WO2010057865A1 - N- inden- 2 -yl- isopropylsulfonamides as ampa receptor potentiators - Google Patents
N- inden- 2 -yl- isopropylsulfonamides as ampa receptor potentiators Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010057865A1 WO2010057865A1 PCT/EP2009/065263 EP2009065263W WO2010057865A1 WO 2010057865 A1 WO2010057865 A1 WO 2010057865A1 EP 2009065263 W EP2009065263 W EP 2009065263W WO 2010057865 A1 WO2010057865 A1 WO 2010057865A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- disorder
- compound
- disorders
- methyl
- compounds
- Prior art date
Links
- 102000003678 AMPA Receptors Human genes 0.000 title description 19
- 108090000078 AMPA Receptors Proteins 0.000 title description 19
- MXZQIWIYTPAGJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-(1H-inden-2-yl)propane-2-sulfonamide Chemical class C1C(=CC2=CC=CC=C12)NS(=O)(=O)C(C)C MXZQIWIYTPAGJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 124
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 102000018899 Glutamate Receptors Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 108010027915 Glutamate Receptors Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 201000000980 schizophrenia Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000013066 combination product Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229940127555 combination product Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000561 anti-psychotic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 17
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000007278 cognition impairment Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 51
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 33
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 208000035475 disorder Diseases 0.000 description 29
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 27
- 208000028017 Psychotic disease Diseases 0.000 description 26
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 21
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 20
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 18
- 208000019901 Anxiety disease Diseases 0.000 description 17
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 16
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 16
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical group CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 208000010877 cognitive disease Diseases 0.000 description 15
- 230000035987 intoxication Effects 0.000 description 15
- 231100000566 intoxication Toxicity 0.000 description 15
- -1 mGluθ Proteins 0.000 description 14
- 208000019116 sleep disease Diseases 0.000 description 14
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 13
- 206010012218 Delirium Diseases 0.000 description 13
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 208000019022 Mood disease Diseases 0.000 description 12
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000000935 antidepressant agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000002249 anxiolytic agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000000949 anxiolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 206010012289 Dementia Diseases 0.000 description 10
- 229940005513 antidepressants Drugs 0.000 description 10
- 238000004895 liquid chromatography mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 208000028698 Cognitive impairment Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 201000001880 Sexual dysfunction Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 208000015802 attention deficit-hyperactivity disease Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 231100000872 sexual dysfunction Toxicity 0.000 description 9
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 9
- KWTSXDURSIMDCE-QMMMGPOBSA-N (S)-amphetamine Chemical compound C[C@H](N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 KWTSXDURSIMDCE-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 208000036864 Attention deficit/hyperactivity disease Diseases 0.000 description 8
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 206010026749 Mania Diseases 0.000 description 8
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000556 agonist Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229940025084 amphetamine Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 8
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 102000005962 receptors Human genes 0.000 description 8
- 108020003175 receptors Proteins 0.000 description 8
- 208000020685 sleep-wake disease Diseases 0.000 description 8
- 239000000164 antipsychotic agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229940002612 prodrug Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 239000000651 prodrug Substances 0.000 description 7
- 208000020016 psychiatric disease Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229960001866 silicon dioxide Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 7
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N (-)-Nicotine Chemical compound CN1CCC[C@H]1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 description 6
- GQHTUMJGOHRCHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10-octahydropyrimido[1,2-a]azepine Chemical compound C1CCCCN2CCCN=C21 GQHTUMJGOHRCHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000005526 G1 to G0 transition Effects 0.000 description 6
- 208000006011 Stroke Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229940005529 antipsychotics Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000147 hypnotic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 208000024714 major depressive disease Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 229960002715 nicotine Drugs 0.000 description 6
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nicotine Natural products CN1CCCC1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000932 sedative agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001624 sedative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 208000011117 substance-related disease Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 208000024827 Alzheimer disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 208000031091 Amnestic disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 208000020706 Autistic disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 208000020925 Bipolar disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 206010013654 Drug abuse Diseases 0.000 description 5
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229940005530 anxiolytics Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 5
- FJDQFPXHSGXQBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L caesium carbonate Chemical compound [Cs+].[Cs+].[O-]C([O-])=O FJDQFPXHSGXQBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000155 isotopic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000004770 neurodegeneration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000002085 persistent effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 208000022821 personality disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical compound C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229950010883 phencyclidine Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical group N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 206010003805 Autism Diseases 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 208000022497 Cocaine-Related disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 208000020401 Depressive disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 4
- 208000003863 Marijuana Abuse Diseases 0.000 description 4
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 208000006262 Psychological Sexual Dysfunctions Diseases 0.000 description 4
- MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N Testostosterone Chemical compound O=C1CC[C@]2(C)[C@H]3CC[C@](C)([C@H](CC4)O)[C@@H]4[C@@H]3CCC2=C1 MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003281 allosteric effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- RYYVLZVUVIJVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caffeine Chemical compound CN1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C2=C1N=CN2C RYYVLZVUVIJVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PFKFTWBEEFSNDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonyldiimidazole Chemical compound C1=CN=CN1C(=O)N1C=CN=C1 PFKFTWBEEFSNDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N cocaine Chemical compound O([C@H]1C[C@@H]2CC[C@@H](N2C)[C@H]1C(=O)OC)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000019771 cognition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 4
- ASUTZQLVASHGKV-JDFRZJQESA-N galanthamine Chemical compound O1C(=C23)C(OC)=CC=C2CN(C)CC[C@]23[C@@H]1C[C@@H](O)C=C2 ASUTZQLVASHGKV-JDFRZJQESA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 206010020765 hypersomnia Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229940127237 mood stabilizer Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 208000019906 panic disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012453 solvate Substances 0.000 description 4
- KZPYGQFFRCFCPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene Chemical compound [Fe+2].C1=CC=C[C-]1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=C[C-]1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 KZPYGQFFRCFCPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SAXMFTYGEDPPFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1,3-dihydroinden-2-amine;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.C1=CC=C2CC(C)(N)CC2=C1 SAXMFTYGEDPPFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VWCCBMWZNOWFDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1,3-dihydroindene-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC(C)(C(O)=O)CC2=C1 VWCCBMWZNOWFDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DXWZXJIIWIGBJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-bromo-2-methyl-1,3-dihydroinden-2-amine Chemical compound C1=C(Br)C=C2CC(C)(N)CC2=C1 DXWZXJIIWIGBJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 208000007848 Alcoholism Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000029197 Amphetamine-Related disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000006096 Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Diseases 0.000 description 3
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 208000007590 Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000004547 Hallucinations Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 229940123257 Opioid receptor antagonist Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 208000026251 Opioid-Related disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000006199 Parasomnias Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000018737 Parkinson disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 208000013738 Sleep Initiation and Maintenance disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 206010041250 Social phobia Diseases 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 208000011963 Substance-induced psychotic disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 231100000393 Substance-induced psychotic disorder Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 206010043118 Tardive Dyskinesia Diseases 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 208000028505 alcohol-related disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000024 caesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003001 depressive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229960001760 dimethyl sulfoxide Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 206010013663 drug dependence Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229930195712 glutamate Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 229940049906 glutamate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 206010022437 insomnia Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- FBXSTBXIHIAUMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,3-dihydroindene-2-carboxylate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(O)C(C(=O)OC)(C)CC2=C1 FBXSTBXIHIAUMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ICKZWRWFYFSNGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)benzoate Chemical compound COC(=O)CCC1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC ICKZWRWFYFSNGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PMJCDJNXOXOUKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-methyl-3-oxo-1h-indene-2-carboxylate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C(C(=O)OC)(C)CC2=C1 PMJCDJNXOXOUKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YBKCOFSJGXNOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 3-oxo-1,2-dihydroindene-2-carboxylate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C(C(=O)OC)CC2=C1 YBKCOFSJGXNOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 239000002767 noradrenalin uptake inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000006239 protecting group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003772 serotonin uptake inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010356 sorbitol Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000021 stimulant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000003826 tablet Substances 0.000 description 3
- FRASJONUBLZVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-naphthoquinone Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C=CC(=O)C2=C1 FRASJONUBLZVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LMDZBCPBFSXMTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide Chemical compound CCN=C=NCCCN(C)C LMDZBCPBFSXMTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IMRWILPUOVGIMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-bromopyridine Chemical compound BrC1=CC=CC=N1 IMRWILPUOVGIMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BIAVGWDGIJKWRM-FQEVSTJZSA-N 3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-n-[(1s)-1-phenylpropyl]quinoline-4-carboxamide Chemical compound N([C@@H](CC)C=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)C(C1=CC=CC=C1N=1)=C(O)C=1C1=CC=CC=C1 BIAVGWDGIJKWRM-FQEVSTJZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010065040 AIDS dementia complex Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010000117 Abnormal behaviour Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000008811 Agoraphobia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010001605 Alcohol poisoning Diseases 0.000 description 2
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000013 Ammonium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000000044 Amnesia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000218236 Cannabis Species 0.000 description 2
- 208000017781 Cocaine intoxication Diseases 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021595 Copper(I) iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010012239 Delusion Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000024254 Delusional disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-WFGJKAKNSA-N Dimethyl sulfoxide Chemical compound [2H]C([2H])([2H])S(=O)C([2H])([2H])[2H] IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-WFGJKAKNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 201000010374 Down Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010013980 Dyssomnias Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000026097 Factitious disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010016754 Flashback Diseases 0.000 description 2
- UGJMXCAKCUNAIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gabapentin Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1(CN)CCCCC1 UGJMXCAKCUNAIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000004230 Gender Dysphoria Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000011688 Generalised anxiety disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 2
- 208000023105 Huntington disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LPHGQDQBBGAPDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isocaffeine Natural products CN1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C2=C1N(C)C=N2 LPHGQDQBBGAPDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930195714 L-glutamate Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 235000010643 Leucaena leucocephala Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000007472 Leucaena leucocephala Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010057672 Male sexual dysfunction Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000026139 Memory disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- DUGOZIWVEXMGBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylphenidate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C(=O)OC)C1CCCCN1 DUGOZIWVEXMGBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FFDGPVCHZBVARC-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-dimethylglycine Chemical compound CN(C)CC(O)=O FFDGPVCHZBVARC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000004868 N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090001041 N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 2
- HOKKHZGPKSLGJE-GSVOUGTGSA-N N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid Chemical compound CN[C@@H](C(O)=O)CC(O)=O HOKKHZGPKSLGJE-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 101100109871 Neurospora crassa (strain ATCC 24698 / 74-OR23-1A / CBS 708.71 / DSM 1257 / FGSC 987) aro-8 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 206010057852 Nicotine dependence Diseases 0.000 description 2
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous Oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000008589 Obesity Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000021384 Obsessive-Compulsive disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010033888 Paraphilia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000027089 Parkinsonian disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010034010 Parkinsonism Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010034912 Phobia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical group [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010052276 Pseudodementia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000030988 Schizoid Personality disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000020186 Schizophreniform disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000024791 Schizotypal Personality disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium azide Chemical compound [Na+].[N-]=[N+]=[N-] PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 208000011962 Substance-induced mood disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 231100000395 Substance-induced mood disorder Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 206010044688 Trisomy 21 Diseases 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QOMNQGZXFYNBNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetyloxymethyl 2-[2-[2-[5-[3-(acetyloxymethoxy)-2,7-difluoro-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl]-2-[bis[2-(acetyloxymethoxy)-2-oxoethyl]amino]phenoxy]ethoxy]-n-[2-(acetyloxymethoxy)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylanilino]acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OCOC(=O)CN(CC(=O)OCOC(C)=O)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1OCCOC1=CC(C2=C3C=C(F)C(=O)C=C3OC3=CC(OCOC(C)=O)=C(F)C=C32)=CC=C1N(CC(=O)OCOC(C)=O)CC(=O)OCOC(C)=O QOMNQGZXFYNBNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000029650 alcohol withdrawal Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- VLSMHEGGTFMBBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Kainic acid Natural products CC(=C)C1CNC(C(O)=O)C1CC(O)=O VLSMHEGGTFMBBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VREFGVBLTWBCJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N alprazolam Chemical compound C12=CC(Cl)=CC=C2N2C(C)=NN=C2CN=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 VREFGVBLTWBCJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000012538 ammonium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000006986 amnesia Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003109 amnesic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 206010002026 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000003444 anaesthetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036506 anxiety Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229940049706 benzodiazepine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000001557 benzodiazepines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000028683 bipolar I disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- IPWKHHSGDUIRAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(pinacolato)diboron Chemical compound O1C(C)(C)C(C)(C)OB1B1OC(C)(C)C(C)(C)O1 IPWKHHSGDUIRAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960001058 bupropion Drugs 0.000 description 2
- SNPPWIUOZRMYNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N bupropion Chemical compound CC(C)(C)NC(C)C(=O)C1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1 SNPPWIUOZRMYNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZRIHAIZYIMGOAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N butabarbital Chemical compound CCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O ZRIHAIZYIMGOAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960001948 caffeine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- VJEONQKOZGKCAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N caffeine Natural products CN1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C2=C1C=CN2C VJEONQKOZGKCAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000010221 calcium permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 201000001843 cannabis dependence Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 206010007776 catatonia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000003169 central nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000544 cholinesterase inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960004170 clozapine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- QZUDBNBUXVUHMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N clozapine Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCN1C1=NC2=CC(Cl)=CC=C2NC2=CC=CC=C12 QZUDBNBUXVUHMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960003920 cocaine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000006999 cognitive decline Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003920 cognitive function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LSXDOTMGLUJQCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(i) iodide Chemical compound I[Cu] LSXDOTMGLUJQCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 235000019788 craving Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 231100000868 delusion Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- NIJJYAXOARWZEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N di-n-propyl-acetic acid Natural products CCCC(C(O)=O)CCC NIJJYAXOARWZEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ADEBPBSSDYVVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N donepezil Chemical compound O=C1C=2C=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=2CC1CC(CC1)CCN1CC1=CC=CC=C1 ADEBPBSSDYVVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dopamine Chemical compound NCCC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000024732 dysthymic disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000011067 equilibration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 206010016531 fetishism Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229960003980 galantamine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- ASUTZQLVASHGKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N galanthamine hydrochloride Natural products O1C(=C23)C(OC)=CC=C2CN(C)CCC23C1CC(O)C=C2 ASUTZQLVASHGKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000380 hallucinogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000011331 hallucinogen-persisting perception disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000035231 inattentive type attention deficit hyperactivity disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VLSMHEGGTFMBBZ-OOZYFLPDSA-N kainic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)[C@H]1CN[C@H](C(O)=O)[C@H]1CC(O)=O VLSMHEGGTFMBBZ-OOZYFLPDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229950006874 kainic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000008449 language Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004811 liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006210 lotion Substances 0.000 description 2
- HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium stearate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 206010027175 memory impairment Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229960001344 methylphenidate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 208000027061 mild cognitive impairment Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229960003086 naltrexone Drugs 0.000 description 2
- DQCKKXVULJGBQN-XFWGSAIBSA-N naltrexone Chemical compound N1([C@@H]2CC3=CC=C(C=4O[C@@H]5[C@](C3=4)([C@]2(CCC5=O)O)CC1)O)CC1CC1 DQCKKXVULJGBQN-XFWGSAIBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000015122 neurodegenerative disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000003176 neuroleptic agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000701 neuroleptic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002581 neurotoxin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000020824 obesity Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002674 ointment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960005017 olanzapine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- KVWDHTXUZHCGIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N olanzapine Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCN1C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2NC2=C1C=C(C)S2 KVWDHTXUZHCGIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940127240 opiate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 208000002851 paranoid schizophrenia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000007911 parenteral administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229960000761 pemoline Drugs 0.000 description 2
- NRNCYVBFPDDJNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N pemoline Chemical compound O1C(N)=NC(=O)C1C1=CC=CC=C1 NRNCYVBFPDDJNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WEXRUCMBJFQVBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentobarbital Chemical compound CCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O WEXRUCMBJFQVBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000144 pharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000007100 phencyclidine abuse Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001983 poloxamer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001992 poloxamer 407 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium acetate Chemical compound [K+].CC([O-])=O SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridoxine Chemical compound CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960003770 reboxetine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- CBQGYUDMJHNJBX-RTBURBONSA-N reboxetine Chemical compound CCOC1=CC=CC=C1O[C@H](C=1C=CC=CC=1)[C@@H]1OCCNC1 CBQGYUDMJHNJBX-RTBURBONSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000306 recurrent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229960001534 risperidone Drugs 0.000 description 2
- RAPZEAPATHNIPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N risperidone Chemical compound FC1=CC=C2C(C3CCN(CC3)CCC=3C(=O)N4CCCCC4=NC=3C)=NOC2=C1 RAPZEAPATHNIPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 208000022610 schizoaffective disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N serotonin Chemical compound C1=C(O)C=C2C(CCN)=CNC2=C1 QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BNRNXUUZRGQAQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N sildenafil Chemical compound CCCC1=NN(C)C(C(N2)=O)=C1N=C2C(C(=CC=1)OCC)=CC=1S(=O)(=O)N1CCN(C)CC1 BNRNXUUZRGQAQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012312 sodium hydride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000104 sodium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 201000001716 specific phobia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 201000009032 substance abuse Diseases 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid group Chemical class S(O)(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000011580 syndromic disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229950011332 talnetant Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229960003604 testosterone Drugs 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Substances C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CZDYPVPMEAXLPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C CZDYPVPMEAXLPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008733 trauma Effects 0.000 description 2
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MSRILKIQRXUYCT-UHFFFAOYSA-M valproate semisodium Chemical compound [Na+].CCCC(C(O)=O)CCC.CCCC(C([O-])=O)CCC MSRILKIQRXUYCT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229960000604 valproic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008215 water for injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- AHOUBRCZNHFOSL-YOEHRIQHSA-N (+)-Casbol Chemical compound C1=CC(F)=CC=C1[C@H]1[C@H](COC=2C=C3OCOC3=CC=2)CNCC1 AHOUBRCZNHFOSL-YOEHRIQHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-QMMMGPOBSA-N (-)-norepinephrine Chemical compound NC[C@H](O)C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJJFMKBJSRMPLA-HIFRSBDPSA-N (1R,2S)-2-(aminomethyl)-N,N-diethyl-1-phenyl-1-cyclopropanecarboxamide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1[C@@]1(C(=O)N(CC)CC)C[C@@H]1CN GJJFMKBJSRMPLA-HIFRSBDPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IGLYMJRIWWIQQE-QUOODJBBSA-N (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine (1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine Chemical compound N[C@H]1C[C@@H]1C1=CC=CC=C1.N[C@@H]1C[C@H]1C1=CC=CC=C1 IGLYMJRIWWIQQE-QUOODJBBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WYDUSKDSKCASEF-LJQANCHMSA-N (1s)-1-cyclohexyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-ylpropan-1-ol Chemical compound C([C@](O)(C1CCCCC1)C=1C=CC=CC=1)CN1CCCC1 WYDUSKDSKCASEF-LJQANCHMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)[C@@H](COC)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](OC)[C@@H](OC)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)O[C@@H]2COC)OC)O[C@@H]1COC LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FELGMEQIXOGIFQ-CYBMUJFWSA-N (3r)-9-methyl-3-[(2-methylimidazol-1-yl)methyl]-2,3-dihydro-1h-carbazol-4-one Chemical compound CC1=NC=CN1C[C@@H]1C(=O)C(C=2C(=CC=CC=2)N2C)=C2CC1 FELGMEQIXOGIFQ-CYBMUJFWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DIWRORZWFLOCLC-HNNXBMFYSA-N (3s)-7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one Chemical compound N([C@H](C(NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C11)=O)O)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1Cl DIWRORZWFLOCLC-HNNXBMFYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJIKWRGCXUCUIG-HNNXBMFYSA-N (3s)-7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-3h-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one Chemical compound O=C([C@H](O)N=1)N(C)C2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1Cl FJIKWRGCXUCUIG-HNNXBMFYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GBBSUAFBMRNDJC-MRXNPFEDSA-N (5R)-zopiclone Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCN1C(=O)O[C@@H]1C2=NC=CN=C2C(=O)N1C1=CC=C(Cl)C=N1 GBBSUAFBMRNDJC-MRXNPFEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GMVPRGQOIOIIMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (8R,11R,12R,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxo-13-prostenoic acid Natural products CCCCCC(O)C=CC1C(O)CC(=O)C1CCCCCCC(O)=O GMVPRGQOIOIIMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ALSTYHKOOCGGFT-KTKRTIGZSA-N (9Z)-octadecen-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCO ALSTYHKOOCGGFT-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WSEQXVZVJXJVFP-HXUWFJFHSA-N (R)-citalopram Chemical compound C1([C@@]2(C3=CC=C(C=C3CO2)C#N)CCCN(C)C)=CC=C(F)C=C1 WSEQXVZVJXJVFP-HXUWFJFHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTHCYVBBDHJXIQ-MRXNPFEDSA-N (R)-fluoxetine Chemical compound O([C@H](CCNC)C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C1 RTHCYVBBDHJXIQ-MRXNPFEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UUDAMDVQRQNNHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (S)-AMPA Chemical compound CC=1ONC(=O)C=1CC(N)C(O)=O UUDAMDVQRQNNHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZEUITGRIYCTCEM-KRWDZBQOSA-N (S)-duloxetine Chemical compound C1([C@@H](OC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC=2)CCNC)=CC=CS1 ZEUITGRIYCTCEM-KRWDZBQOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluorocyclohexane Chemical compound FC1(F)CCCCC1 ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DFPYXQYWILNVAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hydroxybenzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N(O)N=NC2=C1.C1=CC=C2N(O)N=NC2=C1 DFPYXQYWILNVAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VOXZDWNPVJITMN-ZBRFXRBCSA-N 17β-estradiol Chemical compound OC1=CC=C2[C@H]3CC[C@](C)([C@H](CC4)O)[C@@H]4[C@@H]3CCC2=C1 VOXZDWNPVJITMN-ZBRFXRBCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFGHCGITMMYXAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(S(=O)CC(=O)N)C1=CC=CC=C1 YFGHCGITMMYXAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SCWPNMHQRGNQHH-AATRIKPKSA-N 2-[(e)-2-carboxyethenyl]benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O SCWPNMHQRGNQHH-AATRIKPKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OCC[NH+]1CCN(CCS([O-])(=O)=O)CC1 JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000954 2-hydroxyethyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])O[H] 0.000 description 1
- RRRCPCOJPQLWEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxytriazolo[4,5-b]pyridine Chemical compound C1=CN=C2N(O)N=NC2=C1.C1=CN=C2N(O)N=NC2=C1 RRRCPCOJPQLWEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003477 4 aminobutyric acid receptor stimulating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102100022738 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710138638 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A Proteins 0.000 description 1
- XKFPYPQQHFEXRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methyl-N'-(phenylmethyl)-3-isoxazolecarbohydrazide Chemical compound O1C(C)=CC(C(=O)NNCC=2C=CC=CC=2)=N1 XKFPYPQQHFEXRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[3-(1-cyclopropylpyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl]-3-methyl-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one Chemical class C1(CC1)N1N=CC(=C1)C1=NNC2=C1N=C(N=C2)N1C2C(N(CC1CC2)C)=O HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010000234 Abortion spontaneous Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010001022 Acute psychosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010001497 Agitation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010001541 Akinesia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010001596 Alcohol induced persisting dementia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000019489 Almond oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 206010002859 Anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004475 Arginine Substances 0.000 description 1
- CEUORZQYGODEFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aripirazole Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(N2CCN(CCCCOC=3C=C4NC(=O)CCC4=CC=3)CC2)=C1Cl CEUORZQYGODEFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000036640 Asperger disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000006062 Asperger syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000416162 Astragalus gummifer Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000027448 Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010006100 Bradykinesia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000021500 Breathing-related sleep disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000021465 Brief psychotic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010006362 Brief psychotic disorder, with postpartum onset Diseases 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000032841 Bulimia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010006550 Bulimia nervosa Diseases 0.000 description 1
- COVZYZSDYWQREU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Busulfan Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)OCCCCOS(C)(=O)=O COVZYZSDYWQREU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 0 CC(C)S(NC1(C)Cc2cc(OC(C)(C)CC(C)(C)*)ccc2C1)(=O)=O Chemical compound CC(C)S(NC1(C)Cc2cc(OC(C)(C)CC(C)(C)*)ccc2C1)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-NJFSPNSNSA-N Carbon-14 Chemical compound [14C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108091005462 Cation channels Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010008027 Cerebellar atrophy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical group [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCLITLDOTJTVDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlormethiazole Chemical compound CC=1N=CSC=1CCCl PCLITLDOTJTVDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010008748 Chorea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000019888 Circadian rhythm sleep disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- GDLIGKIOYRNHDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Clomipramine Chemical compound C1CC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2N(CCCN(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C21 GDLIGKIOYRNHDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJSURZIOUXUGAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Clonidine Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1NC1=NCCN1 GJSURZIOUXUGAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000027691 Conduct disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000858 Cyclodextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010012225 Delirium tremens Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000016192 Demyelinating disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N Deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000004483 Dyspareunia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000014094 Dystonic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004150 EU approved colour Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010014557 Emotional poverty Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010228 Erectile Dysfunction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108090000371 Esterases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001116 FEMA 4028 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000021663 Female sexual arousal disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010057671 Female sexual dysfunction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- OUVXYXNWSVIOSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluo-4 Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O)C(OCCOC=2C(=CC=C(C=2)C2=C3C=C(F)C(=O)C=C3OC3=CC(O)=C(F)C=C32)N(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O)=C1 OUVXYXNWSVIOSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical group FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PLDUPXSUYLZYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluphenazine Chemical compound C1CN(CCO)CCN1CCCN1C2=CC(C(F)(F)F)=CC=C2SC2=CC=CC=C21 PLDUPXSUYLZYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000011240 Frontotemporal dementia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010017389 Frotteurism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108091006027 G proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000030782 GTP binding Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091000058 GTP-Binding Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000029810 Gender identity disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001541165 Giuris Species 0.000 description 1
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007995 HEPES buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010019196 Head injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010496 Heart Arrest Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000016619 Histrionic personality disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101001071429 Homo sapiens Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001032848 Homo sapiens Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001032851 Homo sapiens Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001032845 Homo sapiens Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001032841 Homo sapiens Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004354 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000663 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010020651 Hyperkinesia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000269 Hyperkinesis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010020710 Hyperphagia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000006083 Hypokinesia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000016588 Idiopathic hypersomnia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- CBIAWPMZSFFRGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indiplon Chemical compound CC(=O)N(C)C1=CC=CC(C=2N3N=CC(=C3N=CC=2)C(=O)C=2SC=CC=2)=C1 CBIAWPMZSFFRGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000001271 Inhalant Abuse Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000001456 Jet Lag Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ketamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(Cl)C=1C1(NC)CCCCC1=O YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000020358 Learning disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010024264 Lethargy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010024419 Libido decreased Diseases 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000019693 Lung disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004472 Lysine Substances 0.000 description 1
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lysine Natural products NCCCCC(N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019759 Maize starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000030431 Male orgasmic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010026864 Masochism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100036837 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100038352 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100038354 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100038357 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100038294 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000012359 Methanesulfonyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- UEQUQVLFIPOEMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Mianserin Chemical compound C1C2=CC=CC=C2N2CCN(C)CC2C2=CC=CC=C21 UEQUQVLFIPOEMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006751 Mitsunobu reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- KLPWJLBORRMFGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molindone Chemical compound O=C1C=2C(CC)=C(C)NC=2CCC1CN1CCOCC1 KLPWJLBORRMFGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940123685 Monoamine oxidase inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 206010027944 Mood disorder due to a general medical condition Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000019430 Motor disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000026072 Motor neurone disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000005314 Multi-Infarct Dementia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000008238 Muscle Spasticity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000002033 Myoclonus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- MBBZMMPHUWSWHV-BDVNFPICSA-N N-methylglucamine Chemical compound CNC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO MBBZMMPHUWSWHV-BDVNFPICSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940127523 NMDA Receptor Antagonists Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 208000027120 Narcissistic personality disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000012902 Nervous system disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000025966 Neurological disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000224 Night Terrors Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010029412 Nightmare Diseases 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940121985 Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PHVGLTMQBUFIQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nortryptiline Chemical compound C1CC2=CC=CC=C2C(=CCCNC)C2=CC=CC=C21 PHVGLTMQBUFIQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940123176 Opioid kappa receptor antagonist Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940118548 Opioid mu receptor agonist Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 206010033664 Panic attack Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010052794 Panic disorder with agoraphobia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010033668 Panic disorder without agoraphobia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027099 Paranoid disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- AHOUBRCZNHFOSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Paroxetine hydrochloride Natural products C1=CC(F)=CC=C1C1C(COC=2C=C3OCOC3=CC=2)CNCC1 AHOUBRCZNHFOSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000032769 Pedophilia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- RGCVKNLCSQQDEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Perphenazine Chemical compound C1CN(CCO)CCN1CCCN1C2=CC(Cl)=CC=C2SC2=CC=CC=C21 RGCVKNLCSQQDEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RMUCZJUITONUFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenelzine Chemical compound NNCCC1=CC=CC=C1 RMUCZJUITONUFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000000609 Pick Disease of the Brain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000024571 Pick disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000034592 Polysubstance dependence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000288906 Primates Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000001708 Protein Isoforms Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010029485 Protein Isoforms Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000002067 Protein Subunits Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010001267 Protein Subunits Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010061921 Psychotic disorder due to a general medical condition Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000005793 Restless legs syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000006289 Rett Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000036353 Rett disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- XSVMFMHYUFZWBK-NSHDSACASA-N Rivastigmine Chemical compound CCN(C)C(=O)OC1=CC=CC([C@H](C)N(C)C)=C1 XSVMFMHYUFZWBK-NSHDSACASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000283984 Rodentia Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010039367 Sadism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000810 Separation Anxiety Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000029901 Sexual arousal disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000029899 Sexual aversion disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000030047 Sexual desire disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000019568 Shared Paranoid disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000028810 Shared psychotic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010063910 Sleep disorder due to a general medical condition Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010041243 Social avoidant behaviour Diseases 0.000 description 1
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004141 Sodium laurylsulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000027520 Somatoform disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010041347 Somnambulism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007271 Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000643 Substance intoxication Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- SEQDDYPDSLOBDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Temazepam Chemical compound N=1C(O)C(=O)N(C)C2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1 SEQDDYPDSLOBDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940124237 Testosterone receptor antagonist Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KLBQZWRITKRQQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thioridazine Chemical compound C12=CC(SC)=CC=C2SC2=CC=CC=C2N1CCC1CCCCN1C KLBQZWRITKRQQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GFBKORZTTCHDGY-UWVJOHFNSA-N Thiothixene Chemical compound C12=CC(S(=O)(=O)N(C)C)=CC=C2SC2=CC=CC=C2\C1=C\CCN1CCN(C)CC1 GFBKORZTTCHDGY-UWVJOHFNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000025569 Tobacco Use disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- KJADKKWYZYXHBB-XBWDGYHZSA-N Topiramic acid Chemical compound C1O[C@@]2(COS(N)(=O)=O)OC(C)(C)O[C@H]2[C@@H]2OC(C)(C)O[C@@H]21 KJADKKWYZYXHBB-XBWDGYHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000000323 Tourette Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000016620 Tourette disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920001615 Tragacanth Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000005386 Transient Global Amnesia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000031674 Traumatic Acute Stress disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000030886 Traumatic Brain injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010044565 Tremor Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940123445 Tricyclic antidepressant Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HWHLPVGTWGOCJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trihexyphenidyl Chemical group C1CCCCC1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)(O)CCN1CCCCC1 HWHLPVGTWGOCJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SECKRCOLJRRGGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vardenafil Chemical compound CCCC1=NC(C)=C(C(N=2)=O)N1NC=2C(C(=CC=1)OCC)=CC=1S(=O)(=O)N1CCN(CC)CC1 SECKRCOLJRRGGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000004810 Vascular dementia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- YADPKIAGCVAODE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1-butoxy-3-[3-(2-carbamoyloxy-2-pentoxyethyl)-5-ethyl-2,4,6-trioxo-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinan-1-yl]propan-2-yl] carbamate;[1-butoxy-3-(5-ethyl-2,4,6-trioxo-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinan-1-yl)propan-2-yl] carbamate;5-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O.O=C1N(CC(COCCCC)OC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(=O)C1(CC)C1=CC=CC=C1.O=C1N(CC(OCCCCC)OC(N)=O)C(=O)N(CC(COCCCC)OC(N)=O)C(=O)C1(CC)C1=CC=CC=C1 YADPKIAGCVAODE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010000210 abortion Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000176 abortion Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- AFCGFAGUEYAMAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N acamprosate Chemical compound CC(=O)NCCCS(O)(=O)=O AFCGFAGUEYAMAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004047 acamprosate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YBCVMFKXIKNREZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N acoh acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O YBCVMFKXIKNREZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000026345 acute stress disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000012826 adjustment disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007000 age related cognitive decline Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 206010001584 alcohol abuse Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000007930 alcohol dependence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000025746 alcohol use disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000006246 alcohol withdrawal delirium Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008168 almond oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108020004101 alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000015007 alpha-adrenergic receptor activity proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108040006816 alpha-adrenergic receptor activity proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000015006 alpha2-adrenergic receptor activity proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229960004538 alprazolam Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000711 alprostadil Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CEGOLXSVJUTHNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium tristearate Chemical compound [Al+3].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CEGOLXSVJUTHNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- DKNWSYNQZKUICI-UHFFFAOYSA-N amantadine Chemical compound C1C(C2)CC3CC2CC1(N)C3 DKNWSYNQZKUICI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003805 amantadine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229960003036 amisulpride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NTJOBXMMWNYJFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N amisulpride Chemical compound CCN1CCCC1CNC(=O)C1=CC(S(=O)(=O)CC)=C(N)C=C1OC NTJOBXMMWNYJFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000836 amitriptyline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KRMDCWKBEZIMAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N amitriptyline Chemical compound C1CC2=CC=CC=C2C(=CCCN(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C21 KRMDCWKBEZIMAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000002472 amphetamine abuse Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003263 anabolic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940070021 anabolic steroids Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940124326 anaesthetic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous n-heptane Natural products CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000022531 anorexia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000005557 antagonist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003474 anti-emetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940065524 anticholinergics inhalants for obstructive airway diseases Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940125683 antiemetic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002111 antiemetic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940125715 antihistaminic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000739 antihistaminic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940030600 antihypertensive agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002220 antihypertensive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000024823 antisocial personality disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960004046 apomorphine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VMWNQDUVQKEIOC-CYBMUJFWSA-N apomorphine Chemical compound C([C@H]1N(C)CC2)C3=CC=C(O)C(O)=C3C3=C1C2=CC=C3 VMWNQDUVQKEIOC-CYBMUJFWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002948 appetite stimulant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940029995 appetite stimulants Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UORJNBVJVRLXMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aprobarbital Chemical compound C=CCC1(C(C)C)C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O UORJNBVJVRLXMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003153 aprobarbital Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N arginine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCCNC(N)=N ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002430 atomoxetine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VHGCDTVCOLNTBX-QGZVFWFLSA-N atomoxetine Chemical compound O([C@H](CCNC)C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1C VHGCDTVCOLNTBX-QGZVFWFLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003693 atypical antipsychotic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940127236 atypical antipsychotics Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 201000007197 atypical autism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000029560 autism spectrum disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000022804 avoidant personality disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 125000005604 azodicarboxylate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940125717 barbiturate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- GIJXKZJWITVLHI-PMOLBWCYSA-N benzatropine Chemical compound O([C@H]1C[C@H]2CC[C@@H](C1)N2C)C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 GIJXKZJWITVLHI-PMOLBWCYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001081 benzatropine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid group Chemical group C(C1=CC=CC=C1)(=O)O WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHGYBXFWUBPSRW-FOUAGVGXSA-N beta-cyclodextrin Chemical compound OC[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]1O)O)O[C@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O3)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]3O[C@@H]1CO WHGYBXFWUBPSRW-FOUAGVGXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011175 beta-cyclodextrine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960004853 betadex Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003003 biperiden Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YSXKPIUOCJLQIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N biperiden Chemical compound C1C(C=C2)CC2C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)(O)CCN1CCCCC1 YSXKPIUOCJLQIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000030963 borderline personality disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 1
- 239000007853 buffer solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006172 buffering agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- RMRJXGBAOAMLHD-IHFGGWKQSA-N buprenorphine Chemical compound C([C@]12[C@H]3OC=4C(O)=CC=C(C2=4)C[C@@H]2[C@]11CC[C@]3([C@H](C1)[C@](C)(O)C(C)(C)C)OC)CN2CC1CC1 RMRJXGBAOAMLHD-IHFGGWKQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001736 buprenorphine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940015694 butabarbital Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000009460 calcium influx Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 201000009322 cannabis abuse Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960000623 carbamazepine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FFGPTBGBLSHEPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbamazepine Chemical compound C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2N(C(=O)N)C2=CC=CC=C21 FFGPTBGBLSHEPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004657 carbamic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000024825 childhood disintegrative disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- RNFNDJAIBTYOQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloral hydrate Chemical compound OC(O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl RNFNDJAIBTYOQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002327 chloral hydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- VDANGULDQQJODZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroprocaine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1Cl VDANGULDQQJODZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002023 chloroprocaine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)Cl IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001076 chlorpromazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZPEIMTDSQAKGNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorpromazine Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C=C2N(CCCN(C)C)C3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 ZPEIMTDSQAKGNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N choline Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CCO OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001231 choline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000812 cholinergic antagonist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000012601 choreatic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002983 circular dichroism Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960001653 citalopram Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004414 clomethiazole Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004606 clomipramine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002896 clonidine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 201000001272 cocaine abuse Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000006145 cocaine dependence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940110456 cocoa butter Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019868 cocoa butter Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002475 cognitive enhancer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036992 cognitive tasks Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003271 compound fluorescence assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012050 conventional carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- GBRBMTNGQBKBQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;diiodide Chemical compound I[Cu]I GBRBMTNGQBKBQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- WZHCOOQXZCIUNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclandelate Chemical compound C1C(C)(C)CC(C)CC1OC(=O)C(O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WZHCOOQXZCIUNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NXQGGXCHGDYOHB-UHFFFAOYSA-L cyclopenta-1,4-dien-1-yl(diphenyl)phosphane;dichloropalladium;iron(2+) Chemical compound [Fe+2].Cl[Pd]Cl.[CH-]1C=CC(P(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1.[CH-]1C=CC(P(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 NXQGGXCHGDYOHB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 208000026725 cyclothymic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- JJCFRYNCJDLXIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyproheptadine Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCC1=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C=CC2=CC=CC=C21 JJCFRYNCJDLXIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010061428 decreased appetite Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003412 degenerative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000030964 dependent personality disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002999 depolarising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010511 deprotection reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000586 desensitisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethanolamine Chemical compound OCCNCCO ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043237 diethanolamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- JMRYOSQOYJBDOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;di(propan-2-yl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].CC(C)[N-]C(C)C.CC(C)N([Li])C(C)C JMRYOSQOYJBDOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- UXGNZZKBCMGWAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylformamide dmf Chemical compound CN(C)C=O.CN(C)C=O UXGNZZKBCMGWAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108700003601 dimethylglycine Proteins 0.000 description 1
- ZZVUWRFHKOJYTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenhydramine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(OCCN(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZZVUWRFHKOJYTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000520 diphenhydramine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007884 disintegrant Substances 0.000 description 1
- PXEDJBXQKAGXNJ-QTNFYWBSSA-L disodium L-glutamate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC([O-])=O PXEDJBXQKAGXNJ-QTNFYWBSSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- CETRZFQIITUQQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dmso dimethylsulfoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O.CS(C)=O CETRZFQIITUQQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003530 donepezil Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960003638 dopamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940052760 dopamine agonists Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003136 dopamine receptor stimulating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003291 dopaminomimetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006196 drop Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009509 drug development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007876 drug discovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000002545 drug psychosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002866 duloxetine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000142 dyskinetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000010118 dystonia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003221 ear drop Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940047652 ear drops Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008157 edible vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003974 emollient agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000003104 endogenous depression Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010015037 epilepsy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960004341 escitalopram Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WSEQXVZVJXJVFP-FQEVSTJZSA-N escitalopram Chemical compound C1([C@]2(C3=CC=C(C=C3CO2)C#N)CCCN(C)C)=CC=C(F)C=C1 WSEQXVZVJXJVFP-FQEVSTJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDCHDCWJMGXXRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N estazolam Chemical compound C=1C(Cl)=CC=C(N2C=NN=C2CN=2)C=1C=2C1=CC=CC=C1 CDCHDCWJMGXXRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002336 estazolam Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960005309 estradiol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930182833 estradiol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229940011871 estrogen Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000262 estrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CCS(O)(=O)=O CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenylcyclopentane Chemical compound C=CC1CCCC1 BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RIFGWPKJUGCATF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl chloroformate Chemical compound CCOC(Cl)=O RIFGWPKJUGCATF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229940012017 ethylenediamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002461 excitatory amino acid Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003257 excitatory amino acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009540 excitatory neurotransmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003492 excitotoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000063 excitotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 208000003481 exhibitionism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003889 eye drop Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940012356 eye drops Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003885 eye ointment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000014840 female orgasmic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003818 flash chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000799 fluorescence microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- 229960002464 fluoxetine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002690 fluphenazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- MKXKFYHWDHIYRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N flutamide Chemical compound CC(C)C(=O)NC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C(C(F)(F)F)=C1 MKXKFYHWDHIYRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002074 flutamide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002870 gabapentin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003193 general anesthetic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000029364 generalized anxiety disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutamine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005456 glyceride group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930182470 glycoside Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002338 glycosides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000002270 hallucinogen abuse Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000006138 hallucinogen dependence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960003878 haloperidol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000019622 heart disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 235000019447 hydroxyethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000017020 hypoactive sexual desire disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960004801 imipramine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BCGWQEUPMDMJNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N imipramine Chemical compound C1CC2=CC=CC=C2N(CCCN(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C21 BCGWQEUPMDMJNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229950003867 indiplon Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000004197 inhibited female orgasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000000068 inhibited male orgasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002198 insoluble material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002346 iodo group Chemical group I* 0.000 description 1
- 230000001057 ionotropic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229960002672 isocarboxazid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229960003299 ketamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 1
- PYZRQGJRPPTADH-UHFFFAOYSA-N lamotrigine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NN=C1C1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1Cl PYZRQGJRPPTADH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001848 lamotrigine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 201000010901 lateral sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000003723 learning disability Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940067606 lecithin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006738 locomotor deficit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960005209 lofexidine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KSMAGQUYOIHWFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lofexidine Chemical compound N=1CCNC=1C(C)OC1=C(Cl)C=CC=C1Cl KSMAGQUYOIHWFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000027928 long-term synaptic potentiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960004391 lorazepam Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004033 lormetazepam Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000423 loxapine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XJGVXQDUIWGIRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N loxapine Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCN1C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2OC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C12 XJGVXQDUIWGIRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007937 lozenge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019359 magnesium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000015421 male orgasm disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960004090 maprotiline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QSLMDECMDJKHMQ-GSXCWMCISA-N maprotiline Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2[C@@]2(CCCNC)C3=CC=CC=C3[C@@H]1CC2 QSLMDECMDJKHMQ-GSXCWMCISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- BCVXHSPFUWZLGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N mecn acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N.CC#N BCVXHSPFUWZLGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000028161 membrane depolarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000300 mesoridazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SLVMESMUVMCQIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N mesoridazine Chemical compound CN1CCCCC1CCN1C2=CC(S(C)=O)=CC=C2SC2=CC=CC=C21 SLVMESMUVMCQIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QARBMVPHQWIHKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanesulfonyl chloride Chemical compound CS(Cl)(=O)=O QARBMVPHQWIHKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004292 methyl p-hydroxybenzoate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010270 methyl p-hydroxybenzoate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960003955 mianserin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000600 milnacipran Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960001785 mirtazapine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RONZAEMNMFQXRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N mirtazapine Chemical compound C1C2=CC=CN=C2N2CCN(C)CC2C2=CC=CC=C21 RONZAEMNMFQXRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000015994 miscarriage Diseases 0.000 description 1
- YHXISWVBGDMDLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N moclobemide Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C(=O)NCCN1CCOCC1 YHXISWVBGDMDLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004644 moclobemide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960001165 modafinil Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004938 molindone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002899 monoamine oxidase inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013923 monosodium glutamate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004050 mood stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000005264 motor neuron disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000006417 multiple sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010125 myocardial infarction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ACTNHJDHMQSOGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n',n'-dibenzylethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1CN(CCN)CC1=CC=CC=C1 ACTNHJDHMQSOGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940078490 n,n-dimethylglycine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 201000003631 narcolepsy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960001800 nefazodone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VRBKIVRKKCLPHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nefazodone Chemical compound O=C1N(CCOC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(CC)=NN1CCCN(CC1)CCN1C1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1 VRBKIVRKKCLPHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000004296 neuralgia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002569 neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003961 neuronal insult Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000021722 neuropathic pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002670 nicotine replacement therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001272 nitrous oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002687 nonaqueous vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002748 norepinephrine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N norepinephrine Natural products NCC(O)C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940127221 norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960001158 nortriptyline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000030459 obsessive-compulsive personality disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003883 ointment base Substances 0.000 description 1
- XMLQWXUVTXCDDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N oleyl alcohol Natural products CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCO XMLQWXUVTXCDDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940055577 oleyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960005343 ondansetron Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 201000005040 opiate dependence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000000988 opioid abuse Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000024196 oppositional defiant disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940006093 opthalmologic coloring agent diagnostic Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000007530 organic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000020830 overeating Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 208000027753 pain disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000024817 paranoid personality disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003182 parenteral nutrition solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002296 paroxetine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960001412 pentobarbital Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000762 perphenazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008024 pharmaceutical diluent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000964 phenelzine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- DDBREPKUVSBGFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenobarbital Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O DDBREPKUVSBGFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002695 phenobarbital Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960001999 phentolamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- MRBDMNSDAVCSSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N phentolamine Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1N(C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1)CC1=NCCN1 MRBDMNSDAVCSSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WLJVXDMOQOGPHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 WLJVXDMOQOGPHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002590 phosphodiesterase V inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000028173 post-traumatic stress disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000021011 postpartum psychosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001242 postsynaptic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001124 posttranscriptional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000011056 potassium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001592 potato starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010036596 premature ejaculation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960004919 procaine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- MFDFERRIHVXMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N procaine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1 MFDFERRIHVXMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003111 prochlorperazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WIKYUJGCLQQFNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N prochlorperazine Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCN1CCCN1C2=CC(Cl)=CC=C2SC2=CC=CC=C21 WIKYUJGCLQQFNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005253 procyclidine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000186 progesterone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003146 progesterones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VVWRJUBEIPHGQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-yl n-propan-2-yloxycarbonyliminocarbamate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)N=NC(=O)OC(C)C VVWRJUBEIPHGQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DRINJBFRTLBHNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-2-sulfonyl chloride Chemical compound CC(C)S(Cl)(=O)=O DRINJBFRTLBHNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011321 prophylaxis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004405 propyl p-hydroxybenzoate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010232 propyl p-hydroxybenzoate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013772 propylene glycol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QELSKZZBTMNZEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylparaben Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QELSKZZBTMNZEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GMVPRGQOIOIIMI-DWKJAMRDSA-N prostaglandin E1 Chemical compound CCCCC[C@H](O)\C=C\[C@H]1[C@H](O)CC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCCCCC(O)=O GMVPRGQOIOIIMI-DWKJAMRDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003180 prostaglandins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003368 psychostimulant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002685 pulmonary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000008160 pyridoxine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011677 pyridoxine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960004431 quetiapine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- URKOMYMAXPYINW-UHFFFAOYSA-N quetiapine Chemical compound C1CN(CCOCCO)CCN1C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2SC2=CC=CC=C12 URKOMYMAXPYINW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960004136 rivastigmine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000012672 seasonal affective disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000004799 sedative–hypnotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000025874 separation anxiety disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940076279 serotonin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000013275 serotonin uptake Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002073 sertraline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VGKDLMBJGBXTGI-SJCJKPOMSA-N sertraline Chemical compound C1([C@@H]2CC[C@@H](C3=CC=CC=C32)NC)=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 VGKDLMBJGBXTGI-SJCJKPOMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000012201 sexual and gender identity disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000015891 sexual disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001568 sexual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000005814 sexual masochism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027599 sexual masochism disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000005841 sexual sadism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027596 sexual sadism disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960003310 sildenafil Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000002859 sleep apnea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000022925 sleep disturbance Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940073490 sodium glutamate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AEQFSUDEHCCHBT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium valproate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCC(C([O-])=O)CCC AEQFSUDEHCCHBT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940084026 sodium valproate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical class O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000000392 somatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004334 sorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010199 sorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940075582 sorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001593 sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011069 sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940035049 sorbitan monooleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000018198 spasticity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000020431 spinal cord injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000995 spontaneous abortion Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000707 stereoselective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000736 substance abuse Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 201000006152 substance dependence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000829 suppository Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002511 suppository base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000946 synaptic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003977 synaptic function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002278 tabletting lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960001685 tacrine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YLJREFDVOIBQDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tacrine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(N)=C(CCCC3)C3=NC2=C1 YLJREFDVOIBQDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960003188 temazepam Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- WHRNULOCNSKMGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran thf Chemical compound C1CCOC1.C1CCOC1 WHRNULOCNSKMGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WROMPOXWARCANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tfa trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F.OC(=O)C(F)(F)F WROMPOXWARCANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002784 thioridazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960001918 tiagabine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PBJUNZJWGZTSKL-MRXNPFEDSA-N tiagabine Chemical compound C1=CSC(C(=CCCN2C[C@@H](CCC2)C(O)=O)C2=C(C=CS2)C)=C1C PBJUNZJWGZTSKL-MRXNPFEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000016686 tic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000011200 topical administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000699 topical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012049 topical pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004394 topiramate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000196 tragacanth Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010487 tragacanth Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940116362 tragacanth Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000026683 transduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010361 transduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960003741 tranylcypromine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000009529 traumatic brain injury Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960003991 trazodone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PHLBKPHSAVXXEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N trazodone Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(N2CCN(CCCN3C(N4C=CC=CC4=N3)=O)CC2)=C1 PHLBKPHSAVXXEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JOFWLTCLBGQGBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N triazolam Chemical compound C12=CC(Cl)=CC=C2N2C(C)=NN=C2CN=C1C1=CC=CC=C1Cl JOFWLTCLBGQGBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003386 triazolam Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000003029 tricyclic antidepressant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002324 trifluoperazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZEWQUBUPAILYHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoperazine Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCN1CCCN1C2=CC(C(F)(F)F)=CC=C2SC2=CC=CC=C21 ZEWQUBUPAILYHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960001032 trihexyphenidyl Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002431 trimipramine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZSCDBOWYZJWBIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimipramine Chemical compound C1CC2=CC=CC=C2N(CC(CN(C)C)C)C2=CC=CC=C21 ZSCDBOWYZJWBIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004704 ultra performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000825 ultraviolet detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 206010046947 vaginismus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960002381 vardenafil Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000304 vasodilatating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960004688 venlafaxine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PNVNVHUZROJLTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N venlafaxine Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C(CN(C)C)C1(O)CCCCC1 PNVNVHUZROJLTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940011671 vitamin b6 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000008918 voyeurism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000010626 work up procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960004010 zaleplon Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HUNXMJYCHXQEGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N zaleplon Chemical compound CCN(C(C)=O)C1=CC=CC(C=2N3N=CC(=C3N=CC=2)C#N)=C1 HUNXMJYCHXQEGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000607 ziprasidone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- MVWVFYHBGMAFLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ziprasidone Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(N3CCN(CC3)CCC3=CC=4CC(=O)NC=4C=C3Cl)=NSC2=C1 MVWVFYHBGMAFLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001475 zolpidem Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZAFYATHCZYHLPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N zolpidem Chemical compound N1=C2C=CC(C)=CN2C(CC(=O)N(C)C)=C1C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 ZAFYATHCZYHLPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000820 zopiclone Drugs 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/62—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
- C07D213/63—One oxygen atom
- C07D213/64—One oxygen atom attached in position 2 or 6
- C07D213/643—2-Phenoxypyridines; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
- C07C311/01—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C311/02—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
- C07C311/07—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a ring other than a six-membered aromatic ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2602/00—Systems containing two condensed rings
- C07C2602/02—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having only two atoms in common
- C07C2602/04—One of the condensed rings being a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C2602/08—One of the condensed rings being a six-membered aromatic ring the other ring being five-membered, e.g. indane
Definitions
- This invention relates to novel compounds which potentiate the AMPA receptor.
- the invention also relates to the use of the compounds in treating diseases and conditions mediated by potentiation of the AMPA receptor, compositions containing the derivatives and processes for their preparation.
- Glutamate receptors which mediate the majority of fast excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), are activated by the excitatory amino acid, L-glutamate (for review see Watkins JC, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Honore T (1990) Trends Pharmacol Sci 11 : 25-33).
- Glutamate receptors can be divided into two distinct families.
- the G-protein or second messenger-linked "metabotropic" glutamate receptor family which can be subdivided into three groups (Group I, mGlui and mGlu5; Group II, mGlu2 and mGlu3; Group III, mGlu4, mGlu ⁇ , mGlu7, mGlu ⁇ ) based on sequence homology and intracellular transduction mechanisms (for review see Conn PJ and Pinn JP (1997) Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 37: 205-237).
- the "ionotropic" glutamate receptor family which directly couple to ligand-gated cation channels, can be subdivided into at least three subtypes based on depolarizing activation by selective agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), ⁇ -amino-3-hydroxy-5- methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) and kainic acid (KA) (for review see Dingledine R, Borges K, Bowie, Traynelis S (1999) 51 : 7-61 ).
- NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate
- AMPA ⁇ -amino-3-hydroxy-5- methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid
- KA kainic acid
- AMPA receptors exist as heterotetramers consisting of combinations of four different protein subunits (GIuRI -4) (for review see Bettler B and Muller C (1995) 34:
- Receptor subunit diversity is increased further as each subunit can undergo alternative splicing of a 38 amino acid sequence in the extracellular region just before the fourth membrane spanning domain M4.
- Such editing results in so-called 'flip' and 'flop' receptor isoforms which differ in kinetic and pharmacological properties (Sommer B, Keinanen K, Verdoon TA, Wisden W, Burnashev N, Herb A, Kohler M, Takagi T,
- GluR2 mRNA changes a neutral glutamine to a positively charged arginine within M2.
- GluR2 is edited in this way.
- AMPAR containing such edited GluR2 subunit exhibit low calcium permeability (Burnachev N, Monyer H, Seeburg PH, Sakmann B (1992) Neuron 8: 189-198).
- the number of AMPAR with high calcium permeability is elevated in certain disease-associated conditions (Weiss JH, and Sensi SL (2000) Trends in Neurosci 23: 365-371 ).
- LTP Long Term Potentiation
- AMPAR positive allosteric modulators do not activate the receptor directly.
- AMPAR modulators increase receptor activity.
- AMPA receptor modulators enhance synaptic function when glutamate is released and is able to bind at post-synaptic receptor sites.
- Such compounds also enhance the learning and performance of various cognitive tasks in rodent (Zivkovic I, Thompson DM, Bertolino M, Uzunov D, DiBeIIa M, Costa E, Guidotti A (1995) JPET 272: 300-309, Lebrun C, Pilliere E, Lestage P (2000) Eu J Pharmacol 401 : 205-212), sub-human primate (Thompson DM, Guidotti A, DiBeIIa M, Costa E (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci 92: 7667-7671 ) and man (Ingvar M, Ambros-lngerson J, Davis M, Granger R, Kessler M, Rogers GA, Schehr RS, Lynch G (1997) Exp Neurol 146: 553-559).
- the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof:
- R 1 is selected from phenyl and pyridyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or two groups independently selected from Ci -4 alkyl and halogen.
- halogen refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
- C 1-4 alkyl refers to an alkyl group having from one to four carbon atoms. Unless otherwise indicated, C 1-4 alkyl may be a straight chain or branched alkyl group. For example, a group may be selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl and t-butyl. For example, is methyl.
- the present invention provides a compound of formula (Ia) or a salt thereof:
- n 0 or 1 ;
- R 1 is pyridyl, optionally substituted by a group selected from and halogen.
- the compound is selected from the group consisting of:: • ⁇ /-[2-methyl-5-(2-pyridinyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl]-2-propanesulfonamide;
- substituted means substituted by one or more defined groups.
- groups may be selected from a number of alternative groups, the selected groups may be the same or different.
- independently means that where more than one substituent is selected from a number of possible substituents, those substituents may be the same or different.
- the salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
- Salts of compounds of formula (I) which are suitable for use in medicine are those wherein the counterion is pharmaceutically acceptable.
- salts having non- pharmaceutically acceptable counterions are within the scope of the present invention, for example, for use as intermediates in the preparation of other compounds of formula (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or for use in non-therapeutic, for example, in vitro, situations.
- salt refers to any salt of a compound according to the present invention prepared from an inorganic or organic acid or base, quaternary ammonium salts and internally formed salts.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are particularly suitable for medical applications because of their greater aqueous solubility relative to the parent compounds. Such salts must clearly have a pharmaceutically acceptable anion or cation.
- Suitably pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present invention include acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphoric, metaphosphoric, nitric and sulfuric acids, and with organic acids, such as tartaric, acetic, trifluoroacetic, citric, malic, lactic, fumaric, benzoic, formic, propionic, glycolic, gluconic, maleic, succinic, (1 R)-(-)-10-camphorsulphonic, (1 S)-(+)-10- camphorsulphonic, isothionic, mucic, gentisic, isonicotinic, saccharic, glucuronic, furoic, glutamic, ascorbic, anthranilic, salicylic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, pantothenic, stearic, sulfinilic, alg
- Solvates of the compounds of formula (I) and solvates of the salts of the compounds of formula (I) are included within the scope of the present invention.
- the term "solvate” refers to a complex of variable stoichiometry formed by a solute (in this invention, a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof) and a solvent.
- solute in this invention, a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof
- solvents for the purpose of the invention may not interfere with the biological activity of the solute.
- suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, water, methanol, ethanol and acetic acid.
- the solvent used is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent.
- suitable pharmaceutically acceptable solvents include, without limitation, water, ethanol and acetic acid.
- the solvent used is water. Where the solvent used is water such a solvate may then also be referred to as a hydrate.
- prodrugs for certain compounds of the invention may include: amides, carbamates, azo-compounds, phosphamides, and glycosides.
- polymorphs of a compound of the invention are also included within the scope of the invention.
- the invention also includes all suitable isotopic variations of a compound of the invention.
- An isotopic variation of a compound of the invention is defined as one in which at least one atom is replaced by an atom having the same atomic number but an atomic mass different from the atomic mass usually found in nature.
- isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur, fluorine and chlorine such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 17 O, 18 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F and 36 CI, respectively.
- isotopic variations of the invention are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. Tritiated, i.e., 3 H, and carbon-14, i.e., 14 C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., 2 H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
- Isotopic variations of the compounds of the invention can generally be prepared by conventional procedures such as by the illustrative methods or by the preparations described in the Examples hereafter using appropriate isotopic variations of suitable reagents.
- the invention includes all such forms, in particular the pure isomeric forms.
- the different forms (R and S) may be separated or resolved one from the other by conventional methods, or any given isomer may be obtained by conventional synthetic methods or by stereospecific or asymmetric syntheses.
- the level of biological activity may vary between the individual stereoisomers of a given molecule. It is intended that the scope of the invention includes all individual stereoisomers (diastereoisomers and enantiomers) and all mixtures thereof, including but not limited to racemic mixtures, which demonstrate appropriate biological activity with reference to the procedures described herein.
- the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof which is enriched in configuration S. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof which is enriched in configuration R.
- the isomers correspond to at least 90% enantiomeric excess. In another embodiment the isomers correspond to at least 95% enantiomeric excess. In another embodiment the isomers correspond to at least 99% enantiomeric excess.
- the compounds of the invention are intended for use in pharmaceutical compositions it will readily be understood that they are each optionally provided in substantially pure form, for example at least 60% pure, for example at least 75% pure or at least 85%, or at least 98% pure (% are on a weight for weight basis). Impure preparations of the compounds may be used for preparing the more pure forms used in the pharmaceutical compositions; these less pure preparations of the compounds should contain at least 1%, or at least 5% or from 10 to 59% of a compound of the invention.
- Scheme 1 illustrates the preparation of a compound of formula (Ib) by reaction with the appropriate alcohol ArOH
- Typical reaction conditions comprise microwaving at a suitable temperature, for example 190 0 C, a mixture of a compound of formula (II) and the required alcohol in the presence of a suitable copper reagent such as copper (I) iodide, a suitable ligand such as ⁇ /, ⁇ /-dimethylglycine, and a suitable base such as caesium carbonate in a suitable solvent such as dimethylsulphoxide for the required time, for example 30 minutes.
- the above mixture may be heated under argon using a heating block or oil bath for the appropriate time and temperature, for example 30 hours at 130 0 C.
- a compound of formula (Ib) may be prepared from a compound of formula (III) by reaction with the appropriate halide ArX according to scheme 2.
- Typical reaction conditions comprise microwaving at a suitable temperature, for example 190 0 C, a mixture of a compound of formula (III) and the required halide, for example 2-bromopyridine, in the presence of a suitable copper reagent such as copper (I) iodide, a suitable ligand such as ⁇ /, ⁇ /-dimethylglycine, and a suitable base such as caesium carbonate in a suitable solvent such as dimethylsulphoxide for the required time, for example 30 minutes.
- the above mixture may be heated under argon using a heating block or oil bath for the appropriate time and temperature, for example 30 hours at 130 0 C.
- the preparation of a compound of formula (III) is detailed in the experimental section.
- Ar phenyl or pyridyl system
- a compound of formula (Ic) below may be prepared from a compound of formula (III) by the Mitsunobu reaction with the appropriate alcohol ArCH 2 OH according to scheme 3.
- Typical reaction conditions comprise adding a phosphine reagent such as triphenylphosphine then a suitable azodicarboxylate reagent such as diisopropyl azodicarboxylate to a mixture of a compound of formula (III) and the appropriate alcohol in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane at a suitable temperature such as ambient under argon and mixing for the required time, such as 16 hours.
- a phosphine reagent such as triphenylphosphine
- a suitable azodicarboxylate reagent such as diisopropyl azodicarboxylate
- Ar phenyl or pyridyl system
- Salts may be prepared conventionally by reaction with the appropriate acid or acid derivative.
- the compounds of the present invention potentiate the AMPA receptor, as measured by the assay below.
- Compounds which potentiate the AMPA receptor are potentially useful for treating diseases and conditions which are mediated by the potentiation of the glutamate receptor.
- the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in medicine.
- the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a disease or condition mediated by a reduction or imbalance in glutamate receptor function in a mammal.
- the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one carrier, diluent or excipient.
- a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease or condition mediated by a reduction or imbalance in glutamate receptor function in a mammal; ii) a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a disease or condition mediated by a reduction or imbalance in glutamate receptor function in a mammal; iii) a method of treatment of a disease or condition mediated by a reduction or imbalance in glutamate receptor function in a mammal comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; iv) a combination product of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with an antipsychotic; v) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a combination product as defined in iv) above and at least one carrier, diluent or excipient; vi) the use of a combination product as defined in iv) above in the
- psychosis and psychotic disorders including schizophrenia, schizo-affective disorder, schizophreniform diseases, brief reactive psychosis, child onset schizophrenia, "schizophrenia-spectrum” disorders such as schizoid or schizotypal personality disorders, acute psychosis, alcohol psychosis, drug- induced psychosis, autism, delerium, mania (including acute mania), manic depressive psychosis, hallucination, endogenous psychosis, organic psychosyndrome, paranoid and delusional disorders, puerperal psychosis, and psychosis associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease); substance related disorders (including alcohol-related disorders and nicotine-related disorders); cognitive impairment (e.g.
- Alzheimer's disease i.e. memory disorders, amnesia, amnesic disorders and age-associated memory impairment
- cognitive impairment as a result of stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Aids-related dementia or other dementia states, as well as other acute or sub-acute conditions that may cause cognitive decline such as delirium or depression (pseudodementia states) trauma, aging, stroke, neurodegeneration, drug- induced states, neurotoxic agents), mild cognitive impairment, age related cognitive impairment, autism related cognitive impairment, Down's syndrome, cognitive deficit related to psychosis, post-electroconvulsive treatment related cognitive disorders; anxiety disorders (including generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, agitation, tension, social or emotional withdrawal in psychotic patients, panic disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder); neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, motor neurone disease and other motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease (including relief from locomotor deficits
- the term "psychotic disorder” includes :- Schizophrenia including the subtypes Paranoid Type (295.30), Disorganised Type (295.10), Catatonic Type (295.20), Undifferentiated Type (295.90) and Residual Type (295.60); Schizophreniform Disorder (295.40); Schizoaffective Disorder (295.70) including the subtypes Bipolar Type and Depressive Type; Delusional Disorder (297.1 ) including the subtypes Erotomanic Type, Grandiose Type, Jealous Type, Persecutory Type, Somatic Type, Mixed Type and Unspecified Type; Brief Psychotic Disorder (298.8); Shared Psychotic Disorder (297.3); Psychotic Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition including the subtypes With Delusions and With Hallucinations; Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder including the subtypes With Delusions (293.81 ) and With Hallucinations (293.82); and Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (298
- Compounds of the invention may also be of use in the treatment of the following disorders:-
- Depression and mood disorders including Major Depressive Episode, Manic Episode, Mixed Episode and Hypomanic Episode; Depressive Disorders including Major Depressive Disorder, Dysthymic Disorder (300.4), Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (31 1 ); Bipolar Disorders including Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar Il Disorder (Recurrent Major Depressive Episodes with Hypomanic Episodes) (296.89), Cyclothymic Disorder (301.13) and Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (296.80); Other Mood Disorders including Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition (293.83) which includes the subtypes With Depressive Features, With Major Depressive-like Episode, With Manic Features and With Mixed Features), Substance-Induced Mood Disorder (including the subtypes With Depressive Features, With Manic Features and With Mixed Features) and Mood Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (296.90):
- Substance-related disorders including Substance Use Disorders such as Substance Dependence, Substance Craving and Substance Abuse; Substance-Induced Disorders such as Substance Intoxication, Substance Withdrawal, Substance-Induced Delirium,
- Substance-Induced Persisting Dementia Substance-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder, Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder, Substance-Induced Mood Disorder, Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Substance-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Substance- Induced Sleep Disorder and Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (Flashbacks); Alcohol-Related Disorders such as Alcohol Dependence (303.90), Alcohol Abuse (305.00), Alcohol Intoxication (303.00), Alcohol Withdrawal (291.81 ), Alcohol Intoxication Delirium, Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium, Alcohol-Induced Persisting Dementia, Alcohol- Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder, Alcohol-Induced Psychotic Disorder, Alcohol- Induced Mood Disorder, Alcohol-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Alcohol-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Alcohol-Induced Sleep Disorder and Alcohol-Related Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (291.9); Amphetamine (or Amph
- Sleep disorders including primary sleep disorders such as Dyssomnias such as Primary Insomnia (307.42), Primary Hypersomnia (307.44), Narcolepsy (347), Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders (780.59), Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder (307.45) and Dyssomnia Not Otherwise Specified (307.47); primary sleep disorders such as Parasomnias such as Nightmare Disorder (307.47), Sleep Terror Disorder (307.46), Sleepwalking Disorder (307.46) and Parasomnia Not Otherwise Specified (307.47); Sleep Disorders Related to Another Mental Disorder such as Insomnia Related to Another Mental Disorder (307.42) and Hypersomnia Related to Another Mental Disorder (307.44); Sleep Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, in particular sleep disturbances associated with such diseases as neurological disorders, neuropathic pain, restless leg syndrome, heart and lung diseases; and Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder including the subtypes Insomnia Type, Hypersomnia Type, Parasomnia Type and Mixed Type; sleep apnea and jet-lag
- Autism Spectrum Disorders including Autistic Disorder (299.00), Asperger's Disorder (299.80), Rett's Disorder (299.80), Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (299.10) and Pervasive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (299.80, including Atypical Autism).
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder including the subtypes Attention-Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder Combined Type (314.01 ), Attention-Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Type (314.00), Attention-Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder Hyperactive-Impulse Type (314.01 ) and Attention-Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (314.9); Hyperkinetic Disorder; Disruptive Behaviour Disorders such as Conduct Disorder including the subtypes childhood-onset type (321.81 ), Adolescent- Onset Type (312.82) and Unspecified Onset (312.89), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (313.81 ) and Disruptive Behaviour Disorder Not Otherwise Specified; and Tic Disorders such as Tourette's Disorder (307.23):
- Personality Disorders including the subtypes Paranoid Personality Disorder (301.0), Schizoid Personality Disorder (301.20), Schizotypal Personality Disorder (301 ,22), Antisocial Personality Disorder (301.7), Borderline Personality Disorder (301 ,83), Histrionic Personality Disorder (301.50), Narcissistic Personality Disorder (301 ,81 ), Avoidant Personality Disorder (301.82), Dependent Personality Disorder (301.6), Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (301.4) and Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (301.9):
- Enhancement of cognition including the treatment of cognition impairment in other diseases such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, other psychiatric disorders and psychotic conditions associated with cognitive impairment, e.g. Alzheimer's disease: and
- Sexual dysfunctions including sexual Desire Disorders such as Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (302.71 ), and sexual Aversion Disorder (302.79); sexual arousal disorders such as Female Sexual Arousal Disorder (302.72) and Male Erectile Disorder (302.72); orgasmic disorders such as Female Orgasmic Disorder (302.73), Male Orgasmic Disorder
- cognitive impairment includes for example the treatment of impairment of cognitive functions including attention, orientation, learning disorders, memory (i.e. memory disorders, amnesia, amnesic disorders, transient global amnesia syndrome and age-associated memory impairment) and language function; cognitive impairment as a result of stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Pick disease, Aids-related dementia or other dementia states such as Multiinfarct dementia, alcoholic dementia, hypotiroidism-related dementia, and dementia associated to other degenerative disorders such as cerebellar atrophy and amyotropic lateral sclerosis; other acute or sub-acute conditions that may cause cognitive decline such as delirium or depression (pseudodementia states) trauma, head trauma, age related cognitive decline, stroke, neurodegeneration, drug-induced states, neurotoxic agents, mild cognitive impairment, age related cognitive impairment, autism related cognitive impairment, Down's syndrome, cognitive deficit related to psychosis, and post- electroconvulsive treatment related cognitive disorders; and dyskinetic disorders
- the present invention provides a compound of the invention for use in treating schizophrenia or impairment of cognition.
- the present invention provides a use of a compound of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating schizophrenia or impairment of cognition.
- the present invention provides a method of treating schizophrenia or impairment of cognition in a human, comprising administering an therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, alone or combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, dilutent or excipient.
- the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat psychotic disorders: i) antipsychotics (such as olanzapine, risperidone, clozapine, ziprazidone, talnetant); ii) drugs for extrapyramidal side effects, for example anticholinergics (such as benztropine, biperiden, procyclidine, trihexyphenidyl), antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine), dopaminergics (such as amantadine); iii) antidepressants; iv) anxiolytics; v) cognitive enhancers for example cholinesterase inhibitors (such as tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine,galantamine).
- antipsychotics such as olanzapine, risperidone, clozapine, ziprazidone, talnetant
- drugs for extrapyramidal side effects for example anticholinergics
- the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with antidepressants to treat depression and mood disorders.
- the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat bipolar disease: i) mood stabilisers; ii) antipsychotics; iii) antidepressants.
- the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat anxiety disorders: i) anxiolytics; ii) antidepressants.
- the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to improve nicotine withdrawal and reduce nicotine craving: i) nicotine replacement therapy, for example a sublingual formulation of nicotine beta-cyclodextrin and nicotine patches; ii) drugs for treating nicotine addition, for example bupropion.
- nicotine replacement therapy for example a sublingual formulation of nicotine beta-cyclodextrin and nicotine patches
- drugs for treating nicotine addition for example bupropion.
- the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to improve alcohol withdrawal and reduce alcohol craving: i) NMDA receptor antagonists for example acamprosate; ii) GABA receptor agonists for example tetrabamate; iii) Opioid receptor antagonists for example naltrexone.
- the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to improve opiate withdrawal and reduce opiate craving: i) opioid mu receptor agonist/opioid kappa receptor antagonist for example buprenorphine; ii) opioid receptor antagonists for example naltrexone; iii) vasodilatory antihypertensives for example lofexidine.
- opioid mu receptor agonist/opioid kappa receptor antagonist for example buprenorphine
- opioid receptor antagonists for example naltrexone
- vasodilatory antihypertensives for example lofexidine.
- the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat sleeping disorders: i) benzodiazepines for example temazepam, lormetazepam, estazolam, triazolam; ii) non-benzodiazepine hypnotics for example Zolpidem, zopiclone, zaleplon, indiplon; iii) barbiturates for example aprobarbital, butabarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbita, phenobarbital; iv) antidepressants; v) other sedative-hypnotics for example chloral hydrate, chlormethiazole.
- benzodiazepines for example temazepam, lormetazepam, estazolam, triazolam
- non-benzodiazepine hypnotics for example Zolpidem, zopiclone, zaleplon, indiplon
- barbiturates for
- the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat anorexia: i) appetite stimulants for example cyproheptidine; ii) antidepressants; iii) antipsychotics; iv) zinc; v) premenstrual agents for example pyridoxine and progesterones.
- the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat bulimia: i) antidepressants; ii) opioid receptor antagonists; iii) antiemetics for example ondansetron; iv) testosterone receptor antagonists for example flutamide; v) mood stabilisers; vi) zinc; vii) premenstrual agents.
- the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat autism: i) antipsychotics; ii) antidepressants; iii) anxiolytics; iv) stimulants for example methylphenidate, amphetamine formulations, pemoline.
- the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: i) stimulants for example methylphenidate, amphetamine formulations, pemoline; ii) non-stimulants for example norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (such as atomoxetine), alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists (such as clonidine), antidepressants, modafinil, cholinesterase inhibitors (such as galantamine and donezepil).
- stimulants for example methylphenidate, amphetamine formulations, pemoline
- non-stimulants for example norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (such as atomoxetine), alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists (such as clonidine), antidepressants, modafinil, cholinesterase inhibitors (such as galantamine and donezepil).
- the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat personality disorders: i) antipsychotics; ii) antidepressants; iii) mood stabilisers; iv) anxiolytics.
- the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat male sexual dysfunction: i) phosphodiesterase V inhibitors, for example vardenafil, sildenafil; ii) dopamine agonists/dopamine transport inhibitors for example apomorphine, buproprion; iii) alpha adrenoceptor antagonists for example phentolamine; iv) prostaglandin agonists for example alprostadil; v) testosterone agonists such as testosterone; vi) serotonin transport inhibitors for example serotonin reuptake inhibitors; v) noradrenaline transport inhibitors for example reboxetine; vii) 5-HT1A agonists, for example flibans
- the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat female sexual dysfunction: i) the same agents specified for male sexual dysfunction, ii) an estrogen agonist such as estradiol.
- Antipsychotic drugs include Typical Antipsychotics (for example chlorpromazine, thioridazine, mesoridazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, trifluoperazine, thiothixine, haloperidol, molindone and loxapine); and Atypical Antipsychotics (for example clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, aripirazole, ziprasidone, amisulpride, ziprazidone and talnetant).
- Typical Antipsychotics for example chlorpromazine, thioridazine, mesoridazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, trifluoperazine, thiothixine, haloperidol, molindone and loxapine
- Atypical Antipsychotics for example clozapine, olanzapine, risperi
- Antidepressant drugs include serotonin reuptake inhibitors (such as citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine and sertraline); dual serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (such as venlafaxine, duloxetine and milnacipran); Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (such as reboxetine); tricyclic antidepressants (such as amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline and trimipramine); monoamine oxidase inhibitors (such as isocarboxazide, moclobemide, phenelzine and tranylcypromine); and others (such as bupropion, mianserin, mirtazapine, nefazodone and trazodone).
- serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, parox
- Mood stabiliser drugs include lithium, sodium valproate/valproic acid/divalproex, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, gabapentin, topiramate and tiagabine.
- Anxiolytics include benzodiazepines such as alprazolam and lorazepam.
- the compounds of the invention may be administered in conventional dosage forms prepared by combining a compound of the invention with standard pharmaceutical carriers or diluents according to conventional procedures well known in the art. These procedures may involve mixing, granulating and compressing or dissolving the ingredients as appropriate to the desired preparation.
- compositions of the invention may be formulated for administration to mammals including humans.
- the compositions may be formulated for administration by any route.
- the compositions may be formulated for oral, topical, or parenteral administration, and may be in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, granules, lozenges, creams or liquid preparations, such as oral or sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions.
- topical formulations of the present invention may be presented as, for instance, ointments, creams or lotions, eye ointments and eye or ear drops, impregnated dressings and aerosols, and may contain appropriate conventional additives such as preservatives, solvents to assist drug penetration and emollients in ointments and creams.
- the formulations may also contain compatible conventional carriers, such as cream or ointment bases and ethanol or oleyl alcohol for lotions.
- suitable conventional carriers such as cream or ointment bases and ethanol or oleyl alcohol for lotions.
- Such carriers may be present as from about 1 % up to about 98% of the formulation. More usually they will form up to about 80% of the formulation.
- Tablets and capsules for oral administration may be in unit dose presentation form, and may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, for example syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, or polyvinylpyrrolidone; fillers, for example lactose, sugar, maize-starch, calcium phosphate, sorbitol or glycine; tabletting lubricants, for example magnesium stearate, talc, polyethylene glycol or silica; disintegrants, for example potato starch; or acceptable wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulphate.
- the tablets may be coated according to methods well known in normal pharmaceutical practice.
- Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
- Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives, such as suspending agents, for example sorbitol, methyl cellulose, glucose syrup, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats, emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia; non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), for example almond oil, oily esters such as glycerine, propylene glycol, or ethyl alcohol; preservatives, for example methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid, and, if desired, conventional flavouring or colouring agents.
- suspending agents for example sorbitol, methyl cellulose, glucose syrup, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats, emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or
- Suppositories will contain conventional suppository bases, e.g. cocoa-butter or other glyceride.
- fluid unit dosage forms are prepared utilising the compound and a sterile vehicle, for example water.
- vehicle for example water.
- the compound depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can be either suspended or dissolved in the vehicle.
- the compound can be dissolved in water for injection and filter sterilised before filling into a suitable vial or ampoule and sealing.
- Agents such as a local anaesthetic, preservative and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.
- the composition can be frozen after filling into the vial and the water removed under vacuum. The dry lyophilised powder is then sealed in the vial and an accompanying vial of water for injection may be supplied to reconstitute the liquid prior to use.
- Parenteral suspensions are prepared in substantially the same manner except that the compound is suspended in the vehicle instead of being dissolved and sterilisation cannot be accomplished by filtration.
- the compound can be sterilised by exposure to ethylene oxide before suspending in the sterile vehicle.
- a surfactant or wetting agent may be included in the composition to facilitate uniform distribution of the compound.
- the optimal quantity and spacing of individual dosages of a compound of the invention will be determined by the nature and extent of the condition being treated, the form, route and site of administration, and the particular mammal being treated, and that such optimums can be determined by conventional techniques. It will also be appreciated by one of skill in the art that the optimal course of treatment, i.e. the number of doses of a compound of the invention given per day for a defined number of days, can be ascertained by those skilled in the art using conventional course of treatment determination tests.
- treatment includes prophylaxis as well as alleviation of established symptoms.
- the mammal to be treated is a human.
- NMR spectra were obtained at 298K, 303.2K or 300K, at the frequency stated using either a BrukerTM DPX400 or AV400 machine and run as a dilute solution of CDCI 3 unless otherwise stated. All NMR spectra were referenced to tetramethylsilane (TMS 5 H 0, ⁇ c 0).
- Aqueous solvent 1OmM Ammonium Bicarbonate solution adjusted to pH 10 with ammonia solution.
- Aqueous solvent Water + 0.05% Formic Acid
- the generic method used has a 2 minute runtime.
- the above method has a flow rate of 1 ml/min.
- the UV detection range is from 220 to 330nm
- Methods There are five methods used depending on the analytical retention time of the compound of interest. They have a 13.5-minute runtime, which comprises of a 10-minute gradient followed by a 3.5 minute column flush and re-equilibration step.
- Aqueous solvent 1OmM Ammonium Bicarbonate solution adjusted to pH 10 with ammonia solution.
- the ability of the compounds of the invention to potentiate AMPA may be determined by the assays below.
- the compounds of the present invention were not necessarily from the same batch described above. A test compound from one batch may have been combined with other batch(es) for the assay(s).
- 384 well plates are prepared containing confluent monolayer of HEK 293 cells stably expressing human GluR2 flip (unedited) AMPA receptor subunit.
- An agonist stimulus 384-well plate containing 50 ⁇ l_/well of 500 ⁇ M glutamate is prepared by diluting with pluronic buffer (standard buffer with 0.05% pluronic-F127 acid) a 100 mM sodium glutamate stock solution prepared in water.
- pluronic buffer standard buffer with 0.05% pluronic-F127 acid
- the cell plate is then transferred into a fluorescence imaging plate based reader (such as the FLIPR384 - Molecular Devices).
- a fluorescence imaging plate based reader such as the FLIPR384 - Molecular Devices.
- a baseline fluorescence reading is taken over a 5 to 10 second period, and then 10 ⁇ L of 500 ⁇ M glutamate solution is added (to give a final concentration of 100 ⁇ M).
- the fluorescence is then read over a 4-5 minute period.
- the activities of the compounds of the invention and reference compounds are determined by measuring peak fluorescence after the last addition. The activity is also expressed relative to the fluorescence increase induced by 5 ⁇ M ⁇ /-[(2/?)-2-(4'-cyano-4- biphenylyl)propyl]-2-propanesulfonamide at their maximum response.
- the assay described above is believed to have an effective limit of detection of a pEC 50 in the region of 3.5-4.0 due to the limitations of compound solubility.
- the pEC 5 o result is generally considered to be accurate +/- 0.3.
- Example compounds were screened using the assay described above and gave a pEC 50 equal to or greater than 4.0 and/or demonstrated an activity of on average at least 10% that of ⁇ /-[(2/?)-2-(4'-cyano-4-biphenylyl)propyl]-2-propanesulfonamide (at its maximal response).
Landscapes
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Psychiatry (AREA)
- Hospice & Palliative Care (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
A compound of formula (I) and salts thereof are provided: Wherein n and R1 are defined in the specification. Processes for preparation, pharmaceutical compositions, and uses thereof as a medicament, for example in the treatment of a disease or condition mediated by a reduction or imbalance in glutamate receptor function, such as schizophrenia or cognition impairment, are also disclosed.
Description
N-INDEN-2-YL-ISOPROPYLSULFONAMIDES AS AMPA RECEPTOR POTENTIATORS
This invention relates to novel compounds which potentiate the AMPA receptor. The invention also relates to the use of the compounds in treating diseases and conditions mediated by potentiation of the AMPA receptor, compositions containing the derivatives and processes for their preparation.
Glutamate receptors, which mediate the majority of fast excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), are activated by the excitatory amino acid, L-glutamate (for review see Watkins JC, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Honore T (1990) Trends Pharmacol Sci 11 : 25-33).
Glutamate receptors can be divided into two distinct families. The G-protein or second messenger-linked "metabotropic" glutamate receptor family which can be subdivided into three groups (Group I, mGlui and mGlu5; Group II, mGlu2 and mGlu3; Group III, mGlu4, mGluθ, mGlu7, mGluδ) based on sequence homology and intracellular transduction mechanisms (for review see Conn PJ and Pinn JP (1997) Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 37: 205-237). The "ionotropic" glutamate receptor family, which directly couple to ligand-gated cation channels, can be subdivided into at least three subtypes based on depolarizing activation by selective agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5- methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) and kainic acid (KA) (for review see Dingledine R, Borges K, Bowie, Traynelis S (1999) 51 : 7-61 ).
Native AMPA receptors (AMPAR) exist as heterotetramers consisting of combinations of four different protein subunits (GIuRI -4) (for review see Bettler B and Muller C (1995) 34:
123-139.). Receptor subunit diversity is increased further as each subunit can undergo alternative splicing of a 38 amino acid sequence in the extracellular region just before the fourth membrane spanning domain M4. Such editing results in so-called 'flip' and 'flop' receptor isoforms which differ in kinetic and pharmacological properties (Sommer B, Keinanen K, Verdoon TA, Wisden W, Burnashev N, Herb A, Kohler M, Takagi T,
Sakmann B, Seeburg PH (1990) Science 249: 1580-1585).
Additionally, post-transcriptional editing of GluR2 mRNA changes a neutral glutamine to a positively charged arginine within M2. In normal humans >99% GluR2 is edited in this way. AMPAR containing such edited GluR2 subunit exhibit low calcium permeability (Burnachev N, Monyer H, Seeburg PH, Sakmann B (1992) Neuron 8: 189-198). There is a suggestion, however, that the number of AMPAR with high calcium permeability is elevated in certain disease-associated conditions (Weiss JH, and Sensi SL (2000) Trends in Neurosci 23: 365-371 ).
AMPAR depolarization removes voltage dependent Mg 2+ block of NMDA receptors which in turn leads to NMDA receptor activation, an integral stage in the induction of Long Term
Potentiation ("LTP") (Bliss TVP, Collingridge GL (1993) Nature 361 : 31-9). LTP is a physiological measure of increased synaptic strength following a repetitive stimulus or activity, such as occurs during learning.
It has been reported that direct activation of glutamate receptors by agonists, in conditions where glutamate receptor function is reduced, increases the risk of excitotoxicity and additional neuronal damage. AMPAR positive allosteric modulators do not activate the receptor directly. However, when the ligand (L-glutamate or AMPA) is present AMPAR modulators increase receptor activity. Thus, AMPA receptor modulators enhance synaptic function when glutamate is released and is able to bind at post-synaptic receptor sites.
Compounds which act as AMPAR positive allosteric modulators have been shown to increase ligand affinity for the receptor (Arai A, Guidotti A, Costa E, Lynch G (1996) Neuroreport. 7: 221 1-5.); reduce receptor desensitization and reduce receptor deactivation (Arai AC, Kessler M, Rogers G, Lynch G (2000) 58: 802-813) and facilitate the induction of LTP both in vitro (Arai A, Guidotti A, Costa E, Lynch G (1996) 7: 2211-5.) and in vivo (Staubli U, Perez Y, Xu F, Rogers G, Ingvar M, Stone-Elander S, Lynch G (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci 91 : 1 1158-1 1162). Such compounds also enhance the learning and performance of various cognitive tasks in rodent (Zivkovic I, Thompson DM, Bertolino M, Uzunov D, DiBeIIa M, Costa E, Guidotti A (1995) JPET 272: 300-309, Lebrun C, Pilliere E, Lestage P (2000) Eu J Pharmacol 401 : 205-212), sub-human primate (Thompson DM, Guidotti A, DiBeIIa M, Costa E (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci 92: 7667-7671 ) and man (Ingvar M, Ambros-lngerson J, Davis M, Granger R, Kessler M, Rogers GA, Schehr RS, Lynch G (1997) Exp Neurol 146: 553-559). The efficacy of various AMPAR positive allosteric modulators in pre-clinical and clinical models of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, have been investigated (Morrow J A, Maclean J KF, Jamieson C (2006) Current Opinion in Drug Discovery and Development 9(5) 571-579)
Compounds which act as AMPAR positive allosteric modulators are known, for example in international patent application WO2006/015828.
We have discovered novel compounds which potentiate the AMPA receptor.
In the first aspect, the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof:
(I) wherein:
• n is 0 or 1 ; and
• R1 is selected from phenyl and pyridyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or two groups independently selected from Ci-4alkyl and halogen.
The term "halogen" refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
The term "C1-4alkyl" refers to an alkyl group having from one to four carbon atoms. Unless otherwise indicated, C1-4alkyl may be a straight chain or branched alkyl group. For example, a
group may be selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl and t-butyl. For example,
is methyl.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula (Ia) or a salt thereof:
(Ia) wherein:
• n is 0 or 1 ; and
In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:: • Λ/-[2-methyl-5-(2-pyridinyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl]-2-propanesulfonamide;
• Λ/-[2-methyl-5-(2-pyridinyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl]-2-propanesulfonamide (S enantiomer);
• Λ/-[2-methyl-5-(2-pyridinyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl]-2-propanesulfonamide (R enantiomer); and salts thereof.
It will be appreciated that the present invention is intended to include compounds having any combination of the groups listed hereinbefore. It will be understood that, where appropriate, an embodiment described above for one part of the invention may be combined with an embodiment of another part of the invention.
For the avoidance of doubt, unless otherwise indicated, the term "substituted" means substituted by one or more defined groups. In the case where groups may be selected from a number of alternative groups, the selected groups may be the same or different. For the avoidance of doubt, the term "independently" means that where more than one substituent is selected from a number of possible substituents, those substituents may be the same or different.
In one embodiment the salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
In an embodiment there is provided a compound of formula (I) as defined above or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Salts of compounds of formula (I) which are suitable for use in medicine are those wherein the counterion is pharmaceutically acceptable. However, salts having non- pharmaceutically acceptable counterions are within the scope of the present invention, for example, for use as intermediates in the preparation of other compounds of formula (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or for use in non-therapeutic, for example, in vitro, situations.
As used herein, the term "salt" refers to any salt of a compound according to the present invention prepared from an inorganic or organic acid or base, quaternary ammonium salts and internally formed salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are particularly suitable for medical applications because of their greater aqueous solubility relative to the parent compounds. Such salts must clearly have a pharmaceutically acceptable anion or cation. Suitably pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present invention include acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphoric, metaphosphoric, nitric and sulfuric acids, and with organic acids, such as tartaric, acetic, trifluoroacetic, citric, malic, lactic, fumaric, benzoic, formic, propionic, glycolic, gluconic, maleic, succinic, (1 R)-(-)-10-camphorsulphonic, (1 S)-(+)-10- camphorsulphonic, isothionic, mucic, gentisic, isonicotinic, saccharic, glucuronic, furoic, glutamic, ascorbic, anthranilic, salicylic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, pantothenic, stearic, sulfinilic, alginic, galacturonic and arylsulfonic, for example naphthalene-1 ,5-disulphonic, naphthalene-1 ,3-disulphonic, benzenesulfonic, and p-toluenesulfonic, acids; base addition salts formed with alkali metals and alkaline earth metals and organic bases such as N, N- dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumaine (N-methylglucamine), lysine and procaine; and internally formed salts. The salts may have any suitable stoichiometry. For example, a salt may have 1 :1 or 2:1 stoichiometry. Non-integral stoichiometry ratios are also possible.
Solvates of the compounds of formula (I) and solvates of the salts of the compounds of formula (I) are included within the scope of the present invention. As used herein, the term "solvate" refers to a complex of variable stoichiometry formed by a solute (in this invention, a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof) and a solvent. Those skilled in the art of organic chemistry will appreciate that many organic compounds can form such complexes with solvents in which they are reacted or from which they are precipitated or crystallized. Such solvents for the purpose of the invention may not interfere with the biological activity of the solute. Examples of suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, water, methanol, ethanol and acetic acid. Preferably the solvent used is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent. Examples of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable
solvents include, without limitation, water, ethanol and acetic acid. Most preferably the solvent used is water. Where the solvent used is water such a solvate may then also be referred to as a hydrate.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that certain protected derivatives of compounds of formula (I), which may be made prior to a final deprotection stage, may not possess pharmacological activity as such, but may, in certain instances, be administered orally or parenterally and thereafter metabolised in the body to form compounds of the invention which are pharmacologically active. Such derivatives may therefore be described as "prodrugs". Further, certain compounds of the invention may be administered as prodrugs. Examples of pro-drug forms for certain compounds of the present invention are described in Drugs of Today, Volume 19, Number 9, 1983, pp 499 - 538 and in Topics in Chemistry, Chapter 31 , pp 306 - 316 and in "Design of Prodrugs" by H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985, Chapter 1. It will further be appreciated by those skilled in the art, that certain moieties, known to those skilled in the art as "pro-moieties", for example as described by H. Bundgaard in "Design of Prodrugs" may be placed on appropriate functionalities when such functionalities are present within compounds of the invention. Examples of prodrugs for certain compounds of the invention may include: amides, carbamates, azo-compounds, phosphamides, and glycosides.
Hereinafter, compounds of formula (I) (whether in solvated or unsolvated form) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts (whether in solvated or unsolvated form) or prodrugs thereof defined in any aspect of the invention (except intermediate compounds in chemical processes) are referred to as "compounds of the invention".
Also included within the scope of the invention are polymorphs of a compound of the invention.
The invention also includes all suitable isotopic variations of a compound of the invention. An isotopic variation of a compound of the invention is defined as one in which at least one atom is replaced by an atom having the same atomic number but an atomic mass different from the atomic mass usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur, fluorine and chlorine such as 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C, 15N, 17O, 18O, 31P, 32P, 35S, 18F and 36CI, respectively. Certain isotopic variations of the invention, for example, those in which a radioactive isotope such as 3H or 14C is incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. Tritiated, i.e., 3H, and carbon-14, i.e., 14C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., 2H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and hence may be preferred in some circumstances. Isotopic variations of the compounds of the
invention can generally be prepared by conventional procedures such as by the illustrative methods or by the preparations described in the Examples hereafter using appropriate isotopic variations of suitable reagents.
Compounds of the present invention exist in the S and R enantiomeric forms:
The invention includes all such forms, in particular the pure isomeric forms. The different forms (R and S) may be separated or resolved one from the other by conventional methods, or any given isomer may be obtained by conventional synthetic methods or by stereospecific or asymmetric syntheses. It will also be appreciated, in common with most biologically active molecules that the level of biological activity may vary between the individual stereoisomers of a given molecule. It is intended that the scope of the invention includes all individual stereoisomers (diastereoisomers and enantiomers) and all mixtures thereof, including but not limited to racemic mixtures, which demonstrate appropriate biological activity with reference to the procedures described herein.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof which is enriched in configuration S. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof which is enriched in configuration R. In one embodiment, the isomers correspond to at least 90% enantiomeric excess. In another embodiment the isomers correspond to at least 95% enantiomeric excess. In another embodiment the isomers correspond to at least 99% enantiomeric excess.
Since the compounds of the invention are intended for use in pharmaceutical compositions it will readily be understood that they are each optionally provided in substantially pure form, for example at least 60% pure, for example at least 75% pure or at least 85%, or at least 98% pure (% are on a weight for weight basis). Impure preparations of the compounds may be used for preparing the more pure forms used in the pharmaceutical compositions; these less pure preparations of the compounds should contain at least 1%, or at least 5% or from 10 to 59% of a compound of the invention.
Compounds of the invention may be prepared by methods known in the art of organic synthesis as set forth in part by the following synthesis schemes. In the following reaction schemes and hereafter, unless otherwise stated, all the groups are as defined in the first
aspect. It is also recognised that in all of the schemes described below, it is well understood that protecting groups for sensitive or reactive groups are employed where necessary in accordance with general principles of chemistry. Protecting groups are manipulated according to standard methods of organic synthesis (T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts (1991 ) Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons). These groups are removed at a convenient stage of the compound synthesis using methods that are readily apparent to those skilled in the art. The selection of processes as well as the reaction conditions and order of their execution shall be consistent with the preparation of compounds of the invention.
Scheme 1 below illustrates the preparation of a compound of formula (Ib) by reaction with the appropriate alcohol ArOH Typical reaction conditions comprise microwaving at a suitable temperature, for example 190 0C, a mixture of a compound of formula (II) and the required alcohol in the presence of a suitable copper reagent such as copper (I) iodide, a suitable ligand such as Λ/,Λ/-dimethylglycine, and a suitable base such as caesium carbonate in a suitable solvent such as dimethylsulphoxide for the required time, for example 30 minutes. Alternatively, the above mixture may be heated under argon using a heating block or oil bath for the appropriate time and temperature, for example 30 hours at 130 0C. The preparation of a compound of formula (II) where X=Br is detailed in the experimental section.
Scheme 1
X = leaving group such as Br Ar = phenyl or pyridyl system
Alternatively, a compound of formula (Ib) may be prepared from a compound of formula (III) by reaction with the appropriate halide ArX according to scheme 2. Typical reaction conditions comprise microwaving at a suitable temperature, for example 190 0C, a mixture of a compound of formula (III) and the required halide, for example 2-bromopyridine, in the presence of a suitable copper reagent such as copper (I) iodide, a suitable ligand such as Λ/,Λ/-dimethylglycine, and a suitable base such as caesium carbonate in a suitable solvent such as dimethylsulphoxide for the required time, for example 30 minutes. Alternatively, the above mixture may be heated under argon using a heating block or oil bath for the appropriate time and temperature, for example 30 hours at 130 0C. The preparation of a compound of formula (III) is detailed in the experimental section.
Ar = phenyl or pyridyl system
A compound of formula (Ic) below may be prepared from a compound of formula (III) by the Mitsunobu reaction with the appropriate alcohol ArCH2OH according to scheme 3. Typical reaction conditions comprise adding a phosphine reagent such as triphenylphosphine then a suitable azodicarboxylate reagent such as diisopropyl azodicarboxylate to a mixture of a compound of formula (III) and the appropriate alcohol in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane at a suitable temperature such as ambient under argon and mixing for the required time, such as 16 hours. The preparation of a compound of formula (III) is detailed in the experimental section.
Scheme 3
1 . ArCH2OH / phosphine
Ar = phenyl or pyridyl system
Salts may be prepared conventionally by reaction with the appropriate acid or acid derivative.
Further details for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) are found in the Examples section hereinafter.
The compounds of the present invention potentiate the AMPA receptor, as measured by the assay below. Compounds which potentiate the AMPA receptor are potentially useful for treating diseases and conditions which are mediated by the potentiation of the glutamate receptor.
The present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in medicine.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a disease or condition mediated by a reduction or imbalance in glutamate receptor function in a mammal.
The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one carrier, diluent or excipient.
It will be appreciated that the invention includes the following further aspects. The embodiments described in respect of the first aspect apply equally to each of these further aspects:
i) the use of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease or condition mediated by a reduction or imbalance in glutamate receptor function in a mammal; ii) a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a disease or condition mediated by a reduction or imbalance in glutamate receptor function in a mammal; iii) a method of treatment of a disease or condition mediated by a reduction or imbalance in glutamate receptor function in a mammal comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; iv) a combination product of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with an antipsychotic; v) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a combination product as defined in iv) above and at least one carrier, diluent or excipient; vi) the use of a combination product as defined in iv) above in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease or condition mediated by a reduction or imbalance in glutamate receptor function in a mammal; vii) a combination product as defined in iv) above for use in treating a disease or condition mediated by a reduction or imbalance in glutamate receptor function in a mammal; viii) a combination product as defined in iv) above for use as a medicament; ix) a method of treatment of a disease or condition mediated by a reduction or imbalance in glutamate receptor function in a mammal comprising administering an effective amount of a combination product as defined in iv) above.
Relevant diseases or conditions are: psychosis and psychotic disorders (including schizophrenia, schizo-affective disorder, schizophreniform diseases, brief reactive psychosis, child onset schizophrenia, "schizophrenia-spectrum" disorders such as schizoid or schizotypal personality disorders, acute psychosis, alcohol psychosis, drug- induced psychosis, autism, delerium, mania (including acute mania), manic depressive psychosis, hallucination, endogenous psychosis, organic psychosyndrome, paranoid and delusional disorders, puerperal psychosis, and psychosis associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease); substance related disorders (including alcohol-related disorders and nicotine-related disorders); cognitive impairment
(e.g. the treatment of impairment of cognitive functions including attention, orientation, memory (i.e. memory disorders, amnesia, amnesic disorders and age-associated memory impairment) and language function, and including cognitive impairment as a result of stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Aids-related dementia or other dementia states, as well as other acute or sub-acute conditions that may cause cognitive decline such as delirium or depression (pseudodementia states) trauma, aging, stroke, neurodegeneration, drug- induced states, neurotoxic agents), mild cognitive impairment, age related cognitive impairment, autism related cognitive impairment, Down's syndrome, cognitive deficit related to psychosis, post-electroconvulsive treatment related cognitive disorders; anxiety disorders (including generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, agitation, tension, social or emotional withdrawal in psychotic patients, panic disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder); neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, motor neurone disease and other motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease (including relief from locomotor deficits and/or motor disability, including slowly increasing disability in purposeful movement, tremors, bradykinesia, hyperkinesia (moderate and severe), akinesia, rigidity, disturbance of balance and co-ordination, and a disturbance of posture), dementia in Parkinson's disease, dementia in Huntington's disease, neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesias, neurodegeneration following stroke, cardiac arrest, pulmonary bypass, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury or the like, and demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis); depression (which term includes bipolar (manic) depression (including type I and type II), unipolar depression, single or recurrent major depressive episodes with or without psychotic features, catatonic features, melancholic features, atypical features (e.g. lethargy, over-eating/obesity, hypersomnia) or postpartum onset, seasonal affective disorder and dysthymia, depression-related anxiety, psychotic depression, and depressive disorders resulting from a general medical condition including, but not limited to, myocardial infarction, diabetes, miscarriage or abortion); posttraumatic stress syndrome; attention deficit disorder; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; drug-induced (phencyclidine, ketamine and other dissociative anaesthetics, amphetamine and other psychostimulants and cocaine) disorders; Huntingdon's chorea; tardive dyskinesia; dystonia; myoclonus; spasticity; obesity; stroke; sexual dysfunction; sleep disorders and some forms of epilepsy.
Within the context of the present invention, the terms describing the indications used herein are classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th
Edition, published by the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV) and/or the
International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition (ICD-10). Treatment of the various subtypes of the disorders mentioned herein using a compound of the present invention is contemplated as part of the present invention. Numbers in brackets after the listed diseases below refer to the classification code in DSM-IV.
Within the context of the present invention, the term "psychotic disorder" includes :-
Schizophrenia including the subtypes Paranoid Type (295.30), Disorganised Type (295.10), Catatonic Type (295.20), Undifferentiated Type (295.90) and Residual Type (295.60); Schizophreniform Disorder (295.40); Schizoaffective Disorder (295.70) including the subtypes Bipolar Type and Depressive Type; Delusional Disorder (297.1 ) including the subtypes Erotomanic Type, Grandiose Type, Jealous Type, Persecutory Type, Somatic Type, Mixed Type and Unspecified Type; Brief Psychotic Disorder (298.8); Shared Psychotic Disorder (297.3); Psychotic Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition including the subtypes With Delusions and With Hallucinations; Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder including the subtypes With Delusions (293.81 ) and With Hallucinations (293.82); and Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (298.9).
Compounds of the invention may also be of use in the treatment of the following disorders:-
Depression and mood disorders including Major Depressive Episode, Manic Episode, Mixed Episode and Hypomanic Episode; Depressive Disorders including Major Depressive Disorder, Dysthymic Disorder (300.4), Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (31 1 ); Bipolar Disorders including Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar Il Disorder (Recurrent Major Depressive Episodes with Hypomanic Episodes) (296.89), Cyclothymic Disorder (301.13) and Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (296.80); Other Mood Disorders including Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition (293.83) which includes the subtypes With Depressive Features, With Major Depressive-like Episode, With Manic Features and With Mixed Features), Substance-Induced Mood Disorder (including the subtypes With Depressive Features, With Manic Features and With Mixed Features) and Mood Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (296.90):
Anxiety disorders including Panic Attack; Panic Disorder including Panic Disorder without Agoraphobia (300.01 ) and Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia (300.21 ); Agoraphobia; Agoraphobia Without History of Panic Disorder (300.22), Specific Phobia (300.29, formerly Simple Phobia) including the subtypes Animal Type, Natural Environment Type, Blood-lnjection-lnjury Type, Situational Type and Other Type), Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder, 300.23), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (300.3), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (309.81 ), Acute Stress Disorder (308.3), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (300.02), Anxiety Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition (293.84), Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Separation Anxiety Disorder (309.21 ), Adjustment Disorders with Anxiety (309.24) and Anxiety Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (300.00):
Substance-related disorders including Substance Use Disorders such as Substance Dependence, Substance Craving and Substance Abuse; Substance-Induced Disorders such as Substance Intoxication, Substance Withdrawal, Substance-Induced Delirium,
Substance-Induced Persisting Dementia, Substance-Induced Persisting Amnestic
Disorder, Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder, Substance-Induced Mood Disorder, Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Substance-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Substance- Induced Sleep Disorder and Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (Flashbacks); Alcohol-Related Disorders such as Alcohol Dependence (303.90), Alcohol Abuse (305.00), Alcohol Intoxication (303.00), Alcohol Withdrawal (291.81 ), Alcohol Intoxication Delirium, Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium, Alcohol-Induced Persisting Dementia, Alcohol- Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder, Alcohol-Induced Psychotic Disorder, Alcohol- Induced Mood Disorder, Alcohol-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Alcohol-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Alcohol-Induced Sleep Disorder and Alcohol-Related Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (291.9); Amphetamine (or Amphetamine-I_ike)-Related Disorders such as Amphetamine Dependence (304.40), Amphetamine Abuse (305.70), Amphetamine Intoxication (292.89), Amphetamine Withdrawal (292.0), Amphetamine Intoxication Delirium, Amphetamine Induced Psychotic Disorder, Amphetamine-Induced Mood Disorder, Amphetamine-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Amphetamine-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Amphetamine-Induced Sleep Disorder and Amphetamine-Related Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (292.9); Caffeine Related Disorders such as Caffeine Intoxication (305.90), Caffeine-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Caffeine-Induced Sleep Disorder and Caffeine-Related Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (292.9); Cannabis-Related Disorders such as Cannabis Dependence (304.30), Cannabis Abuse (305.20), Cannabis Intoxication (292.89), Cannabis Intoxication Delirium, Cannabis-lnduced Psychotic Disorder, Cannabis-lnduced Anxiety Disorder and Cannabis-Related Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (292.9); Cocaine-Related Disorders such as Cocaine Dependence (304.20), Cocaine Abuse (305.60), Cocaine Intoxication (292.89), Cocaine Withdrawal (292.0), Cocaine Intoxication Delirium, Cocaine-Induced Psychotic Disorder, Cocaine-Induced Mood Disorder, Cocaine-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Cocaine-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Cocaine-Induced Sleep Disorder and Cocaine-Related Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (292.9); Hallucinogen-Related Disorders such as Hallucinogen Dependence (304.50), Hallucinogen Abuse (305.30), Hallucinogen Intoxication (292.89), Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (Flashbacks) (292.89), Hallucinogen Intoxication Delirium, Hallucinogen-Induced Psychotic Disorder, Hallucinogen-Induced Mood Disorder, Hallucinogen-Induced Anxiety Disorder and Hallucinogen-Related Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (292.9); Inhalant-Related Disorders such as Inhalant Dependence (304.60), Inhalant Abuse (305.90), Inhalant Intoxication (292.89), Inhalant Intoxication Delirium, Inhalant-Induced Persisting Dementia, Inhalant-Induced Psychotic Disorder, Inhalant- Induced Mood Disorder, Inhalant-Induced Anxiety Disorder and Inhalant-Related Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (292.9); Nicotine-Related Disorders such as Nicotine Dependence (305.1 ), Nicotine Withdrawal (292.0) and Nicotine-Related Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (292.9); Opioid-Related Disorders such as Opioid Dependence (304.00), Opioid Abuse (305.50), Opioid Intoxication (292.89), Opioid Withdrawal (292.0), Opioid Intoxication Delirium, Opioid-lnduced Psychotic Disorder, Opioid-lnduced Mood Disorder, Opioid-lnduced Sexual Dysfunction, Opioid-lnduced Sleep Disorder and Opioid- Related Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (292.9); Phencyclidine (or Phencyclidine-Like)-
Related Disorders such as Phencyclidine Dependence (304.60), Phencyclidine Abuse (305.90), Phencyclidine Intoxication (292.89), Phencyclidine Intoxication Delirium, Phencyclidine-lnduced Psychotic Disorder, Phencyclidine-lnduced Mood Disorder, Phencyclidine-lnduced Anxiety Disorder and Phencyclidine-Related Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (292.9); Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-Related Disorders such as Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Dependence (304.10), Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Abuse (305.40), Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Intoxication (292.89), Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Withdrawal (292.0), Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Intoxication Delirium, Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Withdrawal Delirium, Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-Persisting Dementia, Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic- Persisting Amnestic Disorder, Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-lnduced Psychotic Disorder, Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-lnduced Mood Disorder, Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic- lnduced Anxiety Disorder Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-lnduced Sexual Dysfunction, Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-lnduced Sleep Disorder and Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-Related Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (292.9); Polysubstance-Related Disorder such as Polysubstance Dependence (304.80); and Other (or Unknown) Substance-Related Disorders such as Anabolic Steroids, Nitrate Inhalants and Nitrous Oxide:
Sleep disorders including primary sleep disorders such as Dyssomnias such as Primary Insomnia (307.42), Primary Hypersomnia (307.44), Narcolepsy (347), Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders (780.59), Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder (307.45) and Dyssomnia Not Otherwise Specified (307.47); primary sleep disorders such as Parasomnias such as Nightmare Disorder (307.47), Sleep Terror Disorder (307.46), Sleepwalking Disorder (307.46) and Parasomnia Not Otherwise Specified (307.47); Sleep Disorders Related to Another Mental Disorder such as Insomnia Related to Another Mental Disorder (307.42) and Hypersomnia Related to Another Mental Disorder (307.44); Sleep Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, in particular sleep disturbances associated with such diseases as neurological disorders, neuropathic pain, restless leg syndrome, heart and lung diseases; and Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder including the subtypes Insomnia Type, Hypersomnia Type, Parasomnia Type and Mixed Type; sleep apnea and jet-lag syndrome:
Autism Spectrum Disorders including Autistic Disorder (299.00), Asperger's Disorder (299.80), Rett's Disorder (299.80), Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (299.10) and Pervasive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (299.80, including Atypical Autism).
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder including the subtypes Attention-Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder Combined Type (314.01 ), Attention-Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Type (314.00), Attention-Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder Hyperactive-Impulse Type (314.01 ) and Attention-Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (314.9); Hyperkinetic Disorder; Disruptive Behaviour Disorders such
as Conduct Disorder including the subtypes childhood-onset type (321.81 ), Adolescent- Onset Type (312.82) and Unspecified Onset (312.89), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (313.81 ) and Disruptive Behaviour Disorder Not Otherwise Specified; and Tic Disorders such as Tourette's Disorder (307.23):
Personality Disorders including the subtypes Paranoid Personality Disorder (301.0), Schizoid Personality Disorder (301.20), Schizotypal Personality Disorder (301 ,22), Antisocial Personality Disorder (301.7), Borderline Personality Disorder (301 ,83), Histrionic Personality Disorder (301.50), Narcissistic Personality Disorder (301 ,81 ), Avoidant Personality Disorder (301.82), Dependent Personality Disorder (301.6), Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (301.4) and Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (301.9):
Enhancement of cognition including the treatment of cognition impairment in other diseases such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, other psychiatric disorders and psychotic conditions associated with cognitive impairment, e.g. Alzheimer's disease: and
Sexual dysfunctions including Sexual Desire Disorders such as Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (302.71 ), and Sexual Aversion Disorder (302.79); sexual arousal disorders such as Female Sexual Arousal Disorder (302.72) and Male Erectile Disorder (302.72); orgasmic disorders such as Female Orgasmic Disorder (302.73), Male Orgasmic Disorder
(302.74) and Premature Ejaculation (302.75); sexual pain disorder such as Dyspareunia
(302.76) and Vaginismus (306.51 ); Sexual Dysfunction Not Otherwise Specified (302.70); paraphilias such as Exhibitionism (302.4), Fetishism (302.81 ), Frotteurism (302.89),
Pedophilia (302.2), Sexual Masochism (302.83), Sexual Sadism (302.84), Transvestic
Fetishism (302.3), Voyeurism (302.82) and Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified (302.9); gender identity disorders such as Gender Identity Disorder in Children (302.6) and Gender
Identity Disorder in Adolescents or Adults (302.85); and Sexual Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (302.9).
All of the various forms and sub-forms of the disorders mentioned herein are contemplated as part of the present invention.
Within the context of the present invention, the term "cognitive impairment" includes for example the treatment of impairment of cognitive functions including attention, orientation, learning disorders, memory (i.e. memory disorders, amnesia, amnesic disorders, transient global amnesia syndrome and age-associated memory impairment) and language function; cognitive impairment as a result of stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Pick disease, Aids-related dementia or other dementia states such as Multiinfarct dementia, alcoholic dementia, hypotiroidism-related dementia, and dementia associated to other degenerative disorders such as cerebellar atrophy and amyotropic lateral
sclerosis; other acute or sub-acute conditions that may cause cognitive decline such as delirium or depression (pseudodementia states) trauma, head trauma, age related cognitive decline, stroke, neurodegeneration, drug-induced states, neurotoxic agents, mild cognitive impairment, age related cognitive impairment, autism related cognitive impairment, Down's syndrome, cognitive deficit related to psychosis, and post- electroconvulsive treatment related cognitive disorders; and dyskinetic disorders such as Parkinson's disease, neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesias.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of the invention for use in treating schizophrenia or impairment of cognition.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a use of a compound of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating schizophrenia or impairment of cognition.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating schizophrenia or impairment of cognition in a human, comprising administering an therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, alone or combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, dilutent or excipient.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat psychotic disorders: i) antipsychotics (such as olanzapine, risperidone, clozapine, ziprazidone, talnetant); ii) drugs for extrapyramidal side effects, for example anticholinergics (such as benztropine, biperiden, procyclidine, trihexyphenidyl), antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine), dopaminergics (such as amantadine); iii) antidepressants; iv) anxiolytics; v) cognitive enhancers for example cholinesterase inhibitors (such as tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine,galantamine).
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with antidepressants to treat depression and mood disorders.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat bipolar disease: i) mood stabilisers; ii) antipsychotics; iii) antidepressants.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat anxiety disorders: i) anxiolytics; ii) antidepressants.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to improve nicotine withdrawal and reduce nicotine craving: i) nicotine replacement therapy, for example a sublingual formulation of nicotine beta-cyclodextrin and nicotine patches; ii) drugs for treating nicotine addition, for example bupropion.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to improve alcohol withdrawal and reduce alcohol craving: i) NMDA receptor antagonists for example acamprosate; ii) GABA receptor agonists for example tetrabamate; iii) Opioid receptor antagonists for example naltrexone.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to improve opiate withdrawal and reduce opiate craving: i) opioid mu receptor agonist/opioid kappa receptor antagonist for example buprenorphine; ii) opioid receptor antagonists for example naltrexone; iii) vasodilatory antihypertensives for example lofexidine.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat sleeping disorders: i) benzodiazepines for example temazepam, lormetazepam, estazolam, triazolam; ii) non-benzodiazepine hypnotics for example Zolpidem, zopiclone, zaleplon, indiplon; iii) barbiturates for example aprobarbital, butabarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbita, phenobarbital; iv) antidepressants; v) other sedative-hypnotics for example chloral hydrate, chlormethiazole.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat anorexia: i) appetite stimulants for example cyproheptidine; ii) antidepressants; iii) antipsychotics; iv) zinc; v) premenstrual agents for example pyridoxine and progesterones.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat bulimia: i) antidepressants; ii) opioid receptor antagonists; iii) antiemetics for example ondansetron; iv) testosterone receptor antagonists for example flutamide; v) mood stabilisers; vi) zinc; vii) premenstrual agents.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat autism: i) antipsychotics; ii) antidepressants; iii) anxiolytics; iv) stimulants for example methylphenidate, amphetamine formulations, pemoline.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: i) stimulants for example methylphenidate, amphetamine formulations, pemoline; ii) non-stimulants for example norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (such as atomoxetine), alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists (such as clonidine), antidepressants, modafinil, cholinesterase inhibitors (such as galantamine and donezepil).
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat personality disorders: i) antipsychotics; ii) antidepressants; iii) mood stabilisers; iv) anxiolytics.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat male sexual dysfunction: i) phosphodiesterase V inhibitors, for example vardenafil, sildenafil; ii) dopamine agonists/dopamine transport inhibitors for example apomorphine, buproprion; iii) alpha adrenoceptor antagonists for example phentolamine; iv) prostaglandin agonists for example alprostadil; v) testosterone agonists such as testosterone; vi) serotonin transport inhibitors for example serotonin reuptake inhibitors; v) noradrenaline transport inhibitors for example reboxetine; vii) 5-HT1A agonists, for example flibanserine.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more of the following agents to treat female sexual dysfunction: i) the same agents specified for male sexual dysfunction, ii) an estrogen agonist such as estradiol.
Antipsychotic drugs include Typical Antipsychotics (for example chlorpromazine, thioridazine, mesoridazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, trifluoperazine, thiothixine, haloperidol, molindone and loxapine); and Atypical Antipsychotics (for example clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, aripirazole, ziprasidone, amisulpride, ziprazidone and talnetant).
Antidepressant drugs include serotonin reuptake inhibitors (such as citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine and sertraline); dual serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (such as venlafaxine, duloxetine and milnacipran); Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (such as reboxetine); tricyclic antidepressants (such as amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline and trimipramine); monoamine oxidase inhibitors (such as isocarboxazide, moclobemide, phenelzine and tranylcypromine); and others (such as bupropion, mianserin, mirtazapine, nefazodone and trazodone).
Mood stabiliser drugs include lithium, sodium valproate/valproic acid/divalproex, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, gabapentin, topiramate and tiagabine.
Anxiolytics include benzodiazepines such as alprazolam and lorazepam.
The compounds of the invention may be administered in conventional dosage forms prepared by combining a compound of the invention with standard pharmaceutical carriers or diluents according to conventional procedures well known in the art. These procedures may involve mixing, granulating and compressing or dissolving the ingredients as appropriate to the desired preparation.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated for administration to mammals including humans. The compositions may be formulated for administration by
any route. The compositions may be formulated for oral, topical, or parenteral administration, and may be in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, granules, lozenges, creams or liquid preparations, such as oral or sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions.
The topical formulations of the present invention may be presented as, for instance, ointments, creams or lotions, eye ointments and eye or ear drops, impregnated dressings and aerosols, and may contain appropriate conventional additives such as preservatives, solvents to assist drug penetration and emollients in ointments and creams.
The formulations may also contain compatible conventional carriers, such as cream or ointment bases and ethanol or oleyl alcohol for lotions. Such carriers may be present as from about 1 % up to about 98% of the formulation. More usually they will form up to about 80% of the formulation.
Tablets and capsules for oral administration may be in unit dose presentation form, and may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, for example syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, or polyvinylpyrrolidone; fillers, for example lactose, sugar, maize-starch, calcium phosphate, sorbitol or glycine; tabletting lubricants, for example magnesium stearate, talc, polyethylene glycol or silica; disintegrants, for example potato starch; or acceptable wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulphate. The tablets may be coated according to methods well known in normal pharmaceutical practice. Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives, such as suspending agents, for example sorbitol, methyl cellulose, glucose syrup, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats, emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia; non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), for example almond oil, oily esters such as glycerine, propylene glycol, or ethyl alcohol; preservatives, for example methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid, and, if desired, conventional flavouring or colouring agents.
Suppositories will contain conventional suppository bases, e.g. cocoa-butter or other glyceride.
For parenteral administration, fluid unit dosage forms are prepared utilising the compound and a sterile vehicle, for example water. The compound, depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can be either suspended or dissolved in the vehicle. In preparing solutions the compound can be dissolved in water for injection and filter sterilised before filling into a suitable vial or ampoule and sealing.
Agents such as a local anaesthetic, preservative and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle. To enhance the stability, the composition can be frozen after filling into the vial and the water removed under vacuum. The dry lyophilised powder is then sealed in the vial and an accompanying vial of water for injection may be supplied to reconstitute the liquid prior to use. Parenteral suspensions are prepared in substantially the same manner except that the compound is suspended in the vehicle instead of being dissolved and sterilisation cannot be accomplished by filtration. The compound can be sterilised by exposure to ethylene oxide before suspending in the sterile vehicle. A surfactant or wetting agent may be included in the composition to facilitate uniform distribution of the compound.
It will be recognised by one of skill in the art that the optimal quantity and spacing of individual dosages of a compound of the invention will be determined by the nature and extent of the condition being treated, the form, route and site of administration, and the particular mammal being treated, and that such optimums can be determined by conventional techniques. It will also be appreciated by one of skill in the art that the optimal course of treatment, i.e. the number of doses of a compound of the invention given per day for a defined number of days, can be ascertained by those skilled in the art using conventional course of treatment determination tests.
It is to be understood that "treatment" as used herein includes prophylaxis as well as alleviation of established symptoms. In one embodiment, the mammal to be treated is a human.
The invention is illustrated by the Examples described below.
Starting materials were obtained from commercial suppliers and used without further purification unless otherwise stated. Flash chromatography was carried out using prepacked lsolute Flash™ or Biotage™ silica-gel columns as the stationary phase and analytical grade solvents as the eluent unless otherwise stated.
NMR spectra were obtained at 298K, 303.2K or 300K, at the frequency stated using either a Bruker™ DPX400 or AV400 machine and run as a dilute solution of CDCI3 unless otherwise stated. All NMR spectra were referenced to tetramethylsilane (TMS 5H 0, δc 0). All coupling constants are reported in hertz (Hz), and multiplicities are labelled s (singlet), bs (broad singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quartet), dd (doublet of doublets), dt (doublet of triplets), td (triplet of doublets), ddd (double-double-doublet) and m (multiplet).
All quoted retention times are as measured using LC/MS (Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry). Where appropriate, these retention times were used as a guide for purification using mass-directed auto-purification (MDAP), which refers to purification by
HPLC, wherein fraction collection is triggered by detection of the programmed mass ion for the compound of interest.
Total ion current traces were obtained for electrospray positive and negative ionisation (ES+ / ES-) and/or atmospheric pressure chemical positive and negative ionisation (AP+ / AP-).
Where reactions are described as having been carried out in a similar manner to earlier, more completely described reactions, the general reaction conditions used were essentially the same. Work up conditions used were of the types standard in the art, but may have been adapted from one reaction to another. The starting material may not necessarily have been prepared from the batch referred to. Unless otherwise stated, all compounds with chiral centre(s) are racemic.
Abbreviations
TEA Triethylamine
TMS-CI Trimethylsilyl chloride ss saturated solution
TFA Trifluoroacetic acid
DAD Diode Array Detector
CD Circular dichroism a/a% percentage by area unde the curve
LC/MS Liquid Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry
NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
SCX strong cationic exchange
THF Tetrahydrofuran
DMSO Dimethylsulfoxide
DMF Dimethylformamide
DCM / MDC Dichloromethane / Methylene dichloride
CDI 1 ,1 '-Carbonyldiimidazole
LDA Lithium diisopropylamide
EDC 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
MsCI Methanesulfonyl chloride
AcOH Acetic acid
HOAt 1 -hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole
HOBt 1 -hydroxybenzotriazole
Pd on C Palladium on Charcoal
MeCN Acetonitrile
MDAP Mass-directed auto-purification
DBU 1 ,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
ES electrospray min(s) minute(s)
PdCI2(dppf) 1 ,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene palladium dichloride ppm parts per million degC degrees Celsius
Analytical chromatographic conditions
One of the following methods were used for the LC/MS analysis:
Method 1
Column: Waters Atlantis, 4.6mm x 50mm. The stationary phase particle size is
3um. Solvents: A : Aqueous solvent = Water + 0.05% Formic Acid;
B : Organic solvent = Acetonitrile + 0.05% Formic Acid Methods: 5 minute runtime.
Time / min %B
0 3
0.1 3
4 97
4.8 97
4.9 3
5.0 3
Flow rate: 3ml/min
Injection volume: 5μl
Column temperature: 30 degC
UV wavelenqth ranqe : 220-330 nm
Method 1 - high pH version - as above, except:
- Column: Waters X-Bridge 4.6mm x 50mm. The stationary phase particle size is
3.5μm.
A : Aqueous solvent = 1OmM Ammonium Bicarbonate solution adjusted to pH 10 with ammonia solution.
B : Organic solvent = Acetonitrile.
Method 2
Column: Waters Acquity BEH UPLC C18, 2.1 mm x 50mm. The stationary phase particle size is 1.7μm.
Solvents
A : Aqueous solvent = Water + 0.05% Formic Acid
B : Organic solvent = Acetonitrile + 0.05% Formic Acid
Weak Wash = 1 :1 Methanol : Water
Strong Wash = Water
• The above method has a flow rate of 1 ml/min.
• The injection volume for the generic method is 0.5ul
• The column temperature is 40degC
• The UV detection range is from 220 to 330nm
MDAP conditions
Column: Waters Atlantis, 19mm x 100mm (small scale) and 30mm x 100mm
(large scale). Stationary phase particle size = 5um.
Solvents: A : Aqueous solvent = Water + 0.1% Formic Acid; B : Organic solvent = Acetonitrile + 0.1% Formic Acid. Make up solvent =
Methanol : Water 80:20. Needle rinse solvent = Methanol
Methods: There are five methods used depending on the analytical retention time of the compound of interest. They have a 13.5-minute runtime, which comprises of a 10-minute gradient followed by a 3.5 minute column flush and re-equilibration step.
Large/Small Scale 1.0-1.5 = 5-30% B
Large/Small Scale 1.5-2.2 = 15-55% B
Large/Small Scale 2.2-2.9 = 30-85% B
Large/Small Scale 2.9-3.6 = 50-99% B
Large/Small Scale 3.6-5.0 = 80-99% B (in 6 minutes followed by 7.5 minutes flush and re-equilibration)
Flow rate: 20mls/min (Small Scale) or 40mls/min (Large Scale).
High pH MDAP - as above, except for:
Column: Waters X-bridge, 30mm x 100mm. The stationary phase particle size is
5μm.
A : Aqueous solvent = 1OmM Ammonium Bicarbonate solution adjusted to pH 10 with ammonia solution.
B : Organic solvent = Acetonitrile.
Make up solvent = Methanol : Water 80:20
Needle rinse solvent = Methanol
A suspension of 2-carboxycinnamic acid (1.Og, 5.21 mmol) in methanol (70ml) was stirred at 50 0C and treated with concentrated sulphuric acid (5 drops). After 1.5 hours a solution had been obtained and this was then hydrogenated at standard temperature and pressure over 10% palladium on charcoal (0.2Og, wet paste) for 3 days. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate evaporated to afford an oil which was shown to be mainly the mono-ester by LC/MS. This material was redissolved in methanol (70ml) and saturated with HCI gas with ice-cooling. After standing at room temperature overnight the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue partitioned between ethyl acetate and saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organic layers dried over MgSO4 and evaporated to give methyl 2-[3-(methyloxy)-3-oxopropyl]benzoate as a yellow oil (1.15g, 100%).
1H-NMR (400MHz, CDCI3): δ 7.92 (1 H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.44 (1 H, dd, J = 8.0 and 8.0 Hz), 7.29 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 3.90 (3H, s), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.28 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 2.68 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz).
Description 2: Methyl 1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2-carboxylate
A solution of methyl 2-[3-(methyloxy)-3-oxopropyl]benzoate (3.77g, 16.98mmol, Description 1 ) in dry THF (75 ml) under argon was stirred during the addition of sodium hydride (2.04g of 60% suspension in oil, 50.9mmol) over 2 minutes. The mixture was then slowly heated to reflux. After 1 hour at reflux a thick paste had formed. This was cooled to room temperature and treated dropwise with water (1 ml) added over 5 minutes. The resulting slurry was acidified with 5M hydrochloric acid (20ml) and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organics were dried over MgSO4 and evaporated to afford an oil which was chromatographed on silica gel (7Og). Elution with 0-50% ethyl acetate in pentane gave methyl 1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1 H-indene-2-carboxylate as a yellow oil (2.14g, 66%), which solidified on standing.
1H-NMR (400MHz, CDCI3): δ 7.79 (1 H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.63 (1 H, dd, J = 7.6 and 7.6 Hz), 7.50 (1 H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.42 (1 H, dd, J = 7.6 and 7.6 Hz), 3.80 (3H, s), 3.75 (1 H, m), 3.60 (1 H, m), 3.40 (1 H, m).
Description 3: Methyl 2-methyl-1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2-carboxylate
A solution of methyl 1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1 H-indene-2-carboxylate (2.14g, 11.26mmol, Description 2) in dry THF (40ml) was stirred under argon and cooled in a water bath. Sodium hydride (496mg of a 60% suspension in oil, 12.39mmol) was now added in portions over 2 minutes and the resulting suspension stirred for a further 45 minutes, lodomethane (772 ul, 12.39mmol) was added over 5 minutes and the mixture stirred for 18 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue partitioned between ethyl acetate and excess dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid. The organic layer was dried and evaporated to give a dark oil which was chromatographed on silica gel (5Og). Elution with 0-40% ethyl acetate in pentane gave methyl 2-methyl-1-oxo-2,3- dihydro-1 H-indene-2-carboxylate as a yellow oil (2.19g, 95%).
1H-NMR (400MHz, CDCI3): δ 7.80 (1 H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.64 (1 H, dd, J = 7.6 and 7.6 Hz), 7.49 (1 H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.40 (1 H, dd, J = 7.6 and 7.6 Hz), 3.72 (1 H, d, J = 17.3 Hz), 3.69 (3H, s), 3.00 (1 H, d, J = 17.3 Hz), 1.53 (3H, s).
Description 4: Methyl 1 -hydroxy-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2-carboxylate
A solution of methyl 2-methyl-1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2-carboxylate (2.19g, 10.74mmol, Description 3) in methanol (15ml) was stirred under argon and treated with sodium borohydride (245mg, 6.44mmol) added portionwise over 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water and the organic layer dried over MgSO4 and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford methyl 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-indene-2-carboxylate as a yellow oil (2.14g, 100%).
1H-NMR (400MHz, CDCI3): major diastereomer δ 7.38 - 7.18 (4H, d, overlapping m), 5.48 (1 H, d, J = 4.8 Hz), 3.78 (3H, s), 3.32 (1 H, d, J = 15.6 Hz), 2.85 (1 H, d, J = 15.6 Hz), 2.26 (1 H, d, J = 4.8 Hz), 1.25 (3H, s).
Description 5: 2-Methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2-carboxylic acid
A solution of methyl 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2-carboxylate (2.14g, 10.39mmol, Description 4) in acetic acid (100ml), containing concentrated hydrochloric acid (20ml), was hydrogenated at 3 atmospheres and room temperature for 3 days. The reaction mixture was filtered through kieselguhr and evaporated under reduced pressure to give a white solid. This material was chromatographed on silica gel (5Og), eluting with
0-80% ethyl acetate in pentane, to give 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2-carboxylic acid as a white solid (1.63g, 89%).
1H-NMR (400MHz, CDCI3): δ 7.18 (4H, overlapping m), 3.52 (2H, d, J = 15.6 Hz), 2.85 (2H, d, J = 15.6 Hz), 1.41 (3H, s).
Description 6: 2-Methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-amine hydrochloride
A stirred solution of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-indene-2-carboxylic acid (1.63g, 9.26mmol, Description 5) in acetone (15ml) was cooled to O0C and treated with triethylamine (1.47ml, 10.46mmol) followed by the dropwise addition of ethyl chloroformate (1.00ml, 10.46mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 40 minutes at O0C. A solution of sodium azide (903mg, 13.89mmol) in water (5ml) was then added dropwise over 1 minute and stirring at O0C continued for a further 1 hour. The cooled suspension was then partitioned between ethyl acetate and saturated brine and the aqueous layer extracted with further ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4 and evaporated to give an oil. A solution of this oil in toluene (10ml) was heated to 1000C for 20 minutes beyond the point at which nitrogen evolution ceased. The solvent was then removed and the residue heated to reflux in 5M hydrochloric acid (20ml) overnight. On cooling the reaction mixture was diluted with water and the insoluble material extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over MgSO4 and evaporated to afford recovered starting material (550mg, 34%). The aqueous reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to afford 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-amine hydrochloride as a white powder (870mg, 51%).
1H-NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 8.42 (3H, broad s), 7.26 (2H, overlapping m), 7.19 (2H, overlapping m), 3.20 (2H, d, J = 16.4 Hz), 2.99 (2H, d, J = 16.4 Hz), 1.44 (3H, s).
Description 7: 5-Bromo-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-amine
A stirred solution of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-amine hydrochloride (0.93g, 5.07mmol, Description 6) in water (9ml) was heated to 6O0C and treated dropwise with bromine (286ul, 5.57mmol) over 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was then stirred at 6O0C for 1 hour and at room temperature for a further 1 hour. The solution was basified by the addition of 2M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (4ml) and then extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were dried over MgSO4 and evaporated to give crude 5-bromo-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-amine as a pale oil (0.92g, 80%).
1H-NMR (400MHz, CDCI3): δ 7.32 (1 H, s), 7.16 (1 H, m), 7.05 (1 H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 3.00 - 2.76 (4H, overlapping m), 1.70 (2H, broad s), 1.37 (3H, s).
Description 8: Λ/-(5-bromo-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)-2- propanesulfonamide
A solution of 5-bromo-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-amine (0.92g, 4.07mmol, Description 7) in dry DCM (15ml) under argon was cooled to O0C and stirred during the dropwise addition of DBU (1.82ml, 12.21 mmol) followed by isopropylsulphonyl chloride
(909ul, 8.14mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, washed twice with water, and dried over MgSO4. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure gave a crude product which was chromatographed on silica gel (5Og). Elution with 0-50% ethyl acetate in pentane gave Λ/-(5-bromo-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2- yl)-2-propanesulfonamide as a pale solid (1.09g, 81 %).
LC/MS (ES): Found 332 & 330 (M-H+), retention time 3.19mins. C13H18NO2SBr requires 333 & 331. 1H-NMR (400MHz, CDCI3): δ 7.33 (1 H, s), 7.29 (1 H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.06 (1 H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 4.14 (1 H, broad s), 3.26 -2.94 (5H, overlapping m), 1.56 (3H, s), 1.32 (6H, m).
Description 9: Λ/-[2-methyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1 ,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3- dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl]-2-propanesulfonamide
A stirred suspension of /V-(5-bromo-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl)-2- propanesulfonamide (97mg, 0.29mmol, Description 8), bis-(pinacolato)diboron (89mg, 0.35mmol), Pd(dppf)CI2 (12mg, 5 mol%) and potassium acetate (85mg, 0.87mmol) in dry DMSO was kept at 9O0C overnight. LC/MS showed about 50% conversion to product so further bis-(pinacolato)diboron (89mg, 0.35mmol) and Pd(dppf)CI2 (12mg, 5 mol%)was added and heating continued at 9O0C for a further 3 hours. LC/MS indicated that reaction was essentially complete so the cooled reaction was partitioned between ethyl acetate (50ml) and water (30ml). The aqueous layer was extracted with further ethyl acetate and the combined organic layers were washed three times with water, dried over MgSO4 and evaporated to give the crude product as a black oil. Chromatography on silica gel (1Og) eluting with 0-50% ethyl acetate in pentane gave Λ/-[2-methyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1 ,3,2- dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl]-2-propanesulfonamide (91 mg, 83%).
1H-NMR (400MHz, CDCI3): δ 7.64 (1 H, s), 7.63 (1 H, m), 7.17 (1 H, m), 4.10 (1 H, broad s), 3.28 (1 H, d, J = 16.0 Hz), 3.20 (1 H, d, J = 16.2 Hz), 3.05 (3H, overlapping m), 1.56 (3H, s), 1.34 - 1.21 (18H, overlapping m).
Description 10: Λ/-(5-hydroxy-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)-2- propanesulfonamide
Λ/-[2-methyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1 ,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl]-2- propanesulfonamide (1.07g, 2.82mmol, Description 9) in methanol (20ml) was stirred at room temperature and a solution of 30% hydrogen peroxide in water (0.58ml, 5.64mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred under argon at room temperature for 18 hours. The volatile components were removed under reduced pressure and the residue partitioned between DCM and water. The aqueous layer was extracted with further DCM and the
combined organics dried over MgSO4 and evaporated to afford the crude product as a solid. This material was chromatographed on silica gel (7Og), eluting with 0-50% ethyl acetate/pentane, to afford Λ/-(5-hydroxy-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl)-2- propanesulfonamide as a white solid (383mg, 50%).
1H-NMR (400MHz, CDCI3): δ 7.02 (1 H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 6.68 (1 H, d, J = 2 Hz), 6.64 (1 H, dd, J = 8.0 and 2 Hz), 4.82 (1 H, s), 4.17 (1 H, s), 3.22 - 3.05 (3H, overlapping m), 2.95 (2H, overlapping m), 1.60 (3H, s), 1.31 (6H, m).
Example 1 : rac-Λ/-[2-methyl-5-(2-pyridinyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl]-2- propanesulfonamide
A mixture of Λ/-(5-hydroxy-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl)-2-propanesulfonamide (228 mg, 0.846 mmol, Description 10), 2-bromopyridine (134 mg, 0.846 mmol), copper iodide (177 mg, 0.931 mmol), cesium carbonate (827 mg, 2.54 mmol) and N, N- dimethylglycine (105 mg, 1.016 mmol) in DMSO (3ml) was heated at 13O0C on a heating block for 30 hours and cooled. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and water and filtered through kieselguhr. The filtrate was separated and the organic layer washed with water (2x), dried over MgSO4 and evaporated to provide crude product (208mg). This was purified by MDAP to give rac-Λ/-[2-methyl-5-(2-pyridinyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl]-2- propanesulfonamide as an oil (92 mg, 28%).
LC/MS (ES): Found 347 (MH+), retention time 2.93mins. Ci8H22N2O3S requires 346.
1H-NMR (400MHz, CDCI3): δ 8.18 (1 H, m), 7.68 (1 H, m), 7.20 (1 H, d, J= 8.0Hz), 6.98 (3H, overlapping m), 6.90 (1 H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 4.20 (1 H, s), 3.24 (2H, overlapping d), 3.10 (1 H, m), 3.00 (2H, overlapping d), 1.63 (3H, s), 1.33 (6H, d, J = 6.8 Hz).
Example 2: Λ/-[2-methyl-5-(2-pyridinyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl]-2- propanesulfonamide (faster running enantiomer)
The racemic Λ/-[2-methyl-5-(2-pyridinyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl]-2- propanesulfonamide (128 mg) was submitted for chiral resolution on a chiralcel OD column eluting with methanol : carbon dioxide (10:90) to give the fast running enantiomer (26 mg).
LC/MS (ES): Found 347 (MH+), retention time 2.91 mins. Ci8H22N2O3S requires 346. 1H-NMR (400MHz, CDCI3): δ 8.18 (1 H, m), 7.68 (1 H, m), 7.20 (1 H, d, J= 8.0Hz), 6.98 (3H, overlapping m), 6.90 (1 H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 4.20 (1 H, s), 3.24 (2H, overlapping d), 3.10 (1 H, m), 3.00 (2H, overlapping d), 1.63 (3H, s), 1.33 (6H, d, J = 6.8 Hz).
Example 3: Λ/-[2-methyl-5-(2-pyridinyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl]-2- propanesulfonamide (slower running enantiomer)
The racemic Λ/-[2-methyl-5-(2-pyridinyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl]-2- propanesulfonamide (128 mg) was submitted for chiral resolution on a chiralcel OD column eluting with methanol : carbon dioxide (10:90) to give the slow running enantiomer (25 mg).
LC/MS (ES): Found 347 (MH+), retention time 2.91 mins. Ci8H22N2O3S requires 346. 1H-NMR (400MHz, CDCI3): δ 8.18 (1 H, m), 7.68 (1 H, m), 7.20 (1 H, d, J= 8.0Hz), 6.98 (3H, overlapping m), 6.90 (1 H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 4.20 (1 H, s), 3.24 (2H, overlapping d), 3.10 (1 H, m), 3.00 (2H, overlapping d), 1.63 (3H, s), 1.33 (6H, d, J = 6.8 Hz).
The ability of the compounds of the invention to potentiate AMPA may be determined by the assays below. In the assays used and described herein, the compounds of the present invention were not necessarily from the same batch described above. A test compound from one batch may have been combined with other batch(es) for the assay(s).
Calcium Influx Fluorescence Assay
384 well plates are prepared containing confluent monolayer of HEK 293 cells stably expressing human GluR2 flip (unedited) AMPA receptor subunit.
On the day of the experiment, culture medium are discarded and the cells washed three times with standard buffer (145 mM NaCI, 5 mM KCI, 1 mM MgCI2, 2 mM CaCI2, 20 mM N-[2-hydroxyethyl]-piperazine-N-[2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), 5.5 mM glucose, pH 7.3) and 20 μl_ of buffer remained in each well after washing. The plates are then
incubated at room temperature for 60 minutes in the dark with 2 μM FLUO-4AM dye to allow cell uptake of the FLUO-4AM, which is then converted to FLUO-4 by intracellular esterases which is unable to leave the cells. After incubation cells are washed three times with buffer and 30 μl_ of buffer remained in each well after washing. Compounds of the invention are tested in a final assay concentration range from 50 μM to 50 nM.
Compounds of the invention (or a reference compound such as Λ/-[(2/?)-2-(4'-cyano-4- biphenylyl)propyl]-2-propanesulfonamide) are dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at a stock concentration of 10 mM. These solutions are further diluted with DMSO in a 384 compound plate and 1 μl_ of each dilution is transferred to another compound plate. Just prior compounds addition to the cells, 50 μl_ pluronic buffer (standard buffer with 0.05% pluronic-F127 acid) is added to the 1 μl_ compound copy plate.
An agonist stimulus 384-well plate containing 50μl_/well of 500 μM glutamate is prepared by diluting with pluronic buffer (standard buffer with 0.05% pluronic-F127 acid) a 100 mM sodium glutamate stock solution prepared in water.
10 μl_ from each plate containing a compound of the invention made up in compound buffer solution is added and incubated with the loaded cells for 10 minute in the dark at room temperature.
The cell plate is then transferred into a fluorescence imaging plate based reader (such as the FLIPR384 - Molecular Devices). A baseline fluorescence reading is taken over a 5 to 10 second period, and then 10 μL of 500 μM glutamate solution is added (to give a final concentration of 100 μM). The fluorescence is then read over a 4-5 minute period.
The activities of the compounds of the invention and reference compounds are determined by measuring peak fluorescence after the last addition. The activity is also expressed relative to the fluorescence increase induced by 5μM Λ/-[(2/?)-2-(4'-cyano-4- biphenylyl)propyl]-2-propanesulfonamide at their maximum response.
The assay described above is believed to have an effective limit of detection of a pEC50 in the region of 3.5-4.0 due to the limitations of compound solubility. The pEC5o result is generally considered to be accurate +/- 0.3.
All the Example compounds were screened using the assay described above and gave a pEC50 equal to or greater than 4.0 and/or demonstrated an activity of on average at least 10% that of Λ/-[(2/?)-2-(4'-cyano-4-biphenylyl)propyl]-2-propanesulfonamide (at its maximal response).
Claims
1. A compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof:
• n is 0 or 1 ; and
• R1 is selected from phenyl and pyridyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or two groups independently selected from C1-4alkyl and halogen.
2. A compound as claimed in claim 1 , which is:
• Λ/-[2-methyl-5-(2-pyridinyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl]-2-propanesulfonamide
• Λ/-[2-methyl-5-(2-pyridinyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl]-2-propanesulfonamide (S enantiomer) • Λ/-[2-methyl-5-(2-pyridinyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl]-2-propanesulfonamide (R enantiomer) or a salt thereof.
3. A compound as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
4. A compound as claimed in claim 3 for use as a medicament.
5. A compound as claimed in claim 3 for use in the treatment of a disease or condition caused by a reduction or imbalance in glutamate receptor function in a mammal.
6. A compound as claimed in claim 3 for use in the treatment of schizophrenia.
7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as defined in claim 3 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
8. A combination product comprising a compound as defined in claim 3 and an antipsychotic.
9. Use of a compound as defined in claim 3, or a composition as defined in claim 7, or a product as defined in claim 8, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a disease or a condition caused by a reduction or imbalance in glutamate receptor function.
10. Use as claimed in claim 9 wherein the disease is schizophrenia.
11. A method of treating a disease or condition caused by a reduction or imbalance in glutamate receptor function in a mammal comprising administering an effective amount of a compound as defined in claim 3, or a composition as defined in claim 7, or a product as defined in claim 8.
12. A method as claimed in claim 1 1 wherein the disease is schizophrenia.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB0821166.6A GB0821166D0 (en) | 2008-11-19 | 2008-11-19 | Compounds |
GB0821166.6 | 2008-11-19 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2010057865A1 true WO2010057865A1 (en) | 2010-05-27 |
Family
ID=40194899
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2009/065263 WO2010057865A1 (en) | 2008-11-19 | 2009-11-17 | N- inden- 2 -yl- isopropylsulfonamides as ampa receptor potentiators |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
GB (1) | GB0821166D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010057865A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102887808A (en) * | 2012-10-26 | 2013-01-23 | 华东师范大学 | Preparation method of multi-substituted indanol derivatives |
EP3008167A4 (en) * | 2013-06-13 | 2017-06-07 | VeroScience LLC | Compositions and methods for treating metabolic disorders |
CN108976122A (en) * | 2018-09-13 | 2018-12-11 | 南通纺织丝绸产业技术研究院 | The method for preparing 1,3- dicarbonyl compound based on metal hydride/palladium compound system |
CN109053446A (en) * | 2018-09-13 | 2018-12-21 | 苏州大学张家港工业技术研究院 | Metal hydride/palladium compound system prepares the application in 1,3- dicarbonyl compound in Electron-poor olefin compound tandem reaction |
WO2020056565A1 (en) * | 2018-09-17 | 2020-03-26 | 南通纺织丝绸产业技术研究院 | Application of metal hydride/palladium compound system in preparation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compound in cascade reaction of electron-deficient alkene compound |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1486503A1 (en) * | 2003-06-13 | 2004-12-15 | Les Laboratoires Servier | Derivatives of benzothiazine and benzothiadiazine, procedure for their preparation and pharmaceutical compositions containing them |
WO2006015828A1 (en) * | 2004-08-09 | 2006-02-16 | Glaxo Group Limited | Compounds which potentiate glutamate receptor and uses thereof in medicine |
WO2009080637A1 (en) * | 2007-12-19 | 2009-07-02 | Glaxo Group Limited | Compounds which potentiate the ampa receptor and uses thereof in medicine |
-
2008
- 2008-11-19 GB GBGB0821166.6A patent/GB0821166D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2009
- 2009-11-17 WO PCT/EP2009/065263 patent/WO2010057865A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1486503A1 (en) * | 2003-06-13 | 2004-12-15 | Les Laboratoires Servier | Derivatives of benzothiazine and benzothiadiazine, procedure for their preparation and pharmaceutical compositions containing them |
WO2006015828A1 (en) * | 2004-08-09 | 2006-02-16 | Glaxo Group Limited | Compounds which potentiate glutamate receptor and uses thereof in medicine |
WO2009080637A1 (en) * | 2007-12-19 | 2009-07-02 | Glaxo Group Limited | Compounds which potentiate the ampa receptor and uses thereof in medicine |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
BIGGE C F ET AL: "AMPA RECEPTOR AGONISTS, ANTAGONISTS AND MODULATORS: THEIR POTENTIALFOR CLINICAL UTILITY", EXPERT OPINION ON THERAPEUTIC PATENTS, INFORMA HEALTHCARE, GB, vol. 7, no. 10, 1 January 1997 (1997-01-01), pages 1099 - 1114, XP001037439, ISSN: 1354-3776 * |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102887808A (en) * | 2012-10-26 | 2013-01-23 | 华东师范大学 | Preparation method of multi-substituted indanol derivatives |
EP3008167A4 (en) * | 2013-06-13 | 2017-06-07 | VeroScience LLC | Compositions and methods for treating metabolic disorders |
CN108976122A (en) * | 2018-09-13 | 2018-12-11 | 南通纺织丝绸产业技术研究院 | The method for preparing 1,3- dicarbonyl compound based on metal hydride/palladium compound system |
CN109053446A (en) * | 2018-09-13 | 2018-12-21 | 苏州大学张家港工业技术研究院 | Metal hydride/palladium compound system prepares the application in 1,3- dicarbonyl compound in Electron-poor olefin compound tandem reaction |
CN109053446B (en) * | 2018-09-13 | 2021-01-01 | 苏州大学张家港工业技术研究院 | Application of metal hydride/palladium compound system in preparation of 1, 3-dicarbonyl compound by series reaction of electron-deficient alkene compound |
CN108976122B (en) * | 2018-09-13 | 2021-01-12 | 南通纺织丝绸产业技术研究院 | Method for producing 1, 3-dicarbonyl compounds based on metal hydride/palladium compound systems |
WO2020056565A1 (en) * | 2018-09-17 | 2020-03-26 | 南通纺织丝绸产业技术研究院 | Application of metal hydride/palladium compound system in preparation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compound in cascade reaction of electron-deficient alkene compound |
US11795132B2 (en) | 2018-09-17 | 2023-10-24 | Soochow University | Application of metal hydride/palladium compound system in preparation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compound in cascade reaction of electron-deficient alkene compound |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB0821166D0 (en) | 2008-12-24 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP1781614B1 (en) | Compounds which potentiate glutamate receptor and uses thereof in medicine | |
US7790758B2 (en) | Compounds which potentiate glutamate receptor and uses thereof in medicine | |
EP2086643B1 (en) | Compounds which potentiate ampa receptor and uses thereof in medicine | |
US7741351B2 (en) | Compounds which potentiate glutamate receptor and uses thereof in medicine | |
US8173820B2 (en) | Compounds which potentiate the AMPA receptor and uses thereof in medicine | |
WO2010066658A1 (en) | Compounds which potentiate the ampa receptor and uses thereof in medicine | |
WO2008113795A1 (en) | Compounds which potentiate ampa receptor and uses thereof in medicine | |
WO2010057865A1 (en) | N- inden- 2 -yl- isopropylsulfonamides as ampa receptor potentiators | |
US20090221643A1 (en) | 4-phenyl-3-(2-propylsulfonylamino) tetrahydrofuran derivatives which potentiate glutamate receptors and are useful in the treatment of schizophrenia | |
WO2008148832A1 (en) | Compounds which potentiate ampa receptor and uses therof in medicine | |
WO2008148836A1 (en) | Compounds which potentiate ampa receptor and uses thereof in medicine | |
US20090170902A1 (en) | Compounds which potentiate glutamate receptor and uses thereof in medicine | |
WO2009053449A1 (en) | Thiazoles which potentiate ampa receptor and medicinal uses thereof | |
WO2009092713A1 (en) | Compounds which potentiate the ampa receptor and uses thereof in medicine | |
WO2008110566A1 (en) | Compounds which potentiate ampa receptor and uses thereof in medicine | |
WO2009092712A1 (en) | Compounds which potentiate the ampa receptor and uses thereof in medicine | |
WO2010037760A1 (en) | Compounds which potentiate ampa receptor and uses thereof in medicine | |
ZA200701018B (en) | Compounds which potentiate glutamate receptor and uses thereof in medicine |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 09752370 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
32PN | Ep: public notification in the ep bulletin as address of the adressee cannot be established |
Free format text: NOTING OF LOSS OF RIGHTS PURSUANT TO RULE 112(1) EPC (EPO FORM 1205A DATED 29.07.11 AND 27.09.11) |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 09752370 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |