WO2010001211A1 - Method for performing a test for infectious deseases on body fluids - Google Patents

Method for performing a test for infectious deseases on body fluids Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010001211A1
WO2010001211A1 PCT/IB2009/006029 IB2009006029W WO2010001211A1 WO 2010001211 A1 WO2010001211 A1 WO 2010001211A1 IB 2009006029 W IB2009006029 W IB 2009006029W WO 2010001211 A1 WO2010001211 A1 WO 2010001211A1
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Prior art keywords
reagents
test
diagnose
infections
antibodies
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PCT/IB2009/006029
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French (fr)
Inventor
Giacomo Arre'
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M.B.S. S.R.L. Medical Biological Service
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Publication of WO2010001211A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010001211A1/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
    • G01N33/56911—Bacteria
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
    • G01N33/56983—Viruses
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
    • G01N33/56983—Viruses
    • G01N33/56988—HIV or HTLV

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and a kit for performing a test for infectious diseases on body fluids, of the type specified in the preamble of claim 1.
  • ELISA tests take their name from the acronym Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, and form an immunological assay method used in immunochemistry to detect the presence of a specific antigen or antibody in a specimen of body fluid.
  • a specific quantity of antigen is placed in a container, also called a well.
  • the antigen adheres to the well bottom, by means of specific bonding agents.
  • a specimen is added to the wells containing the antigens.
  • the specimen is realized by a body fluid of the patient to be tested, and in particular serum.
  • any antibodies present in the specimen are chemically bound to the corresponding antigen present in the well.
  • the well is then washed and only the antigens fixed to the bottom and any respective antibodies bound to them remain therein.
  • a secondary antibody conjugated with an enzyme, and suitable to bind to any antibody present is added.
  • a marker substance suitable to indicate the presence of said enzyme, for example through colour variation or the like, is added. Consequently, by visualizing any colour variation of the liquid in the well, it is possible to diagnose whether or not the patient is infected with a given infectious disease.
  • the technical aim underlying the present invention is to devise a method, and a relative kit, for performing a test for infectious diseases on body fluids capable of substantially overcoming the aforesaid drawbacks.
  • an important object of the invention is to implement a method for performing a test for infectious diseases on body fluids which is rapid and effective.
  • Another important object of the invention is to achieve a method of performing a test for infectious diseases on body fluids which allows rapid examination of a plurality of infections on a same patient.
  • the technical aim and the objects specified are achieved by a method, and a relative kit, for performing a test for infectious diseases on body fluids as claimed in the appended independent claims.
  • Fig. 1 shows a diagram of the method according to the invention
  • Fig. 2 shows a kit according to the invention.
  • Said test for infectious diseases is realized by an immunochemical assay suitable to detect the presence of a substance or element in a body fluid, such as an antibody or antigen, by means of its reaction with relative antibodies or antigens.
  • the test for infectious diseases is preferably realized by a test of ELISA type.
  • the method 1 advantageously comprises a preparatory step 2 in which a plurality of different reagents 11, suitable to diagnose a plurality of different infections, are placed inside a single container 10.
  • the container 10 is preferably realized by a known well, part of a plate, suitable to allow simultaneous testing of a plurality of patients.
  • the kit for performing the test for infectious diseases therefore comprises a plate 20 containing a plurality of containers 10 realized by wells containing reagents 11 suitable to diagnose a plurality of different infections.
  • the reagents 11 are preferably realized by antigens or, alternatively, antibodies.
  • reagents 11 can be placed in succession in the containers 10 or can first be mixed into a single solution and subsequently be placed in the container 10.
  • the reagents 11 in particular if realized by antigens or also by antibodies, do not mutually react and can therefore react chemically independently from one another. Therefore, different reagents 11 , suitable to diagnose a plurality of different infections, are present.
  • Treponema p. preferably realized by the relative antigens, are present in a single container 10.
  • further reagents 11 suitable to diagnose Hepatitis B can also be present, so as to allow full screening for infectious diseases.
  • Trypanosomiasis also known as Chagas disease, in Brazil or South America.
  • the reagents 11 can be selected to perform tests for infectious diseases normally performed and necessary during pregnancy.
  • the reagents 11 conveniently detect infections to be checked for during pregnancy. In particular, the reagents 11 simultaneously detect through
  • capture antibodies of the IgM class for Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasmosis and optionally Syphilis (also called Lues).
  • assays suitable to detect for example, occult hepatitis not serologically detectable simply through HbsAg detection due to the known continuous selection which produces mutants.
  • This alternative has great relevance as this phenomenon is destined to spread to other infections, and assays with suitable sensitivity to detect these infections in their multiple variables will not be readily available on the market.
  • the preparatory step 2 is followed by the further known steps to implement immunological assays and in particular ELISA tests.
  • Fig. 1 shows the steps subsequent to a preparatory step 2 in which reagents 11 realized by HIV, HCV and Treponema p. antigens have been positioned.
  • the preparatory step 2 is followed by a second step 3, during which a specimen 12 is placed in the container 10.
  • the specimen 12 is realized by a body fluid of the patient to be assayed, and in particular by serum and plasma, optionally in a solution with water or other liquids.
  • the antibodies 13 optionally present in the specimen 12 bond chemically to the corresponding antigen present in the well.
  • the container 10 is subsequently washed and at this point various options are possible.
  • a first case 4a in which the patient is negative, only the reagents 11 placed in the container 10 remain therein.
  • a second case 4b in which the patient is positive to at least one of the various infections diagnosable by means of the reagents 11 placed in the container 10, the reagent substances and at least one type of relative antibodies 13 that reacted with the reagents 11 remain in the container 10.
  • a detecting step 5 suitable to detect the presence of the antibodies 13 bound to the reagents 11.
  • This detecting step 5 can lead to a positive result 5a, which can correspond to colouring of a marker substance 14 or substrate, or to negative result 5b, which corresponds to no change of the marker substance 14.
  • the detecting step 5 is conveniently implemented through the addition of secondary antibodies 15, conjugated with an enzyme 16, and suitable to bind to any antibodies 13 present.
  • the enzyme 16 is suitable to change the colour of the marker substance 14 or substrate and therefore to visually indicate its presence, indicating whether the patient tests positive or negative to at least one of the various infections diagnosable through the reagents 11.
  • a selection step 6 follows, during which the immunological assays, preferably of ELISA type, are repeated on the patient who tested positive with each of the single reagents 11 initially placed in the container
  • This selection step 6 allows detection of the specific infection or infections with which the patient is infected.
  • HBV-DNA are implemented in the selection step 6.
  • the invention achieves important advantages.
  • This advantage is important above all in the case of testing or screening of a high number of patients, each of whom must undergo different types of ELISA or similar tests, relative to several infections.
  • the method 1 also achieves a reduction in environmental impact owing to the decrease in the volume of hospital materials to be disposed of.
  • the method 1 has also passed various experimental tests for sensitivity, i.e. valid multiple response to several reagents 11 realized by antigens, and for specificity, as no false positives were detected in the population examined. Moreover, in the field of transfusion, the possibility of implementing the method 1 is of considerable advantage to laboratories for this purpose, with a considerable reduction in costs both related to personnel and costs related to diagnostic reagents. In the field of hospital medicine, screening at the time of admission would be reintegrated and/or expanded with a lower cost.
  • Private laboratories would also benefit, as they could reorganize their activities, first implementing the test method according to the present invention and only subsequently, in the event of the patient testing positive, searching for the specific positive marker or markers.
  • test screening during pregnancy suitable to exclude invalidating infectious diseases of the unborn child would be greatly simplified and encouraged.
  • the potentials of the test system according to the present invention offer a range of solutions which, once implemented, will be able to help to solve the many requirements of reduced cost, ease of use and rapidity.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • AIDS & HIV (AREA)
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  • Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)

Abstract

There is described a method for performing a test for infectious diseases on body fluids realized by an immunochemical assay suitable to detect the presence of a substance by means of its reaction with antibodies or antigens, and in particular by an ELISA test, comprising a preparatory step (2) in which a plurality of different reagents (11), suitable to diagnose different infections, are placed inside a single container (10).

Description

DESCRI PTION
METHOD FOR PERFORMING A TEST FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES ON BODY FLUIDS
The present invention relates to a method and a kit for performing a test for infectious diseases on body fluids, of the type specified in the preamble of claim 1.
The attempt to devise increasingly better diagnostic methods in order to detect infectious diseases in human subjects, with easy and rapid procedures, safe results, ease of use and low costs, is one of the ongoing aims of biomedical research.
In recent years, and particularly in the last decade, technological progress in laboratory diagnostics of infectious diseases has achieved important goals which must be attributed to the use of increasingly sophisticated methods, such as molecular biology applications, whose contribution is increasingly important. In particular, tests for infectious diseases realized by immunochemical assays suitable to detect the presence of a specific substance or element in a body fluid, such as an antibody or antigen, by means of its reaction with the relative antibodies or antigens, are of particular importance. Among the tests for infectious diseases, in particular conventional methods known as ELISA are frequently used, due to their ease of use and diagnostic efficiency, combined with low costs.
As it is known, ELISA tests take their name from the acronym Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, and form an immunological assay method used in immunochemistry to detect the presence of a specific antigen or antibody in a specimen of body fluid. For example, in one type of ELISA test, a certain quantity of antigen is placed in a container, also called a well. The antigen adheres to the well bottom, by means of specific bonding agents.
In a subsequent step, a specimen is added to the wells containing the antigens. The specimen is realized by a body fluid of the patient to be tested, and in particular serum.
Consequently, any antibodies present in the specimen are chemically bound to the corresponding antigen present in the well.
The well is then washed and only the antigens fixed to the bottom and any respective antibodies bound to them remain therein.
In a subsequent step a secondary antibody conjugated with an enzyme, and suitable to bind to any antibody present, is added. Finally, a marker substance, suitable to indicate the presence of said enzyme, for example through colour variation or the like, is added. Consequently, by visualizing any colour variation of the liquid in the well, it is possible to diagnose whether or not the patient is infected with a given infectious disease.
The performances of these tests have been improved through time, not so much through the use of different or only apparently superior detection systems, but rather due to the contribution of more and more purified and select material: recombinant antigens, synthetic peptides and monoclonal antibodies.
These biological substrates have caused a significant positive momentum to produce continuously new ones; this context has contributed greatly towards increasing both the sensitivity and the specificity of the tests currently in use. Introduction of fourth generation tests, usually defined as "combo", with simultaneous antigen and antibody search, have made these ELISA tests a truly excellent tool for use in screening tests and their distribution seems to have now reached a point that would be difficult for other innovative or alternative tests to surpass, as regards rapidity and ease of use. Furthermore, over the years ELISA tests have become increasingly automated and now seem optimized.
The aforesaid prior art has some important drawbacks.
In fact, ELISA tests require considerable work and a significant period of time to be implemented. This drawback is felt above all in the case of assaying or screening of a high number of patients, each of whom must undergo different types of ELISA test, each relative to a specific infectious disease and each containing a specific antibody. Said screening tests are implemented very frequently, in particular in Africa and in countries in the southern hemisphere.
In this situation the technical aim underlying the present invention is to devise a method, and a relative kit, for performing a test for infectious diseases on body fluids capable of substantially overcoming the aforesaid drawbacks. Within said technical aim an important object of the invention is to implement a method for performing a test for infectious diseases on body fluids which is rapid and effective.
Another important object of the invention is to achieve a method of performing a test for infectious diseases on body fluids which allows rapid examination of a plurality of infections on a same patient. The technical aim and the objects specified are achieved by a method, and a relative kit, for performing a test for infectious diseases on body fluids as claimed in the appended independent claims.
Preferred embodiments are highlighted in the dependent claims.
The characteristics and advantages of the invention are better specified below by the detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, with reference to the attached drawings, wherein:
Fig. 1 shows a diagram of the method according to the invention; and Fig. 2 shows a kit according to the invention.
With reference to the figures listed above, the method for performing a test for infectious diseases on body fluids according to the invention is indicated as a whole with the number 1.
Said test for infectious diseases is realized by an immunochemical assay suitable to detect the presence of a substance or element in a body fluid, such as an antibody or antigen, by means of its reaction with relative antibodies or antigens.
The test for infectious diseases is preferably realized by a test of ELISA type.
The method 1 advantageously comprises a preparatory step 2 in which a plurality of different reagents 11, suitable to diagnose a plurality of different infections, are placed inside a single container 10. The container 10 is preferably realized by a known well, part of a plate, suitable to allow simultaneous testing of a plurality of patients.
The kit for performing the test for infectious diseases, shown in Fig. 2, therefore comprises a plate 20 containing a plurality of containers 10 realized by wells containing reagents 11 suitable to diagnose a plurality of different infections. The reagents 11 are preferably realized by antigens or, alternatively, antibodies.
They are fixed to or placed in the container 10 by means of known techniques used, for example, in ELISA tests.
In particular the reagents 11 can be placed in succession in the containers 10 or can first be mixed into a single solution and subsequently be placed in the container 10.
It has in fact been found that the reagents 11 , in particular if realized by antigens or also by antibodies, do not mutually react and can therefore react chemically independently from one another. Therefore, different reagents 11 , suitable to diagnose a plurality of different infections, are present.
In particular, three different reagents 11 suitable to diagnose HIV, HCV,
Treponema p., preferably realized by the relative antigens, are present in a single container 10. Moreover, further reagents 11 , suitable to diagnose Hepatitis B can also be present, so as to allow full screening for infectious diseases.
Moreover, it is possible to introduce reagents 11 suitable to diagnose particular infections highly endemic in particular geographical areas, such as American
Trypanosomiasis, also known as Chagas disease, in Brazil or South America. Alternatively, the reagents 11 can be selected to perform tests for infectious diseases normally performed and necessary during pregnancy.
In this case the reagents 11 conveniently detect infections to be checked for during pregnancy. In particular, the reagents 11 simultaneously detect through
"capture" assays antibodies of the IgM class for Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasmosis and optionally Syphilis (also called Lues). In another alternative, it is possible to implement assays suitable to detect, for example, occult hepatitis not serologically detectable simply through HbsAg detection due to the known continuous selection which produces mutants. This alternative has great relevance as this phenomenon is destined to spread to other infections, and assays with suitable sensitivity to detect these infections in their multiple variables will not be readily available on the market. For this purpose, it is advantageous to combine reagents 11 which detect anti- core antibodies. The preparatory step 2 is followed by the further known steps to implement immunological assays and in particular ELISA tests.
In particular, Fig. 1 shows the steps subsequent to a preparatory step 2 in which reagents 11 realized by HIV, HCV and Treponema p. antigens have been positioned.
The preparatory step 2 is followed by a second step 3, during which a specimen 12 is placed in the container 10.
The specimen 12 is realized by a body fluid of the patient to be assayed, and in particular by serum and plasma, optionally in a solution with water or other liquids. As mentioned above, the antibodies 13 optionally present in the specimen 12 bond chemically to the corresponding antigen present in the well. The container 10 is subsequently washed and at this point various options are possible.
In a first case 4a, in which the patient is negative, only the reagents 11 placed in the container 10 remain therein. In a second case 4b, in which the patient is positive to at least one of the various infections diagnosable by means of the reagents 11 placed in the container 10, the reagent substances and at least one type of relative antibodies 13 that reacted with the reagents 11 remain in the container 10.
Both cases are followed by a detecting step 5 suitable to detect the presence of the antibodies 13 bound to the reagents 11. This detecting step 5 can lead to a positive result 5a, which can correspond to colouring of a marker substance 14 or substrate, or to negative result 5b, which corresponds to no change of the marker substance 14.
The detecting step 5 is conveniently implemented through the addition of secondary antibodies 15, conjugated with an enzyme 16, and suitable to bind to any antibodies 13 present.
A number and a type of secondary antibodies 15 equal and corresponding to the number and type of the reagents 11 placed in the container 10, are conveniently present.
The enzyme 16 is suitable to change the colour of the marker substance 14 or substrate and therefore to visually indicate its presence, indicating whether the patient tests positive or negative to at least one of the various infections diagnosable through the reagents 11.
Through observing the marker substance 14, and following the detecting step 5, it is then possible to determine whether the patient tests positive or negative to at least one of the various infections diagnosable through the reagents 11.
If the results are positive, a selection step 6 follows, during which the immunological assays, preferably of ELISA type, are repeated on the patient who tested positive with each of the single reagents 11 initially placed in the container
10. This selection step 6 allows detection of the specific infection or infections with which the patient is infected.
For example, in the selection step 6 three ELISA tests are implemented, respectively for HIV, HCV and Treponema p.
Otherwise, if the method 1 is implemented to test for hepatitis, HbsAG positive tests, or in the case of a mutant, more comprehensive testing to search for
HBV-DNA, are implemented in the selection step 6.
The invention achieves important advantages.
In fact, with the method 1 it is possible, using a single container 10 and a single specimen, to perform several tests simultaneously, saving time and allowing searches to be extended to a plurality of infections.
This advantage is important above all in the case of testing or screening of a high number of patients, each of whom must undergo different types of ELISA or similar tests, relative to several infections.
These screenings are implemented very frequently, particularly in Africa and in countries in the southern hemisphere, and in these cases the reagents 11 are conveniently HIV, HCV and Treponema p. antigens.
In these tests, cases of testing positive to these infections are in fact normally rare, and are limited to 1-2% of cases. Consequently, the number of plates used, and the diagnosis times, are reduced with respect to conventional methods.
Therefore, the method 1 also achieves a reduction in environmental impact owing to the decrease in the volume of hospital materials to be disposed of.
The method 1 has also passed various experimental tests for sensitivity, i.e. valid multiple response to several reagents 11 realized by antigens, and for specificity, as no false positives were detected in the population examined. Moreover, in the field of transfusion, the possibility of implementing the method 1 is of considerable advantage to laboratories for this purpose, with a considerable reduction in costs both related to personnel and costs related to diagnostic reagents. In the field of hospital medicine, screening at the time of admission would be reintegrated and/or expanded with a lower cost.
Private laboratories would also benefit, as they could reorganize their activities, first implementing the test method according to the present invention and only subsequently, in the event of the patient testing positive, searching for the specific positive marker or markers.
As already stated, with this type of test screening during pregnancy suitable to exclude invalidating infectious diseases of the unborn child would be greatly simplified and encouraged. The potentials of the test system according to the present invention offer a range of solutions which, once implemented, will be able to help to solve the many requirements of reduced cost, ease of use and rapidity.

Claims

1. A method for performing a test for infectious diseases on body fluids realized by an immunochemical assay suitable to detect the presence of a substance by means of its reaction with antibodies or antigens, characterized in that it comprises a preparatory step
(2) during which a plurality of different reagents (11), suitable to diagnose different infections, are placed inside a single container (10).The method according to claim 1, wherein said test for infectious diseases on body fluids is realized by an ELISA test.
3. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, wherein said reagents (11) are antigens.
4. The method according to one or more of claims 1 and 2, wherein said reagents (11) are antibodies.
5. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, wherein said reagents (11) are suitable to diagnose HIV, HCV, Treponema p.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said reagents (11) are also suitable to diagnose Hepatitis B.
7. The method according to claim 5 or 6, implemented in particular geographical areas, wherein said reagents (11) are also suitable to diagnose infections highly endemic in said particular geographical areas.
8. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, wherein said reagents (11) are suitable to diagnose infections to be checked for during pregnancy.
9. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, wherein said reagents (11) are suitable to diagnose an infection which can be caused by an agent or by relative mutants.
10. A kit for performing a test for infectious diseases on body fluids realized by an immunochemical assay suitable to detect the presence of a substance by means of its reaction with antibodies or antigens, comprising a plate (20) containing a plurality of containers (10) realized by wells and characterized in that each of said containers (10) contains different reagents (11) suitable to diagnose a plurality of different infections.
PCT/IB2009/006029 2008-07-02 2009-06-23 Method for performing a test for infectious deseases on body fluids WO2010001211A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT001220A ITMI20081220A1 (en) 2008-07-02 2008-07-02 SYSTEM FOR PERFORMING AN INFECTIVOLOGICAL MULTI-SCREENING TEST.
ITMI2008A001220 2008-07-02

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Non-Patent Citations (7)

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KHAN IMRAN H ET AL: "Simultaneous detection of antibodies to six nonhuman-primate viruses by multiplex microbead immunoassay", CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 13, no. 1, January 2006 (2006-01-01), pages 45 - 52, XP002528839, ISSN: 1556-6811 *
KHAN IMRAN H ET AL: "Simultaneous serodetection of 10 highly prevalent mouse infectious pathogens in a single reaction by multiplex analysis", CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 12, no. 4, April 2005 (2005-04-01), pages 513 - 519, XP002528847, ISSN: 1071-412X *
LUKACS ZOLTAN ET AL: "Simultaneous determination of HIV antibodies, hepatitis C antibodies, and hepatitis B antigens in dried blood spots - a feasibility study using a multi-analyte immunoassay", CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE, WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO, BERLIN, NEW YORK, vol. 43, no. 2, 1 January 2005 (2005-01-01), pages 141 - 145, XP009117250, ISSN: 1434-6621 *
MAGLIULO MARIA ET AL: "A rapid multiplexed chemiluminescent immunoassay for the detection of Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Yersinia enterocolitica, salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes pathogen bacteria", JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY, vol. 55, no. 13, June 2007 (2007-06-01), pages 4933 - 4939, XP002528872, ISSN: 0021-8561 *
PERRIN A ET AL: "A combined oligonucleotide and protein microarray for the codetection of nucleic acids and antibodies associated with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infections", ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY, ACADEMIC PRESS INC, NEW YORK, vol. 322, no. 2, 15 November 2003 (2003-11-15), pages 148 - 155, XP004468598, ISSN: 0003-2697 *
VAN GAGELDONK P G M ET AL: "Development and validation of a multiplex immunoassay for the simultaneous determination of serum antibodies to Bordetella pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus", JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V.,AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 335, no. 1-2, 1 June 2008 (2008-06-01), pages 79 - 89, XP022659938, ISSN: 0022-1759, [retrieved on 20080326] *

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