WO2010057500A1 - Détecteur de rayonnement avec guides optiques dopés - Google Patents

Détecteur de rayonnement avec guides optiques dopés Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010057500A1
WO2010057500A1 PCT/DK2009/050307 DK2009050307W WO2010057500A1 WO 2010057500 A1 WO2010057500 A1 WO 2010057500A1 DK 2009050307 W DK2009050307 W DK 2009050307W WO 2010057500 A1 WO2010057500 A1 WO 2010057500A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
detector
radiation
scintillating
optical guides
optical
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/DK2009/050307
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Arnd Friedrich Baurichter
Christian Skou SØNDERGAARD
Martin Kristensen
Bjarne Funch Skipper
Kenneth Hansen
Original Assignee
Siemens A/S
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens A/S filed Critical Siemens A/S
Priority to EP09756410A priority Critical patent/EP2359162A1/fr
Priority to US13/130,265 priority patent/US20110220798A1/en
Publication of WO2010057500A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010057500A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
    • G01T1/20—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
    • G01T1/201—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors using scintillating fibres
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a radiation detector and in particular to a radiation detector comprising optical guides which upon exposure to incident radiation generate scintillating light.
  • Particle radiation from an accelerator facility can be used for a number of purposes, such as within various domains of fundamental research as well as for the application of particle therapy.
  • particle therapy localized cancer tumours are treated by exposure to particles such as protons and heavy ions as for example Carbon ions. Treatment with particles has the advantage, that the deposited energy can be localized to a higher extent in the cancer tissue than is possible with x-ray treatment.
  • particles are produced in an accelerator complex, such as a synchrotron or cyclotron, and extracted via an extraction line to a treatment chamber for irradiation of the patient.
  • an accelerator complex such as a synchrotron or cyclotron
  • the transversal beam profile is monitored.
  • a so-called multi-wire proportional chamber (MWPC) is used for this purpose.
  • the MWPC is an expensive and complex device.
  • the present invention seeks to provide an improved radiation detector for detecting incident radiation based on detecting scintillating light generated by radiation penetrating optical guides.
  • the invention alleviates, mitigates or eliminates one or more disadvantages of the prior art, singly or in any combination.
  • a further object may be to provide a detector which is resistant to extensive radiation.
  • a further object may be to provide a detector which is capable of detecting a large range of radiation intensities and energies with a high sensitivity to the incident radiation.
  • a yet further object may be to provide a detector, which is relatively simple to produce and maintain, thereby rendering it attractive from a commercial point of view.
  • a yet further object may be to provide a detector suitable for use in connection with particle therapy applications.
  • the invention relates to a radiation detector for detecting incident radiation, the detector comprising:
  • the detector element comprising a set of scintillating optical guides arranged in an array for detecting a transversal radiation beam profile; where radiation incident on an optical guide generates scintillating light signals within the optical guide; and
  • scintillating optical guides are provided in a glass-based material doped with a rare earth dopant.
  • a sensitive radiation-resistant detector is provided, which is capable of detecting a transversal radiation beam profile.
  • the beam profile is detected from the arrangement of the optical guides, whereas the radiation resistance and the sensitivity are provided from the combination of glass material and the rare earth doping.
  • the arrangement of the optical guides may be an arrangement of the guides in a common plane in a linear array. This would directly provide the transversal beam profile in a direction perpendicular to the linear arrangement. By use of two detector elements with orthogonal linear arrangements, the transversal beam profile can be provided in orthogonal directions of the transversal plane to the beam. Other arrangements of the guides can also be envisioned.
  • the detector is suitable for detecting any kind of radiation capable of generating scintillation light in the optical guides.
  • the detector is especially suitable for detecting ionizing radiation beams with sufficiently large energy for penetrating the optical guides.
  • suitable ionizing beams include, but are not limited to, ion beams of any mass and of any charge.
  • specific ionizing beams include, but are not limited to, proton beams and heavy ion beams, as for example, but not exclusively Carbon ion beams.
  • a detector is thereby provided which is capable of detecting particle beams suitable for particle therapy.
  • the detector may consequently be referred to as a particle beam detector.
  • the term "penetrating” refers both to the situation where the radiation beam is capable of penetrating at least to a part of the optical guide being doped with the rare earth dopant; and also to the situation where the radiation beam is capable of penetrating all the way through the optical guide without being stopped by the optical guide.
  • optical guide may include, but is not limited to, optical fibres (multi-mode and single-mode) and integrated waveguides.
  • An integrated wave guide may trap light in a length of material, the material being surrounded by another material with a different index of refraction.
  • a wave guide may be fabricated by depositing material on top of a substrate and etching unwanted portions away, or etching trenches in the substrate and filling them with light-transmitting materials, or from a combination of the two.
  • the rare earth material is advantageously selected from the group consisting of Ytterbium, Holmium, Thulium and Erbium. These rare earth elements have especially suitable electronic structures which upon excitation from the interaction with the incident radiation favour radiation at well-defined wavelengths upon de- excitation. Moreover, these rare earth elements possess a high cross-section for scintillation. Especially Ytterbium possesses a number of advantageous properties, which renders it suitable as dopant. Examples of such properties include, but are not limited to, an advantageous electronic structure, low tendency to create non- radiating de-excitation channels upon clustering, low probability of interaction with defect states in the glass-based material, and a high cross-section for scintillation.
  • the glass-based material of the optical guides is advantageously selected as silicate-glass based, i.e. SiO 2 -based glass.
  • the silicate-glass is of a high-purity so that only few defect states are present.
  • small concentrations of dopants other than the rare earth dopants may be present, such as Aluminium, Tantalum, Germanium-oxide, etc.
  • Commercial optical guides in the form of optical fibres are typically only available with small concentrations of dopants, which are provided there for various reasons.
  • the electronic structure of Holmium, Thulium, Erbium and especially Ytterbium match the electronic structure of silicate-based glass very well with respect to the desired properties of the detector of embodiments of the present invention.
  • Ytterbium is less sensitive to clustering, and a ratio between clustered dopant species and isolated dopant species as high as 50% may be accepted with Ytterbium.
  • a large range of dopant concentration may be used in various embodiments.
  • the range may be a range between 0.1 per mil to 10 percent in weight.
  • the specific concentration may be determined based on the desired specifications of the detector and what is available from the provider of the optical guides.
  • the fabrication process of rare earth doped glass-based optical fibres is a complicated process; consequently a continuous range of dopant concentrations may not be available for at least this type of optical guide.
  • the optical guide is in the form of an optical fibre, where the optical fibre does not comprise a polymer coating.
  • Typical commercially available fibres do comprise polymer coatings.
  • coatings are advantageously removed. It is advantageous to remove the polymer coating, since such material may decompose from the radiation exposure which is undesired both inside and outside the beam pipe, and even introduce undesired light from the interaction with the radiation beam.
  • the output of the detector is linear, or at least linear to a large degree, with the intensity of the incoming beam.
  • the optical guides have been pre-treated by exposure to penetrating ionizing radiation. It has been observed that optical guides in the form of virgin optical fibres are less sensitive to radiation, i.e. have a smaller radiation yield, than fibres that have been exposed to penetrating ionizing radiation.
  • pre-treatment it may be ensured that the detector is homogeneous in sensitivity over the entire active detector area already from the onset. Moreover, it may be ensured that detectors, which are used in connection with low intensity applications, do not change in sensitivity during use. For detectors to be used in high intensity applications it may not be necessary to pre-treat the optical guides.
  • the penetrating radiation is penetrating protons or penetrating heavy ions.
  • optical guides in the form of virgin Yb-doped optical fibres have a very low concentration of Yb in the second ionization state (Yb 2+ ) when embedded in the glass material and that most, if not all, of the Yb is present in the third ionization state (Yb 3+ ).
  • concentration Of Yb 2+ increases, and since it has also been observed that the sensitivity of Yb-doped optical fibres upon pre-exposure to radiation increases, it may be advantageous to provide a detector where the ratio Yb 2+ /Yb 3+ is larger than 1%. This introduction Of Yb 2+ may be via exposure to radiation or via any other possible way.
  • the detector further comprises a heating element for heating the scintillating optical guides.
  • the effect of heating the scintillating optical guides is a short increase in detected scintillating light, possibly due to a release of stored energy from prior radiation in long-lived electronic states upon a temperature increase.
  • the increase in detected scintillating light from the temperature-rise may only last for a given time period, and the optical guides may be heated in succeeding cycles separated by time periods without heating or with active cooling.
  • the heating cycle may advantageously be correlated with a gating signal to provide a detection cycle enabling a high constant sensitivity, as for example by using lock-in techniques.
  • each scintillating optical guide is coupled to a photodetector for detecting the generated scintillating light signal.
  • the coupling between the scintillating optical guides and the photodetector may be based on optical guides, such as transport guides enabling a separation of the detector itself and the photodetector.
  • the photodetector should be sensitive in the wavelength range where the scintillating light is generated, for rare earth materials and especially for Yb the photodetector should be capable of detecting electromagnetic radiation in the near-infrared range.
  • the photodetector should be capable of detecting radiation in the range between 900 nanometers (nm) and 1200 nm, such at a range surrounding 1050 nm, which is the dominant wavelength for Yb generated scintillation light.
  • the detector may be a particle beam detector for use in connection with incident radiation that is suitable for particle therapy.
  • a particle beam detector for particle therapy which is sensitive and radiation-resistant, may thereby be provided.
  • radiation that is suitable for particle therapy includes, but are not limited to, proton beams and heavy ion beams accelerated to more than 10 MeV, to more than 50 MeV and even to more than 100 MeV.
  • the detector may be used for protons with energy in the range 10 to 250 MeV/u, such as 48-220 MeV/u; having an intensity in the range 10 6 to 10 11 particles/sec, such as 4x lO 6 to 4x lO 10 particles/sec.
  • the detector may be used for Carbon ions with energy in the range 50 to 250 MeV/u, such as 88-220 MeV/u; having an intensity in the range 10 4 to 10 10 particles/sec, such as 10 5 to 10 9 particles/sec.
  • the invention relates to a method of fabricating a radiation detector for detecting incident radiation, the method comprising:
  • the scintillating optical guides being provided in a glass-based material doped with a rare earth dopant
  • a radiation detector in accordance with the first aspect may thereby be fabricated.
  • the optical guides may either prior to or after arranging the guides in the detector element be exposed to penetrating ionizing radiation.
  • the penetrating radiation is penetrating protons or penetrating heavy ions.
  • the invention relates to a method of operating a radiation detector; the radiation detector is provided in accordance with the first aspect and further equipped with a heating element and a photodetector, wherein the method comprises:
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an overview of a particle therapy facility
  • FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a detector
  • FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a cross-section of an optical fibre
  • FIG. 4 schematically illustrates the effect of heating the fibres during detection.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an overview of a particle therapy facility.
  • particle therapy localized cancer tumours are treated by irradiation the cancerous tissue with ion beams, e.g.
  • a particle therapy facility energetic ion beams are generated in an accelerator complex 1, such as a synchrotron or cyclotron facility.
  • a synchrotron or cyclotron facility typically comprises a number of extraction lines. Here a single extraction line 2 is illustrated, which extracts the ion beam into a treatment room 3 for treating the patient. Prior to and during radiation of the patient, the beam properties are monitored. An important aspect of this monitoring is a monitoring of the transversal beam profile.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a detector 4 for detecting the transversal profile of the particle beam.
  • FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a detector in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
  • Two detector elements 20, 21 are provided for detecting the transversal radiation beam profile 27, 28 in two orthogonal directions 22, 23 which again are orthogonal to the beam 24.
  • the two detector elements are similar, except for a 90 degree rotation.
  • Each detector-element comprises a set of scintillating optical fibres 25 arranged in an array.
  • the fibres are arranged in a common plane in a linear array.
  • the fibres are supported by a frame.
  • a simple Cartesian mapping is provided. This arrangement of fibres may be referred to as a harp configuration.
  • the photodetector may be a signal amplified semiconductor (e.g. Si, Ge, InGaAs) photodetector. Alternatively, the light may for example be detected by a segmented photomultiplier, an avalanche photodiode, a CCD camera.
  • the photodetector should be capable of detecting electromagnetic radiation in the relevant wavelength range, i.e. in the range of the scintillating light. For rare earth doped optical fibres this range comprises the near-infrared range.
  • the coupling 29 between the scintillating optical fibres and the photodetector may be provided by optical fibres, such as standard silica fibres. These fibres may be referred to as transport fibres 29. Short transport fibres may be used if a compact integrated detector is desired, whereas long transport fibres may be used if it is desired to separate in space the detector elements and the photodetectors. To increase the amount of detected light, the fibre ends opposite the transport fibres may be provided with a reflective end, such as a deposited metal film or dielectric coating.
  • FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a cross-section of a commercially available optical fibre e.g. available from the company CorActive (http://www.coractive.com) and nLIGHT (http://www.nlight.net).
  • the optical fibre comprises a double core: a central core 30, and an outer core 31, as well as a cladding 32.
  • the central core 30 is the optical fibre part where the scintillating light is generated, i.e. the rare earth doped optical fibre part.
  • the central core is an Yb doped silica-fibre.
  • the cladding 32 is to ensure total internal reflection within the core region (central and outer core).
  • the cladding is present in order to provide an envelope of the core region with a lower refractive index.
  • the cladding 32 also renders the fibre robust so that the fibre will not easily deteriorate upon handling.
  • the cladding is a silica-cladding with a truncated spherical cross-section.
  • the doped central core is 85 micrometers in diameter, whereas the entire fibre is 250 micrometers across.
  • Commercial optical fibres are typically provided with a polymer coating. Such coatings may be removed prior to mounting the optical fibre.
  • FIG. 4 schematically illustrates the effect of heating the fibres during detection.
  • FIG. 4A illustrates the imposed temperature as a function of time. Successive heating cycles are provided, for example by raising the temperature from 25 0 C to 125 0 C for 3 seconds every 8th second. Other temperature cycles can be used.
  • the effect of increasing the temperature is a short increase in detected scintillating light.
  • the increase is schematically illustrated in FIG. 4B schematically showing the corresponding detected scintillation light.
  • the scintillating fibres Prior to the temperature increase 4OA, 4OB the scintillating fibres are at room temperature (or possibly actively maintained at a constant temperature), at this temperature the detected light is at a first level.
  • an increase in the detected light 42 is also detected.
  • the increase is observed to be as much as a ten times increase.
  • the increase in detected light however, only lasts for a short period of a few seconds, after which the detected light decreases 43, even down to a level slightly below the initial level.
  • the detector may be gated by gate signal so that the detector is only detecting the light in a short period 45 around the maximum sensitivity and thereby providing an extremely sensitive detector. Measurements performed at the accelerator facility at Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen have shown this behaviour.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un détecteur de rayonnement approprié pour une utilisation en relation avec des applications de thérapie par particules. Le détecteur comporte au moins un ensemble de guides optiques scintillants qui, lors d'une exposition à un rayonnement incident, génèrent une lumière scintillante. Les guides optiques sont disposés suivant un réseau, tel que sous une configuration dite en harpe, pour détecter un profil de faisceau de rayonnement transversal. Les guides optiques scintillants sont disposés dans un matériau à base de verre, dopé par un dopant de terre rare. Les terres rares suivantes sont particulièrement intéressantes : ytterbium, holmium, thulium et erbium.
PCT/DK2009/050307 2008-11-21 2009-11-19 Détecteur de rayonnement avec guides optiques dopés WO2010057500A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP09756410A EP2359162A1 (fr) 2008-11-21 2009-11-19 Détecteur de rayonnement avec guides optiques dopés
US13/130,265 US20110220798A1 (en) 2008-11-21 2009-11-19 Radiation detector with doped optical guides

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DKPA200801642 2008-11-21
DKPA200801642 2008-11-21

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US8610077B2 (en) 2010-08-19 2013-12-17 Universite Laval Fluence monitoring devices with scintillating fibers for X-ray radiotherapy treatment and methods for calibration and validation of same
WO2014198644A1 (fr) * 2013-06-13 2014-12-18 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Détecteur de guidage et de vérification de traitement par radiothérapie

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US10675487B2 (en) 2013-12-20 2020-06-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Energy degrader enabling high-speed energy switching
US9962560B2 (en) 2013-12-20 2018-05-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Collimator and energy degrader
US9661736B2 (en) 2014-02-20 2017-05-23 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Scanning system for a particle therapy system
US10786689B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2020-09-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US10925147B2 (en) 2016-07-08 2021-02-16 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Treatment planning
US11103730B2 (en) 2017-02-23 2021-08-31 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Automated treatment in particle therapy
US10653892B2 (en) 2017-06-30 2020-05-19 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Configurable collimator controlled using linear motors
WO2020185543A1 (fr) 2019-03-08 2020-09-17 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Collimateur et dégradeur d'énergie pour système de thérapie par particules
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