WO2010007139A1 - Process for the oxidation of alcohol and/or aldehyde groups - Google Patents

Process for the oxidation of alcohol and/or aldehyde groups Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010007139A1
WO2010007139A1 PCT/EP2009/059180 EP2009059180W WO2010007139A1 WO 2010007139 A1 WO2010007139 A1 WO 2010007139A1 EP 2009059180 W EP2009059180 W EP 2009059180W WO 2010007139 A1 WO2010007139 A1 WO 2010007139A1
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Prior art keywords
process according
rhenium
compound
catalyst
oxidation
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PCT/EP2009/059180
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French (fr)
Inventor
Raffaele Saladino
Angela Farina
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Solvay Sa
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Application filed by Solvay Sa filed Critical Solvay Sa
Priority to CA2730260A priority Critical patent/CA2730260C/en
Priority to US13/054,170 priority patent/US8609895B2/en
Priority to CN200980128176.2A priority patent/CN102099347B/en
Priority to EP09780732.5A priority patent/EP2307395B1/en
Publication of WO2010007139A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010007139A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D307/58—One oxygen atom, e.g. butenolide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
    • C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
    • C07C51/285—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with peroxy-compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
    • C07C51/54—Preparation of carboxylic acid anhydrides
    • C07C51/56—Preparation of carboxylic acid anhydrides from organic acids, their salts, their esters or their halides, e.g. by carboxylation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D307/68—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for the oxidation of alcohol and/or aldehyde groups.
  • it relates to an oxidizing process based on peroxo compounds, heterogeneous rhenium based catalysts and co-catalysts.
  • rhenium based catalysts to activate hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of various functional groups, and especially alcohol and/or aldehyde groups, is known in the prior art.
  • the catalytic cycle of methyltrioxorhenium is for example disclosed in W.A. Hermann et al., Chemische Berichte, 126, 4 (1993) and in J.H. Espenson et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 117, 9243 (1995).
  • rhenium based catalysts are disclosed, for example, in the international patent application WO 00/61639 which relates to oxidized starch obtained by oxidizing native starch in an acidic solvent in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, rhenium (VI) or (VII) oxide, methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) or alkyl rhenium oxide in homogeneous phase, a ditertiary alkyl nitroxyl and hydrogen halide.
  • a third example is the use of hydrogen peroxide and of methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) in homogeneous phase for the synthesis of ortho- and para-benzoquinones of cardanol derivatives, disclosed in an article from R. Saladino et al., J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 1, 581-586 (2000).
  • MTO methyltrioxorhenium
  • the oxidation reaction of various benzoquinones of cardanol derivatives was tested in various solvents selected from acetic acid, ethanol, and a mixture ethanol - tetrafluoroboric acid (HBF4) in excess. Depending on the derivatives tested, the best results were obtained using acetic acid or the mixture ethanol - HBF4.
  • HBF4 mixture ethanol - tetrafluoroboric acid
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a new process for the oxidation of alcohol and/or aldehyde groups having improved properties compared to the processes of the prior art.
  • the present invention therefore relates to a process for the oxidation of alcohol and/or aldehyde groups comprising the treatment of said alcohol and/or aldehyde groups with at least one oxidizing agent chosen from peroxo compounds in the presence of at least one solvent, of at least one heterogeneous rhenium based catalyst, and of a co-catalyst selected from the group consisting of HBF4 and salts thereof.
  • the stability and reuse of the catalyst is improved. Furthermore, according to the process of the invention, it is easier to recover the catalyst from the reaction mixture compared to reactions conducted in homogeneous phase, the selectivity of the reaction can be modified, and the amount of active rhenium compound added to the reaction mixture can be drastically reduced. This process is thus especially advantageous compared to the processes of the prior art.
  • alcohol and aldehyde groups it is intended primary and secondary alcohol and aldehyde groups. According to the present invention, such groups may be present on any substrates.
  • the compounds may be linear, branched or cyclic alkyl alcohols or aldehydes, aromatic alcohols or aldehydes such as benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol derivatives, as well as high and low molecular weight carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives.
  • the oxidation process of the present invention is applied to at least one compound selected from the group consisting of linear, branched or cyclic alkyl alcohols and linear, branched or cyclic alkyl aldehydes, especially to carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives, for example to high and low molecular weight carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives, advantageously to low molecular weight carbohydrates and low molecular weight carbohydrate derivatives.
  • High molecular weight carbohydrates, also called polysaccharides are composed of monosaccharide units, usually in an amount of more than 10 to 10000 units, preferably from 25 to 5000 units, for example from 50 to 500 units, a few of them being made up of considerably more units.
  • High molecular weight carbohydrates include, for example, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose and chitin.
  • Cellulose has an average molecular mass equivalent to about 5000 units.
  • Low molecular weight carbohydrates include mono and oligosaccharides, composed of 1 to 10 monosaccharide residues, preferably mono- and disaccharides. The term
  • monosaccharide denotes a single sugar unit without glycosidic connection to other such units. Chemically, monosaccharides are either polyhydroxyaldehydes or aldoses, such as glucose, or polyhydroxyketones or ketoses, such as fructose. Depending on their number of carbon atoms, monosaccharides are classified in hexoses (6C) and pentoses (5C). Monosaccharides with fewer (trioses, tetroses) or more carbon atoms (heptoses, octoses) are rare. Preferred low molecular weight carbohydrates according to the present invention are monosaccharides, especially pentoses and hexoses.
  • Carbohydrate derivatives may be glycosides, alditols, furan derivatives, such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), etc.
  • HMF 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
  • heterogeneous catalyst means that the catalyst and reactants or their solution form a common physical phase, then the reaction is called homogeneously catalyzed.
  • heterogeneous catalyst is used when the system is such that catalyst and reactants form separate physical - A -
  • the heterogeneous catalysts may be unsupported (bulk) catalysts insoluble in the reactant mixture, or supported catalysts.
  • the heterogeneous catalyst of the invention may be chosen from insoluble unsupported rhenium based catalysts and supported rhenium based catalysts, preferably from supported rhenium based catalysts.
  • Supported rhenium based catalysts usually comprise an inert polymeric matrix (support) and a rhenium compound (active part of the catalyst).
  • the rhenium compound according to the process of the invention is usually selected from rhenium (VI) oxide (ReOs), rhenium (VII) oxide (R2O7), methyl rhenium trioxide (CHsReOs), a C 2 to C20 alkyl rhenium oxide, a C3 to C 10 cycloalkyl rhenium oxide.
  • the rhenium compound of the invention is preferably methyltrioxo rhenium (MTO).
  • the inert polymeric matrix of the catalyst according to the invention may be selected from poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP), poly(4-vinylpyridine N-oxide) (PVPN), polystyrene (PS) and mixtures thereof.
  • PVP poly(4-vinylpyridine)
  • PVPN poly(4-vinylpyridine N-oxide)
  • PS polystyrene
  • Such catalyst supports are disclosed, for example, in an article from R. Saladino et al., J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 7, 581-
  • the supports may differ by their cross-linking with divinylbenzene.
  • PVPN or PS with divinylbenzene is usually of from 1 to 50%, preferably of from 2 to 25%.
  • the amount of rhenium compound by weight of the support is usually at least 0,1 , in particular at least 0,3, especially at least 0,5, values of at least 1 giving good results.
  • the amount of rhenium compound by weight of the support is in general of at most 10, in many cases at most 5, preferably at most 3. Suitable ranges for the loading factor of the catalyst are from
  • 0,1 to 10 preferably from 0,5 to 5, more preferably from 1 to 3.
  • a peroxo compound which may be selected from hydrogen peroxide or hydrogen peroxide sources such as alkali or alkaline earth metal percarbonates, for example sodium percarbonate; alkali or alkaline earth metal perborates, such as sodium perborate; alkaline earth metal or metal peroxides, such as calcium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, zinc peroxide and mixed calcium / magnesium peroxide; and their mixtures.
  • the peroxo compound is preferably an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution.
  • aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution usually has a concentration of from 5 to 70 weight %, preferably of from 20 to 50 weight %, in general about 35 weight %.
  • a third essential feature of the present invention resides in the presence of at least one solvent.
  • the solvent may be selected from water; carboxylic acids such as acetic acid; organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetonitrile, dichloromethane; ionic liquids such as l-butyl-3- methylimidazolium tetrafiuoroborate ([BMIM] [BF4]); and mixtures thereof.
  • the solvent is preferably selected from protic solvents such as water; acetic acid; Ci to C3 alcohols, especially methanol or ethanol; and mixtures thereof.
  • the amount of heterogeneous rhenium based catalyst is generally of at least 0.1% by weight of the compound to be oxidized, preferably at least 0,5%, more preferably at least 1%, in particular at least 2%.
  • the amount of heterogeneous rhenium based catalyst used in the process of the invention is in general of at most 15% by weight of the compound to be oxidized, especially at most 12%, particularly at most 10%, especially at most 7%.
  • the amount of heterogeneous rhenium based catalyst by weight of the compound to be oxidized is of from 0,1 to 10 %, ranges of from 1 to 7% giving good results, for example around 5%.
  • a fourth essential feature of the present invention is the presence of a co- catalyst.
  • Said co-catalyst may be selected from HBF4, salts thereof and mixtures thereof.
  • the salt of HBF4 is preferably selected from the group consisting of the sodium salt, ammonium salt, lithium salt and mixtures thereof.
  • the co-catalyst is usually present in an amount of at least 0.1% by volume of the solvent, preferably at least 0.5% and of at most 10 %, especially at most 5 %. An amount of about 1 % of co-catalyst by weight of compound to be oxidized is for example suitable.
  • said co-catalyst is preferably HBF 4 .
  • the amount of peroxo compound used in the present invention is usually of at least 1 equivalent of the optionally substituted furfural, in particular at least 2 equivalents, values of at least 4 equivalents and more specifically at least 5 equivalents giving good results.
  • the amount of peroxo compound is in general of at most 20 equivalents of the optionally substituted furfural, in many cases at most 15 equivalents, values of at most 10 equivalents being common.
  • the oxidation process according to the present invention is usually carried out at a temperature of at least 5°C, preferably at least 10 0 C, more preferably at least 15°C.
  • the process of the invention is in general carried out at a temperature of at most 100 0 C, particularly at most 75°C, especially at most 50 0 C, with particular preference at most 30 0 C.
  • the process is advantageously carried out at a temperature from 5 to 50 0 C, preferably from 10 to 45°C, especially from 15 to 30 0 C, advantageously around room temperature, for example around 20 0 C.
  • the process of the invention may be carried out at sub -atmospheric pressures, atmospheric pressure, or elevated pressure, preferably at atmospheric pressure.
  • the process of the invention is usually carried out during from 1 to 100 hours, preferably from 12 to 72 hours, more preferably from 24 to 48 hours.
  • the oxidation process of the invention may be carried out in any suitable reactor.
  • An example of a suitable reactor is a plug-flow reactor equipped with a catalytic bed.
  • Another example is any suitable reactor wherein the catalyst is maintained in suspension.
  • the process of this invention may be carried out in a batch, continuous, or semi-continuous manner, preferably as a continuous process.
  • the process of the invention may be applied to carbohydrates, especially to low molecular weight carbohydrates and derivatives thereof.
  • the invention may for example be applied to low molecular weight carbohydrate derivatives such as furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and mixtures thereof.
  • Furfural, or 2-furancarbonal or 2-furaldehyde is a well known chemical product produced by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of hemicellulose, especially from hemicellulose-rich agricultural wastes, the resulting monosaccharides being then dehydrated to furfural.
  • 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) is produced according to a similar process applied to cellulose or starch.
  • the hexoses resulting from the acid- catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose or starch can be readily transformed into HMF by acid-induced elimination of three moles of water. General information on these compounds is found in online Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, DOI 10.1002/14356007.al2_119.pub2, "Furfural and Derivatives" (2007).
  • the process of the invention is applied to furfural and/or to 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), it is possible to prepare various monocarboxylic acids such as glycolic acid, furoic acid, and 5-hydroxy methyl furoic acid, as well as various dicarboxylic acids such as maleic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, and malic acid.
  • the process of the present invention is used for the preparation of maleic acid with high yields.
  • the present invention thus also relates to a process for the preparation of maleic acid as well as to a process for the preparation of maleic anhydride, comprising the preparation of maleic acid according to the process of the present invention applied to carbohydrate derivatives selected from furfural, 5- hydroxymethyl furfural and mixtures thereof, and a further dehydration step.
  • dehydration step can be performed according to any method known in the prior art. For general information, see for example online Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, DOI 10.1002/14356007.al6_053, "Maleic and Fumaric Acids" (2000).
  • the maleic acid dehydration can for example be performed by heating maleic acid up to 160 0 C while eliminating the water. This reaction is quantitative.
  • maleic anhydride is a commodity chemical having considerable industrial importance. Indeed, maleic anhydride can be used for both polycondensation and polyaddition. Polyester and alkyd resins, lacquers, plasticizers, copolymers, and lubricants are the most important technical end products. Polyester and alkyd resins are especially used in the production of fiberglass reinforced plastics, in the construction and electrical industries, and in pipeline and marine construction. Smaller amounts of maleic anhydride are used in the production of pesticides and growth inhibitors, or of surfactants. More information about maleic acid and maleic anhydride is found, for example, in online Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, DOI 10.1002/14356007.al6_053, "Maleic and Fumaric Acids" (2000).
  • maleic anhydride is usually based on the catalytic oxidation of suitable hydrocarbons in the gas phase, especially benzene and, more recently, C4 hydrocarbons.
  • Maleic anhydride can also be obtained by dehydration from maleic acid but this is not the preferred industrial manufacturing process.
  • a particular advantage of the present invention applied to the oxidation of furfural and/or 5-hydroxymethyl furfural is the possibility to prepare specialty and commodity chemicals starting from a renewable feedstock as furfural and 5- hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) are biomass based products, produced from carbohydrate sources and especially from hemicellulose and cellulose wastes such as agricultural and forestry wastes, which are interesting alternative to petrochemical products.
  • This advantage is particularly important in the framework of the responsible care and the sustainable development.
  • Comparative examples 1 to 3 Oxidation of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural in homogeneous conditions 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) was oxidized with 10 equivalents of hydrogen peroxide (35% by weight in aqueous solution) in the presence of methyltrioxo rhenium in an amount of 5% by weight of HMF, at a temperature about 20 0 C during 24 to 48 hours, until the conversion of furfural was complete, in various solvents.
  • HMF hydrogen peroxide
  • Comparative examples 10 to 12 and examples 13 to 14 Oxidation of furfural in heterogeneous conditions (catalyst supported on poly(4-vinylpyridine))
  • Furfural was oxidized with 5 equivalents of hydrogen peroxide (35% by weight in aqueous solution) in the presence of 5% by weight of methyltrioxorhenium supported onto poly(4-vinylpyridine) with a loading factor of 2 mmol/g, at a temperature about 20 0 C during 24 hours, in various solvents and in the optional presence of HBF 4 as co-catalyst.
  • Comparative example 15 and example 16 Stability and reuse of the catalyst of examples 11 and 14
  • Examples 1 1 and 14 were reproduced respectively 4 and 3 times, reusing the same catalyst.
  • Furfural was oxidized with 9 equivalents of hydrogen peroxide (35% by weight in aqueous solution) in the presence of 5% by weight of methyltrioxo rhenium supported onto polystyrene with a loading factor of 2 mmol/g, at a temperature about 20 0 C during 48 to 72 hours, until the conversion of furfural was complete, in various solvents and in the optional presence of HBF4 as co- catalyst.
  • Comparative examples 20 to 21 Stability and reuse of the catalyst of examples 17 and 19
  • Examples 17 and 19 were reproduced 5 times, reusing the same catalyst. The only difference is that runs 3, 4 and 5 of example 21 were conducted at 40 0 C rather than 20 0 C.
  • Comparative examples 22 to 24 and example 25 Oxidation of furfural in heterogeneous conditions (catalyst supported on polystyrene)
  • Furfural was oxidized with 5 equivalents of hydrogen peroxide (35% by weight in aqueous solution) in the presence of 5% by weight of methyltrioxorhenium supported onto polystyrene, at a temperature about 20 0 C during 24 hours, in various solvents and in the optional presence of HBF4 as co- catalyst.
  • Comparative examples 26 to 27 and example 28 Stability and reuse of the catalyst of examples 23, 24 and 25
  • Examples 23, 24 and 25 were reproduced respectively 4, 3 and 7 times, reusing the same catalyst.
  • a yield conversion of up to 85% by weight of maleic acid can be obtained.
  • This maleic acid can then be subsequently dehydrated to yield maleic anhydride with a quantitative yield, by a thermal treatment around 160 0 C while eliminating the water.
  • the overall yield to produce maleic anhydride from furfural and/or 5-hydroxymethyl furfural can thus be higher than 80%, depending on the reaction conditions. This yield is higher than the yield usually reached when maleic anhydride is prepared according to usual manufacturing processes, from benzene or butane (respectively about 70 and 60% yield).

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Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for the oxidation of alcohol and/or aldehyde groups with a peroxo compound in the presence of a heterogeneous rhenium based catalyst, and a co-catalyst. The process of the invention may, for example, be applied to the manufacture of maleic acid which can be dehydrated to lead to maleic anhydride.

Description

Process for the oxidation of alcohol and/or aldehyde groups
The present application claims the benefit of the European application no. 08160771.5 filed on July 18, 2009, herein incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a process for the oxidation of alcohol and/or aldehyde groups. In particular, it relates to an oxidizing process based on peroxo compounds, heterogeneous rhenium based catalysts and co-catalysts.
The use of rhenium based catalysts to activate hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of various functional groups, and especially alcohol and/or aldehyde groups, is known in the prior art. The catalytic cycle of methyltrioxorhenium is for example disclosed in W.A. Hermann et al., Chemische Berichte, 126, 4 (1993) and in J.H. Espenson et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 117, 9243 (1995).
Applications of rhenium based catalysts are disclosed, for example, in the international patent application WO 00/61639 which relates to oxidized starch obtained by oxidizing native starch in an acidic solvent in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, rhenium (VI) or (VII) oxide, methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) or alkyl rhenium oxide in homogeneous phase, a ditertiary alkyl nitroxyl and hydrogen halide.
Another use is disclosed in the US patent application 2006/0070953 Al which relates to the catalytic oxidation of tyrosol into hydroxytyrosol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, a protic solvent, and methyltrioxorhenium (MTO), preferably in homogeneous phase.
A third example is the use of hydrogen peroxide and of methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) in homogeneous phase for the synthesis of ortho- and para-benzoquinones of cardanol derivatives, disclosed in an article from R. Saladino et al., J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 1, 581-586 (2000). The oxidation reaction of various benzoquinones of cardanol derivatives was tested in various solvents selected from acetic acid, ethanol, and a mixture ethanol - tetrafluoroboric acid (HBF4) in excess. Depending on the derivatives tested, the best results were obtained using acetic acid or the mixture ethanol - HBF4. - J -
These processes have the disadvantage to be conducted in homogeneous phase, which do not allow an easy recovery of the catalyst.
It is also known to proceed to the oxidation of olefins into epoxides in heterogeneous phase, using polymer-supported rhenium based catalysts. Such polymer-supported catalysts are disclosed, for example, in an article from R. Saladino et al., J. Org. Chem., 67, 1323-1332 (2002). The heterogeneization of rhenium based catalysts by using a polymeric support allows an easier recovery of the catalyst and, sometimes, may improve the reactivity.
Nevertheless, there is still a need for improved processes for the oxidation of alcohol and/or aldehyde groups, leading to high yields, an easy recovery of the catalyst, and a good stability and reuse of the catalyst.
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a new process for the oxidation of alcohol and/or aldehyde groups having improved properties compared to the processes of the prior art. The present invention therefore relates to a process for the oxidation of alcohol and/or aldehyde groups comprising the treatment of said alcohol and/or aldehyde groups with at least one oxidizing agent chosen from peroxo compounds in the presence of at least one solvent, of at least one heterogeneous rhenium based catalyst, and of a co-catalyst selected from the group consisting of HBF4 and salts thereof. According to the present invention, it has been surprisingly found that, when alcohol and/or aldehyde groups are oxidized with a peroxo compound in the presence of a heterogeneous rhenium based catalyst and a co-catalyst such as HBF4 or a salt thereof, the stability and reuse of the catalyst is improved. Furthermore, according to the process of the invention, it is easier to recover the catalyst from the reaction mixture compared to reactions conducted in homogeneous phase, the selectivity of the reaction can be modified, and the amount of active rhenium compound added to the reaction mixture can be drastically reduced. This process is thus especially advantageous compared to the processes of the prior art.
By alcohol and aldehyde groups, it is intended primary and secondary alcohol and aldehyde groups. According to the present invention, such groups may be present on any substrates. For example, the compounds may be linear, branched or cyclic alkyl alcohols or aldehydes, aromatic alcohols or aldehydes such as benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol derivatives, as well as high and low molecular weight carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives. In a preferred embodiment, the oxidation process of the present invention is applied to at least one compound selected from the group consisting of linear, branched or cyclic alkyl alcohols and linear, branched or cyclic alkyl aldehydes, especially to carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives, for example to high and low molecular weight carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives, advantageously to low molecular weight carbohydrates and low molecular weight carbohydrate derivatives. High molecular weight carbohydrates, also called polysaccharides, are composed of monosaccharide units, usually in an amount of more than 10 to 10000 units, preferably from 25 to 5000 units, for example from 50 to 500 units, a few of them being made up of considerably more units. High molecular weight carbohydrates include, for example, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose and chitin. Cellulose has an average molecular mass equivalent to about 5000 units. Low molecular weight carbohydrates include mono and oligosaccharides, composed of 1 to 10 monosaccharide residues, preferably mono- and disaccharides. The term
"monosaccharide" denotes a single sugar unit without glycosidic connection to other such units. Chemically, monosaccharides are either polyhydroxyaldehydes or aldoses, such as glucose, or polyhydroxyketones or ketoses, such as fructose. Depending on their number of carbon atoms, monosaccharides are classified in hexoses (6C) and pentoses (5C). Monosaccharides with fewer (trioses, tetroses) or more carbon atoms (heptoses, octoses) are rare. Preferred low molecular weight carbohydrates according to the present invention are monosaccharides, especially pentoses and hexoses. Carbohydrate derivatives may be glycosides, alditols, furan derivatives, such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), etc. Some general information about carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives may for example be found in online Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, DOI 10.100214356007.a05_079, "Carbohydrates" (2003), incorporated herewith by reference.
One of the essential features of the present invention resides in the nature of the heterogeneous catalyst. The term "homogeneous catalyst" means that the catalyst and reactants or their solution form a common physical phase, then the reaction is called homogeneously catalyzed. The term "heterogeneous catalyst" is used when the system is such that catalyst and reactants form separate physical - A -
states. The heterogeneous catalysts may be unsupported (bulk) catalysts insoluble in the reactant mixture, or supported catalysts.
The heterogeneous catalyst of the invention may be chosen from insoluble unsupported rhenium based catalysts and supported rhenium based catalysts, preferably from supported rhenium based catalysts. Supported rhenium based catalysts usually comprise an inert polymeric matrix (support) and a rhenium compound (active part of the catalyst).
The rhenium compound according to the process of the invention is usually selected from rhenium (VI) oxide (ReOs), rhenium (VII) oxide (R2O7), methyl rhenium trioxide (CHsReOs), a C2 to C20 alkyl rhenium oxide, a C3 to C10 cycloalkyl rhenium oxide. The rhenium compound of the invention is preferably methyltrioxo rhenium (MTO).
The inert polymeric matrix of the catalyst according to the invention may be selected from poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP), poly(4-vinylpyridine N-oxide) (PVPN), polystyrene (PS) and mixtures thereof. Such catalyst supports are disclosed, for example, in an article from R. Saladino et al., J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 7, 581-
586 (2000), incorporated herewith by reference. It has to be noted that the supports may differ by their cross-linking with divinylbenzene. The crosslinking of PVP,
PVPN or PS with divinylbenzene is usually of from 1 to 50%, preferably of from 2 to 25%.
In the process of the invention, the amount of rhenium compound by weight of the support, expressed as the loading factor (mmol/g), is usually at least 0,1 , in particular at least 0,3, especially at least 0,5, values of at least 1 giving good results.
The amount of rhenium compound by weight of the support, expressed as the loading factor (mmol/g), is in general of at most 10, in many cases at most 5, preferably at most 3. Suitable ranges for the loading factor of the catalyst are from
0,1 to 10, preferably from 0,5 to 5, more preferably from 1 to 3.
Another essential feature of the present invention is the presence of a peroxo compound which may be selected from hydrogen peroxide or hydrogen peroxide sources such as alkali or alkaline earth metal percarbonates, for example sodium percarbonate; alkali or alkaline earth metal perborates, such as sodium perborate; alkaline earth metal or metal peroxides, such as calcium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, zinc peroxide and mixed calcium / magnesium peroxide; and their mixtures. The peroxo compound is preferably an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution. Such aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution usually has a concentration of from 5 to 70 weight %, preferably of from 20 to 50 weight %, in general about 35 weight %. A third essential feature of the present invention resides in the presence of at least one solvent. In the invention, the solvent may be selected from water; carboxylic acids such as acetic acid; organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetonitrile, dichloromethane; ionic liquids such as l-butyl-3- methylimidazolium tetrafiuoroborate ([BMIM] [BF4]); and mixtures thereof. According to the present invention, the solvent is preferably selected from protic solvents such as water; acetic acid; Ci to C3 alcohols, especially methanol or ethanol; and mixtures thereof.
In the process of the invention, the amount of heterogeneous rhenium based catalyst is generally of at least 0.1% by weight of the compound to be oxidized, preferably at least 0,5%, more preferably at least 1%, in particular at least 2%. The amount of heterogeneous rhenium based catalyst used in the process of the invention is in general of at most 15% by weight of the compound to be oxidized, especially at most 12%, particularly at most 10%, especially at most 7%. In most cases, the amount of heterogeneous rhenium based catalyst by weight of the compound to be oxidized is of from 0,1 to 10 %, ranges of from 1 to 7% giving good results, for example around 5%.
A fourth essential feature of the present invention is the presence of a co- catalyst. Said co-catalyst may be selected from HBF4, salts thereof and mixtures thereof. According to the process of the invention, the salt of HBF4 is preferably selected from the group consisting of the sodium salt, ammonium salt, lithium salt and mixtures thereof. The co-catalyst is usually present in an amount of at least 0.1% by volume of the solvent, preferably at least 0.5% and of at most 10 %, especially at most 5 %. An amount of about 1 % of co-catalyst by weight of compound to be oxidized is for example suitable. In the process of the present invention, said co-catalyst is preferably HBF4.
The amount of peroxo compound used in the present invention is usually of at least 1 equivalent of the optionally substituted furfural, in particular at least 2 equivalents, values of at least 4 equivalents and more specifically at least 5 equivalents giving good results. The amount of peroxo compound is in general of at most 20 equivalents of the optionally substituted furfural, in many cases at most 15 equivalents, values of at most 10 equivalents being common.
The oxidation process according to the present invention is usually carried out at a temperature of at least 5°C, preferably at least 100C, more preferably at least 15°C. The process of the invention is in general carried out at a temperature of at most 1000C, particularly at most 75°C, especially at most 500C, with particular preference at most 300C. The process is advantageously carried out at a temperature from 5 to 500C, preferably from 10 to 45°C, especially from 15 to 300C, advantageously around room temperature, for example around 200C.
The process of the invention may be carried out at sub -atmospheric pressures, atmospheric pressure, or elevated pressure, preferably at atmospheric pressure.
The process of the invention is usually carried out during from 1 to 100 hours, preferably from 12 to 72 hours, more preferably from 24 to 48 hours. The oxidation process of the invention may be carried out in any suitable reactor. An example of a suitable reactor is a plug-flow reactor equipped with a catalytic bed. Another example is any suitable reactor wherein the catalyst is maintained in suspension.
The process of this invention may be carried out in a batch, continuous, or semi-continuous manner, preferably as a continuous process.
In a preferred embodiment, the process of the invention may be applied to carbohydrates, especially to low molecular weight carbohydrates and derivatives thereof. The invention may for example be applied to low molecular weight carbohydrate derivatives such as furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and mixtures thereof.
Furfural, or 2-furancarbonal or 2-furaldehyde, is a well known chemical product produced by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of hemicellulose, especially from hemicellulose-rich agricultural wastes, the resulting monosaccharides being then dehydrated to furfural. 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) is produced according to a similar process applied to cellulose or starch. The hexoses resulting from the acid- catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose or starch can be readily transformed into HMF by acid-induced elimination of three moles of water. General information on these compounds is found in online Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, DOI 10.1002/14356007.al2_119.pub2, "Furfural and Derivatives" (2007).
If the process of the invention is applied to furfural and/or to 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), it is possible to prepare various monocarboxylic acids such as glycolic acid, furoic acid, and 5-hydroxy methyl furoic acid, as well as various dicarboxylic acids such as maleic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, and malic acid. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the process of the present invention is used for the preparation of maleic acid with high yields.
The present invention thus also relates to a process for the preparation of maleic acid as well as to a process for the preparation of maleic anhydride, comprising the preparation of maleic acid according to the process of the present invention applied to carbohydrate derivatives selected from furfural, 5- hydroxymethyl furfural and mixtures thereof, and a further dehydration step. Such dehydration step can be performed according to any method known in the prior art. For general information, see for example online Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, DOI 10.1002/14356007.al6_053, "Maleic and Fumaric Acids" (2000). The maleic acid dehydration can for example be performed by heating maleic acid up to 1600C while eliminating the water. This reaction is quantitative. If maleic acid is not very important economically, maleic anhydride is a commodity chemical having considerable industrial importance. Indeed, maleic anhydride can be used for both polycondensation and polyaddition. Polyester and alkyd resins, lacquers, plasticizers, copolymers, and lubricants are the most important technical end products. Polyester and alkyd resins are especially used in the production of fiberglass reinforced plastics, in the construction and electrical industries, and in pipeline and marine construction. Smaller amounts of maleic anhydride are used in the production of pesticides and growth inhibitors, or of surfactants. More information about maleic acid and maleic anhydride is found, for example, in online Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, DOI 10.1002/14356007.al6_053, "Maleic and Fumaric Acids" (2000).
The industrial preparation process of maleic anhydride is usually based on the catalytic oxidation of suitable hydrocarbons in the gas phase, especially benzene and, more recently, C4 hydrocarbons. Maleic anhydride can also be obtained by dehydration from maleic acid but this is not the preferred industrial manufacturing process.
Thus, a particular advantage of the present invention applied to the oxidation of furfural and/or 5-hydroxymethyl furfural is the possibility to prepare specialty and commodity chemicals starting from a renewable feedstock as furfural and 5- hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) are biomass based products, produced from carbohydrate sources and especially from hemicellulose and cellulose wastes such as agricultural and forestry wastes, which are interesting alternative to petrochemical products. This advantage is particularly important in the framework of the responsible care and the sustainable development.
The present invention is further illustrated below without limiting the scope thereto.
Comparative examples 1 to 3: Oxidation of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural in homogeneous conditions 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) was oxidized with 10 equivalents of hydrogen peroxide (35% by weight in aqueous solution) in the presence of methyltrioxo rhenium in an amount of 5% by weight of HMF, at a temperature about 200C during 24 to 48 hours, until the conversion of furfural was complete, in various solvents. The results of the reactions are summarized in Table 1 below.
Figure imgf000009_0001
Comparative examples 4 to 9: Oxidation of furfural in homogeneous conditions Furfural was oxidized with 9 equivalents of hydrogen peroxide (35% by weight in aqueous solution) in the presence of methyltrioxorhenium in an amount of 5% by weight of furfural, at a temperature about 200C during 24 to 48 hours, until the conversion of furfural was complete in various solvents and in the optional presence of HBF4 as co-catalyst.
The results of the reactions are summarized in Table 2 below.
Figure imgf000010_0001
Comparative examples 10 to 12 and examples 13 to 14: Oxidation of furfural in heterogeneous conditions (catalyst supported on poly(4-vinylpyridine))
Furfural was oxidized with 5 equivalents of hydrogen peroxide (35% by weight in aqueous solution) in the presence of 5% by weight of methyltrioxorhenium supported onto poly(4-vinylpyridine) with a loading factor of 2 mmol/g, at a temperature about 200C during 24 hours, in various solvents and in the optional presence of HBF4 as co-catalyst.
The results of the reactions are summarized in Table 3 below.
Figure imgf000010_0002
Comparative example 15 and example 16: Stability and reuse of the catalyst of examples 11 and 14
Examples 1 1 and 14 were reproduced respectively 4 and 3 times, reusing the same catalyst.
The results are summarized in Table 4 below.
Figure imgf000011_0001
Comparative examples 17 and 19 and example 18: Oxidation of furfural in heterogeneous conditions (catalyst supported on polystyrene)
Furfural was oxidized with 9 equivalents of hydrogen peroxide (35% by weight in aqueous solution) in the presence of 5% by weight of methyltrioxo rhenium supported onto polystyrene with a loading factor of 2 mmol/g, at a temperature about 200C during 48 to 72 hours, until the conversion of furfural was complete, in various solvents and in the optional presence of HBF4 as co- catalyst.
The results of the reactions are summarized in Table 5 below.
Figure imgf000011_0002
Comparative examples 20 to 21 : Stability and reuse of the catalyst of examples 17 and 19
Examples 17 and 19 were reproduced 5 times, reusing the same catalyst. The only difference is that runs 3, 4 and 5 of example 21 were conducted at 400C rather than 200C.
The results are summarized in Table 6 below.
Figure imgf000012_0001
Comparative examples 22 to 24 and example 25: Oxidation of furfural in heterogeneous conditions (catalyst supported on polystyrene)
Furfural was oxidized with 5 equivalents of hydrogen peroxide (35% by weight in aqueous solution) in the presence of 5% by weight of methyltrioxorhenium supported onto polystyrene, at a temperature about 200C during 24 hours, in various solvents and in the optional presence of HBF4 as co- catalyst.
The results of the reactions are summarized in Table 7 below.
Figure imgf000012_0002
Comparative examples 26 to 27 and example 28: Stability and reuse of the catalyst of examples 23, 24 and 25
Examples 23, 24 and 25 were reproduced respectively 4, 3 and 7 times, reusing the same catalyst.
The results are summarized in Table 8 below.
Figure imgf000013_0001
These examples show that it is possible to prepare various specialty and commodity chemicals, especially maleic acid, according to the process of the present invention. These examples also show that it is possible, using an heterogeneous supported rhenium based catalyst and a co-catalyst according to the invention, to improve the stability and reuse of the catalyst.
Furthermore, depending on the reaction conditions, a yield conversion of up to 85% by weight of maleic acid can be obtained. This maleic acid can then be subsequently dehydrated to yield maleic anhydride with a quantitative yield, by a thermal treatment around 1600C while eliminating the water. The overall yield to produce maleic anhydride from furfural and/or 5-hydroxymethyl furfural can thus be higher than 80%, depending on the reaction conditions. This yield is higher than the yield usually reached when maleic anhydride is prepared according to usual manufacturing processes, from benzene or butane (respectively about 70 and 60% yield).

Claims

1. Process for the oxidation of alcohol and/or aldehyde groups comprising the treatment of said alcohol and/or aldehyde groups with at least one oxidizing agent chosen from peroxo compounds in the presence of at least one solvent, of at least one heterogeneous rhenium based catalyst, and of a co-catalyst selected from the group consisting of HBF4 and salts thereof.
2. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the peroxo compound is selected from hydrogen peroxide or hydrogen peroxide sources selected from alkali or alkaline earth metal percarbonates, alkali or alkaline earth metal perborates, and alkaline earth metal or metal peroxides, preferably an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution.
3. Process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the heterogeneous rhenium based catalyst is a supported rhenium based catalyst comprising an inert polymeric matrix and a rhenium compound.
4. Process according to claim 3, wherein the inert polymeric matrix is selected from poly(4-vinylpyridine), poly(4-vinylpyridine N-oxide) and polystyrene.
5. Process according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the rhenium compound is selected from rhenium (VI) oxide, rhenium (VII) oxide, methyltrioxorhenium, a C2 to C20 alkyl rhenium oxide, and a C3 to C10 cycloalkyl rhenium oxide, preferably methyltrioxorhenium.
6. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the solvent is selected from water, carboxylic acids, organic solvents, ionic liquids, and mixtures thereof, preferably a protic solvent selected from water, acetic acid, Ci to C3 alcohols, and mixtures thereof.
7. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the salt of HBF4 is selected from the group consisting of the sodium salt, ammonium salt, lithium salt and mixtures thereof.
8. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the oxidation is conducted at a temperature of from 5 to 500C, preferably from 10 to 45°C, more preferably at room temperature, during from 12 to 72 hours, preferably during from 24 to 48 hours.
9. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the heterogeneous rhenium based catalyst is used in an amount of from 0.1 to 10% by weight of the compound to be oxidized, preferably of from 1 to 7% .
10. Process according to any one of claims 3 to 9, wherein the supported rhenium based catalyst has a loading factor, defined as mmol of rhenium compound per g of support, of from 0.1 to 10, preferably from 0.5 to 5, more preferably from 1 to 3
11. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the oxidizing agent is used in an amount of from 1 to 20 equivalents of the compound to be oxidized, preferably of from 2 to 15, especially of from 4 to 10.
12. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 11 applied to at least one compound selected from the group consisting of linear, branched or cyclic alkyl alcohols and linear, branched or cyclic alkyl aldehydes, preferably to carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives, especially to low molecular weight carbohydrates and low molecular weight carbohydrate derivatives.
13. Process according to claim 12, wherein the low molecular weight carbohydrates are selected from furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and mixtures thereof.
14. Process according to claim 13, for the preparation of maleic acid.
15. Process according to claim 14 comprising a further dehydration step of the maleic acid into maleic anhydride.
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