invention may be conjugated to a lipophilic substituent.
- the lipophilic substituent may be covalently bonded to an atom in the amino acid side chain, or alternatively may be conjugated to the amino acid side chain by a spacer.
- the amino acid may be part of the peptide X, or part of the peptide Z.
- the lipophilic substituent binds albumin in the blood stream, thus shielding the compounds of the invention from enzymatic degradation which can enhance the half-life of the compounds.
- the spacer when present, is used to provide a spacing between the compound and the lipophilic substituent.
- the lipophilic substituent may be attached to the amino acid side chain or to the spacer via an ester, a sulphonyl ester, a thioester, an amide or a sulphonamide.
- the lipophilic substituent includes an acyl group, a sulphonyl group, an N atom, an O atom or an S atom which forms part of the ester, sulphonyl ester, thioester, amide or sulphonamide.
- an acyl group in the lipophilic substituent forms part of an amide or ester with the amino acid side chain or the spacer.
- the lipophilic substituent may include a hydrocarbon chain having 4 to 30 C atoms. Preferably it has at least 8 or 12 C atoms, and preferably it has 24 C atoms or fewer, or 20 C atoms or fewer.
- the hydrocarbon chain may be linear or branched and may be saturated or unsaturated. It will be understood that the hydrocarbon chain is preferably substituted with a moiety which forms part of the attachment to the amino acid side chain or the spacer, for example an acyl group, a sulphonyl group, an N atom, an O atom or an S atom.
- hydrocarbon chain is substituted with acyl, and accordingly the hydrocarbon chain may be part of an alkanoyl group, for example palmitoyl, caproyl, lauroyl, myristoyl or stearoyl.
- the lipophilic substituent may have the formula shown below:
- A may be, for example, an acyl group, a sulphonyl group, NH, N-alkyl , an O atom or an S atom, preferably acyl.
- n is an integer from 3 to 29, preferably at least 7 or at least 11 , and preferably 23 or less, more preferably 19 or less.
- the hydrocarbon chain may be further substituted. For example, it may be further substituted with up to three substituents selected from NH 2 , OH and COOH. If the hydrocarbon chain is further substituted, preferably it is further substituted with only one substituent. Alternatively or additionally, the hydrocarbon chain may include a cycloalkane or heterocycloalkane, for example as shown below:
- the cycloalkane or heterocycloalkane is a six-membered ring. Most preferably, it is piperidine.
- the lipophilic substituent may be based on a cyclopentanophenanthrene skeleton, which may be partially or fully unsaturated, or saturated.
- the carbon atoms in the skeleton each may be substituted with Me or OH.
- the lipophilic substituent may be cholyl, deoxycholyl or lithocholyl.
- the lipohphilic substituent may be conjugated to the amino acid side chain by a spacer.
- the spacer is attached to the lipophilic substituent and to the amino acid side chain.
- the spacer may be attached to the lipophilic substituent and to the amino acid side chain independently by an ester, a sulphonyl ester, a thioester, an amide or a sulphonamide. Accordingly, it may include two moieties independently selected from acyl, sulphonyl, an N atom, an O atom or an S atom.
- the spacer may have the formula:
- B and D are each independently selected from acyl, sulphonyl, NH, N-alkyl, an O atom or an S atom, preferably from acyl and NH.
- n is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 5.
- the spacer may be further substituted with one or more substituents selected from Ci. 6 alkyl, Co-6 alkyl amine, C 0 - B alkyl hydroxy and C 0-6 alkyl carboxy.
- the spacer may have two or more repeat units of the formula above.
- B, D and n are each selected independently for each repeat unit.
- Adjacent repeat units may be covalently attached to each other via their respective B and D moieties.
- the B and D moieties of the adjacent repeat units may together form an ester, a sulphonyl ester, a thioester, an amide or a sulphonamide.
- the free B and D units at each end of the spacer are attached to the amino acid side chain and the lipophilic substituent as described above.
- the spacer has five or fewer, four or fewer or three or fewer repeat units. Most preferably the spacer has two repeat units, or is a single unit.
- the spacer (or one or more of the repeat units of the spacer, if it has repeat units) may be GIy, Pro, Ala, VaI, Leu, He, Met, Cys, Phe, Tyr, Trp, His, Lys, Arg, GIn, Asn, ⁇ -Glu, ⁇ -Glu, Asp, Ser Thr, Gaba, Aib, ⁇ -Ala, 5- aminopentanoyl, 6-aminohexanoyl, 7-aminoheptanoyl, 8-aminooctanoyl, 9-aminononanoyl or 10- aminodecanoyl.
- the lipophilic substituent may be conjugated to any amino acid side chain in the compounds of the invention.
- the amino acid side chain includes an carboxy, hydroxyl, thiol, amide or amine group, for forming an ester, a sulphonyl ester, a thioester, an amide or a sulphonamide with the spacer or lipophilic substituent.
- the lipophilic substituent may be conjugated to Asn, Asp, GIu 1 -GIn, His, Lys, Arg, Ser, Thr, Tyr, Trp, Cys or Dbu, Dpr or Orn.
- the lipophilic substituent is conjugated to Lys.
- any amino acid shown as Lys in the formulae provided herein may be replaced by Dbu, Dpr or Orn where a lipophilic substituent is added.
- a Lys from the compound of the present invention is covalently attached to ⁇ -Glu (the spacer) by via amide moiety. Palmitoyl is covalently attached to the ⁇ -Glu spacer via an amide moiety.
- one or more amino acid side chains in the compound of the invention may be conjugated to a polymeric moiety, for example, in order to increase solubility and/or half-life in vivo (e.g. in plasma) and/or bioavailability. Such modification is also known to reduce clearance (e.g. renal clearance) of therapeutic proteins and peptides.
- the polymeric moiety is preferably water soluble (amphiphilic or hydrophilic), non-toxic, and pharmaceutically inert.
- Suitable polymeric moieties include polyethylene glycol (PEG), homo- or copolymers of PEG, a monomethyl-substituted polymer of PEG (mPEG), or polyoxyethylene glycerol (POG). See, for example, Int. J. Hematology 68:1 (1998); Bioconjugate Chem. 6:150 (1995); and Crit. Rev. Therap. Drug Carrier Sys. 9:249 (1992).
- poly-amino acids such as poly-lysine, poly-aspartic acid and poly-glutamic acid
- poly-amino acids such as poly-lysine, poly-aspartic acid and poly-glutamic acid
- Hudecz, et al. (1992) Bioconjugate Chem. , vol. 3, 49-57
- Tsukada, et al. (1984) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , vol 73, : 721-729
- Pratesi et al. (1985), Br. J. Cancer, vol. 52: 841-848.
- the polymeric moiety may be straight-chain or branched. It may have a molecular weight of 500- 40,000 Da, for example 500-10,000 Da, 1000-5000 Da, 10,000-20,000 Da, or 20,000-40,000 Da.
- the compounds of this invention may be manufactured either by standard synthetic methods, recombinant expression systems, or any other state of the art method.
- the glucagon analogues may be synthesized in a number of ways including for example, a method which comprises:
- the nucleic acid fragments of the invention will normally be inserted in suitable vectors to form cloning or expression vectors carrying the nucleic acid fragments of the invention; such novel vectors are also part of the invention.
- the vectors can, depending on purpose and type of application, be in the form of plasmids, phages, cosmids, mini-chromosomes, or virus, but also naked DNA which is only expressed transiently in certain cells is an important vector.
- Preferred cloning and expression vectors (plasmid vectors) of the invention are capable of autonomous replication, thereby enabling high copy-numbers for the purposes of high-level expression or high-level replication for subsequent cloning.
- the vectors of the invention are used to transform host cells to produce the compound of the invention.
- Such transformed cells which are also part of the invention, can be cultured cells or cell lines used for propagation of the nucleic acid fragments and vectors of the invention, or used for recombinant production of the peptides of the invention.
- Preferred transformed cells of the invention are micro-organisms such as bacteria (such as the species Escherichia (e.g. E. coli), Bacillus (e.g. Bacillus subtilis), Salmonella, or Mycobacterium (preferably non-pathogenic, e.g. M. bovis BCG), yeasts (such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and protozoans.
- the transformed cells may be derived from a multicellular organism, i.e. it may be fungal cell, an insect cell, a plant cell, or a mammalian cell.
- the transformed cell is capable of replicating the nucleic acid fragment of the invention.
- Cells expressing the nucleic fragment are useful embodiments of the invention; they can be used for small-scale or large-scale preparation of the peptides of the invention.
- the GLP-1 receptor and/or the glucagon receptor may have the sequence of the receptors as described in the examples.
- the assays may make use the human glucagon receptor (Glucagon- R) having primary accession number GI:4503947 and/or the human glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1 R) having primary accession number Gl:166795283. (Where sequences of precursor proteins are referred to, it should of course be understood that assays may make use of the mature protein, lacking the signal sequence).
- EC 50 values may be used as a numerical measure of agonist potency at a given receptor.
- An EC 50 value is a measure of the concentration of a compound required to achieve half of that compound's maximal activity in a particular assay.
- a compound having EC50[GLP-1] lower than the EC50[GLP-1] of glucagon in a particular assay may be considered to have higher GLP-1 potency than glucagon.
- the compounds described in this specification are typically Glu-GLP-1 dual agonists, i.e. they are capable of stimulating cAMP formation at both the glucagon receptor and the GLP-1 receptor.
- the stimulation of each receptor can be measured in independent assays and afterwards compared to each other.
- a compound's relative selectivity allows its effect on the GLP-1 or glucagon receptor to be compared directly to its effect on the other receptor. For example, the higher a compound's relative GLP-1 selectivity is, the more effective that compound is on the GLP-1 receptor as compared to the glucagon receptor.
- the relative GLP-1 selectivity for human glucagon is approximately 5%.
- the compounds of the invention have a higher relative GLP-1 R selectivity than human glucagon.
- the compound will display a higher level of GLP-1 R agonist activity (i.e. greater potency at the GLP-1 receptor) than glucagon.
- the absolute potency of a particular compound at the glucagon and GLP-1 receptors may be higher, lower or approximately equal to that of native human glucagon, as long as the appropriate relative GLP-1 R selectivity is achieved.
- the compounds of this invention may have a lower EC 50 [GLP-1 R] than human glucagon.
- the compounds may have a lower EC 50 [GLP-I-R] than glucagon while maintaining an EC 50 [Glucagon-R] that is less than 10-fold higher than that of human glucagon, less than 5-fold higher than that of human glucagon, or less than 2-fold higher than that of human glucagon.
- the compounds of the invention may have an EC 50 [Glucagon-R] that is less than two-fold that of human glucagon.
- the compounds may have an EC 50 [Glucagon-R] that is less than two-fold that of human glucagon and have an EC 50 [GLP-1 R] that is less than half that of human glucagon, less than a fifth of that of human glucagon, or less than a tenth of that of human glucagon.
- the relative GLP-1 selectivity of the compounds may be between 5% and 95%.
- the compounds may have a relative selectivity of 5-20%, 10-30%, 20-50%, 30-70%, or 50-80%; or of 30-50%, 40-60,%, 50-70% or 75-95%.
- the compounds of the invention may provide an attractive treatment option for obesity and metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes.
- Diabetes mellitus often referred to simply as diabetes, is a syndrome of disordered metabolism, usually due to a combination of hereditary and environmental causes, resulting in abnormally high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia).
- Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a group of metabolic risk factors in one person. They include abdominal obesity (excessive fat tissue around the abdominal internal organs), atherogenic dyslipidemia (blood fat disorders including high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol and/or high LDL cholesterol, which foster plaque buildup in artery walls), elevated blood pressure (hypertension), insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, prothrombotic state (e.g. high fibrinogen or plasminogen activator inhibitor— 1 in the blood), and proinflammatory state (e.g., elevated C-reactive protein in the blood).
- abdominal obesity excessive fat tissue around the abdominal internal organs
- atherogenic dyslipidemia blood fat disorders including high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol and/or high LDL cholesterol, which foster plaque buildup in artery walls
- elevated blood pressure hypertension
- insulin resistance and glucose intolerance hypertension
- prothrombotic state e.g. high fibrinogen or plasminogen activator inhibitor— 1 in the blood
- proinflammatory state e.
- Type 2 diabetes Individuals with the metabolic syndrome are at increased risk of type 2 diabetes as well as coronary heart disease and other diseases related to other manifestations of arteriosclerosis (e.g., stroke and peripheral vascular disease) as well as type 2 diabetes.
- arteriosclerosis e.g., stroke and peripheral vascular disease
- type 2 diabetes The dominant underlying risk factors for this syndrome appear to be abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is a generalized metabolic disorder, in which the body is unable to use insulin efficiently.
- the compounds of the invention act as GluGLP-1 dual agonists.
- the dual agonist combines the effect of glucagon on fat metabolism with the effects of GLP-1 on blood glucose levels and food intake. They might therefore act in a synergistic fashion to accelerate elimination of excessive fat deposition, induce sustainable weight loss, and directly decrease morbid glucose levels to normal levels, without the risk of hypoglycemia, which is associated with concomitant use of GLP-1 agonists and sulphonylurea.
- the synergetic effect of dual GluGLP-1 agonists may also result in reduction of cardiovascular risk factors such as high cholesterol and LDL as well as an improvement in glucose tolerance, which may be entirely independent of their effect on body weight.
- the compounds of the present invention can therefore be used as pharmaceutical agents for preventing weight gain, promoting weight loss, reducing excess body weight or treating obesity (e.g. by control of appetite, feeding, food intake, calorie intake, and/or energy expenditure), including morbid obesity, as well as associated diseases and health conditions including but not limited to obesity linked inflammation, obesity linked gallbladder disease and obesity induced sleep apnea.
- the compounds of the invention may also be used for treatment of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidimia, atherosclerois, arteriosclerosis, coronary heart disease and stroke. These are all conditions which can be associated with obesity. However, the effects of the compounds of the invention on these conditions may be mediated in whole or in part via an effect on body weight, or may be independent thereof.
- the compounds of the present invention, or salts thereof may be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions prepared for storage or administration, which typically comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention will depend on the route of administration, the type of mammal being treated, and the physical characteristics of the specific mammal under consideration. These factors and their relationship to determining this amount are well known to skilled practitioners in the medical arts.
- This amount and the method of administration can be tailored to achieve optimal efficacy, and may depend on such factors as weight, diet, concurrent medication and other factors, well known to those skilled in the medical arts.
- the dosage sizes and dosing regimen most appropriate for human use may be guided by the results obtained by the present invention, and may be confirmed in properly designed clinical trials.
- An effective dosage and treatment protocol may be determined by conventional means, starting with a low dose in laboratory animals and then increasing the dosage while monitoring the effects, and systematically varying the dosage regimen as well. Numerous factors may be taken into consideration by a clinician when determining an optimal dosage for a given subject. Such considerations are known to the skilled person.
- pH buffering agents may be phosphate, citrate, acetate, tris/hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl -3- aminopropanesulphonic acid (TAPS), ammonium bicarbonate, diethanolamine, histidine, which is a preferred buffer, arginine, lysine, or acetate or mixtures thereof.
- TIS tris/hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
- TAPS N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl -3- aminopropanesulphonic acid
- ammonium bicarbonate diethanolamine
- histidine which is a preferred buffer
- arginine arginine
- lysine or acetate or mixtures thereof.
- the term further encompases any agents listed in the US Pharmacopeia for use in animals, including humans.
- salts include pharmaceutically acceptable salts such as acid addition salts and basic salts.
- acid addition salts include hydrochloride salts, citrate salts and acetate salts.
- basic salts include salts where the cation is selected from alkali metals, such as sodium and potassium, alkaline earth metals, such as calcium, and ammonium ions + N (R 3 ) 3 (R 4 ), where R 3 and R 4 independently designates optionally substituted C 1-6 -alkyl, optionally substituted C 2 . 6 -alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.
- Treatment is an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired clinical results.
- beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable.
- Treatment can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.
- Treatment is an intervention performed with the intention of preventing the development or altering the pathology of a disorder. Accordingly, “treatment” refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures. Those in need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those in which the disorder is to be prevented
- the pharmaceutical compositions can be in unit dosage form.
- the composition is divided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component.
- the unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of the preparations, for example, packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules.
- the unit dosage form can also be a capsule, cachet, or tablet itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these packaged forms. It may be provided in single dose injectable form, for example in the form of a pen.
- Compositions may be formulated for any suitable route and means of administration.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents include those used in formulations suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, and transdermal) administration.
- the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
- the compound of the invention may be administered as part of a combination therapy with an agent for treatment of diabetes, obesity or hypertension.
- the two active agents may be given together or separately, and as part of the same pharmaceutical formulation or as separate formulations.
- the compound of the invention can be used in combination with an antidiabetic agent including but not limited to metformin, a sulfonylurea, a glinide, a DPP-IV inhibitor, a glitazone, or insulin.
- an antidiabetic agent including but not limited to metformin, a sulfonylurea, a glinide, a DPP-IV inhibitor, a glitazone, or insulin.
- the compound or salt thereof is used in combination with insulin, DPP-IV inhibitor, sulfonylurea or metformin, particularly sulfonylurea or metformin, for achieving adequate glycemic control.
- the compound or salt thereof is used in combination with insulin or an insulin analogue for achieving adequate glycemic control.
- insulin analogues examples include but are not limited to Lantus, Novorapid, Humalog, Novomix, and Actraphane HM.
- the compound or salt thereof can further be used in combination with an anti-obesity agent including but not limited to a glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 agonist, peptide YY or analogue thereof, cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist, lipase inhibitor, melanocortin receptor 4 agonist, or melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonist.
- the analogue compound or salt thereof can be used in combination with an anti-hypertension agent including but not limited to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin Il receptor blocker, diuretics, beta-blocker, or calcium channel blocker.
- an anti-hypertension agent including but not limited to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin Il receptor blocker, diuretics, beta-blocker, or calcium channel blocker.
- Solid phase peptide synthesis was performed as SPPS on a microwave assisted synthesizer using standard Fmoc strategy in NMP on a polystyrene resin (TentaGel S Ram). HATU was used as coupling reagent together with DIPEA as base. Piperidine (20% in NMP) was used for deprotection. Pseudoprolines: Fmoc-Phe-Thr(.Psi. Me, Me pro)-OH and Fmoc-Asp-Ser(.PsL, Me, Me pro)-OH (purchased from NovaBiochem) were used where applicable.
- mice mice with GLP-1 and dual GluGLP-1 agonist on body weight andplasma cholesterols
- Experimental animals were conditioned to treatment by daily injections (s.c.) of 0.1 ml vehicle and acclimatized to handling by weighing them twice a week one week before start of drug administrations.
- ZP2663 significantly improved glucose tolerance measured during an OGTT in diabetic db/db mice (Fig. 1).
- ZP2663 (SEQ ID NO: 4) improved glucose tolerance by 64.9 % at 45 nmol/kg.
- ZP2663 (SEQ ID NO: 4) decreased body weight gain to a level similar to that observed with chow feeding (Fig. 3). The body weight gain was statistically significantly less than the vehicle group.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (17)
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NZ593813A NZ593813A (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Glucagon analogues |
PL08875673T PL2370462T3 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Glucagon analogues |
KR1020117016185A KR101593406B1 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Glucagon analogues |
PCT/GB2008/004157 WO2010070255A1 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Glucagon analogues |
US13/139,487 US8680049B2 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Glucagon analogues |
EA201190048A EA020596B1 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Glucagon analogues |
MX2011006315A MX2011006315A (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Glucagon analogues. |
CN200880132702.8A CN102292348B (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Glucagon analogues |
CA2747197A CA2747197A1 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Glucagon analogues |
ES08875673.9T ES2502218T3 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Glucagon analogues |
AU2008365559A AU2008365559B2 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Glucagon analogues |
DK08875673.9T DK2370462T3 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Glucagon-ANALOGS |
EP08875673.9A EP2370462B1 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Glucagon analogues |
JP2011540190A JP5635532B2 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Glucagon analog |
BRPI0823377A BRPI0823377A2 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | glucagon analogs |
IL213478A IL213478A0 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2011-06-12 | Glucagon analogues |
ZA2011/04593A ZA201104593B (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2011-06-22 | Glucagon analogues |
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PCT/GB2008/004157 WO2010070255A1 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Glucagon analogues |
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US (1) | US8680049B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2370462B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5635532B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101593406B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN102292348B (en) |
AU (1) | AU2008365559B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0823377A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2747197A1 (en) |
DK (1) | DK2370462T3 (en) |
EA (1) | EA020596B1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2502218T3 (en) |
IL (1) | IL213478A0 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2011006315A (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ593813A (en) |
PL (1) | PL2370462T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010070255A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA201104593B (en) |
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EA201190048A1 (en) | 2012-02-28 |
CN102292348A (en) | 2011-12-21 |
KR101593406B1 (en) | 2016-02-12 |
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EA020596B1 (en) | 2014-12-30 |
CN102292348B (en) | 2015-07-08 |
AU2008365559B2 (en) | 2016-02-25 |
DK2370462T3 (en) | 2014-09-08 |
JP2012511902A (en) | 2012-05-31 |
IL213478A0 (en) | 2011-07-31 |
PL2370462T3 (en) | 2015-01-30 |
EP2370462A1 (en) | 2011-10-05 |
CA2747197A1 (en) | 2010-06-24 |
ZA201104593B (en) | 2015-01-28 |
AU2008365559A1 (en) | 2011-07-21 |
US8680049B2 (en) | 2014-03-25 |
KR20110126590A (en) | 2011-11-23 |
EP2370462B1 (en) | 2014-07-16 |
JP5635532B2 (en) | 2014-12-03 |
MX2011006315A (en) | 2011-09-22 |
ES2502218T3 (en) | 2014-10-03 |
NZ593813A (en) | 2013-02-22 |
BRPI0823377A2 (en) | 2016-09-27 |
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