WO2010063244A2 - A method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivines, nanofibres of phospho-olivines and nanofibrous structure formed of nanofibres of phospho-olivines - Google Patents

A method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivines, nanofibres of phospho-olivines and nanofibrous structure formed of nanofibres of phospho-olivines Download PDF

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WO2010063244A2
WO2010063244A2 PCT/CZ2009/000141 CZ2009000141W WO2010063244A2 WO 2010063244 A2 WO2010063244 A2 WO 2010063244A2 CZ 2009000141 W CZ2009000141 W CZ 2009000141W WO 2010063244 A2 WO2010063244 A2 WO 2010063244A2
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nanofibres
source
phospho
olivine
general formula
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PCT/CZ2009/000141
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French (fr)
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WO2010063244A3 (en
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Jiri Duchoslav
Lukas Rubacek
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Elmarco S.R.O.
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Publication of WO2010063244A2 publication Critical patent/WO2010063244A2/en
Publication of WO2010063244A3 publication Critical patent/WO2010063244A3/en

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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
    • D01F9/08—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments of inorganic material
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/0007—Electro-spinning
    • D01D5/0015—Electro-spinning characterised by the initial state of the material
    • D01D5/003—Electro-spinning characterised by the initial state of the material the material being a polymer solution or dispersion
    • D01D5/0038—Electro-spinning characterised by the initial state of the material the material being a polymer solution or dispersion the fibre formed by solvent evaporation, i.e. dry electro-spinning
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivines of a general formula LiMPO 4 , where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V.
  • the invention relates to nanofibres of phospho-olivines and nanofibrous structures formed of these nanofibres.
  • LiCo ⁇ 2 are remedied by phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO 4 , where M is any of transition metals Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Ni and V, which shows higher electrochemical potential (4V and more), and which is at the same time much more stable at cycling.
  • M is any of transition metals Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Ni and V, which shows higher electrochemical potential (4V and more), and which is at the same time much more stable at cycling.
  • phospho-olivine is prepared and used in the form of powder with grain size having place value of nanometers, which nevertheless does not enable to fully use all of its advantages, because such morphology shows a high specific resistance, which expressively suppresses these advantages.
  • powdery LiMPO 4 cannot be utilised in combination with more stable electrolytes, like e.g. ,,lonic Liquids" or ion-conducting polymers, because their high viscosity disables penetrating of electrolyte into meso- and micropores between individual particles
  • the goal of the invention is to propose a method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivines with general formula LiMPO 4 .
  • the goal of the invention are nanofibres and/or nanostructures of phospho-olivine prepared by this method.
  • the goal of the invention has been achieved through a method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine having general formula LiMPO 4 , where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, whose principle consists in that, by mixing a source of lithium, a source of transition metal M and a source of phosphate ions dissolved in water with hydrochloric acid, which through reaction with the source of transition metal M creates a chloro-complex of transition metal M, a spinnable polymer material and suitable lower alcohol, the liquid polymer matrix is prepared.
  • this polymer matrix is transformed through electrostatic spinning into nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure of polymer material, which contains in its structure the source of lithium, the source of phosphate ions, the chloro-complex of transition metal M, water, the lower alcohol and side products of reaction of the source of transition metal M and hydrochloric acid, after then in the third step the polymer material, water, the lower alcohol and the side products of reaction of the source of the transition metal M with hydrochloric acid are removed from nanofibres and/or nanostructure of polymer material through calcination , at the same time the source of lithium, the source of phosphate ions and the chloro- complex of transition metal M are through mutual chemical reactions transformed into phospho-olivine having general formula LiMPO 4 in the form of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure. During calcination also side products of these reactions are removed from nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure.
  • polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as the spinnable polymer material carrying individual components of phospho-olivine.
  • any substance containing lithium in the form of acetate, nitrate or phosphate may be used.
  • any substance containing the transition metal M in the form of acetate, chloride or nitrate may be used.
  • the source of cobalt for preparation of phospho-olivine LiCoPO 4 is with advantage tetrahydrate of cobalt acetate.
  • the source of manganese for preparation of phospho-olivine LiMnPO 4 is with advantage tetrahydrate of manganese acetate.
  • the source of copper for preparation of phospho-olivine LiCuPO 4 is with advantage dihydrate of copper chloride.
  • the source of nickel for preparation of phospho-olivine LiNiPO 4 is with advantage tetrahydrate of nickel acetate.
  • the source of vanadium for preparation of phospho-olivine UVPO4 is with advantage vanadium chloride.
  • the source of phosphate ions for production of phospho-olivine of any type is with advantage dihydrogenphosphate of ammonium.
  • the source of phosphate ions and simultaneously as the source of lithium is used one chemical substance, as this reduces technological demand on preparation of the matrix.
  • Such substance may be e.g. dihydrogenphosphate of lithium.
  • Quantity of spinnable polymer material in the matrix should be as low as possible, in order to be removed quickly and in a quality manner during calcination, nevertheless its quantity must be at the same time sufficient for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures.
  • its part by weight lies in the range from 6 to 9 % by weight.
  • the source of transition metal M or the source of phosphate ions it is advantageous, if the ratio of molecular quantities of the source of lithium, the source of transition metal M and the source of phosphate ions is
  • the ratio of summary weight of the source of lithium, the source of transition metal M and the source of phosphate ions to the weight of spinnable polymer material lies at the same time within the interval from 0,55 to 1 ,35.
  • the ratio of summary weight of the source of lithium, the source of transition metal M and the source of phosphate ions to hydrochloric acid lies at the same time in the range from 0,8 to 1 ,35.
  • the highest specific outputs in production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous layers of phospho-olivine are achieved in cases, when the matrix is transformed into nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure of polymer material through electrostatic spinning in electrostatic field between the collecting electrode and spinning electrode or spinning elements of the spinning electrode, by which is the matrix brought into the electrostatic field on surface of the spinning electrode or at least of one spinning element of the spinning electrode.
  • the highest specific output is achieved if the spinning electrode is formed by a cylinder, as this ensures that into the electrostatic spinning field is in each moment brought the highest quantity of polymer matrix, which is subjected to spinning there.
  • Conditions of calcination, at which removal of the polymer material, solvents and side products of reactions is carried out, are given by mechanical properties of the polymer material and of the phospho-olivine being created, while the calcination preferably runs at the temperature of 400 to 800 0 C, with temperature increase 1°C/min, dwell at maximum temperature to 1 hour, and temperature drop of 10-20 °C/min.
  • nanofibres having diameter of 100 to 800 nm and length of 0,5 to 130 micrometers, which are in the whole volume formed of phospho-olivine having general formula LiMPO 4 , where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V.
  • nanofibrous structure formed of nanofibres having diameter of 100 to 800 nm and length of
  • Fig. 1 represents SEM photograph of nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiCoPO4 prepared by using method according to the invention
  • Fig. 2 SEM photograph of nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiMnPO4 prepared by using method according to the invention.
  • Nanofibres of phospho-olivines having general formula LiMPO 4 where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, are produced through electrostatic spinning of matrix, formed by mixing a source of transition metal M in the form of acetate, chloride or nitrate, a source of lithium in the form of acetate or phosphate and a source of phosphate ions e.g. in the form of dihydrogenphosphate of ammonium dissolved in water with hydrochloric acid, a spinnable polymer material and a suitable lower alcohol.
  • Spinnable polymer material enables electrostatic spinning of this matrix, at which it simultaneously serves as carrier of its components.
  • the matrix is hereinafter referred to as polymer matrix.
  • the source of lithium may be used in the form of chloride, nitrate, methoxide or epoxide, nevertheless application of these substances in an industrial scope is complicated by their high price, without having any special reasoning with respect to the achieved parameters and/or properties of nanofibres.
  • nanofibres of phospho-olivine may be prepared, nevertheless for their industrial utilisation it is more advantageous to prepare the whole nanofibrous structures formed of such nanofibres. Due to the fact that the polymer matrix for production of nanofibres of phospho-olivines behaves thanks to content of polymer material in a very similar manner as polymer matrices subjected to date to spinning routinely, for its spinning may be utilised any to date known device for electrostatic spinning of polymer matrix - solution or melt of polymer. If the device for electrostatic spinning of polymer matrices known from international application WO 2005/024101 or from analogic granted patent CZ 294274 is used, the best results and the highest outputs are achieved.
  • This device comprises rotary cylindric spinning electrode formed of solid body, which carries out the polymer matrix into electrostatic field on its surface , where is this polymer matrix subjected to spinning, while structure of the spinning electrode guarantees, on contrary to other known types of spinning electrodes, that in each moment is into the electrostatic spinning field brought the greatest quantity of polymer matrix, due to which the highest productivity of the electrostatic spinning process is achieved.
  • the device itself or some of its elements may be modified e.g. according to WO2008028428, WO2006131081 , WO2008011840, etc. Similar results, but with considerably lower specific output may be achieved also at usage of generally known device which uses for production of nanofibres a nozzle or a system of nozzles.
  • Polymer matrix for production of nanofibres of phospho-olivines is produced by adding the source of lithium, the source of transition metal M and the source of phosphate ions upon continuous stirring into water, by adding hydrochloric acid, which creates through reaction with the source of transition metal M chloro-complex of transition metal M, while after full dissolution of all components are into the produced solution further added the spinnable polymer material and the lower alcohol.
  • PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • Hydrochloric acid is with advantage used in concentrated (35%) form, when it brings the lowest quantity of water into the polymer matrix.
  • Weight ratio of concentrated hydrochloric acid to the total weight of all salts in matrix preferably ranges within the range from 0,9 to 1,2.
  • the purpose of hydrochloric acid is stabilisation of polymer matrix, as the chloro-complex, which it produces by reaction with the source of transition metal M prevents undesirable reactions between the transition metal M and phosphate ions, at which settling and non- spinnable coagulation of phosphates of metal M is created.
  • Polymer matrix prepared in this way is after homogenisation and stabilisation subjected to spinning through electrostatic spinning using some of the above described devices.
  • the result of electrostatic spinning is, depending on respective technology, either independent layer of polymer nanofibres comprising in PVP structure incorporated source of lithium, source of phosphate ions and chloro-complex of transition metal M, or layer of such nanofibres deposited on a suitable substrate.
  • the substrate In a case when the substrate is used, its material should be selected with respect to the next technological step and to the request, whether this substrate material should be preserved or removed during this technological step.
  • Layer of nanofibres, possibly also with the substrate material is subsequently calcinated in a furnace at the temperature within the range from 400 to 800 0 C.
  • this step are from polymer nanofibres through oxidation removed the polymer material, solvents and side products of reaction of the source of transition metal M with hydrochloric acid, what enables running of reactions between the source of lithium, the chloro-complex of transition metal M, the source of phosphate ions, and formation of phospho-olivine LiMPO 4 , while during calcination are further removed also side products of these reactions.
  • the phospho-olivine being produced maintains the whole time approximately the same spatial arrangement.
  • nanofibres comprising in their entire volume the phospho-olivine LiMPO 4 , where M is transition metal from the group of Mn, Co, Cu, Ni or V.
  • the diameter of such produced nanofibres usually varies within the range from 100 to 800 nm and their length within the range from 0,5 to 130 micrometers.
  • the applicable range of temperatures for calcination is based on the fact, that at temperatures under 400 0 C perfect removal of polymer material is not guaranteed even at longer dwell at this temperature, while at temperatures above 800 0 C the growth of crystals of phospho-olivines begins, which causes destruction of their nanofibrous structure.
  • the following examples illustrate respective procedures for production of nanofibres of phospho-olivines LiMPO 4 , including composition of the polymer matrix used for their production and conditions of calcination. Nevertheless these are only illustrative preferred examples, which demonstrate variability of applicable substances and parameters, and not the only possibilities for preparation of polymer matrix and production of nanofibres.
  • the usable lower alcohol is with respect to the used polymer material e.g. ethanol, propanol or isopropanol, etc.
  • a part of all polymer matrices is concentrated hydrochloric acid, which serves as stabiliser.
  • the nanofibres of phospho-olivine IJCOPO 4 are produced, whose SEM photograph is shown in the Fig. 1.
  • the specific surface of such produced nanofibres achieves the value of about 5,8 m 2 /g.
  • 15g of tetrahydrate of cobalt acetate, 6,2g of dihydrate of lithium acetate and 7g dihydrogenphosphate of ammonium is under constant stirring dissolved in 12Og of water. Subsequently 18g of 35% hydrochloric acid is added and the solution is stirred till all components are fully dissolved. 15Og of ethanol and 27g of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with molecular weight of 1 300 OOOg/mol is further added into the solution prepared in this manner. After homogenisation the polymer matrix for electrostatic spinning is prepared. The nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 800 0 C with temperature increase of 1°C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature 0 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min.
  • PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • the nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 65O 0 C with temperature increase of 1°C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature 0 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min.
  • the result are the nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiCoPO 4 .
  • 15g of tetrahydrate of cobalt acetate, 4,2g of lithium nitrate and 7g of dihydrogenphosphate of ammonium is under constant stirring dissolved in 12Og of water. Subsequently 18g of 35% hydrochloric acid is added and the solution is stirred till all components are fully dissolved. 15Og of ethanol and 3Og of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with molecular weight of 1 300 000g/mol is further added into the solution prepared in this manner. After homogenisation the polymer matrix for electrostatic spinning is prepared.
  • PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • the nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 65O 0 C with temperature increase of 1°C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature 0 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min.
  • Example 5 15g of tetrahydrate of cobalt acetate and 6,3g of tetrahydrate of dihydrogenphosphate of lithium is under constant stirring dissolved in 4Og of water. Subsequently 23g of 35% hydrochloric acid is added and the solution is stirred till all components are fully dissolved. 14Og of ethanol and 18g of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with molecular weight of 1 300 OOOg/mol is further added into the solution prepared in this manner. After homogenisation the polymer matrix for electrostatic spinning is prepared.
  • PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • the nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 400 0 C with temperature increase of 1°C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature 0 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min.
  • the nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 750 0 C with temperature increase of 1°C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature 0 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min.
  • the nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiMnPO 4 are produced, whose SEM photograph is shown in the Fig. 2.
  • the specific surface of such produced nanofibres achieves the value of about 7,3 m 2 /g.
  • Example 7 13,2g of dihydrate of copper chloride and 8,4g of tetrahydrate of dihydrogenphosphate of lithium is under constant stirring dissolved in 42g of water. Subsequently 18g of 35% hydrochloric acid is added and the solution is stirred till all components are fully dissolved. 228g of ethanol and 27g of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with molecular weight of 1 300 OOOg/mol is further added into the solution prepared in this manner. After homogenisation the polymer matrix for electrostatic spinning is prepared.
  • PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • the nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 700 0 C with temperature increase of 1°C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature 60 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min.
  • the nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 700 0 C with temperature increase of 1 °C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature of 30 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min.
  • the nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiNiPO 4 are produced.
  • the nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 550 0 C with temperature increase of 1 0 C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature of 0 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min.
  • the nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiVPO 4 are produced.
  • nanofibres of phospho- olivines having diameters within the range from 100 to 800nm and length of 0,5 to 130microns, which are deposited in nanofibrous structure.
  • the upper limit for the length of nanofibres may be exceeded during the process of their preparation, nevertheless the length of resultant nanofibres does not exceed, thanks to their fragility, the value of 130 microns.
  • SEM scanning electron microscope
  • Micromeritics by means of chemical adsorption of nitrogen at three partial pressures of nitrogen at the temperature of 77K 1 and the values were calculated from the measured data by means of BET isotherm.
  • Phase and chemical composition of produced nanofibres was verified by analysis of RTG diffraction, performed on the X ' Pert PRO device, whose producer is PANalytical.
  • the nanofibres and nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine LiFePO 4 may be prepared. Nevertheless in praxis is their preparation complicated especially by low solubility and stability of ferrous salts, which usually spontaneously oxidise to ferric salts, and further by oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric ones, which occurs during calcination. As a result of this, the prepared nanofibres are not formed of phospho-olivine LiFePO 4 , but of totally different compound with different properties, whose applicability in originally considered sphere of electrotechnics is practically at zero level.
  • nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiMPO4, where M is transition metal from the group of Mn, Co, Cu, Ni or V are applicable first of all in electrotechnics, especially for production of lithium-ion or polymeric batteries.

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Abstract

The invention relates to a method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, at which in the first step a source of lithium, a source of transition metal M and a source of phosphate ions are under constant stirring added into the water, after then hydrochloric acid is added which creates by reaction with the source of transition metal M a chloro- complex of transition metal M, after all components are fully dissolved, a spinnable polymer material and lower alcohol is added. In the second step this polymer matrix is through electrostatic spinning transformed into nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure of polymer material. In the following third step the polymer material, water, the lower alcohol and side products of reaction of the source of transition metal M with hydrochloric acid are removed through calcination from nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure of polymer material, at the same time the source of lithium, the source of phosphate ions and the chloro-complex of transition metal M are through mutual chemical reactions transformed into phospho-olivine having general formula LiMPO4 in the form of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure, while through the running calcination are from nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure also removed side products of these reactions. The result are the nanofibres which are in their whole structure formed of phospho-olivine LiMPO4. The invention further relates to nanofibres having diameter of 100 to 800 nm and length of 0,5 to 130 micrometers, which are in the whole volume formed of phospho-olivine having general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V. The invention also relates to a nanofibrous structure, which is formed of nanofibres of phospho-olivine having general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V having diameter of 100 to 800 nm and length of 0,5 to 130 micrometers.

Description

A method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivines, nanofibres of phospho-olivines and nanofibrous structure formed of nanofibres of phospho-olivines
Technical field
The invention relates to a method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivines of a general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V.
Next to this, the invention relates to nanofibres of phospho-olivines and nanofibrous structures formed of these nanofibres.
Background art
In the existing Li-ion batteries is for production of cathodes the most widespread material L1COO2 with capacity of 140-180mAh/g at the potential of 3,9V vs LiYLi+. Nevertheless application of this material does not enable sufficient expansion of capacity and power of batteries according to increasing demands. Next to this, its usage is expressly limited by unstability at cycling, due to which the capacity as well as potential of battery decreases after relatively low number of cycles, which requires in most applications its replacement.
Both these disadvantages of LiCoθ2 are remedied by phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Ni and V, which shows higher electrochemical potential (4V and more), and which is at the same time much more stable at cycling. At present phospho-olivine is prepared and used in the form of powder with grain size having place value of nanometers, which nevertheless does not enable to fully use all of its advantages, because such morphology shows a high specific resistance, which expressively suppresses these advantages. Moreover, powdery LiMPO4 cannot be utilised in combination with more stable electrolytes, like e.g. ,,lonic Liquids" or ion-conducting polymers, because their high viscosity disables penetrating of electrolyte into meso- and micropores between individual particles of phospho- olivine.
The solution for most of these problems is to prepare the required phospho-olivine in the form of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures. At present there still does not exist any industrially applicable method for production of such nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures.
The goal of the invention is to propose a method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivines with general formula LiMPO4. Next to this, the goal of the invention are nanofibres and/or nanostructures of phospho-olivine prepared by this method.
Principle of the invention
The goal of the invention has been achieved through a method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine having general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, whose principle consists in that, by mixing a source of lithium, a source of transition metal M and a source of phosphate ions dissolved in water with hydrochloric acid, which through reaction with the source of transition metal M creates a chloro-complex of transition metal M, a spinnable polymer material and suitable lower alcohol, the liquid polymer matrix is prepared. Consequently this polymer matrix is transformed through electrostatic spinning into nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure of polymer material, which contains in its structure the source of lithium, the source of phosphate ions, the chloro-complex of transition metal M, water, the lower alcohol and side products of reaction of the source of transition metal M and hydrochloric acid, after then in the third step the polymer material, water, the lower alcohol and the side products of reaction of the source of the transition metal M with hydrochloric acid are removed from nanofibres and/or nanostructure of polymer material through calcination , at the same time the source of lithium, the source of phosphate ions and the chloro- complex of transition metal M are through mutual chemical reactions transformed into phospho-olivine having general formula LiMPO4 in the form of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure. During calcination also side products of these reactions are removed from nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure.
With advantage polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as the spinnable polymer material carrying individual components of phospho-olivine.
As the source of lithium any substance containing lithium in the form of acetate, nitrate or phosphate may be used.
Hereat, as the most suitable appear the lithium acetate.
As the source of transition metal M any substance containing the transition metal M in the form of acetate, chloride or nitrate may be used.
The source of cobalt for preparation of phospho-olivine LiCoPO4 is with advantage tetrahydrate of cobalt acetate.
The source of manganese for preparation of phospho-olivine LiMnPO4 is with advantage tetrahydrate of manganese acetate. The source of copper for preparation of phospho-olivine LiCuPO4 is with advantage dihydrate of copper chloride.
The source of nickel for preparation of phospho-olivine LiNiPO4 is with advantage tetrahydrate of nickel acetate.
The source of vanadium for preparation of phospho-olivine UVPO4 is with advantage vanadium chloride.
The source of phosphate ions for production of phospho-olivine of any type is with advantage dihydrogenphosphate of ammonium.
In certain cases it is advantageous, if as the source of phosphate ions and simultaneously as the source of lithium is used one chemical substance, as this reduces technological demand on preparation of the matrix. Such substance may be e.g. dihydrogenphosphate of lithium.
Quantity of spinnable polymer material in the matrix should be as low as possible, in order to be removed quickly and in a quality manner during calcination, nevertheless its quantity must be at the same time sufficient for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures. Preferably, its part by weight lies in the range from 6 to 9 % by weight.
To create the required volume of phospho-olivine without residue of the source of lithium, the source of transition metal M or the source of phosphate ions, it is advantageous, if the ratio of molecular quantities of the source of lithium, the source of transition metal M and the source of phosphate ions is
1 :1 :1.
The ratio of summary weight of the source of lithium, the source of transition metal M and the source of phosphate ions to the weight of spinnable polymer material lies at the same time within the interval from 0,55 to 1 ,35.
To secure the volume of water in the matrix as low as possible, it is advantageous, if the concentrated 35% hydrochloric acid is used.
The ratio of summary weight of the source of lithium, the source of transition metal M and the source of phosphate ions to hydrochloric acid lies at the same time in the range from 0,8 to 1 ,35.
The highest specific outputs in production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous layers of phospho-olivine are achieved in cases, when the matrix is transformed into nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure of polymer material through electrostatic spinning in electrostatic field between the collecting electrode and spinning electrode or spinning elements of the spinning electrode, by which is the matrix brought into the electrostatic field on surface of the spinning electrode or at least of one spinning element of the spinning electrode.
Simultaneously the highest specific output is achieved if the spinning electrode is formed by a cylinder, as this ensures that into the electrostatic spinning field is in each moment brought the highest quantity of polymer matrix, which is subjected to spinning there.
Conditions of calcination, at which removal of the polymer material, solvents and side products of reactions is carried out, are given by mechanical properties of the polymer material and of the phospho-olivine being created, while the calcination preferably runs at the temperature of 400 to 8000C, with temperature increase 1°C/min, dwell at maximum temperature to 1 hour, and temperature drop of 10-20 °C/min.
Next to this, the goal of the invention has been achieved by nanofibres having diameter of 100 to 800 nm and length of 0,5 to 130 micrometers, which are in the whole volume formed of phospho-olivine having general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V.
Next to this, the goal of the invention has been achieved by nanofibrous structure formed of nanofibres having diameter of 100 to 800 nm and length of
0,5 to 130 micrometers, which are in the whole volume formed of phospho- olivine having general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn,
Co, Cu, Ni, V.
Description of the drawing
Fig. 1 represents SEM photograph of nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiCoPO4 prepared by using method according to the invention, and the Fig. 2 SEM photograph of nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiMnPO4 prepared by using method according to the invention.
Examples of embodiment Nanofibres of phospho-olivines having general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, are produced through electrostatic spinning of matrix, formed by mixing a source of transition metal M in the form of acetate, chloride or nitrate, a source of lithium in the form of acetate or phosphate and a source of phosphate ions e.g. in the form of dihydrogenphosphate of ammonium dissolved in water with hydrochloric acid, a spinnable polymer material and a suitable lower alcohol. Spinnable polymer material enables electrostatic spinning of this matrix, at which it simultaneously serves as carrier of its components. With respect to content of the polymer material, the matrix is hereinafter referred to as polymer matrix. In other examples of embodiment the source of lithium may be used in the form of chloride, nitrate, methoxide or epoxide, nevertheless application of these substances in an industrial scope is complicated by their high price, without having any special reasoning with respect to the achieved parameters and/or properties of nanofibres.
In other examples of embodiment as combined source of lithium and of phosphate anion, e.g. dihydrogenphosphate of lithium may be used.
After electrostatic spinning of prepared polymer matrix is from created nanofibres removed through calcination in air atmosphere the polymer material, solvents and side products of reaction of the source of transition metal M with hydrochloric acid, at the same time through reactions of the chloro-complex of transition metal M, the source of lithium and the source of phosphate ions there is created the phospho-olivine structure LiMPO4, that with its spatial arrangement copies spatial arrangement of original nanofibres. In the course of the calcination also side products of these reactions are removed, and so consequently prepared nanofibres are exclusively formed of phospho-olivine. In this manner individual nanofibres of phospho-olivine may be prepared, nevertheless for their industrial utilisation it is more advantageous to prepare the whole nanofibrous structures formed of such nanofibres. Due to the fact that the polymer matrix for production of nanofibres of phospho-olivines behaves thanks to content of polymer material in a very similar manner as polymer matrices subjected to date to spinning routinely, for its spinning may be utilised any to date known device for electrostatic spinning of polymer matrix - solution or melt of polymer. If the device for electrostatic spinning of polymer matrices known from international application WO 2005/024101 or from analogic granted patent CZ 294274 is used, the best results and the highest outputs are achieved. This device comprises rotary cylindric spinning electrode formed of solid body, which carries out the polymer matrix into electrostatic field on its surface , where is this polymer matrix subjected to spinning, while structure of the spinning electrode guarantees, on contrary to other known types of spinning electrodes, that in each moment is into the electrostatic spinning field brought the greatest quantity of polymer matrix, due to which the highest productivity of the electrostatic spinning process is achieved. When using the principle of this invention, the device itself or some of its elements may be modified e.g. according to WO2008028428, WO2006131081 , WO2008011840, etc. Similar results, but with considerably lower specific output may be achieved also at usage of generally known device which uses for production of nanofibres a nozzle or a system of nozzles.
Polymer matrix for production of nanofibres of phospho-olivines is produced by adding the source of lithium, the source of transition metal M and the source of phosphate ions upon continuous stirring into water, by adding hydrochloric acid, which creates through reaction with the source of transition metal M chloro-complex of transition metal M, while after full dissolution of all components are into the produced solution further added the spinnable polymer material and the lower alcohol. Based on experiments, as the most suitable polymer material appears to be polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) of molecular weight 1 300 000 g/mol.
Hydrochloric acid is with advantage used in concentrated (35%) form, when it brings the lowest quantity of water into the polymer matrix. Weight ratio of concentrated hydrochloric acid to the total weight of all salts in matrix preferably ranges within the range from 0,9 to 1,2. The purpose of hydrochloric acid is stabilisation of polymer matrix, as the chloro-complex, which it produces by reaction with the source of transition metal M prevents undesirable reactions between the transition metal M and phosphate ions, at which settling and non- spinnable coagulation of phosphates of metal M is created.
Polymer matrix prepared in this way is after homogenisation and stabilisation subjected to spinning through electrostatic spinning using some of the above described devices. The result of electrostatic spinning is, depending on respective technology, either independent layer of polymer nanofibres comprising in PVP structure incorporated source of lithium, source of phosphate ions and chloro-complex of transition metal M, or layer of such nanofibres deposited on a suitable substrate. In a case when the substrate is used, its material should be selected with respect to the next technological step and to the request, whether this substrate material should be preserved or removed during this technological step.
Layer of nanofibres, possibly also with the substrate material is subsequently calcinated in a furnace at the temperature within the range from 400 to 8000C. During this step are from polymer nanofibres through oxidation removed the polymer material, solvents and side products of reaction of the source of transition metal M with hydrochloric acid, what enables running of reactions between the source of lithium, the chloro-complex of transition metal M, the source of phosphate ions, and formation of phospho-olivine LiMPO4, while during calcination are further removed also side products of these reactions. Due to the fact, that temperatures of reactions, at which is the phospho-olivine created are lower than the temperature of decomposition or of melting of polymer material, the phospho-olivine being produced maintains the whole time approximately the same spatial arrangement. Through removal of polymer material and of further undesired components there are produced nanofibres comprising in their entire volume the phospho-olivine LiMPO4, where M is transition metal from the group of Mn, Co, Cu, Ni or V. The diameter of such produced nanofibres usually varies within the range from 100 to 800 nm and their length within the range from 0,5 to 130 micrometers. The applicable range of temperatures for calcination is based on the fact, that at temperatures under 4000C perfect removal of polymer material is not guaranteed even at longer dwell at this temperature, while at temperatures above 8000C the growth of crystals of phospho-olivines begins, which causes destruction of their nanofibrous structure. The following examples illustrate respective procedures for production of nanofibres of phospho-olivines LiMPO4, including composition of the polymer matrix used for their production and conditions of calcination. Nevertheless these are only illustrative preferred examples, which demonstrate variability of applicable substances and parameters, and not the only possibilities for preparation of polymer matrix and production of nanofibres. In further examples of embodiment for preparation of matrix also other starting compounds in other nominal quantity may be used, nevertheless it is necessary to keep the molecular proportion of the source of transition metal M, the source of lithium and the source of phosphonate ions 1 :1 :1 and weight ratio of these salts towards PVP within the range from 0,7 to 1 ,2. For dissolution of these components is usually used water, while the ratio of water to lower alcohol used for dissolution of spinnable polymer material varies in the range from 0,3 to 0,8. Concentration of lower alcohol in polymer matrix varies in the range from 74,3 to 80,3 by weight %.
The usable lower alcohol is with respect to the used polymer material e.g. ethanol, propanol or isopropanol, etc. A part of all polymer matrices is concentrated hydrochloric acid, which serves as stabiliser.
Example 1
15g of tetrahydrate of cobalt acetate and 6,3g of tetrahydrate of dihydrogenphosphate of lithium is under constant stirring dissolved in 12Og of water. Subsequently 18g of 35% hydrochloric acid is added and the solution is stirred till all components are fully dissolved. 21Og of ethanol and 27g of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with molecular weight of 1 300 OOOg/mol is further added into the solution prepared in this manner. After homogenisation the polymer matrix for electrostatic spinning is prepared. The nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 7000C with temperature increase of rc/min, dwell at the maximum temperature 0 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min.
By this method the nanofibres of phospho-olivine IJCOPO4 are produced, whose SEM photograph is shown in the Fig. 1. The specific surface of such produced nanofibres achieves the value of about 5,8 m2/g.
Example 2
15g of tetrahydrate of cobalt acetate, 6,2g of dihydrate of lithium acetate and 7g dihydrogenphosphate of ammonium is under constant stirring dissolved in 12Og of water. Subsequently 18g of 35% hydrochloric acid is added and the solution is stirred till all components are fully dissolved. 15Og of ethanol and 27g of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with molecular weight of 1 300 OOOg/mol is further added into the solution prepared in this manner. After homogenisation the polymer matrix for electrostatic spinning is prepared. The nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 8000C with temperature increase of 1°C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature 0 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min.
By this method the nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiCoPO4 are produced.
Example 3
17,5g of hexahydrate of cobalt nitrate 4,2g of lithium nitrate and 7g of dihydrogenphosphate of ammonium is under constant stirring dissolved in 12Og of water. Subsequently 18g of 35% hydrochloric acid is added and the solution is stirred till all components are fully dissolved. 15Og of ethanol and 3Og of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with molecular weight of 1 300 000g/mol is further added into the solution prepared in this manner. After homogenisation the polymer matrix for electrostatic spinning is prepared.
The nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 65O0C with temperature increase of 1°C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature 0 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min.
The result are the nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiCoPO4.
Example 4
15g of tetrahydrate of cobalt acetate, 4,2g of lithium nitrate and 7g of dihydrogenphosphate of ammonium is under constant stirring dissolved in 12Og of water. Subsequently 18g of 35% hydrochloric acid is added and the solution is stirred till all components are fully dissolved. 15Og of ethanol and 3Og of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with molecular weight of 1 300 000g/mol is further added into the solution prepared in this manner. After homogenisation the polymer matrix for electrostatic spinning is prepared.
The nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 65O0C with temperature increase of 1°C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature 0 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min.
By this method the nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiCoPO4 are produced.
Example 5 15g of tetrahydrate of cobalt acetate and 6,3g of tetrahydrate of dihydrogenphosphate of lithium is under constant stirring dissolved in 4Og of water. Subsequently 23g of 35% hydrochloric acid is added and the solution is stirred till all components are fully dissolved. 14Og of ethanol and 18g of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with molecular weight of 1 300 OOOg/mol is further added into the solution prepared in this manner. After homogenisation the polymer matrix for electrostatic spinning is prepared.
The nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 4000C with temperature increase of 1°C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature 0 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min.
By this method the nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiCoPO4 are produced.
Example 6
15g of tetrahydrate of manganese acetate and 6,3g of tetrahydrate of dihydrogenphosphate of lithium is under constant stirring dissolved in 12Og of water. Subsequently 18g of 35% hydrochloric acid is added and the solution is stirred till all components are fully dissolved. 21Og of ethanol and 27g of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with molecular weight of 1 300 000g/mol is further added into the solution prepared in this manner. After homogenisation the polymer matrix for electrostatic spinning is prepared. The nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 7500C with temperature increase of 1°C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature 0 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min. By this method the nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiMnPO4 are produced, whose SEM photograph is shown in the Fig. 2. The specific surface of such produced nanofibres achieves the value of about 7,3 m2/g.
Example 7 13,2g of dihydrate of copper chloride and 8,4g of tetrahydrate of dihydrogenphosphate of lithium is under constant stirring dissolved in 42g of water. Subsequently 18g of 35% hydrochloric acid is added and the solution is stirred till all components are fully dissolved. 228g of ethanol and 27g of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with molecular weight of 1 300 OOOg/mol is further added into the solution prepared in this manner. After homogenisation the polymer matrix for electrostatic spinning is prepared.
The nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 7000C with temperature increase of 1°C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature 60 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min.
By this method the nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiCuPO4 are produced.
Example 8
15g of tetrahydrate nickel acetate and 6,3g of tetrahydrate of dihydrogenphosphate of lithium is under constant stirring dissolved in 42g of water. Subsequently 18g of 35% hydrochloric acid is added and the solution is stirred till all components are fully dissolved. 228g of ethanol and 27g of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with molecular weight of 1 300 000g/mol is further added into the solution prepared in this manner. After homogenisation the polymer matrix for electrostatic spinning is prepared. The nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 7000C with temperature increase of 1 °C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature of 30 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min. By this method the nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiNiPO4 are produced.
Their specific surface reaches the value of about 7,4 m2/g.
Example 9
13,5 g of vanadium chloride and 8,4g of tetrahydrate of dihydrogenphosphate of lithium is under constant stirring dissolved in 120g of water. Subsequently 18g of 35% hydrochloric acid is added and the solution is stirred till all components are fully dissolved. 228g of ethanol and 27g of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with molecular weight of 1 300 OOOg/mol is further added into the solution prepared in this manner. After homogenisation the polymer matrix for electrostatic spinning is prepared.
The nanofibres produced through electrostatic spinning are after then calcinated in furnace in air atmosphere at the temperature of 5500C with temperature increase of 10C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature of 0 min and temperature drop of 13°C/min. In this method the nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiVPO4 are produced.
Through processing matrices described in examples 1 to 9 by the method according to the invention there are prepared nanofibres of phospho- olivines having diameters within the range from 100 to 800nm and length of 0,5 to 130microns, which are deposited in nanofibrous structure. The upper limit for the length of nanofibres may be exceeded during the process of their preparation, nevertheless the length of resultant nanofibres does not exceed, thanks to their fragility, the value of 130 microns. To determine diameters and lengths of nanofibres of phospho-olivines, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a subsequent image analysis of SEM pictures was used.
The specific surface of produced nanofibrous layers of phospho-olivines was determined using the Pulse Chemisorb 2700 device, whose producer is
Micromeritics, by means of chemical adsorption of nitrogen at three partial pressures of nitrogen at the temperature of 77K1 and the values were calculated from the measured data by means of BET isotherm.
Phase and chemical composition of produced nanofibres was verified by analysis of RTG diffraction, performed on the X'Pert PRO device, whose producer is PANalytical.
Theoretically, by the same method also the nanofibres and nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine LiFePO4 may be prepared. Nevertheless in praxis is their preparation complicated especially by low solubility and stability of ferrous salts, which usually spontaneously oxidise to ferric salts, and further by oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric ones, which occurs during calcination. As a result of this, the prepared nanofibres are not formed of phospho-olivine LiFePO4, but of totally different compound with different properties, whose applicability in originally considered sphere of electrotechnics is practically at zero level.
Industrial applicability
The nanofibres of phospho-olivine LiMPO4, where M is transition metal from the group of Mn, Co, Cu, Ni or V are applicable first of all in electrotechnics, especially for production of lithium-ion or polymeric batteries.

Claims

1. A method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals
Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, characterised in that, in the first step a source of lithium, a source of transition metal M and a source of phosphate ions are added into the water under constant stirring, after then hydrochloric acid is added which creates by reaction with the source of transition metal M a chloro-complex of transition metal M, after all components are fully dissolved, a spinnable polymer material and lower alcohol is added, by which a liquid polymer matrix is created, subsequently in the second step this polymer matrix is through electrostatic spinning transformed into nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure of polymer material, which in its structure contains the source of lithium, the source of phosphate ions, the chloro-complex of transition metal M, water, the lower alcohol and side products of reaction of the source of transition metal M and of hydrochloric acid, after then in the third step the polymer material, water, the lower alcohol and side products of reaction of the source of transition metal M with hydrochloric acid are removed from nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure of polymer material through calcination, at the same time the source of lithium, the source of phosphate ions and the chloro-complex of transition metal M are through mutual chemical reactions transformed into phospho-olivine having general formula LiMPO4 in the form of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure, while through the running calcination also side products of these reactions are removed from nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure.
2. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to the claim 1 , characterised in that, the spinnable polymer material is polyvinylpyrrolidone.
3. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to the claim 1 or claim 2, characterised in that, the source of lithium is a substance from the group of acetate, nitrate or phosphate.
4. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to the claim 1 , 2 or 3, characterised in that, the source of lithium is lithium acetate.
5. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to any of the previous claims, characterised in that, the source of transition metal M is suitable substance from the group of acetates, chlorides and nitrates.
6. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to any of the previous claims, characterised in that, the source of transition metal M is tetrahydrate of cobalt acetate.
7. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to any of the previous claims 1 to 5, characterised in that, the source of transition metal M is tetrahydrate of manganese acetate.
8. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to any of the previous claims 1 to 5, characterised in that, the source of transition metal M is dihydrate of copper chloride.
9. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn1 Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to any of the previous claims 1 to 5, characterised in that, the source of transition metal M is tetrahydrate of nickel acetate.
10. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V1 according to any of the previous claims 1 to 5, characterised in that, the source of transition metal M is vanadium chloride.
11. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to any of the previous claims, characterised in that, the source of phosphate ions is dihydrogenphosphate of ammonium.
12. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to any of the previous claims 1 to 11 , characterised in that, the source of phosphate ions and the source of lithium is dihydrogenphosphate of lithium.
13. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to any of the previous claims, characterised in that, the part by weight of the spinnable polymer material in matrix lies in the range from 6 to 9 by weight %.
14. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to any of the previous claims 1 to 11 and 13, characterised in that, the ratio of molecular quantities of the source of lithium, the source of transition metal M and the source of phosphate ions is 1:1:1.
15. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to any of the previous claims, characterised in that, the ratio of summary weight of the source of lithium, the source of transition metal M and the source of phosphate ions to the weight of spinnable polymer material lies within the range from 0,55 to 1 ,35.
16. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to any of the previous claims, characterised in that, the concentration of hydrochloric acid is 35%.
17. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to any of the previous claims, characterised in that, the ratio of summary weight of the source of lithium, the source of transition metal M and the source of phosphate ions to hydrochloric acid lies within the range from 0,8 to 1 ,35.
18. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to any of the previous claims, characterised in that, the matrix is transformed into nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structure of polymer material through electrostatic spinning in electrostatic field between a collecting electrode and a spinning electrode or spinning elements of the spinning electrode, at which is the matrix brought into the electrostatic field on surface of the spinning electrode or at least of one spinning element of the spinning electrode.
19. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to the claim 18, characterised in that, the spinning electrode is formed of a cylinder.
20. The method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivine of general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V, according to the claim 1 , characterised in that, the calcination runs at the temperature of 400 to 8000C, with temperature increase of 1°C/min, dwell at the maximum temperature to 1 hour, and temperature drop of 10-20 °C/min.
21. Nanofibres having diameter of 100 to 800 nm and length of 0,5 to 130 micrometers, characterised in that, they are in the whole volume formed of phospho-olivine having general formula LJMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V.
22. A nanofibrous structure, characterised in that, it is formed of nanofibres of phospho-olivine having general formula LiMPO4, where M is any of transition metals Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, V having diameter of 100 to 800 nm and length of 0,5 to 130 micrometers.
PCT/CZ2009/000141 2008-12-03 2009-11-30 A method for production of nanofibres and/or nanofibrous structures of phospho-olivines, nanofibres of phospho-olivines and nanofibrous structure formed of nanofibres of phospho-olivines WO2010063244A2 (en)

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