WO2010011907A2 - Plants with altered root architecture, related constructs and methods involving genes encoding rep2 polypeptides and homologs thereof - Google Patents

Plants with altered root architecture, related constructs and methods involving genes encoding rep2 polypeptides and homologs thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010011907A2
WO2010011907A2 PCT/US2009/051665 US2009051665W WO2010011907A2 WO 2010011907 A2 WO2010011907 A2 WO 2010011907A2 US 2009051665 W US2009051665 W US 2009051665W WO 2010011907 A2 WO2010011907 A2 WO 2010011907A2
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Prior art keywords
plant
dna construct
recombinant dna
sequence
seq
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PCT/US2009/051665
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2010011907A3 (en
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Graziana Taramino
Scott V. Tingey
Stephen M. Allen
Stanley Luck
Hajime Sakai
Dwight Tomes
Xiaomu Niu
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E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
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Application filed by E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. filed Critical E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
Priority to EP09790798A priority Critical patent/EP2326663A2/en
Priority to BRPI0911739A priority patent/BRPI0911739A2/pt
Priority to MX2011000780A priority patent/MX2011000780A/es
Priority to CA2729099A priority patent/CA2729099A1/en
Priority to CN2009801289798A priority patent/CN102131824A/zh
Publication of WO2010011907A2 publication Critical patent/WO2010011907A2/en
Publication of WO2010011907A3 publication Critical patent/WO2010011907A3/en
Priority to ZA2010/09172A priority patent/ZA201009172B/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/415—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from plants
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/146—Genetically Modified [GMO] plants, e.g. transgenic plants

Definitions

  • the field of invention relates to plant breeding and genetics and, in particular, relates to recombinant DNA constructs useful in plants for altering root architecture.
  • Plant roots serve important functions such as water and nutrient uptake, anchorage of the plants in the soil and the establishment of biotic interactions at the rhizosphere. Elucidation of the genetic regulation of plant root development and function is therefore the subject of considerable interest in agriculture and ecology.
  • the root system originates from a primary root that develops during embryogenesis.
  • the primary root produces secondary roots, which in turn produce tertiary roots. All secondary, tertiary, quaternary and further roots are referred to as lateral roots.
  • Many plants, including maize, can also produce shoot borne roots, from consecutive under-ground nodes (crown roots) or above-ground nodes (brace roots).
  • Three major processes affect the overall architecture of the root system. First, cell division at the primary root mehstem enables indeterminate growth by adding new cells to the root. Second, lateral root formation increases the exploratory capacity of the root system.
  • root-hair formation increases the total surface of primary and lateral roots (Lopez-Bucio et al., Current Opinion in Plant Biology (2003) 6:280-287).
  • maize mutants have been isolated that are missing only a subset of root types.
  • mutations in root patterning genes such as SHORTROOT and SCARECROW , which show developmental defects in primary and lateral roots, have been identified (J. E. Malamy, Plant, Cell and Environment (2005) 28: 67-77).
  • a number of maize mutants affected specifically in root development have been identified (Hochholdinger et al 2004, Annals of Botany 93:359-368).
  • the recessive mutants ties and rt1 forms no, or fewer, crown and brace roots, while the primary and lateral roots are not affected.
  • lateral seminal roots and root hairs are absent. Root hairs are lacking in the recessive mutant rthl-3.
  • the mutants Irt1 and rum1 are affected before lateral root initiation and mutants slr1 and slr2 are impaired in lateral root elongation.
  • Intrinsic response pathways that determine root system architecture include hormones, cell cycle regulators and regulatory genes. Water stress and nutrient availability belong to the environmental response pathways that determine root system architecture.
  • U.S. Application No. 2005-57473 filed February 14, 2005 (U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/223429 A1 published October 6, 2005) concerns the use of Arabidopsis cytokinin oxidase genes to alter cytokinin levels in plants and stimulate root growth.
  • U.S. Patent No. 6,344,601 (issued February 5, 2002) concerns the under- or overexpression of profilin in a plant cell to alter plant growth habit, e.g. a reduced root and root hair system, delay in the onset of flowering.
  • WO2004/US16432 (filed May 21 , 2004 (WO2004/106531 published December 9, 2004) concerns the use of methods to manipulate the growth rate and/or yield and/or architecture by over expression of cis-prenyltransferase.
  • Activation tagging can be utilized to identify genes with the ability to affect a trait. This approach has been used in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana (Weigel et al., 2000, Plant Physiol. -/22:1003-1013).
  • Insertions of transcriptional enhancer elements can dominantly activate and/or elevate the expression of nearby endogenous genes.
  • a plant comprising in its genome a recombinant DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to at least one regulatory element, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO: 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33, 35, 37, 39, 41 , or 42 and wherein said plant exhibits altered root architecture when compared to a control plant not comprising said recombinant DNA construct.
  • a plant comprising in its genome a recombinant DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to at least one regulatory element, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO: 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33, 35, 37, 39, 41 , or 42 and wherein said plant exhibits an alteration of at least one agronomic characteristic when compared to a control plant not comprising said recombinant DNA construct.
  • the plant exhibits said alteration of at least one agronomic characteristic when compared, under varying environmental conditions, wherein said varying environmental conditions is at least one selected from drought, nitrogen, or disease, to said control plant not comprising said recombinant DNA construct.
  • the present invention includes any of the plants of the present invention wherein the plant is a maize plant or a soybean plant.
  • a method of altering root architecture in a plant comprising: (a) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a recombinant DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO: 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33, 35, 37, 39, 41 , or 42; (b) regenerating a transgenic plant from the regenerable plant cell after step (a), wherein the transgenic plant comprises in its genome the recombinant DNA construct; and, (c) obtaining a progeny plant derived from the transgenic plant of step (b), wherein said progeny plant comprises in its genome the recombinant DNA construct and exhibits altered root architecture when compared to a control plant not comprising the recombinant DNA construct.
  • a method of evaluating root architecture in a plant comprising: (a) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a recombinant DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO: 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33, 35, 37, 39, 41 , or 42;(b) regenerating a transgenic plant from the regenerable plant cell after step (a), wherein the transgenic plant comprises in its genome the recombinant DNA construct; (c) obtaining a progeny plant derived from the transgenic plant, wherein the progeny plant comprises in its genome the recombinant DNA construct ; and (d) evaluating root architecture of the progeny plant compared to a control plant not comprising the recombinant DNA construct.
  • a method of determining an alteration of at least one agronomic characteristic in a plant comprising: (a) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a recombinant DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO: 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33, 35, 37, 39, 41 , or 42 (b) regenerating a transgenic plant from the regenerable plant cell after step (a), wherein the transgenic plant comprises in its genome the recombinant DNA construct; (c) obtaining a progeny plant derived from the transgenic plant, wherein the progeny plant comprises in its genome the recombinant DNA construct; and (d) determining whether the progeny plant exhibits an alteration of at least one agronomic
  • said determining step (d) comprises determining whether the transgenic plant exhibits said alteration of at least one agronomic characteristic when compared, under varying environmental conditions, wherein said varying environmental conditions is at least one selected from drought, nitrogen, or disease, to said control plant not comprising said recombinant DNA construct.
  • the present invention includes an isolated polynucleotide comprising: (a) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a REP2 or REP2- like polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 80% sequence identity, when compared to SEQ ID NO:41 , or of at least 85% sequence identity, when compared to SEQ ID NO:37 or 39, or of at least 95% sequence identity, when compared to SEQ ID NO:17 or 33 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, or a full complement of said nucleic acid sequence, wherein the full complement and the nucleotide sequence consist of the same number of nucleotides and are 100% complementary.
  • the polypeptides may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, 33, 37, 39, or 41.
  • the nucleotide sequence may comprise the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, 32, 36, 38, or 40.
  • the present invention concerns a recombinant DNA construct comprising any of the isolated polynucleotides af the present invention operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence, a cell, a plant, and a seed comprising the recombinant DNA construct.
  • Figure 1A-1 B show the multiple alignment of the full length amino acid sequences of the REP2 homologs of SEQ ID Nos: 15, 17, 29, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33, 35, 37, 39, 41 and SEQ ID NOs: 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, and 47. Residues that match the Consensus sequence exactly are shaded. The consensus sequence is shown above each alignment. The consensus residues are determined by a straight majority.
  • Figure 2 shows a chart of the percent sequence identity and the divergence values for each pair of amino acid sequences of the REP2 homologs displayed in Figures 1A-1 B.
  • Figure 3 is the growth medium used for semi-hydroponics maize growth in
  • Figure 4 is a chart setting forth data relating to the effect of different nitrate concentrations on the growth and development of Gaspe Bay Flint derived maize lines in Example 18.
  • the sequence descriptions and Sequence Listing attached hereto comply with the rules governing nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence disclosures in patent applications as set forth in 37 C. F. R. ⁇ 1.821-1.825.
  • the Sequence Listing contains the one letter code for nucleotide sequence characters and the three letter codes for amino acids as defined in conformity with the lUPAC-IUBMB standards described in Nucleic Acids Res. -/3:3021 -3030 (1985) and in the Biochemical J. 219 (No. 2 ⁇ :345-373 (1984) which are herein incorporated by reference.
  • the symbols and format used for nucleotide and amino acid sequence data comply with the rules set forth in 37 C. F. R. ⁇ 1.822.
  • Table 1 lists the polypeptides that are described herein, the designation of the cDNA clones that comprise the nucleic acid fragments encoding polypeptides representing all or a substantial portion of these polypeptides, and the corresponding identifier (SEQ ID NO: ) as used in the attached Sequence listing.
  • SEQ ID NO:42 corresponds to NCBI Gl No: 15241137 (At5g19590)
  • SEQ ID NO:43 corresponds to NCBI Gl No: 115463429
  • SEQ ID NO:44 corresponds to NCBI Gl No: 125552383
  • SEQ ID NO:45 corresponds to NCBI Gl No: 115438148
  • SEQ ID NO:46 corresponds to NCBI Gl No: 125533926
  • SEQ ID NO:47 corresponds to NCBI Gl No: 118487434
  • SEQ ID NO:48 is the nucleotide sequence of the Arabidopsis thaliana "unknown protein" (REP2) (At5g19590) (coding for the amino acid sequence represented in SEQ ID NO:42, NCBI General Identifier No. 15241137).
  • SEQ ID NO:49 is the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA encoding the Arabidopsis thaliana "unknown protein" (REP2) amino acid sequence represented in SEQ ID NO:42, NCBI General Identifier No. 15241137).
  • SEQ ID NO:50 is the forward primer used to introduce the attB1 sequence in Example 4.
  • SEQ ID NO:51 is the reverse primer used to introduce the attB2 sequence in Example 4.
  • SEQ ID NO:52 is the attB1 sequence.
  • SEQ ID NO:53 is the attB2 sequence.
  • SEQ ID NO:54 is the forward primer VC062 in Example 5.
  • SEQ ID NO:55 is the reverse primer VC063 in Example 5.
  • SEQ ID NO:56 PIIOXS2a-FRT87(ni)m.
  • SEQ ID NO:57 is the maize NAS2 promoter.
  • SEQ ID NO:58 is the GOS2 promoter.
  • SEQ ID NO:59 is the ubiquitin promoter.
  • SEQ ID NO:60 is the S2A promoter.
  • SEQ ID NO:61 is the PINII terminator.
  • EST is a DNA sequence derived from a cDNA library and therefore is a sequence which has been transcribed.
  • An EST is typically obtained by a single sequencing pass of a cDNA insert.
  • FIS Full-Insert Sequence
  • a "Contig” sequence is a sequence assembled from two or more sequences that can be selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of an EST, FIS and PCR sequence.
  • a sequence encoding an entire or functional protein is termed a “Complete Gene Sequence” (“CGS”) and can be derived from a FIS or a contig.
  • CGS Complete Gene Sequence
  • root architecture refers to the arrangement of the different parts that comprise the root.
  • root architecture refers to the arrangement of the different parts that comprise the root.
  • root architecture refers to the arrangement of the different parts that comprise the root.
  • root architecture refers to the arrangement of the different parts that comprise the root.
  • root architecture refers to the arrangement of the different parts that comprise the root.
  • the primary root of a plant that develops from the embryo is called the primary root.
  • the primary root In most dicots, the primary root is called the taproot. This main root grows downward and gives rise to branch (lateral) roots. In monocots the primary root of the plant branches, giving rise to a fibrous root system.
  • altered root architecture refers to aspects of alterations of the different parts that make up the root system at different stages of its development compared to a reference or control plant. It is understood that altered root architecture encompasses alterations in one or more measurable parameters, including but not limited to, the diameter, length, number, angle or surface of one or more of the root system parts, including but not limited to, the primary root, lateral or branch root, adventitious root, and root hairs, all of which fall within the scope of this invention. These changes can lead to an overall alteration in the area or volume occupied by the root.
  • the reference or control plant does not comprise in its genome the recombinant DNA construct or heterologous construct.
  • Agronomic characteristics is a measurable parameter including but not limited to greenness, yield, growth rate, biomass, fresh weight at maturation, dry weight at maturation, fruit yield, seed yield, total plant nitrogen content, fruit nitrogen content, seed nitrogen content, nitrogen content in a vegetative tissue, total plant free amino acid content, fruit free amino acid content, seed free amino acid content, free amino acid content in a vegetative tissue, total plant protein content, fruit protein content, seed protein content, protein content in a vegetative tissue, drought tolerance, nitrogen uptake, root lodging, root mass, stalk lodging, plant height, ear length, and harvest index.
  • the leaf collar is the light-colored collar-like "band" located at the base of an exposed leaf blade, near the spot where the leaf blade comes in contact with the stem of the plant. The leaves are counted beginning with the lowermost, short, rounded-tip true leaf and ending with the uppermost leaf with a visible leaf collar
  • recpu3 and recpu2 are used interchangeably herewithin and refer to the Arabidopsis thaliana locus, At5g19590 (SEQ ID NO:48).
  • REP2 RECPU3 and “RECPU2” are used interchangeably herewithin and refer to the protein (SEQ ID NO:42) encoded by At5g19590 (SEQ ID NO:48).
  • rep2-like refers to nucleotide homologs from different species, such as corn and soybean, of the Arabidopsis thaliana "rep2" locus, At5g19590 (SEQ ID NO:48) and includes without limitation any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, or 40.
  • REP2-like refers to protein homologs from different species, such as corn and soybean, of the Arabidopsis thaliana “REP2" (SEQ ID NO:42) and includes without limitation any of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs:15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33, 35, 37, 39, or 41.
  • Environmental conditions refer to conditions under which the plant is grown, such as the availability of water, availability of nutrients (for example nitrogen), or the presence of disease.
  • Transgenic refers to any cell, cell line, callus, tissue, plant part or plant, the genome of which has been altered by the presence of a heterologous nucleic acid, such as a recombinant DNA construct, including those initial transgenic events as well as those created by sexual crosses or asexual propagation from the initial transgenic event.
  • transgenic does not encompass the alteration of the genome (chromosomal or extra-chromosomal) by conventional plant breeding methods or by naturally occurring events such as random cross- fertilization, non-recombinant viral infection, non-recombinant bacterial transformation, non-recombinant transposition, or spontaneous mutation.
  • Gene as it applies to plant cells encompasses not only chromosomal
  • organelle DNA found within the nucleus, but organelle DNA found within subcellular components (e.g., mitochondrial, plastid) of the cell.
  • Plant includes reference to whole plants, plant organs, plant tissues, seeds and plant cells and progeny of same.
  • Plant cells include, without limitation, cells from seeds, suspension cultures, embryos, mehstematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, roots, shoots, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen, and microspores.
  • Progeny comprises any subsequent generation of a plant.
  • Transgenic refers to any cell, cell line, callus, tissue, plant part or plant, the genome of which has been altered by the presence of a heterologous nucleic acid, such as a recombinant DNA construct, including those initial transgenic events as well as those created by sexual crosses or asexual propagation from the initial transgenic event.
  • a heterologous nucleic acid such as a recombinant DNA construct
  • the term "transgenic” as used herein does not encompass the alteration of the genome (chromosomal or extra-chromosomal) by conventional plant breeding methods or by naturally occurring events such as random cross- fertilization, non-recombinant viral infection, non-recombinant bacterial transformation, non-recombinant transposition, or spontaneous mutation.
  • Transgenic plant includes reference to a plant which comprises within its genome a heterologous polynucleotide.
  • the heterologous polynucleotide is stably integrated within the genome such that the polynucleotide is passed on to successive generations.
  • the heterologous polynucleotide may be integrated into the genome alone or as part of a recombinant DNA construct.
  • Heterologous with respect to sequence means a sequence that originates from a foreign species, or, if from the same species, is substantially modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic locus by deliberate human intervention.
  • nucleic acid sequence is a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single- or double-stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases.
  • Nucleotides are referred to by their single letter designation as follows: “A” for adenylate or deoxyadenylate (for RNA or DNA, respectively), “C” for cytidylate or deoxycytidylate, “G” for guanylate or deoxyguanylate, “U” for uhdylate, “T” for deoxythymidylate, “R” for purines (A or G), “Y” for pyrimidines (C or T), "K” for G or T, “H” for A or C or T, “I” for inosine, and “N” for any nucleotide.
  • Polypeptide”, “peptide”, “amino acid sequence” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. The terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers.
  • the terms “polypeptide”, “peptide”, “amino acid sequence”, and “protein” are also inclusive of modifications including, but not limited to, glycosylation, lipid attachment, sulfation, gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, hydroxylation and ADP-ribosylation.
  • “Messenger RNA (mRNA)” refers to the RNA that is without introns and that can be translated into protein by the cell.
  • cDNA refers to a DNA that is complementary to and synthesized from a mRNA template using the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
  • the cDNA can be single- stranded or converted into the double-stranded form using the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I.
  • “Mature” protein refers to a post-translationally processed polypeptide; i.e., one from which any pre- or pro-peptides present in the primary translation product have been removed.
  • Precursor protein refers to the primary product of translation of mRNA; i.e., with pre- and pro-peptides still present. Pre- and pro-peptides may be and are not limited to intracellular localization signals.
  • Isolated refers to materials, such as nucleic acid molecules and/or proteins, which are substantially free or otherwise removed from components that normally accompany or interact with the materials in a naturally occurring environment. Isolated polynucleotides may be purified from a host cell in which they naturally occur. Conventional nucleic acid purification methods known to skilled artisans may be used to obtain isolated polynucleotides. The term also embraces recombinant polynucleotides and chemically synthesized polynucleotides.
  • Recombinant refers to an artificial combination of two otherwise separated segments of sequence, e.g., by chemical synthesis or by the manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids by genetic engineering techniques. "Recombinant” also includes reference to a cell or vector, that has been modified by the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid or a cell derived from a cell so modified, but does not encompass the alteration of the cell or vector by naturally occurring events (e.g., spontaneous mutation, natural transformation/transduction/transposition) such as those occurring without deliberate human intervention.
  • “Recombinant DNA construct” refers to a combination of nucleic acid fragments that are not normally found together in nature. Accordingly, a recombinant DNA construct may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that normally found in nature.
  • regulatory sequences refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5' non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3' non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences may include, but are not limited to, promoters, translation leader sequences, introns, and polyadenylation recognition sequences. The terms “regulatory sequence” and “regulatory element” are used interchangeably herein.
  • Promoter refers to a nucleic acid fragment capable of controlling transcription of another nucleic acid fragment.
  • Promoter functional in a plant is a promoter capable of controlling transcription in plant cells whether or not its origin is from a plant cell.
  • tissue-specific promoter and “tissue-preferred promoter” are used interchangeably, and refer to a promoter that is expressed predominantly but not necessarily exclusively in one tissue or organ, but that may also be expressed in one specific cell.
  • “Developmentally regulated promoter” refers to a promoter whose activity is determined by developmental events.
  • operably linked refers to the association of nucleic acid fragments in a single fragment so that the function of one is regulated by the other.
  • a promoter is operably linked with a nucleic acid fragment when it is capable of regulating the transcription of that nucleic acid fragment.
  • “Expression” refers to the production of a functional product.
  • expression of a nucleic acid fragment may refer to transcription of the nucleic acid fragment (e.g., transcription resulting in mRNA or functional RNA) and/or translation of mRNA into a precursor or mature protein.
  • “Phenotype” means the detectable characteristics of a cell or organism.
  • “Introduced” in the context of inserting a nucleic acid fragment (e.g., a recombinant DNA construct) into a cell means “transfection” or “transformation” or “transduction” and includes reference to the incorporation of a nucleic acid fragment into a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell where the nucleic acid fragment may be incorporated into the genome of the cell (e.g., chromosome, plasmid, plastid or mitochondrial DNA), converted into an autonomous replicon, or transiently expressed (e.g., transfected mRNA).
  • a “transformed cell” is any cell into which a nucleic acid fragment (e.g., a recombinant DNA construct) has been introduced.
  • Transformation refers to both stable transformation and transient transformation.
  • “Stable transformation” refers to the introduction of a nucleic acid fragment into a genome of a host organism resulting in genetically stable inheritance. Once stably transformed, the nucleic acid fragment is stably integrated in the genome of the host organism and any subsequent generation.
  • Transient transformation refers to the introduction of a nucleic acid fragment into the nucleus, or DNA-containing organelle, of a host organism resulting in gene expression without genetically stable inheritance.
  • Allele is one of several alternative forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome.
  • the alleles present at a given locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes in a diploid plant are the same that plant is homozygous at that locus. If the alleles present at a given locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes in a diploid plant differ that plant is heterozygous at that locus. If a transgene is present on one of a pair of homologous chromosomes in a diploid plant that plant is hemizygous at that locus.
  • Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used herein are well known in the art and are described more fully in Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, 1989 (hereinafter "Sambrook”).
  • Preferred embodiments include isolated polynucleotides and polypeptides, recombinant DNA constructs, compositions (such as plants or seeds) comprising these recombinant DNA constructs, and methods utilizing these recombinant DNA constructs.
  • the present invention includes the following preferred isolated polynucleotides and polypeptides:
  • An isolated polynucleotide comprising: (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO: 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33, 35, 37, 39, 41 , or 42; or (ii) a full complement of
  • the polypeptide is preferably a REP2 or REP2-like protein.
  • An isolated polynucleotide comprising (i) a nucleic acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO: 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, or 49, or (ii) a full complement of the nucleic acid sequence of (i). Any of the foregoing isolated polyn
  • the present invention includes recombinant DNA constructs (including suppression DNA constructs).
  • a recombinant DNA construct comprises a polynucleotide operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence (e.g., a promoter functional in a plant), wherein the polynucleotide comprises (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to S
  • a recombinant DNA construct comprises a polynucleotide operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence (e.g., a promoter functional in a plant), wherein said polynucleotide comprises (i) a nucleic acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO: 14, 16, 18,
  • Figs. 1 A -1 B show the multiple alignment of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33, 35, 37, 39, and 41 and SEQ ID NOs:42, 43, 44, 45, 46, and 47.
  • the multiple alignment of the sequences was performed using the Megalign® program of the LASERGENE® bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR® Inc., Madison, Wl); in particular, using the Clustal V method of alignment (Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS.
  • FIG. 2 shows the percent sequence identity and the divergence values for each pair of amino acids sequences displayed in Figs. 1 A-1 B.
  • a recombinant DNA construct comprises a polynucleotide operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence (e.g., a promoter functional in a plant), wherein said polynucleotide encodes a REP2 or REP2-like protein.
  • at least one regulatory sequence e.g., a promoter functional in a plant
  • the present invention includes suppression DNA constructs.
  • a suppression DNA construct preferably comprises at least one regulatory sequence (preferably a promoter functional in a plant) operably linked to (a) all or part of (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO: 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33
  • the suppression DNA construct preferably comprises a cosuppression construct, antisense construct, viral-suppression construct, hairpin suppression construct, stem-loop suppression construct, double-stranded RNA- producing construct, RNAi construct, or small RNA construct (e.g., an siRNA construct or an miRNA construct).
  • a codon for the amino acid alanine, a hydrophobic amino acid may be substituted by a codon encoding another less hydrophobic residue, such as glycine, or a more hydrophobic residue, such as valine, leucine, or isoleucine.
  • “Suppression DNA construct” is a recombinant DNA construct which when transformed or stably integrated into the genome of the plant, results in “silencing” of a target gene in the plant.
  • the target gene may be endogenous or transgenic to the plant.
  • “Silencing,” as used herein with respect to the target gene refers generally to the suppression of levels of mRNA or protein/enzyme expressed by the target gene, and/or the level of the enzyme activity or protein functionality.
  • the term “suppression” includes lower, reduce, decline, decrease, inhibit, eliminate or prevent.
  • RNAi-based approaches RNAi-based approaches
  • small RNA- based approaches RNAi-based approaches
  • a suppression DNA construct may comprise a region derived from a target gene of interest and may comprise all or part of the nucleic acid sequence of the sense strand (or antisense strand) of the target gene of interest.
  • the region may be 100% identical or less than 100% identical (e.g., at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% identical) to all or part of the sense strand (or antisense strand) of the gene of interest
  • Suppression DNA constructs are well-known in the art, are readily constructed once the target gene of interest is selected, and include, without limitation, cosuppression constructs, antisense constructs, viral-suppression constructs, hairpin suppression constructs, stem-loop suppression constructs, double-stranded RNA-producing constructs, and more generally, RNAi (RNA interference) constructs and small RNA constructs such as siRNA (short interfering RNA) constructs and miRNA (microRNA) constructs.
  • cosuppression constructs include, without limitation, cosuppression constructs, antisense constructs, viral-suppression constructs, hairpin suppression constructs, stem-loop suppression constructs, double-stranded RNA-producing constructs, and more generally, RNAi (RNA interference) constructs and small RNA constructs such as siRNA (short interfering RNA) constructs and miRNA (microRNA) constructs.
  • cosuppression constructs include, without limitation, cosuppression constructs, antisense constructs, viral
  • Antisense inhibition refers to the production of antisense RNA transcripts capable of suppressing the expression of the target protein.
  • Antisense RNA refers to an RNA transcript that is complementary to all or part of a target primary transcript or mRNA and that blocks the expression of a target isolated nucleic acid fragment (U.S. Patent No. 5,107,065).
  • the complementarity of an antisense RNA may be with any part of the specific gene transcript, i.e., at the 5' non-coding sequence, 3' non-coding sequence, introns, or the coding sequence.
  • Codon refers to the production of sense RNA transcripts capable of suppressing the expression of the target protein.
  • Sense RNA refers to RNA transcript that includes the mRNA and can be translated into protein within a cell or in vitro. Cosuppression constructs in plants have been previously designed by focusing on overexpression of a nucleic acid sequence having homology to a native mRNA, in the sense orientation, which results in the reduction of all RNA having homology to the overexpressed sequence (see Vaucheret et al. (1998) Plant J. 76:651 -659; and Gura (2000) Nature 404:804-808).
  • RNA interference refers to the process of sequence-specific post- transchptional gene silencing in animals mediated by short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (Fire et al., Nature 391 :806 1998).
  • post-transchptional gene silencing RNA silencing
  • quelling in fungi.
  • the process of post- transcriptional gene silencing is thought to be an evolutionarily-conserved cellular defense mechanism used to prevent the expression of foreign genes and is commonly shared by diverse flora and phyla (Fire et al., Trends Genet. 15:358 1999).
  • Such protection from foreign gene expression may have evolved in response to the production of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) derived from viral infection or from the random integration of transposon elements into a host genome via a cellular response that specifically destroys homologous single-stranded RNA of viral genomic RNA.
  • dsRNAs double-stranded RNAs
  • dsRNA short interfering RNAs
  • dicer a hbonuclease III enzyme
  • Dicer is involved in the processing of the dsRNA into short pieces of dsRNA known as short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (Berstein et al., Nature 409:363 2001 ).
  • Short interfering RNAs derived from dicer activity are typically about 21 to about 23 nucleotides in length and comprise about 19 base pair duplexes (Elbashir et al., Genes Dev. 15:188 2001 ).
  • Dicer has also been implicated in the excision of 21 - and 22-nucleotide small temporal RNAs (stRNAs) from precursor RNA of conserved structure that are implicated in translational control (Hutvagner et al., 2001 , Science 293:834).
  • the RNAi response also features an endonuclease complex, commonly referred to as an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which mediates cleavage of single-stranded RNA having sequence complementarity to the antisense strand of the siRNA duplex. Cleavage of the target RNA takes place in the middle of the region complementary to the antisense strand of the siRNA duplex (Elbashir et al., Genes Dev.
  • RISC RNA-induced silencing complex
  • RNA interference can also involve small RNA (e.g., miRNA) mediated gene silencing, presumably through cellular mechanisms that regulate chromatin structure and thereby prevent transcription of target gene sequences (see, e.g., Allshire, Science 297:1818-1819 2002; Volpe et al., Science 297:1833-1837 2002; Jenuwein, Science 297:2215-2218 2002; and Hall et al., Science 297:2232-2237 2002).
  • miRNA molecules of the invention can be used to mediate gene silencing via interaction with RNA transcripts or alternately by interaction with particular gene sequences, wherein such interaction results in gene silencing either at the transcriptional or post-transchptional level.
  • RNAi has been studied in a variety of systems. Fire et al. (Nature 391 :806 1998) were the first to observe RNAi in C. elegans. Wianny and Goetz (Nature Cell Biol. 2:70 1999) describe RNAi mediated by dsRNA in mouse embryos. Hammond et al. (Nature 404:293 2000) describe RNAi in Drosophila cells transfected with dsRNA. Elbashir et al., (Nature 411 :494 2001 ) describe RNAi induced by introduction of duplexes of synthetic 21 -nucleotide RNAs in cultured mammalian cells including human embryonic kidney and HeLa cells.
  • Small RNAs play an important role in controlling gene expression. Regulation of many developmental processes, including flowering, is controlled by small RNAs. It is now possible to engineer changes in gene expression of plant genes by using transgenic constructs which produce small RNAs in the plant.
  • Small RNAs appear to function by base-pairing to complementary RNA or DNA target sequences. When bound to RNA, small RNAs trigger either RNA cleavage or translational inhibition of the target sequence. When bound to DNA target sequences, it is thought that small RNAs can mediate DNA methylation of the target sequence. The consequence of these events, regardless of the specific mechanism, is that gene expression is inhibited.
  • RNA cleavage helps to determine which mechanism, RNA cleavage or translational inhibition, is employed. It is believed that siRNAs, which are perfectly complementary with their targets, work by RNA cleavage. Some miRNAs have perfect or near-perfect complementarity with their targets, and RNA cleavage has been demonstrated for at least a few of these miRNAs. Other miRNAs have several mismatches with their targets, and apparently inhibit their targets at the translational level. Again, without being held to a particular theory on the mechanism of action, a general rule is emerging that perfect or near-perfect complementarity causes RNA cleavage, whereas translational inhibition is favored when the miRNA/target duplex contains many mismatches.
  • miR172 microRNA 172 in plants.
  • One of the targets of miR172 is APETALA2 (AP2), and although miR172 shares near-perfect complementarity with AP2 it appears to cause translational inhibition of AP2 rather than RNA cleavage.
  • AP2 APETALA2
  • MicroRNAs are noncoding RNAs of about 19 to about 24 nucleotides (nt) in length that have been identified in both animals and plants (Lagos-Quintana et al., Science 294:853-858 2001 , Lagos-Quintana et al., Curr. Biol. 12:735-739 2002; Lau et al., Science 294:858-862 2001 ; Lee and Ambros, Science 294:862-864 2001 ; Llave et al., Plant Cell 14:1605-1619 2002; Mourelatos et al., Genes. Dev. 16:720-728 2002; Park et al., Curr. Biol.
  • DCL1 Dicer-like enzyme
  • A:U content, and/or mismatches) of the two ends of the processed dsRNA affects the strand selection, with the low stability end being easier to unwind by a helicase activity.
  • the 5' end strand at the low stability end is incorporated into the RISC complex, while the other strand is degraded.
  • MicroRNAs appear to regulate target genes by binding to complementary sequences located in the transcripts produced by these genes.
  • the target sites are located in the 3' UTRs of the target mRNAs (Lee et al., Cell 75:843-854 1993; Wightman et al., Cell 75:855-862 1993; Reinhart et al., Nature 403:901-906 2000; Slack et al., MoI. Cell 5:659-669 2000), and there are several mismatches between the lin-4 and let-7 miRNAs and their target sites.
  • lin-4 or let-7 miRNA Binding of the lin-4 or let-7 miRNA appears to cause downregulation of steady-state levels of the protein encoded by the target mRNA without affecting the transcript itself (Olsen and Ambros, Dev. Biol. 216:671 -680 1999).
  • miRNAs can in some cases cause specific RNA cleavage of the target transcript within the target site, and this cleavage step appears to require 100% complementarity between the miRNA and the target transcript (Hutvagner and Zamore, Science 297:2056-2060 2002; Llave et al., Plant Cell 14:1605-1619 2002). It seems likely that miRNAs can enter at least two pathways of target gene regulation: Protein downregulation when target complementarity is ⁇ 100%, and
  • MicroRNAs entering the RNA cleavage pathway are analogous to the 21 -25 nt short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) generated during RNA interference (RNAi) in animals and posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants (Hamilton and Baulcombe 1999; Hammond et al., 2000; Zamore et al., 2000; Elbashir et al., 2001 ), and likely are incorporated into an RNA- induced silencing complex (RISC) that is similar or identical to that seen for RNAi.
  • siRNAs short interfering RNAs
  • PTGS posttranscriptional gene silencing
  • a recombinant DNA construct (including a suppression DNA construct) of the present invention preferably comprises at least one regulatory sequence.
  • a preferred regulatory sequence is a promoter.
  • promoters can be used in recombinant DNA constructs (and suppression DNA constructs) of the present invention.
  • the promoters can be selected based on the desired outcome, and may include constitutive, tissue- specific, cell specific, inducible, or other promoters for expression in the host organism.
  • Suitable constitutive promoters for use in a plant host cell include, for example, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 promoter and other constitutive promoters disclosed in WO 99/43838 and U.S. Patent No. 6,072,050; the core CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al., Nature 313:810-812 (1985)); rice actin (McElroy et al., Plant Cell 2:163-171 (1990)); ubiquitin (UBI) (Christensen et al., Plant MoI. Biol. 12:619- 632 (1989) and Christensen et al., Plant MoI. Biol.
  • tissue-specific or developmentally regulated promoter it may be desirable to use a tissue-specific or developmentally regulated promoter.
  • a preferred tissue-specific or developmentally regulated promoter is a DNA sequence which regulates the expression of a DNA sequence selectively in the cells/tissues of a plant critical to tassel development, seed set, or both, and limits the expression of such a DNA sequence to the period of tassel development or seed maturation in the plant.
  • Any identifiable promoter may be used in the methods of the present invention which causes the desired temporal and spatial expression. Promoters which are seed or embryo specific and may be useful in the invention include soybean Kunitz trysin inhibitor (Kti3, Jofuku and Goldberg, Plant Cell 1 :1079-1093 (1989)), patatin (potato tubers) (Rocha-Sosa, M., et al. (1989) EMBO J.
  • phaseolin bean cotyledon
  • phaseolin bean cotyledon
  • phytohemagglutinin bean cotyledon
  • B-conglycinin and glycinin areybean cotyledon
  • Such examples include Arabidopsis thaliana 2S seed storage protein gene promoter to express enkephalin peptides in Arabidopsis and Brassica napus seeds (Vanderkerckhove et al., Bio/Technology 7:L929-932 (1989)), bean lectin and bean beta-phaseolin promoters to express luciferase (Riggs et al., Plant Sci. 63:47-57 (1989)), and wheat glutenin promoters to express chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (Colot et al., EMBO J 6:3559- 3564 (1987)).
  • Inducible promoters selectively express an operably linked DNA sequence in response to the presence of an endogenous or exogenous stimulus, for example by chemical compounds (chemical inducers) or in response to environmental, hormonal, chemical, and/or developmental signals.
  • Inducible or regulated promoters include, for example, promoters regulated by light, heat, stress, flooding or drought, phytohormones, wounding, or chemicals such as ethanol, jasmonate, salicylic acid, or safeners.
  • Preferred promoters include the following: 1 ) the stress-inducible RD29A promoter (Kasuga et al. (1999) Nature Biotechnol. 17:287-91 ); 2) the barley promoter, B22E; expression of B22E is specific to the pedicel in developing maize kernels ("Primary Structure of a Novel Barley Gene Differentially Expressed in Immature Aleurone Layers". Klemsdal, S.S. et al., MoI. Gen. Genet.
  • Zag2 transcripts can be detected 5 days prior to pollination to 7 to 8 days after pollination (DAP), and directs expression in the carpel of developing female inflorescences and Ciml which is specific to the nucleus of developing maize kernels. Ciml transcript is detected 4 to 5 days before pollination to 6 to 8 DAP.
  • Other useful promoters include any promoter which can be derived from a gene whose expression is maternally associated with developing female florets.
  • Additional preferred promoters for regulating the expression of the nucleotide sequences of the present invention in plants are vascular element specific or stalk- preferrred promoters.
  • Such stalk-preferred promoters include the alfalfa S2A promoter (GenBank Accession No. EF030816; Abrahams et al., Plant MoI. Biol. 27:513-528 (1995)) and S2B promoter (GenBank Accession No. EF030817) and the like, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Promoters may be derived in their entirety from a native gene, or be composed of different elements derived from different promoters found in nature, or even comprise synthetic DNA segments.
  • promoters may direct the expression of a gene in different tissues or cell types, or at different stages of development, or in response to different environmental conditions. It is further recognized that since in most cases the exact boundaries of regulatory sequences have not been completely defined, DNA fragments of some variation may have identical promoter activity. Promoters that cause a gene to be expressed in most cell types at most times are commonly referred to as "constitutive promoters". New promoters of various types useful in plant cells are constantly being discovered; numerous examples may be found in the compilation by Okamuro, J. K., and Goldberg, R. B., Biochemistry of Plants 15:1 -82 (1989). (Put this with the other constitutive promoter description.)
  • Preferred promoters may include: RIP2, ml_IP15, ZmCORI , Rab17, CaMV 35S, RD29A, B22E, Zag2, SAM synthetase, ubiquitin (SEQ ID NO:59), CaMV 19S, nos, Adh, sucrose synthase, R-allele, root cell promoter, the vascular tissue specific promoters S2A (Genbank accession number EF030816; SEQ ID NO:60) and S2B (Genbank accession number EF030817) and the constitutive promoter GOS2 (SEQ ID NO:58) from Zea mays.
  • root preferred promoters include root preferred promoters, such as the maize NAS2 promoter (SEQ ID NO:57), the maize Cyclo promoter (US 2006/0156439, published July 13, 2006), the maize ROOTMET2 promoter (WO05063998, published July 14, 2005), the CR1 BIO promoter (WO06055487, published May 26, 2006), the CRWAQ81 (WO05035770, published April 21 , 2005) and the maize ZRP2.47 promoter (NCBI accession number: U38790, gi: 1063664).
  • nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence that is sufficient to afford putative identification of the promoter that the nucleotide sequence comprises.
  • Nucleotide sequences can be evaluated either manually, by one skilled in the art, or using computer-based sequence comparison and identification tools that employ algorithms such as BLAST (Basic Local sequence identity).
  • Recombinant DNA constructs (and suppression DNA constructs) of the present invention may also include other regulatory sequences, including but not limited to, translation leader sequences, introns, and polyadenylation recognition sequences.
  • a recombinant DNA construct of the present invention further comprises an enhancer or silencer.
  • An intron sequence can be added to the 5' untranslated region or the coding sequence of the partial coding sequence to increase the amount of the mature message that accumulates in the cytosol.
  • Inclusion of a spliceable intron in the transcription unit in both plant and animal expression constructs has been shown to increase gene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels up to 1000-fold. Buchman and Berg, MoI. Cell Biol. 8:4395-4405 (1988); CaIMs et al., Genes Dev. 1 :1183-1200 (1987).
  • Such intron enhancement of gene expression is typically greatest when placed near the 5' end of the transcription unit.
  • Use of maize introns Adh1-S intron 1 , 2, and 6, the Bronze-1 intron are known in the art. See generally, The Maize Handbook, Chapter 116, Freeling and Walbot, Eds., Springer, New York (1994).
  • polypeptide expression it is generally desirable to include a polyadenylation region at the 3'-end of a polynucleotide coding region.
  • the polyadenylation region can be derived from the natural gene, from a variety of other plant genes, or from T-DNA.
  • the 3' end sequence to be added can be derived from, for example, the nopaline synthase or octopine synthase genes, or alternatively from another plant gene, or less preferably from any other eukaryotic gene.
  • a translation leader sequence is a DNA sequence located between the promoter sequence of a gene and the coding sequence. The translation leader sequence is present in the fully processed mRNA upstream of the translation start sequence. The translation leader sequence may affect processing of the primary transcript to mRNA, mRNA stability or translation efficiency. Examples of translation leader sequences have been described (Turner, R. and Foster, G. D. Molecular Biotechnology 3:225 (1995)).
  • a recombinant DNA construct of the present invention further comprises an enhancer or silencer. Any plant can be selected for the identification of regulatory sequences and genes to be used in creating recombinant DNA constructs and suppression DNA constructs of the present invention.
  • suitable plant targets for the isolation of genes and regulatory sequences would include but are not limited to alfalfa, apple, apricot, Arabidopsis, artichoke, arugula, asparagus, avocado, banana, barley, beans, beet, blackberry, blueberry, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, canola, cantaloupe, carrot, cassava, castorbean, cauliflower, celery, cherry, chicory, cilantro, citrus, Clementines, clover, coconut, coffee, corn, cotton, cranberry, cucumber, Douglas fir, eggplant, endive, escarole, eucalyptus, fennel, figs, garlic, gourd, grape, grapefruit, honey dew, jicama, kiwifruit, lettuce, leeks, lemon, lime, Loblolly pine, linseed, mango, melon, mushroom, nectarine, nut, oat, oil palm, oil seed rape, okra, olive, onion
  • Particularly preferred plants for the identification of regulatory sequences are Arabidopsis, corn, wheat, soybean, and cotton.
  • Preferred Compositions A preferred composition of the present invention is a plant comprising in its genome any of the recombinant DNA constructs (including any of the suppression DNA constructs) of the present invention (such as those preferred constructs discussed above).
  • Preferred compositions also include any progeny of the plant, and any seed obtained from the plant or its progeny, wherein the progeny or seed comprises within its genome the recombinant DNA construct (or suppression DNA construct).
  • Progeny includes subsequent generations obtained by self-pollination or out-crossing of a plant.
  • Progeny also includes hybrids and inbreds.
  • mature transgenic plants can be self-pollinated to produce a homozygous inbred plant.
  • the inbred plant produces seed containing the newly introduced recombinant DNA construct (or suppression DNA construct).
  • These seeds can be grown to produce plants that would exhibit altered root (or plant) architecture, or used in a breeding program to produce hybrid seed, which can be grown to produce plants that would exhibit altered root (or plant) architecture.
  • the seeds are maize.
  • the plant is a monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plant, more preferably, a maize or soybean plant, even more preferably a maize plant, such as a maize hybrid plant or a maize inbred plant.
  • the plant may also be sunflower, sorghum, canola, wheat, alfalfa, cotton, rice, barley or millet.
  • the recombinant DNA construct is stably integrated into the genome of the plant.
  • a plant preferably a maize or soybean plant
  • a recombinant DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the Clustal
  • a plant preferably a maize or soybean plant
  • a recombinant DNA construct comprising:
  • polynucleotide operably linked to at least one regulatory element, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO: 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33, 35, 37, 39, 41 , or 42, or
  • a suppression DNA construct comprising at least one regulatory element operably linked to: (i) all or part of: (A) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO: 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33, 35, 37, 39, 41 , or 42 or (B) a full complement of the nucleic acid sequence of (b)(i)(A); or (ii) a region derived from all or part of a sense strand or antisense strand of a target gene of interest, said region having a nucleic acid sequence of at least 50% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to said all or part of a sense strand or antisense strand from which said region is derived, and wherein said target gene of interest encodes a REP2 or REP2-like polypeptide, and wherein said plant exhibits an alteration
  • a plant preferably a maize or soybean plant
  • a recombinant DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a REP2 or REP2- like protein, and wherein said plant exhibits an altered root architecture when compared to a control plant not comprising said recombinant DNA construct.
  • the plant further exhibits an alteration of at least one agronomic characteristic.
  • the REP2 protein is from Arabidopsis thaliana, Zea mays, Glycine max, Glycine tabacina, Glycine soja or Glycine tomentella.
  • a plant preferably a maize or soybean plant
  • a suppression DNA construct comprising at least one regulatory element operably linked to a region derived from all or part of a sense strand or antisense strand of a target gene of interest, said region having a nucleic acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to said all or part of
  • a plant preferably a maize or soybean plant
  • a suppression DNA construct comprising at least one regulatory element operably linked to all or part of (a) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO: 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31
  • the recombinant DNA construct preferably comprises at least a promoter that is functional in a plant as a preferred regulatory sequence.
  • the alteration of at least one agronomic characteristic is either an increase or decrease, preferably an increase.
  • the at least one agronomic characteristic is preferably selected from the group consisting of greenness, yield, growth rate, biomass, fresh weight at maturation, dry weight at maturation, fruit yield, seed yield, total plant nitrogen content, fruit nitrogen content, seed nitrogen content, nitrogen content in a vegetative tissue, total plant free amino acid content, fruit free amino acid content, seed free amino acid content, free amino acid content in a vegetative tissue, total plant protein content, fruit protein content, seed protein content, protein content in a vegetative tissue, drought tolerance, nitrogen uptake, root mass, root lodging, stalk lodging, plant height, ear length and harvest index. Yield, greenness, biomass and root lodging are particularly preferred agronomic characteristics for alteration (preferably an increase).
  • the plant preferably exhibits the alteration of at least one agronomic characteristic irrespective of the environmental conditions, for example, water and nutrient availability, when compared to a control plant.
  • transgenic maize plants can be assayed for changes in root architecture at seedling stage, flowering time or maturity.
  • Alterations in root architecture can be determined by counting the nodal root numbers of the top 3 or 4 nodes of the greenhouse grown plants or the width of the root band.
  • Root band refers to the width of the mat of roots at the bottom of a pot at plant maturity.
  • Other measures of alterations in root architecture include, but are not limited to, the number of lateral roots, average root diameter of nodal roots, average root diameter of lateral roots, number and length of root hairs.
  • the extent of lateral root branching (e.g. lateral root number, lateral root length) can be determined by sub-sampling a complete root system, imaging with a flat-bed scanner or a digital camera and analyzing with WinRHIZOTM software (Regent Instruments Inc.).
  • Root phenotype Data taken on root phenotype are subjected to statistical analysis, normally a t-test to compare the transgenic roots with that of non-transgenic sibling plants.
  • One-way ANOVA may also be used in cases where multiple events and/or constructs are involved in the analysis.
  • the Examples below describe some representative protocols and techniques for detecting alterations in root architecture.
  • stress conditions e.g., nutrient over-abundance or limitation, water over-abundance or limitation, presence of disease
  • Alterations in root architecture can also be measured by determining the resistance to root lodging of the transgenic plants compared to reference or control plants.
  • control or reference plant to be utilized when assessing or measuring an agronomic characteristic or phenotype of a transgenic plant in any embodiment of the present invention in which a control or reference plant is utilized (e.g., compositions or methods as described herein).
  • a control or reference plant e.g., compositions or methods as described herein.
  • the introgressed line would typically be measured relative to the parent inbred or variety line (i.e., the parent inbred or variety line is the control or reference plant).
  • the second hybrid line would typically be measured relative to the first hybrid line (i.e., the parent inbred or variety line is the control or reference plant).
  • a plant comprising a recombinant DNA construct (or suppression DNA construct) the plant may be assessed or measured relative to a control plant not comprising the recombinant DNA construct (or suppression DNA construct) but otherwise having a comparable genetic background to the plant (e.g., sharing at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity of nuclear genetic material compared to the plant comprising the recombinant DNA construct (or suppression DNA construct).
  • AFLP®s Polymorphisms
  • SSRs Simple Sequence Repeats
  • a suitable control or reference plant to be utilized when assessing or measuring an agronomic characteristic or phenotype of a transgenic plant would not include a plant that had been previously selected, via mutagenesis or transformation, for the desired agronomic characteristic or phenotype.
  • Preferred methods include but are not limited to methods for altering root architecture in a plant, methods for evaluating alteration of root architecture in a plant, methods for altering an agronomic characteristic in a plant, methods for determining an alteration of an agronomic characteristic in a plant, and methods for producing seed.
  • the plant is a monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plant, more preferably, a maize or soybean plant, even more preferably a maize plant.
  • the plant may also be sunflower, sorghum, canola, wheat, alfalfa, cotton, rice, barley or millet.
  • the seed is preferably a maize or soybean seed, more preferably a maize seed, and even more preferably, a maize hybrid seed or maize inbred seed.
  • Particularly preferred methods include but are not limited to the following: A method of altering root architecture of a plant, comprising: (a) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a recombinant DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence (preferably a promoter functional in a plant), wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%,
  • the method may further comprise (c) obtaining a progeny plant derived from the transgenic plant, wherein said progeny plant comprises in its genome the recombinant DNA construct and exhibits altered root architecture when compared to a control plant not comprising the recombinant DNA construct.
  • a method of altering root architecture in a plant comprising: (a) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a suppression DNA construct comprising at least one regulatory sequence (preferably a promoter functional in a plant) operably linked to:
  • nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO: 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33, 35, 37, 39, 41 , or 42 or (B) a full complement of the nucleic acid sequence of
  • a region derived from all or part of a sense strand or antisense strand of a target gene of interest said region having a nucleic acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to said all or part of a sense strand or antisense strand from which said region is derived, and wherein said target gene of interest encodes
  • step (b) regenerating a transgenic plant from the regenerable plant cell after step (a), wherein the transgenic plant comprises in its genome the recombinant DNA construct and exhibits an altered root architecture when compared to a control plant not comprising the suppression DNA construct.
  • the method may further comprise (c) obtaining a progeny plant derived from the transgenic plant, wherein said progeny plant comprises in its genome the recombinant DNA construct and exhibits altered root architrecture when compared to a control plant not comprising the suppression DNA construct.
  • a method of evaluating altered root architecture in a plant comprising (a) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a recombinant DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to at least on regulatory sequence (preferably a promoter functional in a plant), wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the
  • the method may further comprise (d) obtaining a progeny plant derived from the transgenic plant, wherein the progeny plant comprises in its genome the recombinant DNA construct; and (e) evaluating root architecture of the progeny plant compared to a control plant not comprising the recombinant DNA construct.
  • a method of evaluating altered root architecture in a plant comprising (a) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a suppression DNA construct comprising at least one regulatory sequence (preferably a promoter functional in a plant) operably linked to:
  • nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO: 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33, 35, 37, 39, 41 , or 42, or (B) a full complement of the nucleic acid sequence
  • step (b) regenerating a transgenic plant from the regenerable plant cell after step (a), wherein the transgenic plant comprises in its genome the suppression DNA construct; and (c) evaluating the transgenic plant for altered root architecture compared to a control plant not comprising the suppression DNA construct.
  • the method may further comprise (d) obtaining a progeny plant derived from the transgenic plant, wherein the progeny plant comprises in its genome the suppression DNA construct; and (e) evaluating the progeny plant for altered root architecture compared to a control plant not comprising the suppression DNA construct.
  • a method of evaluating altered root architecture in a plant comprising (a) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a recombinant DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence (preferably a promoter functional in a plant), wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the
  • a method of evaluating root architecture in a plant comprising: (a) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a suppression DNA construct comprising at least one regulatory element operably linked to: (i) all or part of: (A) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID
  • a method of determining an alteration of an agronomic characteristic in a plant comprising (a) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a recombinant DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to at least on regulatory sequence (preferably a promoter functional in a plant), wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or
  • the method may further comprise (d) obtaining a progeny plant derived from the transgenic plant, wherein the progeny plant comprises in its genome the recombinant DNA construct; and (e) determining whether the progeny plant exhibits an alteration of at least one agronomic characteristic when compared to a control plant not comprising the recombinant DNA construct.
  • a method of determining an alteration of an agronomic characteristic in a plant comprising (a) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a suppression DNA construct comprising at least one regulatory sequence (preferably a promoter functional in a plant) operably linked to all or part of (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the
  • the method may further comprise (d) obtaining a progeny plant derived from the transgenic plant, wherein the progeny plant comprises in its genome the suppression DNA construct; and (e) determining whether the progeny plant exhibits an alteration in at least one agronomic characteristic when compared to a control plant not comprising the suppression DNA construct.
  • a method of determining an alteration of an agronomic characteristic in a plant comprising (a) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a recombinant DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence (preferably a promoter functional in a plant), wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or
  • the method of determining an alteration of an agronomic characteristic in a plant may further comprise determining whether the transgenic plant exhibits an alteration of at least one agronomic characteristic when compared, under varying environmental conditions, to a control plant not comprising the recombinant DNA construct.
  • a method of determining an alteration of an agronomic characteristic in a plant comprising (a) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a suppression DNA construct comprising at least one regulatory sequence (preferably a promoter functional in a plant) operably linked to all or part of (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on the
  • step (b) regenerating a transgenic plant from the regenerable plant cell after step (a), wherein the transgenic plant comprises in its genome the suppression DNA construct; (c) obtaining a progeny plant derived from said transgenic plant, wherein the progeny plant comprises in its genome the suppression DNA construct; and (d) determining whether the progeny plant exhibits an alteration in at least one agronomic characteristic when compared to a control plant not comprising the recombinant DNA construct.
  • a method of determining an alteration of an agronomic characteristic in a plant comprising: (a) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a suppression DNA construct comprising at least one regulatory element operably linked to a region derived from all or part of a sense strand or antisense strand of a target gene of interest, said region having a nucleic acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on
  • the method may further comprise: (d) obtaining a progeny plant derived from the transgenic plant, wherein the progeny plant comprises in its genome the suppression DNA construct; and (e) determining whether the progeny plant exhibits an alteration of at least one agronomic characteristic when compared to a control plant not comprising the suppression DNA construct.
  • a method of determining an alteration of an agronomic characteristic in a plant comprising: (a) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a suppression DNA construct comprising at least one regulatory element operably linked to a region derived from all or part of a sense strand or antisense strand of a target gene of interest, said region having a nucleic acid sequence of at least 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 56%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71 %, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity, based on
  • a method of producing seed comprising any of the preceding preferred methods, and further comprising obtaining seeds from said progeny plant, wherein said seeds comprise in their genome said recombinant DNA construct (or suppression DNA construct).
  • the step of determining an alteration of an agronomic characteristic in a transgenic plant may preferably comprise determining whether the transgenic plant exhibits an alteration of at least one agronomic characteristic when compared, under varying environmental conditions, to a control plant not comprising the recombinant DNA construct.
  • the step of determining an alteration of an agronomic characteristic in a progeny plant may preferably comprise determining whether the progeny plant exhibits an alteration of at least one agronomic characteristic when compared, under varying environmental conditions, to a control plant not comprising the recombinant DNA construct.
  • said regenerable plant cell in said introducing step preferably comprises a callus cell (preferably embryogenic), a gametic cell, a meristematic cell, or a cell of an immature embryo.
  • the regenerable plant cells are preferably from an inbred maize plant.
  • said regenerating step preferably comprises: (i) culturing said transformed plant cells in a media comprising an embryogenic promoting hormone until callus organization is observed; (ii) transferring said transformed plant cells of step (i) to a first media which includes a tissue organization promoting hormone; and (iii) subculturing said transformed plant cells after step (ii) onto a second media, to allow for shoot elongation, root development or both.
  • a regulatory sequence such as one or more enhancers, preferably as part of a transposable element
  • the introduction of recombinant DNA constructs of the present invention into plants may be carried out by any suitable technique, including but not limited to direct DNA uptake, chemical treatment, electroporation, microinjection, cell fusion, infection, vector mediated DNA transfer, bombardment, or Agrobacterium mediated transformation.
  • the at least one agronomic characteristic is preferably selected from the group consisting of greenness, yield, growth rate, biomass, fresh weight at maturation, dry weight at maturation, fruit yield, seed yield, total plant nitrogen content, fruit nitrogen content, seed nitrogen content, nitrogen content in a vegetative tissue, total plant free amino acid content, fruit free amino acid content, seed free amino acid content, free amino acid content in a vegetative tissue, total plant protein content, fruit protein content, seed protein content, protein content in a vegetative tissue, drought tolerance, nitrogen uptake, root mass, root lodging, stalk lodging, plant height, ear length, stalk lodging and harvest index. Yield, greenness, biomass and root lodging are particularly preferred agronomic characteristics for alteration (preferably an increase).
  • the plant preferably exhibits the alteration of at least one agronomic characteristic irrespective of the environmental conditions when compared to a control.
  • the introduction of recombinant DNA constructs of the present invention into plants may be carried out by any suitable technique, including but not limited to direct DNA uptake, chemical treatment, electroporation, microinjection, cell fusion, infection, vector mediated DNA transfer, bombardment, or Agrobacterium mediated transformation. Preferred techniques are set forth below in the Examples below for transformation of maize plant cells and soybean plant cells.
  • Transformation of monocotyledons using electroporation, particle bombardment, and Agrobacterium have also been reported and are included as preferred methods, for example, transformation and plant regeneration as achieved in asparagus (Bytebier et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:5354, (1987)); barley (Wan and Lemaux, Plant Physiol.
  • This regeneration and growth process typically includes the steps of selection of transformed cells, culturing those individualized cells through the usual stages of embryonic development through the rooted plantlet stage. Transgenic embryos and seeds are similarly regenerated. The resulting transgenic rooted shoots are thereafter planted in an appropriate plant growth medium such as soil.
  • the development or regeneration of plants containing the foreign, exogenous isolated nucleic acid fragment that encodes a protein of interest is well known in the art.
  • the regenerated plants are self-pollinated to provide homozygous transgenic plants. Otherwise, pollen obtained from the regenerated plants is crossed to seed-grown plants of agronomically important lines. Conversely, pollen from plants of these important lines is used to pollinate regenerated plants.
  • a transgenic plant of the present invention containing a desired polypeptide is cultivated using methods well known to one skilled in the art.
  • the construct also contains vector sequences (pUC9) to allow plasmid rescue, transposon sequences (Ds) to remobilize the T-DNA, and the bar gene to allow for glufosinate selection of transgenic plants. Only the 10.8kb segment from the right border (RB) to left border (LB) inclusive will be transferred into the host plant genome. Since the enhancer elements are located near the RB, they can induce cis-activation of genomic loci following T-DNA integration.
  • the pHSbarENDs2 construct was transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58, grown in LB at 25°C to OD600 ⁇ 1.0. Cells were then pelleted by centhfugation and resuspended in an equal volume of 5% sucrose/0.05% Silwet L-77 (OSI Specialties, Inc). At early bolting, soil grown Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype CoI-O were top watered with the Agrobacterium suspension. A week later, the same plants were top watered again with the same Agrobacterium strain in sucrose/Silwet. The plants were then allowed to set seed as normal.
  • T 2 seed was collected from approximately 35,000 individual glufosinate resistant Ti plants.
  • T 2 plants were grown and equal volumes of T 3 seed from 96 separate T 2 lines were pooled. This constituted 360 sub-populations.
  • T2 seeds were sterilized with chlorine gas and planted on petri plates containing the following medium: 0.5x N-Free Hoagland's, 60 mM KNO 3 , 0.1 % sucrose, 1 mM MES and 1 % PhytagelTM.
  • 10 plates were placed in a rack. Plates were kept for three days at 4 0 C to stratify seeds and then held vertically for 11 days at 22° C light and 20° C dark. Photoperiod was 16 h; 8 h dark, average light intensity was -180 ⁇ mol/m 2 /s.
  • Racks typically holding 10 plates each) were rotated daily within each shelf.
  • Lines with enhanced root growth characteristics were expected to lie at the upper extreme of the root area distributions.
  • a sliding window approach was used to estimate the variance in root area for a given rack with the assumption that there could be up to two outliers in the rack.
  • Environmental variations in various factors including growth media, temperature, and humidity can cause significant variation in root growth, especially between sow dates. Therefore the lines were grouped by sow date and shelf for the data analysis.
  • the racks in a particular sow date/shelf group were then sorted by mean root area. Root area distributions for sliding windows were performed by combining data for a rack, ⁇ , with data from the rack with the next lowest, (r,.i, and the next highest mean root area, r,+i.
  • the variance of the combined distribution was then analyzed to identify outliers in r, using a Grubbs- type approach (Barnett et al., Outliers in Statistical Data, John Wiley & Sons, 3 rd edition (1994).
  • Phase 1 hits Lines with significant enhanced root growth as determined by the method outlined above, were designated as Phase 1 hits.
  • Phase 1 hits were re-screened in duplicate under the same assay conditions. When either or both of the Phase 2 replicates showed a significant difference from the mean, the line was then considered a validated root architecture Nne
  • those lines that were again found to be outliers in at least one plate in Phase 2 were subjected to a phase 3 screening performed both in house, to validate the results obtained in phase 1 and phase 2.
  • the results were validated in phase 3 using both the Rootboot image analysis (as described above) and WinRHIZO ® as described below. The confirmation was performed in the same fashion as in the first round of screening.
  • T2 seeds were sterilized using 50% household bleach .01 % triton X-100 solution and plated onto the same plate medium as described in the first round of screening at a density of 10 seeds/plate. Plates were kept for three days at 4 0 C to stratify seeds, and grown in the same temperature and photoperiod as the first experiment with the light intensity -160 ⁇ mol/m 2 /s. Plates were placed vertically into the eight center positions of a 10 plate rack with the first and last position holding blank plates. The racks and the plates within a rack were rotated every other day. Two sets of pictures were taken for each plate.
  • the latter set of picture was usually used for data analysis.
  • These seedlings grown on vertical plates were analyzed for root growth with the software WinRHIZO® (Regent Instruments Inc), an image analysis system specifically designed for root measurement.
  • WinRHIZO® uses the contrast in pixels to distinguish the light root from the darker background.
  • the pixel classification was 150 - 170 and the filter feature was used to remove objects that have a length/width ratio less then 10.0.
  • the area on the plates analyzed was from the edge of the plant's leaves to about 1 cm from the bottom of the plate.
  • WinRHIZO® settings and area of analysis were used to analyze all plates within a batch.
  • the total root length score given by WinRHIZO® for a plate was divided by the number of plants that had germinated and had grown halfway down the plate. Three plates for every line were grown and their scores were averaged. This average was then compared to the average of three plates containing wild type seeds that were grown at the same time.
  • TAIL PCR and SAIFF PCR may both prove insufficient to identify candidate genes.
  • other procedures including inverse PCR, plasmid rescue and/or genomic library construction, can be employed.
  • a successful result is one where a single TAIL or SAIFF PCR fragment contains a T-DNA border sequence and Arabidopsis genomic sequence.
  • candidate genes are identified by alignment to publicly available Arabidopsis genome sequence.
  • the annotated gene nearest the 35S enhancer elements/T-DNA RB are candidates for genes that are activated.
  • a diagnostic PCR on genomic DNA is done with one oligo in the T-DNA and one oligo specific for the candidate gene. Genomic DNA samples that give a PCR product are interpreted as representing a T-DNA insertion. This analysis also verifies a situation in which more than one insertion event occurs in the same line, e.g., if multiple differing genomic fragments are identified in TAIL and/or SAIFF PCR analyses.
  • T-DNA insertion was found by ligation mediated PCR (Siebert et al., (1995) Nucleic Acids Res. 23:1087-1088) using primers within the LeftBorder of the T-DNA. Once a tag of genomic sequence flanking a T-DNA insert was obtained, the candidate gene was identified by sequence alignment to the completed Arabidopsis genome. One of the insertion sites identified from line 126515 was identified as a chimeric insertion; Left Border T-DNA sequence was determined to be at both ends of the T-DNA insertion. It was still possible that the enhancer elements located near the Right Border of the T-DNA are close enough to have an effect on the nearby candidate gene.
  • the location of the Right Border was assumed to be present at the insertion site, and the two genes that flank the insertion site were chosen as candidates.
  • one of the genes nearest the 35S enhancers of the chimeric insertion was At5g19590 (SEQ ID NO:48; NCBI Gl NO:15241137 ; Arabidopsis thaliana unknown protein), encoding the REP2 protein (SEQ ID NO:42).
  • EXAMPLE 5 Validation of a Candidate Arabidopsis Gene (AT5G19590) via Transformation into Arabidopsis
  • the candidate gene AT5G19590 was transformed into Arabidopsis and overexpressed under the 35S promoter. If the same or similar phenotype was observed in the transgenic line as in the parent activation-tagged line, then the candidate gene was considered to be a validated "lead gene" in Arabidopsis.
  • the Arabidopsis AT5G19590 gene was directly tested for its ability to enhance Root Architecture in Arabidopsis.
  • the Arabidopsis AT5G19590 cDNA was PCR amplified with oligos that introduce the attB1 sequence (SEQ ID NO:52), a consensus start sequence (CAACA) upstream of the ATG start codon and the first 24 nucleotides of the protein coding-region of the AT5G19590 cDNA (SEQ ID NO:49) and the attB2 sequence (SEQ ID NO:53) and the last 21 nucleotides of the protein-coding region including the stop codon of said cDNA.
  • Invitrogen TM Gateway® technology a MultiSite Gateway® BP Recombination Reaction was performed with pDONRTM/Zeo (Invitrogen TM, SEQ ID NO:2).
  • This process removes the bacteria lethal ccdB gene, as well as the chloramphenicol resistance gene (CAM) from pDONRTM/Zeo and directionally clones the PCR product with flanking attB1 (SEQ ID NO:52) and attB2 (SEQ ID NO:53) sites creating entry clone PHP34600.
  • CAM chloramphenicol resistance gene
  • the vector also contains a YFP marker under the control of the Rd29a promoter for the selection of transformed seeds.
  • Transgenic T1 seeds were selected by the presence of the fluorescent YFP marker. Fluorescent seeds were subjected to the Root Architecture Assay following the procedure described in Example 2. Transgenic T1 seeds were re-screened using 6 plates per construct. Two plates per rack containing non-transformed Columbia seed discarded from fluorescent seed sorting served as a control.
  • cDNA libraries may be prepared by any one of many methods available.
  • the cDNAs may be introduced into plasmid vectors by first preparing the cDNA libraries in Uni-ZAPTM XR vectors according to the manufacturer's protocol (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La JoIIa, CA). The Uni-ZAPTM XR libraries are converted into plasmid libraries according to the protocol provided by Stratagene. Upon conversion, cDNA inserts will be contained in the plasmid vector pBluescript.
  • the cDNAs may be introduced directly into precut Bluescript Il SK(+) vectors (Stratagene) using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs), followed by transfection into DH10B cells according to the manufacturer's protocol (GIBCO BRL Products).
  • T4 DNA ligase New England Biolabs
  • plasmid DNAs are prepared from randomly picked bacterial colonies containing recombinant pBluescript plasmids, or the insert cDNA sequences are amplified via polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for vector sequences flanking the inserted cDNA sequences.
  • Amplified insert DNAs or plasmid DNAs are sequenced in dye- primer sequencing reactions to generate partial cDNA sequences (expressed sequence tags or "ESTs"; see Adams et al., (1991 ) Science 252:1651-1656). The resulting ESTs are analyzed using a Perkin Elmer Model 377 fluorescent sequencer.
  • FIS data Full-insert sequence (FIS) data is generated utilizing a modified transposition protocol.
  • Clones identified for FIS are recovered from archived glycerol stocks as single colonies, and plasmid DNAs are isolated via alkaline lysis. Isolated DNA templates are reacted with vector primed M13 forward and reverse oligonucleotides in a PCR-based sequencing reaction and loaded onto automated sequencers. Confirmation of clone identification is performed by sequence alignment to the original EST sequence from which the FIS request is made.
  • Confirmed templates are transposed via the Primer Island transposition kit (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) which is based upon the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ty1 transposable element (Devine and Boeke (1994) Nucleic Acids Res. 22:3765-3772).
  • the in vitro transposition system places unique binding sites randomly throughout a population of large DNA molecules.
  • the transposed DNA is then used to transform DH10B electro-competent cells (Gibco BRL/Life Technologies, Rockville, MD) via electroporation.
  • the transposable element contains an additional selectable marker (named DHFR; Fling and Richards (1983) Nucleic Acids Res.
  • Phred and Phrap are a public domain software program which re-reads the ABI sequence data, re-calls the bases, assigns quality values, and writes the base calls and quality values into editable output files.
  • the Phrap sequence assembly program uses these quality values to increase the accuracy of the assembled sequence contigs. Assemblies are viewed by the Consed sequence editor (Gordon et al. (1998) Genome Res. 8:195-202).
  • the cDNA fragment corresponds to a portion of the 3'-terminus of the gene and does not cover the entire open reading frame.
  • the first of these methods results in the production of a fragment of DNA containing a portion of the desired gene sequence while the second method results in the production of a fragment containing the entire open reading frame.
  • Both of these methods use two rounds of PCR amplification to obtain fragments from one or more libraries. The libraries some times are chosen based on previous knowledge that the specific gene should be found in a certain tissue and some times are randomly-chosen. Reactions to obtain the same gene may be performed on several libraries in parallel or on a pool of libraries.
  • Library pools are normally prepared using from 3 to 5 different libraries and normalized to a uniform dilution.
  • both methods use a vector-specific (forward) primer corresponding to a portion of the vector located at the 5'-terminus of the clone coupled with a gene-specific (reverse) primer.
  • the first method uses a sequence that is complementary to a portion of the already known gene sequence while the second method uses a gene-specific primer complementary to a portion of the 3'-untranslated region (also referred to as UTR).
  • UTR 3'-untranslated region
  • a nested set of primers is used for both methods.
  • the resulting DNA fragment is ligated into a pBluescript vector using a commercial kit and following the manufacturer's protocol.
  • This kit is selected from many available from several vendors including InvitrogenTM (Carlsbad, CA), Promega Biotech (Madison, Wl), and Gibco-BRL (Gaithersburg, MD).
  • the plasmid DNA is isolated by alkaline lysis method and submitted for sequencing and assembly using Phred/Phrap, as above.
  • EXAMPLE 7 Identification of cDNA Clones cDNA clones encoding REP2-like polypeptides can be identified by conducting BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; Altschul et al. (1993) J. MoI. Biol. 275:403-410; see also the explanation of the BLAST algorithm on the world wide web site for the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health) searches for similarity to amino acid sequences contained in the BLAST "nr" database (comprising all non-redundant GenBank CDS translations, sequences derived from the 3-dimensional structure Brookhaven Protein Data Bank, the last major release of the SWISS-PROT protein sequence database, EMBL, and DDBJ databases).
  • BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
  • Altschul et al. (1993) J. MoI. Biol. 275:403-410 see also the explanation of the BLAST algorithm on the world wide web site for the National Center for Biotechnology Information at
  • the DNA sequences from clones can be translated in all reading frames and compared for similarity to all publicly available protein sequences contained in the "nr” database using the BLASTX algorithm (Gish and States (1993) Nat. Genet. 3:266-272) provided by the NCBI.
  • the polypeptides encoded by the cDNA sequences can be analyzed for similarity to all publicly available amino acid sequences contained in the "nr” database using the BLASTP algorithm provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
  • the P-value (probability) or the E-value (expectation) of observing a match of a cDNA- encoded sequence to a sequence contained in the searched databases merely by chance as calculated by BLAST are reported herein as "pLog" values, which represent the negative of the logarithm of the reported P-value or E-value.
  • ESTs sequences can be compared to the Genbank database as described above. ESTs that contain sequences more 5- or 3-prime can be found by using the BLASTn algorithm (Altschul et al (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402.) against the Du Pont proprietary database comparing nucleotide sequences that share common or overlapping regions of sequence homology. Where common or overlapping sequences exist between two or more nucleic acid fragments, the sequences can be assembled into a single contiguous nucleotide sequence, thus extending the original fragment in either the 5 or 3 prime direction. Once the most 5-prime EST is identified, its complete sequence can be determined by Full Insert Sequencing as described above.
  • Homologous genes belonging to different species can be found by comparing the amino acid sequence of a known gene (from either a proprietary source or a public database) against an EST database using the tBLASTn algorithm.
  • the tBLASTn algorithm searches an amino acid query against a nucleotide database that is translated in all 6 reading frames. This search allows for differences in nucleotide codon usage between different species, and for codon degeneracy.
  • the BLASTX search using the EST sequences from clones listed in Table 1 revealed similarity of the polypeptides encoded by the cDNAs to REP2-like polypeptides from Oryza sativa (Gl No. 115463429, 125552383, 115438148, and 125533926 corresponding to SEQ ID NO's :43, 44, 45, and 46, respectively) and to Polpulus trichocarpa (Gl No. 118487434 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:47).
  • Figures 1 A-1 B present an alignment of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 15, 17, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33, 35, 37, 39, 41 , and 42 and the amino acid sequences of the REP2 polypeptides from Oryza sativa (Gl No. 115463429, 125552383, 115438148, and 125533926 corresponding to SEQ ID NO's :43, 44, 45, and 46, respectively) and to Polpulus t ⁇ chocarpa (Gl No. 118487434 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:47).
  • Figure 2 presents the percent sequence identities and divergence values for each sequence pair presented in Figures 1A-1 B.
  • Sequence alignments and BLAST scores and probabilities indicate that the nucleic acid fragments comprising the instant cDNA clones encode REP2-like polypeptides.
  • BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
  • Homologous rep2-like sequences such as the ones described in Example 8, can be PCR-amplified by either of the following methods.
  • Method 1 (RNA-based): If the 5' and 3' sequence information for the protein- coding region of a REP2 homolog is available, gene-specific primers can be designed as outlined in Example 5. RT-PCR can be used with plant RNA to obtain a nucleic acid fragment containing the REP2 protein-coding region flanked by attB1 (SEQ ID NO:52) and attB2 (SEQ ID NO:53) sequences. The primer may contain a consensus Kozak sequence (CAACA) upstream of the start codon.
  • CAACA consensus Kozak sequence
  • Method 2 (DNA-based): Alternatively, if a cDNA clone is available for a gene encoding a REP2 polypeptide homolog, the entire cDNA insert (containing 5' and 3' non-coding regions) can be PCR amplified. Forward and reverse primers can be designed that contain either the attB1 sequence and vector-specific sequence that precedes the cDNA insert or the attB2 sequence and vector-specific sequence that follows the cDNA insert, respectively. For a cDNA insert cloned into the vector pBlueschpt SK+, the forward primer VC062 (SEQ ID NO:54) and the reverse primer VC063 (SEQ ID NO:55) can be used.
  • Methods 1 and 2 can be modified according to procedures known by one skilled in the art.
  • the primers of method 1 may contain restriction sites instead of attB1 and attB2 sites, for subsequent cloning of the PCR product into a vector containing attB1 and attB2 sites.
  • method 2 can involve amplification from a cDNA clone, a lambda clone, a BAC clone or genomic DNA.
  • a PCR product obtained by either method above can be combined with the Gateway® donor vector, such as pDONRTM/Zeo (InvitrogenTM,; SEQ ID NO:2) or pDONRTM221 (InvitrogenTM, SEQ ID NO:3) using a BP Recombination Reaction.
  • This process removes the bacteria lethal ccdB gene, as well as the chloramphenicol resistance gene (CAM) from pDONRTM221 and directionally clones the PCR product with flanking attB1 and attB2 sites to create an entry clone.
  • CAM chloramphenicol resistance gene
  • the homologous rep2-like gene from the entry clone can then be transferred to a suitable destination vector to obtain a plant expression vector for use with Arabidopsis, corn and soy, such as pBC-Yellow (SEQ ID NO:4), PHP27840 (SEQ ID NO:5) or PHP23236 (SEQ ID NO:6), to obtain a plant expression vector for use with Arabidopsis, soybean and corn, respectively.
  • a MultiSite Gateway® LR recombination reaction between multiple entry clones and a suitable destination vector can be performed to create an expression vector.
  • An Example of this procedure is outlined in Example 14A, describing the construction of maize expression vectors for transformation of maize lines. EXAMPLE 10
  • Soybean plants can be transformed to overexpress the validated Arabidopsis gene (AT5G19590) and the corresponding homologs from various species in order to examine the resulting phenotype.
  • Example 5 and 9 The entry clones described in Example 5 and 9 can be used to directionally clone each gene into PHP27840 vector (SEQ ID NO:5) such that expression of the gene is under control of the SCP1 promoter.
  • Soybean embryos may then be transformed with the expression vector comprising sequences encoding the instant polypeptides.
  • somatic embryos cotyledons, 3-5 mm in length dissected from surface sterilized, immature seeds of the soybean cultivar A2872, can be cultured in the light or dark at 26 0 C on an appropriate agar medium for 6-10 weeks. Somatic embryos, which produce secondary embryos, are then excised and placed into a suitable liquid medium. After repeated selection for clusters of somatic embryos which multiply as early, globular staged embryos, the suspensions are maintained as described below. Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures can be maintained in 35ml_ liquid media on a rotary shaker, 150 rpm, at 26 0 C with florescent lights on a 16:8 hour day/night schedule.
  • a selectable marker gene which can be used to facilitate soybean transformation is a chimeric gene composed of the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 373:810-812), the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene from plasmid pJR225 (from E. coir, Gritz et al. (1983) Gene 25:179-188) and the 3' region of the nopaline synthase gene from the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
  • Another selectable marker gene which can be used to facilitate soybean transformation is an herbicide-resistant acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene from soybean or Arabidopsis.
  • ALS herbicide-resistant acetolactate synthase
  • ALS is the first common enzyme in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine. Mutations in ALS have been identified that convey resistance to some or all of three classes of inhibitors of ALS (US Patent No. 5,013,659; the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference). Expression of the herbicide-resistant ALS gene can be under the control of a SAM synthetase promoter (U.S. Patent Application No. US-2003-0226166-A1 ; the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference).
  • Approximately 300-400 mg of a two-week-old suspension culture is placed in an empty 60x15 mm petri dish and the residual liquid removed from the tissue with a pipette.
  • approximately 5-10 plates of tissue are normally bombarded.
  • Membrane rupture pressure is set at 1100 psi and the chamber is evacuated to a vacuum of 28 inches mercury.
  • the tissue is placed approximately 3.5 inches away from the retaining screen and bombarded three times. Following bombardment, the tissue can be divided in half and placed back into liquid and cultured as described above.
  • Five to seven days post bombardment the liquid media may be exchanged with fresh media, and eleven to twelve days post bombardment with fresh media containing 50 mg/mL hygromycin. This selective media can be refreshed weekly.
  • green, transformed tissue may be observed growing from untransformed, necrotic embryogenic clusters. Isolated green tissue is removed and inoculated into individual flasks to generate new, clonally propagated, transformed embryogenic suspension cultures. Each new line may be treated as an independent transformation event. These suspensions can then be subcultured and maintained as clusters of immature embryos or regenerated into whole plants by maturation and germination of individual somatic embryos.
  • Enhanced root architecture can be measured in soybean by growing the plants in soil and wash the roots before analysis of the total root mass with WinRHIZO®. Soybean plants transformed with validated genes can then be assayed to study agronomic characteristics relative to control or reference plants. For example, nitrogen utilization efficacy, yield enhancement and/or stability under various environmental conditions (e.g. nitrogen limiting conditions, drought etc.). EXAMPLE 11
  • Maize plants can be transformed to overexpress a validated Arabidopsis lead gene or the corresponding homologs from various species in order to examine the resulting phenotype.
  • the Gateway® entry clones described in Example 5 can be used to directionally clone each gene into a maize transformation vector. Expression of the gene in maize can be under control of a constitutive promoter such as the maize ubiquitin promoter (Christensen et al., Plant MoI. Biol. 12:619-632 (1989) and Christensen et al., Plant MoI. Biol. 18:675-689 (1992))
  • a constitutive promoter such as the maize ubiquitin promoter (Christensen et al., Plant MoI. Biol. 12:619-632 (1989) and Christensen et al., Plant MoI. Biol. 18:675-689 (1992)
  • the recombinant DNA construct described above can then be introduced into maize cells by the following procedure. Immature maize embryos can be dissected from developing caryopses derived from crosses of the inbred maize lines H99 and LH132. The embryos are isolated ten to eleven days after pollination when they are 1.0 to 1.5 mm long. The embryos are then placed with the axis-side facing down and in contact with agarose-solidified N6 medium (Chu et al., Sci. Sin. Peking 18:659-668 (1975)). The embryos are kept in the dark at 27 0 C.
  • Friable embryogenic callus consisting of undifferentiated masses of cells with somatic proembryoids and embryoids borne on suspensor structures proliferates from the scutellum of these immature embryos.
  • the embryogenic callus isolated from the primary explant can be cultured on N6 medium and sub-cultured on this medium every two to three weeks.
  • the plasmid, p35S/Ac (obtained from Dr. Peter Eckes, Hoechst Ag, Frankfurt, Germany) may be used in transformation experiments in order to provide for a selectable marker.
  • This plasmid contains the pat gene (see European Patent Publication 0 242 236) which encodes phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT).
  • PAT phosphinothricin acetyl transferase
  • the enzyme PAT confers resistance to herbicidal glutamine synthetase inhibitors such as phosphinothricin.
  • the pat gene in p35S/Ac is under the control of the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (Odell et al., Nature 313:810-812 (1985)) and the 3' region of the nopaline synthase gene from the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
  • the particle bombardment method (Klein et al., Nature 327:70-73 (1987)) may be used to transfer genes to the callus culture cells.
  • gold particles (1 ⁇ m in diameter) are coated with DNA using the following technique.
  • Ten ⁇ g of plasmid DNAs are added to 50 ⁇ l_ of a suspension of gold particles (60 mg per ml_).
  • Calcium chloride 50 ⁇ l_ of a 2.5 M solution
  • spermidine free base (20 ⁇ l_ of a 1.0 M solution) are added to the particles.
  • the suspension is vortexed during the addition of these solutions. After ten minutes, the tubes are briefly centrifuged (5 sec at 15,000 rpm) and the supernatant removed.
  • the particles are resuspended in 200 ⁇ l_ of absolute ethanol, centrifuged again and the supernatant removed. The ethanol rinse is performed again and the particles resuspended in a final volume of 30 ⁇ l_ of ethanol.
  • An aliquot (5 ⁇ l_) of the DNA-coated gold particles can be placed in the center of a KaptonTM flying disc (Bio-Rad Labs). The particles are then accelerated into the maize tissue with a Biolistic ® PDS-1000/He (Bio-Rad Instruments, Hercules CA), using a helium pressure of 1000 psi, a gap distance of 0.5 cm and a flying distance of 1.0 cm.
  • the embryogenic tissue is placed on filter paper over agarose-solidified N6 medium.
  • the tissue is arranged as a thin lawn and covers a circular area of about 5 cm in diameter.
  • the petri dish containing the tissue can be placed in the chamber of the PDS-1000/He approximately 8 cm from the stopping screen.
  • the air in the chamber is then evacuated to a vacuum of 28 inches of Hg.
  • the macrocarrier is accelerated with a helium shock wave using a rupture membrane that bursts when the He pressure in the shock tube reaches 1000 psi.
  • tissue can be transferred to N6 medium that contains bialaphos (5 mg per liter) and lacks casein or proline. The tissue continues to grow slowly on this medium. After an additional two weeks the tissue can be transferred to fresh N6 medium containing bialaphos. After six weeks, areas of about 1 cm in diameter of actively growing callus can be identified on some of the plates containing the bialaphos-supplemented medium. These calli may continue to grow when sub-cultured on the selective medium.
  • Plants can be regenerated from the transgenic callus by first transferring clusters of tissue to N6 medium supplemented with 0.2 mg per liter of 2,4-D. After two weeks the tissue can be transferred to regeneration medium (Fromm et al., Bio/Technology 8:833-839 (1990)).
  • Transgenic TO plants can be regenerated and their phenotype determined following HTP procedures. T1 seed can be collected.
  • T1 plants can be grown and analyzed for phenotypic changes.
  • the following parameters can be quantified using image analysis: plant area, volume, growth rate and color analysis can be collected and quantified.
  • Expression constructs that result in an alteration of root architecture or any one of the agronomic characteristics listed above compared to suitable control plants, can be considered evidence that the Arabidopsis lead gene functions in maize to alter root architecture or plant architecture.
  • a recombinant DNA construct containing a validated Arabidopsis gene can be introduced into an maize line either by direct transformation or introgression from a separately transformed line.
  • Transgenic plants can undergo more vigorous field- based experiments to study root or plant architecture, yield enhancement and/or resistance to root lodging under various environmental conditions (e.g. variations in nutrient and water availability). Subsequent yield analysis can also be done to determine whether plants that contain the validated Arabidopsis lead gene have an improvement in yield performance, when compared to the control (or reference) plants that do not contain the validated Arabidopsis lead gene. Plants containing the validated Arabidopsis lead gene would improved yield relative to the control plants, preferably 50% less yield loss under adverse environmental conditions or would have increased yield relative to the control plants under varying environmental conditions.
  • Electroporation of Aqrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 Electroporation competent cells (40 ⁇ l), such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 (containing PHP10523), are thawn on ice (20-30 min). PHP10523 contains VIR genes for T-DNA transfer, an Agrobacterium low copy number plasmid origin of replication, a tetracycline resistance gene, and a cos site for in vivo DNA biomolecular recombination. Meanwhile the electroporation cuvette is chilled on ice. The electroporator settings are adjusted to 2.1 kV.
  • Agrobacterium cells while still on ice. The mix is transferred to the bottom of electroporation cuvette and kept at rest on ice for 1 -2 min. The cells are electroporated (Eppendorf electroporator 2510) by pushing "Pulse” button twice
  • Option 1 overlay plates with 30 ⁇ L of 15 mg/mL Rifampicin.
  • LBA4404 has a chromosomal resistance gene for Rifampicin. This additional selection eliminates some contaminating colonies observed when using poorer preparations of LBA4404 competent cells.
  • Option 2 Perform two replicates of the electroporation to compensate for poorer electrocompetent cells.
  • the plates are incubated at 28° C for 2-3 days.
  • a single colony for each putative co-integrate is picked and inoculated with 4 ml_ #60A with 50 mg/L Spectinomycin. The mix is incubated for 24 h at 28° C with shaking. Plasmid DNA from 4 ml_ of culture is isolated using Qiagen Miniprep + optional PB wash. The DNA is eluted in 30 ⁇ l_. Aliquots of 2 ⁇ l_ are used to electroporate 20 ⁇ l_ of DH10b + 20 ⁇ l_ of ddH 2 O as per above.
  • a 15 ⁇ l_ aliquot can be used to transform 75-100 ⁇ l_ of InvitrogenTM-
  • the cells are spread on LB medium plus 50mg/mL Spectinomycin plates (#34T medium) and incubated at 37° C overnight.
  • Maize plants can be transformed to overexpress a validated Arabidopsis lead gene or the corresponding homologs from various species in order to examine the resulting phenotype. transformation of maize is performed essentially as described by Zhao et al., in Meth. MoI. Biol. 318:315-323 (2006) (see also Zhao et al., MoI. Breed. 8:323-333 (2001 ) and U.S. Patent No. 5,981 ,840 issued November 9, 1999, incorporated herein by reference). The transformation process involves bacterium innoculation, co-cultivation, resting, selection and plant regeneration. 1.1m mature Embryo Preparation
  • Immature embryos are dissected from caryopses and placed in a 2mL microtube containing 2 mL PHI-A medium. 2.
  • Agrobacterium Infection and Co-Cultivation of Embryos 2.1 1nfection Step
  • PHI-A medium is removed with 1 mL micropipettor and 1 mL Agrobacterium suspension is added. Tube is gently inverted to mix. The mixture is incubated for 5 min at room temperature. 2.2 Co-Culture Step
  • the Agrobacterium suspension is removed from the infection step with a 1 mL micropipettor. Using a sterile spatula the embryos are scraped from the tube and transferred to a plate of PHI-B medium in a 100x15 mm Petri dish. The embryos are oriented with the embryonic axis down on the surface of the medium. Plates with the embryos are cultured at 2O 0 C, in darkness, for 3 days. L-Cysteine can be used in the co-cultivation phase. With the standard binary vector, the co- cultivation medium supplied with 100-400 mg/L L-cysteine is critical for recovering stable transgenic events.
  • PHI-A 4g/L CHU basal salts, 1.0 mL/L 1000X Eriksson's vitamin mix, 0.5mg/L thiamin HCL, 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.69 g/L L-proline, 68.5 g/L sucrose, 36g/L glucose, pH 5.2. Add 100 ⁇ M acetosyringone, filter-sterilized before using.
  • PHI-B PHI-A without glucose, increased 2,4-D to 2mg/L, reduced sucrose to 30 g/L and supplemented with 0.85 mg/L silver nitrate (filter-sterilized), 3.0 g/L gelrite, 100 ⁇ M acetosyringone ( filter- sterilized), 5.8.
  • PHI-C PHI-B without gelrite and acetosyringonee, reduced 2,4-D to
  • PHI-D PHI-C supplemented with 3mg/L bialaphos (filter-sterilized).
  • PHI-E 4.3 g/L of Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts, (Gibco, BRL 11117-074), 0.5 mg/L nicotinic acid, 0.1 mg/L thiamine HCI, 0.5mg/L pyridoxine HCI, 2.0 mg/L glycine, 0.1 g/L myo-inositol, 0.5 mg/L zeatin (Sigma, cat.no.
  • MS Murashige and Skoog
  • PHI-F PHI-E without zeatin, IAA, ABA; sucrose reduced to 40 g/L; replacing agar with 1.5 g/L gelrite; pH 5.6.
  • Plants can be regenerated from the transgenic callus by first transferring clusters of tissue to N6 medium supplemented with 0.2 mg per liter of 2,4-D. After two weeks the tissue can be transferred to regeneration medium (Fromm et al. (1990) Bio/Technology 8:833-839). Phenotypic analysis of transgenic TO plants and T1 plants can be performed.
  • T1 plants can be analyzed for phenotypic changes. Using image analysis T1 plants can be analyzed for phenotypical changes in plant area, volume, growth rate and color analysis can be taken at multiple times during growth of the plants. Alteration in root architecture can be assayed as described in Example 20.
  • Subsequent analysis of alterations in agronomic characteristics can be done to determine whether plants containing the validated Arabidopsis lead gene have an improvement of at least one agronomic characteristic, when compared to the control (or reference) plants that do not contain the validated Arabidopsis lead gene.
  • the alterations may also be studied under various environmental conditions.
  • Arabidopsis REP2 gene (At5g19590) using Agrobacterium mediated Transformation
  • Maize expression vectors can be prepared with the Arabidopsis REP2 gene (At5g19590) under the control of the NAS2 (SEQ ID NO:57) and GOS 2 (SEQ ID NO:58 ) promoter.
  • PINII is the terminator (SEQ ID NO:61 )
  • Invitrogen TM Gateway® technology the entry clone, created as described in Example 5, PHP 34600, containing the Arabidopsis REP2 gene (At5g19590) can be used in separate Gateway® LR reactions with:
  • the Arabidopsis rep2 gene and the corresponding homologs from maize and other species can be transformed into maize lines using the procedures outlined in Examples 5A and 14A.
  • Maize expression vectors with Arabidopsis rep2 gene and the corresponding homologs from maize and other species can be prepared as outlined in Examples 5A and14A.
  • other promoters such as, but not limited to the ubiquitin promoter, the S2A and S2B promoter, the maize ROOTMET2 promoter, the maize Cyclo, the CR1 BIO, the CRWAQ81 and the maize ZRP2.4447 are useful for directing expression of rep2 and rep2-like genes in maize.
  • terminators such as, but not limited to the PINII terminator, could be used to achieve expression of the gene of interest in maize.
  • the final vectors (vectors for expression in Maize, Example 14A, and B) can be then electroporated separately into LBA4404 Agrobacte ⁇ um containing PHP10523 (SEQ ID NO:7, Komari et al. Plant J 10:165-174 (1996), NCBI Gl: 59797027) to create the co-integrate vectors for maize transformation.
  • the co-integrate vectors are formed by recombination of the final vectors (maize expression vectors) with PHP10523, through the COS recombination sites contained on each vector.
  • the co-integrate vectors contain in addition to the expression cassettes described in Examples 14A- C, also genes needed for the Agrobacterium strain and the Agrobacterium mediated transformation, (TET, TET, TRFA, ORI terminator, CTL, ORI V, VIR C1 , VIR C2, VIR G, VIR B). Transformation into a maize line can be performed as described in Example 13.
  • Destination vector PHP23236 (SEQ ID NO:6) was obtained by transformation of Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 containing plasmid PHP10523 (SEQ ID NO:7) with plasmid PHP23235 (SEQ ID NO:8) and isolation of the resulting co-integration product.
  • Destination vector PHP23236 can be used in a recombination reaction with an entry clone as described in Example 16 to create a maize expression vector for transformation of Gaspe Bay Flint derived maize lines. Expression of the gene of interest is under control of the ubiquitin promoter (SEQ ID NO:59).
  • PHP29635 (SEQ ID NO:13) was obtained by transformation of Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 containing plasmid PHP10523 with plasmid PIIOXS2a-FRT87(ni)m (SEQ ID NO:57) and isolation of the resulting co-integration product.
  • Destination vector PHP29635 can be used in a recombination reaction with an entry clone as described in Example 16 to create a maize expression vector for transformation of Gaspe Bay Flint derived maize lines. Expression of the gene of interest is under control of the S2A promoter (SEQ ID NO:60).
  • S2A promoter SEQ ID NO:60
  • entry clones containing the Arabidopsis rep2 gene (AT5G19590) or a maize rep2-like homolog can be created, as described in Examples 5A and 9 and used to directionally clone each gene into destination vector PHP23236 (Example 15) for expression under the ubiquitin promoter or into destination vector PHP29635 (Example 15) for expression under the S2A promoter.
  • Each of the expression vectors are T-DNA binary vectors tor Agrobacterium-meoteteo transformation into corn._
  • Gaspe Bay Flint Derived Maize Lines can be transformed with the expression constructs as described in Example 17.
  • Maize plants can be transformed as described in Example 16 to overexpress the Arabidopsis AT5G19590 gene and the corresponding homologs from other species, such as the ones listed in Table 1 , in order to examine the resulting phenotype.
  • other promoters such as the S2B promoter, the maize ROOTMET2 promoter, the maize Cyclo, the CR1 BIO, the CRWAQ81 and the maize ZRP2.4447 are useful for directing expression of rep2 and rep2-like genes in maize.
  • terminators such as, but not limited to the PINII terminator, can be used to achieve expression of the gene of interest in Gaspe Bay Flint Derived Maize Lines.
  • Recipient plant cells can be from a uniform maize line having a short life cycle ("fast cycling"), a reduced size, and high transformation potential.
  • Typical of these plant cells for maize are plant cells from any of the publicly available Gaspe Bay Flint (GBF) line varieties.
  • GBF Gaspe Bay Flint
  • One possible candidate plant line variety is the F1 hybrid of GBF x QTM (Quick Turnaround Maize, a publicly available form of Gaspe Bay Flint selected for growth under greenhouse conditions) disclosed in Tomes et al. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0221212.
  • Transgenic plants obtained from this line are of such a reduced size that they can be grown in four inch pots (1/4 the space needed for a normal sized maize plant) and mature in less than 2.5 months.
  • Another suitable line is a double haploid line of GS3 (a highly transformable line) X Gaspe Flint.
  • GS3 a highly transformable line
  • X Gaspe Flint a transformable elite inbred line carrying a transgene which causes early flowering, reduced stature, or both.
  • Any suitable method may be used to introduce the transgenes into the maize cells, including but not limited to inoculation type procedures using Agrobacterium based vectors as described in Example 9. Transformation may be performed on immature embryos of the recipient (target) plant.
  • the event population of transgenic (TO) plants resulting from the transformed maize embryos is grown in a controlled greenhouse environment using a modified randomized block design to reduce or eliminate environmental error.
  • a randomized block design is a plant layout in which the experimental plants are divided into groups (e.g., thirty plants per group), referred to as blocks, and each plant is randomly assigned a location with the block.
  • a replicate group For a group of thirty plants, twenty-four transformed, experimental plants and six control plants (plants with a set phenotype) (collectively, a "replicate group") are placed in pots which are arranged in an array (a.k.a. a replicate group or block) on a table located inside a greenhouse. Each plant, control or experimental, is randomly assigned to a location with the block which is mapped to a unique, physical greenhouse location as well as to the replicate group. Multiple replicate groups of thirty plants each may be grown in the same greenhouse in a single experiment. The layout (arrangement) of the replicate groups should be determined to minimize space requirements as well as environmental effects within the greenhouse. Such a layout may be referred to as a compressed greenhouse layout.
  • An alternative to the addition of a specific control group is to identify those transgenic plants that do not express the gene of interest.
  • a variety of techniques such as RT-PCR can be applied to quantitatively assess the expression level of the introduced gene.
  • TO plants that do not express the transgene can be compared to those which do.
  • Each plant in the event population is identified and tracked throughout the evaluation process, and the data gathered from that plant is automatically associated with that plant so that the gathered data can be associated with the transgene carried by the plant.
  • each plant container can have a machine readable label (such as a Universal Product Code (UPC) bar code) which includes information about the plant identity, which in turn is correlated to a greenhouse location so that data obtained from the plant can be automatically associated with that plant.
  • UPC Universal Product Code
  • any efficient, machine readable, plant identification system can be used, such as two-dimensional matrix codes or even radio frequency identification tags (RFID) in which the data is received and interpreted by a radio frequency receiver/processor.
  • RFID radio frequency identification tags
  • the TO plants are analyzed at the phenotypic level using quantitative, nondestructive imaging technology throughout the plant's entire greenhouse life cycle to assess the traits of interest.
  • a digital imaging analyzer is used for automatic multi-dimensional analyzing of total plants.
  • the imaging may be done inside the greenhouse.
  • Two camera systems, located at the top and side, and an apparatus to rotate the plant, are used to view and image plants from all sides. Images are acquired from the top, front and side of each plant. All three images together provide sufficient information to evaluate the biomass, size and morphology of each plant. Due to the change in size of the plants from the time the first leaf appears from the soil to the time the plants are at the end of their development, the early stages of plant development are best documented with a higher magnification from the top. This may be accomplished by using a motorized zoom lens system that is fully controlled by the imaging software.
  • Imaging instrumentation including but not limited to light spectrum digital imaging instrumentation commercially available from LemnaTec GmbH of Wurselen, Germany.
  • the images are taken and analyzed with a LemnaTec Scanalyzer HTS LT-0001 -2 having a 1/2" IT Progressive Scan IEE CCD imaging device.
  • the imaging cameras may be equipped with a motor zoom, motor aperture and motor focus. All camera settings may be made using LemnaTec software.
  • the instrumental variance of the imaging analyzer is less than about 5% for major components and less than about 10% for minor components.
  • Software The imaging analysis system comprises a LemnaTec HTS Bonit software program for color and architecture analysis and a server database for storing data from about 500,000 analyses, including the analysis dates.
  • the original images and the analyzed images are stored together to allow the user to do as much reanalyzing as desired.
  • the database can be connected to the imaging hardware for automatic data collection and storage.
  • a variety of commercially available software systems e.g. Matlab, others
  • Matlab can be used for quantitative interpretation of the imaging data, and any of these software systems can be applied to the image data set.
  • a conveyor system with a plant rotating device may be used to transport the plants to the imaging area and rotate them during imaging. For example, up to four plants, each with a maximum height of 1.5 m, are loaded onto cars that travel over the circulating conveyor system and through the imaging measurement area. In this case the total footprint of the unit (imaging analyzer and conveyor loop) is about 5 m x 5 m.
  • the conveyor system can be enlarged to accommodate more plants at a time.
  • the plants are transported along the conveyor loop to the imaging area and are analyzed for up to 50 seconds per plant. Three views of the plant are taken.
  • the conveyor system, as well as the imaging equipment, should be capable of being used in greenhouse environmental conditions.
  • any suitable mode of illumination may be used for the image acquisition.
  • a top light above a black background can be used.
  • a combination of top- and backlight using a white background can be used.
  • the illuminated area should be housed to ensure constant illumination conditions.
  • the housing should be longer than the measurement area so that constant light conditions prevail without requiring the opening and closing or doors.
  • the illumination can be varied to cause excitation of either transgene (e.g., green fluorescent protein (GFP), red fluorescent protein (RFP)) or endogenous (e.g. Chlorophyll) fluorophores.
  • transgene e.g., green fluorescent protein (GFP), red fluorescent protein (RFP)
  • endogenous fluorophores e.g. Chlorophyll
  • the plant images should be taken from at least three axes, preferably the top and two side (sides 1 and 2) views. These images are then analyzed to separate the plant from the background, pot and pollen control bag (if applicable).
  • the volume of the plant can be estimated by the calculation:
  • Volumeiyoxels ⁇ JTopArea ⁇ pixels) x ⁇ j SidelArea(pixels) x ⁇ j Side2Area(pixels)
  • the units of volume and area are "arbitrary units". Arbitrary units are entirely sufficient to detect gene effects on plant size and growth in this system because what is desired is to detect differences (both positive-larger and negative-smaller) from the experimental mean, or control mean.
  • the arbitrary units of size (e.g. area) may be trivially converted to physical measurements by the addition of a physical reference to the imaging process. For instance, a physical reference of known area can be included in both top and side imaging processes. Based on the area of these physical references a conversion factor can be determined to allow conversion from pixels to a unit of area such as square centimeters (cm 2 ).
  • the physical reference may or may not be an independent sample. For instance, the pot, with a known diameter and height, could serve as an adequate physical reference.
  • the imaging technology may also be used to determine plant color and to assign plant colors to various color classes.
  • the assignment of image colors to color classes is an inherent feature of the LemnaTec software. With other image analysis software systems color classification may be determined by a variety of computational approaches.
  • a useful classification scheme is to define a simple color scheme including two or three shades of green and, in addition, a color class for chlorosis, necrosis and bleaching, should these conditions occur.
  • a background color class which includes non plant colors in the image (for example pot and soil colors) is also used and these pixels are specifically excluded from the determination of size.
  • the plants are analyzed under controlled constant illumination so that any change within one plant over time, or between plants or different batches of plants (e.g. seasonal differences) can be quantified.
  • color classification can be used to assess other yield component traits.
  • additional color classification schemes may be used.
  • the trait known as "staygreen”, which has been associated with improvements in yield may be assessed by a color classification that separates shades of green from shades of yellow and brown (which are indicative of senescing tissues).
  • Green/Yellow Ratio Green/Yellow Ratio
  • Plants with a significant difference in this Green/Yellow ratio can be identified as carrying transgenes which impact this important agronomic trait.
  • the skilled plant biologist will recognize that other plant colors arise which can indicate plant health or stress response (for instance anthocyanins), and that other color classification schemes can provide further measures of gene action in traits related to these responses.
  • Transgenes which modify plant architecture parameters may also be identified using the present invention, including such parameters as maximum height and width, internodal distances, angle between leaves and stem, number of leaves starting at nodes and leaf length.
  • the LemnaTec system software may be used to determine plant architecture as follows. The plant is reduced to its main geometric architecture in a first imaging step and then, based on this image, parameterized identification of the different architecture parameters can be performed. Transgenes that modify any of these architecture parameters either singly or in combination can be identified by applying the statistical approaches previously described.
  • Pollen Shed Date is an important parameter to be analyzed in a transformed plant, and may be determined by the first appearance on the plant of an active male flower. To find the male flower object, the upper end of the stem is classified by color to detect yellow or violet anthers. This color classification analysis is then used to define an active flower, which in turn can be used to calculate pollen shed date.
  • pollen shed date and other easily visually detected plant attributes can be recorded by the personnel responsible for performing plant care.
  • pollen shed date and other easily visually detected plant attributes can be recorded by the personnel responsible for performing plant care.
  • this data is tracked by utilizing the same barcodes utilized by the LemnaTec light spectrum digital analyzing device.
  • a computer with a barcode reader, a palm device, or a notebook PC may be used for ease of data capture recording time of observation, plant identifier, and the operator who captured the data.
  • Orientation of the Plants Mature maize plants grown at densities approximating commercial planting often have a planar architecture. That is, the plant has a clearly discernable broad side, and a narrow side. The image of the plant from the broadside is determined. To each plant a well defined basic orientation is assigned to obtain the maximum difference between the broadside and edgewise images. The top image is used to determine the main axis of the plant, and an additional rotating device is used to turn the plant to the appropriate orientation prior to starting the main image acquisition. EXAMPLE 18
  • transgenic plants will contain two or three doses of Gaspe Flint-3 with one dose of GS3 (GS3/(Gaspe-3)2X or GS3/(Gaspe-3)3X) and will segregate 1 :1 for a dominant transgene.
  • Other transgenic plants will be regular inbreds and will be used in top crosses to generate test hybrids. Plants will be planted in Turface, a commercial potting medium, and watered four times each day with 1 mM KNO3 growth medium and with 2 mM KNO 3 , or higher, growth medium (Fig.3). Control plants grown in 1 mM KNO 3 medium will be less green, produce less biomass and have a smaller ear at anthesis.
  • Gaspe-derived lines will be grown to flowering stage whereas regular inbreds and hybrids will be grown to V4 to V5 stages.
  • Fig.4 illustrates one method which places letters after the values. Those values in the same column that have the same letter (not group of letters) following them are not significantly different. Using this method, if there are no letters following the values in a column, then there are no significant differences between any of the values in that column or, in other words, all the values in that column are equal.
  • transgene will result in plants with improved plant growth in 1 mM KNO3 when compared to a transgenic null.
  • biomass and greenness data will be collected at time of sampling (anthesis for Gaspe and V4-V5 for others) and compared to a transgenic null.
  • total nitrogen in the plants will be analyzed in ground tissues. Improvements in growth, greenness, nitrogen accumulation and ear size at anthesis will be indications of increased nitrogen use efficiency.
  • a recombinant DNA construct containing a validated Arabidopsis gene can be introduced into a maize line either by direct transformation or introgression from a separately transformed line.
  • Transgenic plants can undergo more vigorous field-based experiments to study yield enhancement and/or stability under various environmental conditions, such as variations in water and nutrient availability.
  • a standardized yield trial will typically include 4 to 6 replications, and at least 4 locations. Combine harvest yield data will be collected.
  • Subsequent yield analysis can be done to determine whether plants that contain the validated Arabidopsis lead gene have an improvement in yield performance under various environmental conditions, when compared to the control plants, either a construct null or wildtype, that do not contain the validated Arabidopsis lead gene. Reduction in yield can be measured for both in the case of nitrogen or water stress environments. Plants containing the validated Arabidopsis lead gene have less yield loss relative to the control plants, preferably 50% less yield loss.
  • Transgenic plants will contain two or three doses of Gaspe Flint-3 with one dose of GS3 (GS3/(Gaspe-3)2X or GS3/(Gaspe-3)3X) and will segregate 1 :1 for a dominant transgene.
  • Plants will be planted in Turface, a commercial potting medium, and watered four times each day with 1 mM KNO 3 growth medium and with 2 mM KNO 3 , or higher, growth medium (see Fig.3).
  • Control plants grown in 1 mM KNO3 medium will be less green, produce less biomass and have a smaller ear at anthesis (see Fig.4 for an illustration of sample data).
  • Fig.4 illustrates one method which places letters after the values. Those values in the same column that have the same letter (not group of letters) following them are not significantly different. Using this method, if there are no letters following the values in a column, then there are no significant differences between any of the values in that column or, in other words, all the values in that column are equal.
  • a recombinant DNA construct containing a validated Arabidopsis gene can be introduced into a maize line either by direct transformation or introgression from a separately transformed line.
  • Transgenic plants, either inbred or hybrid, can undergo more vigorous field- based experiments to study yield enhancement and/or stability under various environmental conditions, such as variations in water and nutrient availability.
  • Subsequent yield analysis can be done to determine whether plants that contain the validated Arabidopsis lead gene have an improvement in yield performance under various environmental conditions, when compared to the control plants that do not contain the validated Arabidopsis lead gene. Reduction in yield can be measured for both. Plants containing the validated Arabidopsis lead gene have less yield loss relative to the control plants, preferably 50% less yield loss.
  • Transgenic maize plants are assayed for changes in root architecture at seedling stage, flowering time or maturity.
  • Assays to measure alterations of root architecture of maize plants include, but are not limited to the methods outlined below. To facilitate manual or automated assays of root architecture alterations, corn plants can be grown in clear pots.
  • Root mass dry weights. Plants are grown in Turface, a growth media that allows easy separation of roots. Oven-dried shoot and root tissues are weighed and a root/shoot ratio calculated.
  • lateral root branching e.g. lateral root number, lateral root length
  • the extent of lateral root branching is determined by sub-sampling a complete root system, imaging with a flat-bed scanner or a digital camera and analyzing with WinRHIZOTM software (Regent Instruments Inc.).
  • Root band width measurements The root band is the band or mass of roots that forms at the bottom of greenhouse pots as the plants mature. The thickness of the root band is measured in mm at maturity as a rough estimate of root mass.
  • Nodal root count The number of crown roots coming off the upper nodes can be determined after separating the root from the support medium (e.g. potting mix). In addition the angle of crown roots and/or brace roots can be measured. Digital analysis of the nodal roots and amount of branching of nodal roots form another extension to the aforementioned manual method. All data taken on root phenotype are subjected to statistical analysis, normally a t- test to compare the transgenic roots with that of non-transgenic sibling plants. Oneway ANOVA may also be used in cases where multiple events and/or constructs are involved in the analysis.
  • a maize expression vector, containing the maize UBI promoter and the Arabidopsis rep2 (recpu3) gene was prepared as described in Example 14A. Transformation of maize was achieved via Agrobactehum mediated transformation as described in example 14C by creating a cointegrate vector (PHP30478) and roots were assayed using a seedling assay as described in Example 22. All 8 events from construct PHP30478 (ZM-UBI::AT-RECPU3) were assayed in a greenhouse experiment, where 9 plants per each event were grown in Turface media to V4 stage. Seeds were from the T1 generation (from ears collected from TO plants). The control in the experiment were plants of the same hybrid maize line, not containing the recombinant construct, grown to the same stage.
  • Seeds were planted using a complete random block design. Plants were harvested 19 days after planting, when they reached V4 stage. Roots were washed and collected separately from shoots. All samples were oven-dried before dry weights were taken on an analytical balance. As can be seen from Table 6 several events were found to have significant changes in all of the traits measured , when compared to the control.
  • T-test analysis was performed to show significant differences between each transgenic event and the control.
  • the p-values are shown for each trait: root dry weights, shoot dry weights, and root-to-shoot ratios.
  • Bold face fonts indicate the transgenic had a higher value than the control. Those that had a p-value of less than 0.1 are indicated with an asterisk (*).
  • the nitrogen depletion treatment was carried out in a field where soil nitrogen levels had been drawn down by crops grown in previous years without fertilization.
  • the experiments were set up as 2-row plots with a density of 32000 plants per acre. There were 4 replications in normal nitrogen treatment and 6 replications in depleted nitrogen treatment. At site 1 in the normal treatment, nitrogen fertilizer was applied at a rate of

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EP09790798A EP2326663A2 (en) 2008-07-24 2009-07-24 Plants with altered root architecture, related constructs and methods involving genes encoding rep2 polypeptides and homologs thereof
BRPI0911739A BRPI0911739A2 (pt) 2008-07-24 2009-07-24 planta que compreende no seu genoma uma construção de dna recombinante, método de alteração da arquitetura de raízes em plantas, método de avaliação da arquitetura de raízes alteradas em plantas, método de determinação de alteração de pelo menos uma característica agronômica em uma planta, polinucleotídeo isolado e planta ou semente que compreende uma construção de dna recombinante
MX2011000780A MX2011000780A (es) 2008-07-24 2009-07-24 Plantas con arquitectura radicular alterada, constructos relacionados y metodos que involucran genes que codifican para los polipeptidos rep2 y homologos de estos.
CA2729099A CA2729099A1 (en) 2008-07-24 2009-07-24 Plants with altered root architecture, related constructs and methods involving genes encoding rep2 polypeptides and homologs thereof
CN2009801289798A CN102131824A (zh) 2008-07-24 2009-07-24 具有改变的根构造的植物、涉及编码rep2多肽及其同源物的基因的相关构建体和方法
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WO2007124312A2 (en) * 2006-04-19 2007-11-01 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Isolated polynucleotide molecules corresponding to mutant and wild-type alleles of the maize d9 gene and methods of use
US20070277269A1 (en) * 2006-04-17 2007-11-29 Ceres, Inc. Nucleotide sequences and polypeptides encoded thereby useful for modifying plant characteristics

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US20070277269A1 (en) * 2006-04-17 2007-11-29 Ceres, Inc. Nucleotide sequences and polypeptides encoded thereby useful for modifying plant characteristics
WO2007124312A2 (en) * 2006-04-19 2007-11-01 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Isolated polynucleotide molecules corresponding to mutant and wild-type alleles of the maize d9 gene and methods of use

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