WO2009151614A2

WO2009151614A2 - A resilient dental system and method thereof

Info

Publication number: WO2009151614A2
Application number: PCT/US2009/003513
Authority: WO
Inventors: Chan Wang; Xiao-Yang Huang
Original assignee: Chan Wang; Xiao-Yang Huang
Priority date: 2008-06-12
Filing date: 2009-06-11
Publication date: 2009-12-17
Also published as: WO2009151614A3

Abstract

The invention provides a resilient dental system and method thereof for dental restoration. The resilient dental system on a jawbone comprises an implant, an abutment, a prosthesis such as a crown, and at least one elastic member such as a bio-cushion or a polymeric cushion. The elastic member may be located at an interface selected from the interface between the jawbone and the implant, the interface between the implant and the abutment, and the interface between the abutment and the prosthesis. The invention exhibits numerous technical merits such as similarity to the biological structure of nature tooth in terms of elasticity and flexibility; ability to absorb the mechanical shock and vibration during biting and chewing; avoidance of destructive damage on jawbone when accidental impact is applied to the implanted tooth; and operational easiness to serve or replace the implant.

Description

A Resilient Dental System and Method Thereof

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to a resilient dental system and method thereof. It finds particular application in conjunction with a dental restoration system, and will be described with particular reference thereto. However, it is to be appreciated that the invention may also be amenable to other similar applications.

[0002] A dental implant is viewed as the best method for replacing a missing tooth which occurs due to, for example, a periodontal disease. It has been increasingly used for senior patients who have lost their teeth and want to maintain a normal lifestyle. A dental implant can achieve a better function recovery and cosmetic appearance as compared to traditional partials, dentures, and bridges.

[0003] Typically, a conventional dental implant system consists of an implant, an abutment and a dental prosthesis such as a crown. Figure 1 schematically illustrates the cross-sectional view of such a conventional dental implant system. With reference to Figure 1 , the implant 102 is made of titanium metal and is screwed into the jawbone 101. The abutment 103 can be made of titanium, ceramic or other material. The abutment 103 is, on one hand, secured to the implant 102 and, on the other, connects and supports the crown 104. The crown 104, glued onto the top of the implant 102, is made of ceramic or other material(s) to imitate the hardness and color of natural teeth. [0004] Over time, the bonds between the crown, the abutment, the implant and the jawbone are transformed into a rigid structure, which is quite different from the structure of natural tooth. For example, the implant body will integrate with the jawbone and eventually fuse to the jawbone structure via a procedure named osseointegration. The material of the implant typically permits and encourages osseointegration or osteo ingrowth (growth of bony tissue), also known as ankylosis, into the implant. The rigid structure has an inferior performance than the natural tooth structure. A natural tooth has a periodontal space between the jawbone and the tooth root, which is filled with 4 to 5 bundles of periodontal fibers holding the tooth. The tooth is suspended in the socket by the periodontal fibers and is not in direct contact with the bone. The periodontal space and periodontal fibers create flexibility and cushioning between the jawbone and tooth. Unlike the rigid structure, a natural tooth can provide certain flexibility in its structure, particularly when it is subject to a shock or impact force, for example, during biting, chewing, or mastication. A natural tooth can absorb at least a part of vibration energy imposed thereon. Under an accidental situation, a natural tooth can protect the jawbone structure from damaging due to a damage of the tooth itself. Moreover, a damaged tooth can be extracted from the jawbone without damaging the jawbone. [0005] The inferior performance of the aforementioned rigid structure includes its inability to provide a full function as a natural tooth structure. For example, the vibration from normal activities such as mastication transmits to the head bone and causes the patient to feel uncomfortable. This is due to (1) titanium and its alloys are orders of magnitude higher in stiffness than human bone; and (2) the bond between the jawbone and the implant becomes a rigid structure. Moreover, when the top head of the implant is damaged, the removal and repair of the implant would become very difficult, if not impossible.

[0006] Advantageously, the present invention provides a resilient or non-rigid dental system and method thereof that solve these problems. The dental implant system of the invention exhibits numerous technical merits such as similarity to the biological structure of nature tooth in terms of elasticity and flexibility; ability to absorb the mechanical shock and vibration during biting and chewing; avoidance of destructive damage on jawbone when accidental impact is applied to the implanted tooth; and operational easiness to serve or replace the implant according to the patient's medical or lifestyle need; among others.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0007] One aspect of the present invention provides a resilient dental system on a jawbone comprising an implant, an abutment, a prosthesis such as a crown, and at least one elastic member, wherein the at least one elastic member locates at an interface selected from the interface between said jawbone and said implant, the interface between said implant and said abutment, the interface between said implant and said prosthesis, and the interface between said abutment and said prosthesis. [0008] Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of preparing a resilient dental system on a jawbone comprising: (i) providing an implant, an abutment, and a prosthesis; (ii) placing at least one elastic member at an interface selected from the interface between said jawbone and said implant, the interface between said implant and said abutment, the interface between said implant and said prosthesis, and the interface between said abutment and said prosthesis.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

[0009] Figure 1 schematically illustrates the cross-sectional view of such conventional dental implant system consisting of an implant, an abutment and a crown;

[0010] Figure 2 schematically illustrates the cross-sectional view of a resilient dental system in which the abutment functions as the elastic member between the implant and the crown, in accord with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0011] Figure 3 schematically illustrates the cross-sectional view of a resilient dental system in which an elastic member is placed between the jawbone and the implant, in accord with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0012] Figure 4 schematically illustrates the cross-sectional view of a resilient dental system in which an elastic member is placed between the implant and the abutment, in accord with an embodiment of the present invention; and

[0013] Figure 5 schematically illustrates the cross-sectional view of a resilient dental system in which an elastic member is placed between the abutment and the crown, in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0014] The term "implant" in this description is intended to cover all implants known to a skilled artisan, including a mini-implant. The term "prosthesis" in this description is intended to cover a crown, a bridge, an over-denture, and an over-partial. [0015] Any suitable elastic member may be used in the present invention to render the dental system resilient. In various embodiments, the elastic member is selected from biological system such as biomaterial produced from a stem cell (e.g. a bio- cushion), polymeric system such as various elastomers (e.g. a polymeric cushion), any pneumatic system, air cushion system, spring system, and electro-mechanical system, among others. [0016] In an exemplary embodiment, the abutment functions as the elastic member between the implant and the prosthesis such as a crown. In other words, the abutment and the elastic member merge into one single device. Figure 2 schematically illustrates the cross-sectional view of this embodiment. With reference to Figure 2, the implant 102 is screwed into the jawbone 101. The abutment 203 functions as the elastic member between the implant 102 and the crown 104. The Young's modulus (or modulus of elasticity) of such a designed abutment can be in the range of from about 0.1 GPa to 3 GPa, and preferably from about 0.5 GPa to about 2.5 GPa. Preferred abutment material exhibits, in addition to appropriate elasticity, strength and biological compatibility.

[0017] In other embodiments, the elastic member is a separate device which locates at one or more interfaces selected from the interface between the jawbone and the implant, the interface between the implant and the abutment, and the interface between the abutment and the prosthesis such as crown. In this case, the elastic member may have a Young's modulus (or modulus of elasticity) of less than 300 MPa, preferably less than 200 MPa, and more preferably less than 100 MPa. Such elastic member may have a thickness in the range from about 0.05 mm to about 1.5 mm, and preferably in the range from about 0.1 mm to about 0.4 mm which is the nature thickness of PDL. [0018] In numerous embodiments, the elastic member comprises a biomaterial, an elastomer, or any combination thereof. For example, the biomaterial may comprise a connective tissue such as a fibrous connective tissue produced from a stem cell. In a specific embodiment, the biomaterial comprises a connective tissue such as a periodontal ligament (PDL) or a tendon. Periodontal ligament is preferred as it is a soft, specialized connective tissue that connects the cementum of the tooth and to the alveolar bone of the maxillary and mandible to maintain teeth in situ; it supports teeth for function, and preserves tissue homeostasis. Moreover, PDL has been assumed to be a high turnover tissue with a strong capability for tissue regeneration, while maintaining the space for normal tooth function.

[0019] In preparing the biomaterial used in the elastic member, there is no specific limitation on the source of the stem cells, as long as the stem cells can differentiate into a biomaterial which can satisfactorily function as the elastic member. While the stem cell is preferably originated from the patient himself or herself, it can also be originated from a different mammal such as a human, given that the immune-response from the patient is duly cared. Exemplary sources of stem cells include, but are not limited to, whole embryo, whole foetus, bone marrow, dental pulp, molar teeth germ, follicle cells of wisdom teeth, ligament, skeletal muscle, dermis, fat, tendon, perichondrium, periosteum, heart, aorta, endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, large arteries and veins, granulation tissue, peripheral nerves, peripheral ganglia, spinal cord, dura, leptomeninges, trachea, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum, parietal pleura, visceral pleura, urinary bladder, gall bladder, and kidney associated connective tissues. Preferably, the present invention uses populations of mesenchymal stem cells reside in any tissue or organ in stasis or undergoing repair and having a connective tissue compartment. In a preferred embodiment, the stem cell source is bone marrow, which contains both haematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Neural stem cells have also been cultured from the ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles. In another preferred embodiment, postnatal periodontal ligament multipotent stem cells are used as the source, as these stem cells can differentiate into periodontal ligament and cementum, collagen fiber forming cells (fibroblasts), cementoblasts, cementocytes, and adipocytes.

[0020] No specific limitation is imposed on the potency of the stem cells that are used in the present invention as long as the stem cells can differentiate into a biomaterial, and such biomaterial can function as the elastic member of the invention. A stem cell can replicate itself and produce cells that take on more specialized functions. The function adopted by the more differentiated daughter cells and their progeny is commonly referred to as the developmental potential, or potency, of the stem cells. Stem cells that give rise to only one type differentiated cell are termed unipotent. Unipotent stem cells will form tissues restricted to a single lineage such as the myogenic, fibrogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, or osteogenic lineage. Bipotent stem cells will form tissues belonging to two lineages such as the chondro-osteogenic and adipo-fibroblastic lineages. Tripotent stem cells will form tissues belonging to three lineages such as chondro-osteo-adipogenic lineage. The present invention may use oligopotent, multipotent, and pluripotent stem cell. Multipotent stem cells can be cultured from a number of foetal and adult sources. Multipotent stem cells will form multiple cell types within a lineage such as the hematopoietic lineage. The present invention may use reserve stem cells including progenitor stem cells and pluripotent stem cells. Progenitor stem cells will form tissues limited to their lineage, regardless of the inductive agent that may bedded to the medium. They can remain quiescent. Lineage-committed progenitor cells are capable of self-replication but have a limited lifespan (approximately 50-70 cell doublings) before programmed cell senescence occurs. They can also be stimulated by various growth factors to proliferate. If activated to differentiate, these cells require progression factors (i.e., insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and insulin-like growth factor-11) to stimulate phenotypic expression. In contrast, pluripotent cells are lineage-uncommitted, i.e., they are not committed to any particular tissue lineage. They can remain quiescent, but they can also be stimulated. The present invention may also use a totipotent cell, which can generate the totality of cell types that can comprise the organism. All the aforementioned stem cells or any combination thereof are within the contemplation of the present invention. [0021] Without the intention to violate any established bioethics, now or in the future, an embodiment of the invention can use an embryonic stem cell, due to its superior potency, to make the elastic member such as a bio-cushion between the jawbone and the implant. The organization of the embryo into three layers roughly corresponds to the organization of the adult, with gut on the inside, epidermis on the outside and connective tissue in between. The endoderm is the source of the epithelial linings of the respiratory passages and gastrointestinal tract and gives rise to the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and many associated glands such as salivary glands, liver, pancreas and lungs. The mesoderm gives rise to smooth muscular coats, connective tissues, and vessels associated with the tissues and organs; mesoderm also forms most of the cardiovascular system and is the source of blood cells and bone marrow, the skeleton, striated muscles, and the reproductive and excretory organs. Ectoderm will form the epidermis (epidermal layer of the skin), the sense organs, and the entire nervous system, including brain, spinal cord, and all the outlying components of the nervous system. Preferably, the present invention utilizes stem cells in the mesoderm.

[0022] In an embodiment of the invention, pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells are utilized for the replacement or rebuilding of tissues of mesodermal origin such as tendons and ligaments, which can function as the elastic member in accord with the invention. Such tissues may be generated, for instance, ex vivo with specific morphogenetic proteins and growth factors to recreate the tissues. The recreated tissues can then be transplanted to the jawbone in the resilient dental system according to the present invention. The tissue may also be generated in vivo on/in the jawbone or ex vivo on/in the implant or both, to form a bio-cushion between the jawbone and the implant.

[0023] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the stem cell can be obtained from the tissue isolated from the dental follicle of tooth or wisdom tooth which is able to differentiate into a periodontal ligament like membrane structure. One example of such stem cell is PDL stem cell.

[0024] Optionally, the stem cells used in the present invention such as PDL stem cells may be genetically altered. The stem cells can be transfected with a preselected nucleic acid construct that would cause the cells to express a preselected product. These cells could then be implanted into the jawbone in order to not only grow the bio- cushion, but also generate other preselected product such as growth factors, hormones, cytokines, chemokines, factors related to hemophilia, and the like. Stem cells such as PDL stem cells can be genetically modified by introducing DNA or RNA into the cell by a variety of methods known to those of skill in the art. These methods are generally grouped into four major categories: (1) viral transfer, including the use of DNA or RNA viral vectors (e.g., retroviruses such as lentiviruses), Simian virus 40 (SV40), alphavirus vectors, including Sinbis virus, bovine papillomaviurs, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, recombinant herpes viruses and the like; (2) chemical transfer, including calcium phosphate transfection and DEAE dextran transfection methods; (3) membrane fusion transfer using DNA-loaded membranous vesicles such as liposomes, red blood cell ghosts, and protoplasts; and (4) physical transfer techniques, such as microinjection, electroporation, nucleofection, microprojectile gene transfer or direct "naked" DNA transfer, particle bombardment and nucleofection. Methods to prepare nucleic acid constructs are also well known in the art.

[0025] According to the present invention, stem cells such as PDL stem cells can be genetically altered by insertion of pre-selected isolated DNA, by substitution of a segment of the cellular genome with pre-selected isolated DNA, or by deletion of or inactivation of at least a portion of the cellular genome of the cell. Deletion or inactivation of at least a portion of the cellular genome can be accomplished by a variety of means, including but not limited to genetic recombination, by antisense technology (which can include the use of peptide nucleic acids, or PNAs), or by ribozyme technology. Insertion of one or more pre-selected DNA sequences can be accomplished by homologous recombination or by viral integration into the host cell genome. The desired gene sequence can also be incorporated into the cell, particularly into its nucleus, using a plasmid expression vector and a nuclear localization sequence. Methods for directing polynucleotides to the nucleus have been described in the art. The genetic material can be introduced using promoters that will allow for the gene of interest to be positively or negatively induced using certain chemicals/drugs, to be eliminated following administration of a given drug/chemical, or can be tagged to allow induction by chemicals (including the tamoxifen responsive mutated estrogen receptor) for expression in specific cell compartments (including the cell membrane). Other elements that can enhance expression can also be included, such as an enhancer or a system that results in high levels of expression. Sometimes, it is desirable to have the gene product secreted. In such cases, the gene product preferably contains a secretory signal sequence that facilitates secretion of the protein. Any of these techniques can also be applied to introduce a transcriptional regulatory sequence into stem cells to activate a desired gene. This can be done by both homologous and non-homologous recombination. Successful transfection or transduction of target cells can be demonstrated using genetic markers. The green fluorescent protein of Aequorea victoria, for example, has been shown to be an effective marker for identifying and tracking genetically modified cells. Alternative selectable markers include the β-Gal gene, the truncated nerve growth factor receptor, and drug selectable markers (including NEO, MTX, hygromycin). [0026] In another embodiment, stem cells such as PDL stem cells can be derived from transgenic animals, and thus, are in a sense already genetically modified. There are several methods presently used for generating transgenic animals. The technique used most often is direct microinjection of DNA into single-celled fertilized eggs. Other techniques include retroviral-mediated transfer, or gene transfer in embryonic stem cells. Use of these transgenic animals has certain advantages including the fact that there is no need to transfect healthy cells. Stem cells derived from transgenic animals will exhibit stable gene expression. Using transgenic animals, it is possible to breed in new genetic combinations. The transgenic animal may have integrated into its genome any useful gene.

[0027] In various embodiments of the invention, the elastic member in the resilient dental system may be a polymeric cushion that comprises an elastomer. Examples of suitable elastomer include, but are not limited to, silicone rubber, polyurethane such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), natural rubber (NR), synthetic polyisoprene (IR), butyl rubber (copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene, MR), halogenated butyl rubbers such as chloro butyl rubber (CIIR) and bromo butyl rubber (BIIR), polybutadiene (BR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), nitrile rubber (copolymer of polybutadiene and acrylonitrile, NBR), hydrogenated nitrile rubbers (HNBR) such as Therban and Zetpol, chloroprene rubber (CR), polychloroprene, Neoprene, Baypren, ethylene propylene rubber (EPM), ethylene propylene diene rubber rubber (EPDM), epichlorohydrin rubber (ECO), polyacrylic rubber (ACM, ABR), silicone rubber (Sl, Q, VMQ), fluorosilicone rubber (FVMQ), fluoroelastomers (FKM and FEPM), Viton, Tecnoflon, Fluorel, Aflas and Dai-El; perfluoroelastomers (FFKM), Tecnoflon PFR, Kalrez, Chemraz, and Perlast; polyether block amides (PEBA), chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) such as Elastron, thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV) such as Santoprene TPV, thermoplastic olefins (TPO), polysulfide rubber, or any copolymer thereof, or any mixture thereof.

[0028] In preferred embodiments, the resilient dental system if the invention uses a biocompatible elastomer, examples of which include, but are not limited to, polyurethane; silicone rubber; polyether; polyester urethane; polyether polyester copolymer; polypropylene oxide; polyethylene-co-poly (vinyl acetate); styrene- butadiene-sty rene block copolymers; polyphosphazenes, poly(isoprene), poly (isobutylene), polybutadienes, nitrile rubbers, neoprene rubbers; elastomeric copolymers of ε-caprolactone and glycolide (including polyglycolic acid); elastomeric copolymers of ε-caprolactone and lactide (including L-lactide, D-lactide, blends thereof, and lactic acid polymers and copolymers); elastomeric copolymers of p-dioxanone (1 ,4- dioxan-2-one) and lactide (including L-lactide, D-lactide, blends thereof, and lactic acid polymers and copolymers); elastomeric copolymers of p-dioxanone and trimethylene carbonate; elastomeric copolymers of trimethylene carbonate and glycolide (including polyglycolic acid); elastomeric copolymers of trimethylene carbonate and lactide (including L-lactide, D-lactide, blends thereof, and lactic acid polymers and copolymers). [0029] In preferred embodiments of the invention, the elastomer of the resilient dental system is selected from silicone (AKA polymerized siloxanes or polysiloxanes), polyurethane, any copolymer thereof, and any mixture thereof.

[0030] Silicone rubbers of the present invention may have a general chemical formula [F^SiO]_n, wherein R is any suitable organic group such as methyl, ethyl, and phenyl. The backbone of silicone is an inorganic silicon-oxygen chain (...-Si-O-Si-O-Si- O-...) with organic side groups R attached to the silicon atoms. R groups can also link two or more of these backbone chains together. By varying the chain lengths, side groups, and crosslinking, a skilled artisan can synthesize silicones with a wide variety of properties and compositions to meet the specific need of the polymeric cushion. For example, the elasticity of silicone can be tuned from liquid to gel to rubber to hard plastic. In an embodiment, the resilient dental system of the invention uses on silicone resins, which are formed by branched and cage-like oligosiloxanes. For example, a silane, as a common precursor of silicone, may bear more reactive groups such as acid- forming groups and fewer methyl groups, such as methyltrichlorosilane; and such silane can be used to produce silicone resin by introducing branches or cross-links in the polymer chain. This method can be used to produce harder silicone resins i.e. a polymeric cushion with higher Young's modulus. Similarly, silanes with three methyl groups can be used to limit molecular weight and produce a polymeric cushion with lower Young's modulus, since each such molecule has only one reactive site and so forms the end of a siloxane chain. [0031] In various embodiments of the invention, silicone rubber may comprise an organopolysiloxane having a unit represented by a formula R_aSi0(_4-a)/2., wherein R₃ represents, for example, a C₁-₁₀ alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl group; a halogenated C-MO alkyl group such as 3-chloropropyl group or 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl group; a C_2-io alkenyl group such as vinyl, allyl or butenyl group; a C_6-i2 aryl group such as phenyl, tolyl or naphthyl group; a C₃.₁₀ cycloalkyl group such as cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; a Cβ-₁₂ aryl-Ci-₄ alkyl group such as benzyl or phenethyl group. The preferred R₃ is methyl group, phenyl group, an alkenyl group (e.g., vinyl group), and a fluoroCi-βalkyl group. The backbone chain of the silicone rubber can comprise for example, a poly(dimethylsiloxane) chain, a poly(methylvinylsiloxane) chain, a poly(methylphenyl siloxane) chain, a copolymer chain of different siloxane units such as a dimethylsiloxane-methylvinylsiloxane copolymer chain, a dimethylsiloxane- methylphenylsiloxane copolymer chain, a dimethylsiloxane-methyl(3,3,3- trifluoropropyl)siloxane copolymer chain, a dimethylsiloxane-methylvinylsiloxane- methylphenylsiloxane copolymer chain. Both terminals of the silicone rubber may for example be trimethylsilyl group, dimethylvinylsilyl group, silanol group, a triC^alkoxysilyl group and the like. In specific embodiments, the silicone rubber of the invention may include, for example, a methylsilicone rubber (MQ), a vinylsilicone rubber (VMQ), a phenylsilicone rubber (PMQ), a phenylvinylsilicone rubber (PVMQ), a fluorosilicone rubber (FVMQ), and the like. Further, such a silicone rubber includes not only a solid rubber of the High Temperature Vulcanizable (HTV) silicone rubber but also a Room Temperature Vulcanizable (RTV) silicone rubber or Low Temperature Vulcanizable (LTV) silicone rubber.

[0032] If necessary, the silicone rubber may be used in combination with other rubbers. Other rubbers include, but are not limited to, a dienes rubber such as NR, IR, HR, BR, and CR; an acrylontrile-diene copolymerized rubber such as NBR, NCR, and NIR; a styrene-diene copolymerized rubber such as SBR, SCR, and SIR; an olefinic rubber such as EPM, EPDM, and polyoctenylene rubber; an acrylic rubber such as a rubber composed of an alkyl acrylate as a main component, e.g. a copolymer ACM of an alkyl acrylate and a chlorine-containing crosslinkable monomer, a copolymer ANM of an alkyl acrylate and acrylonitrile, a copolymer of an alkyl acrylate and a carboxyl group and/or an epoxy group-containing monomer, an ethylene acrylic rubber; a fluorine- containing rubber such as a copolymer FKM of vinylidene fluoride and perfluoropropene or tetrafluoroethylene; a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene; a copolymer FFKM of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoromethyl vinylether; an epichlorohydrin rubber such as a homopolymer CO of epichlorohydrin, a copolymer ECO of epichlorohydrin and ethylene oxide, a copolymer of further copolymerized allyl glycidyl ether; a chlorosulfonated polyethylene, a propylene oxide rubber (GPO), a copolymer EAM of ethylene and vinyl acetate, a polynorbornene rubber, a modified rubber of the above mentioned rubber such as an acid-modified rubber containing a carboxyl group or an acid anhydride group such as a carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (X-SBR), a carboxylated nitrile rubber (X-NBR), and a carboxylated ethylene propylene rubber (X- EP(D)M)].

[0033] In another preferred embodiment, polyurethane (PU) rubber is used to make the polymeric cushion in the resilient dental system according to the present invention. PU rubber includes for example polyurethanes that are formed from the reaction of polyisocyanates and polyols; a polyester-based urethane elastomer; and a polyether- based urethane elastomer. A skilled artisan may prepare polyurethane through step- growth polymerization by the polyaddition reaction of a polyisocyanate with a polyalcohol (polyol) in the presence of a catalyst and other additives. A polyisocyanate is a molecule with two or more isocyanate functional groups, R-(N=C=O)_n≥2 and a polyol is a molecule with two or more hydroxyl functional groups, R'-(OH)_n≥2. The reaction product is a polymer containing the urethane linkage, -RNHCOOR'-. The polymerization reaction may be catalyzed by tertiary amines such as dimethylcyclohexylamine and organometallic compounds such as dibutyltin dilaurate or bismuth octanoate. The additives may include for example chain extenders, cross linkers, surfactants, pigments, and fillers.

[0034] Examples of suitable polyisocyanates include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic polyisocyanates, dimers and trimers thereof and mixtures thereof. Suitable aliphatic polyisocyanates include, but are not limited to, straight chain isocyanates such as ethylene diisocyanate, trimethylene diisocyanate, 1 ,6- hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, octamethylene diisocyanate, nonamethylene diisocyanate, decamethylene diisocyanate, 1 ,6,11-undecanetriisocyanate, 1 ,3,6-hexamethylene triisocyanate, bis(isocyanatoethyl)-carbonate, bis(isocyanatoethyl)ether. Other examples of suitable aliphatic polyisocyanates include branched isocyanates such as trimethylhexane diisocyanate, trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMDI), 2,2'- dimethylpentane diisocyanate, 2,2,4-trimethylhexane diisocyanate, 2,4,4,- trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, 1 ,8-diisocyanato-4-(isocyanatomethyl)octane, 2,5,7-trimethyl-1 ,8-diisocyanato-5-(isocyanatomethyl)octane, 2-isocyanatopropyl-2,6- diisocyanatohexanoate, lysinediisocyanate methyl ester and lysinetriisocyanate methyl ester. Examples of suitable cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates include dinuclear compounds bridged by an isopropylidene group or an alkylene group of 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of suitable cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates include 1,1'- methylene-bis-(4-isocyanatocyclohexane) or 4,4'-methylene-bis-(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (such as DESMODUR W commercially available from Bayer Corp. of Pittsburgh, Pa.), 4,4'-isopropylidene-bis-(cyclohexyl isocyanate), 1 ,4-cyclohexyl diisocyanate (CHDI), 4,4'-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, 3-isocyanato methyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl isocyanate (a branched isocyanate also known as isophorone diisocyanate or IPDI) which is commercially available from Arco Chemical Co. of Newtown Square, Pa. and meta-tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate (a branched isocyanate also known as 1 ,3-bis(1- isocyanato-1-methylethyl)-benzene which is commercially available from Cytec Industries Inc. of West Patterson, N.J. under the tradename TMXDI® (Meta) Aliphatic Isocyanate) and mixtures thereof.

[0035] Examples of suitable aromatic polyisocyanates wherein the isocyanate groups are not bonded directly to the aromatic ring include α,α'-xylene diisocyanate, bis(isocyanatoethyl)benzene, α,α,α',α'-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate, 1 ,3-bis(1- isocyanato-1-methylethyl)benzene, bis(isocyanatobutyl)benzene, bis(isocyanatomethyl)naphthalene, bis(isocyanatomethyl)diphenyl ether, bis(isocyanatoethyl)phthalate, mesitylene triisocyanate and 2,5- di(isocyanatomethyl)furan. Examples of suitable aromatic polyisocyanates having isocyanate groups bonded directly to the aromatic ring include phenylene diisocyanate, ethylphenylene diisocyanate, isopropylphenylene diisocyanate, dimethylphenylene diisocyanate, diethylphenylene diisocyanate, diisopropylphenylene diisocyanate, trimethylbenzene triisocyanate, benzene diisocyanate, benzene triisocyanate, naphthalene diisocyanate, methylnaphthalene diisocyanate, biphenyl diisocyanate, ortho-toluidine diisocyanate, ortho-tolylidine diisocyanate, ortho-tolylene diisocyanate, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, bis(3-methyl-4-isocyanatophenyl)methane, bis(isocyanatophenyl)ethylene, 3,3'-dimethoxy-biphenyl-4,4'-diisocyanate, triphenylmethane triisocyanate, polymeric 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, naphthalene triisocyanate, diphenylmethane-2,4,4'-triisocyanate, 4- methyldiphenylmethane-3,5,2',4',6'-pentaisocyanate, diphenylether diisocyanate, bis(isocyanatophenylether)ethyleneglycol, bis(isocyanatophenylether)-1,3- propyleneglycol, benzophenone, diisocyanate, carbazole diisocyanate, ethylcarbazole diisocyanate and dichlorocarbazole diisocyanate.

[0036] In various embodiments of the invention, examples of suitable polyols include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic, oligomeric, and polymeric polyols and mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable diols include straight chain alkane diols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, 1 ,2-ethanediol, propane diols such as 1 ,2-propanediol and 1 ,3-propanediol, butane diols such as 1 ,2- butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, and 1,4-butanediol, pentane diols such as 1,5-pentanediol, 1 ,3-pentanediol and 2,4-pentanediol, hexane diols such as 1 ,6-hexanediol and 2,5- hexanediol, heptane diols such as 2,4-heptanediol, octane diols such as 1 ,8-octanediol, nonane diols such as 1 ,9-nonanediol, decane diols such as 1 ,10-decanediol, dodecane diols such as 1 ,12-dodecanediol, octadecanediols such as 1 ,18-octadecanediol, sorbitol, mannitol, and mixtures thereof. Other examples of suitable diols include branched chain alkane diols, such as propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 2-methyl-butanediol. 2,2,4-trimethyl-1 ,3-pentanediol, 2-methyl- 1 ,3-pentanediol, 2-ethyl-1 ,3-hexanediol, 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1 ,3- propanediol, dibutyl 1 ,3-propanediol, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof. Cycloalkane diol may be fro example cyclopentanediol, 1,4- cyclohexanediol, cyclohexanedimethanols (CHDM), such as 1 ,4- cyclohexanedimethanol, cyclododecanediol, 4,4'-isopropylidene-biscyclohexanol, hydroxypropylcyclohexanol, cyclohexanediethanol, 1 ,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)- cyclohexane, 1 ,2-bis(hydroxyethyl)-cyclohexane, 4,4'-isopropylidene-biscyclohexanol, bis(4-hydroxycyclohexanol)methane and mixtures thereof. Aromatic diols can be for example dihydroxybenzene, 1 ,4-benzenedimethanol, xylene glycol, hydroxybenzyl alcohol and dihydroxytoluene; bisphenols, such as, 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol, 4,4'- oxybisphenol, 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone, 4,4'-thiobisphenol, phenolphthalein, bis(4- hydroxyphenyl)methane, 4,4'-(1 ,2-ethenediyl)bisphenol and 4,4'-sulfonylbisphenol; halogenated bisphenols, such as 4,4'-isopropylidenebis(2,6-dibromophenol), 4,4'- isopropylidenebis(2,6-dichlorophenol) and 4,4'-isopropylidenebis(2, 3,5,6- tetrachlorophenol); alkoxylated bisphenols; and biscyclohexanols, which can be prepared by hydrogenating the corresponding bisphenols, such as 4,4'-isopropylidene- biscyclohexanol, 4,4'-oxybiscyclohexanol, 4,4'-thiobiscyclohexanol and bis(4- hydroxycyclohexanol)methane, the alkoxylation product of 1 mole of 2,2-bis(4- hydroxyphenyl)propane (i.e., bisphenol-A) and 2 moles of propylene oxide, hydroxyalkyl terephthalates such as meta or para bis(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate, bis(hydroxyethyl)hydroquinone and mixtures thereof. The diol can be an heterocyclic diol, for example a dihydroxy piperidine such as 1 ,4-bis(hydroxyethyl)piperazine. Examples of suitable non-branched triols and non-branched higher functional polyols include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic, oligomeric, and polymeric polyols and mixtures thereof. Specific examples include 1 ,3,5-cyclohexanetriol, 1 ,2,3- benzenetriol, 1,2,4-benzenetriol, 1 ,3,5-benzenetriol, and phenolphthalein. [0037] Any known implant including mini-implant may be used in the resilient dental system according to the present invention. The implant serves to mimic a root structure and protrudes through the gum to hold an abutment adapted to receive a dental prosthesis such as a crown. Any known mechanical designs for implants are contemplated within the scope of the present invention. For example, the bottom section of the implant tapers from top to bottom, that is, the diameter of the implant decreases from top to bottom, in order to provide dynamic loading on the surrounding bone and tissue along the entire length. In an embodiment, the bottom taper may be approximately between about 2 to about 3 degrees. Any known materials for implants are also contemplated within the scope of the present invention. For example, the implant may comprise a material selected from the group consisting of pure titanium, titanium oxide (TiO), titanium alloy such as TiAI₆V₄ alloy, stainless steel, zirconium, cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy, polymeric material, and any combination thereof. [0038] In a variety of exemplary embodiments, the elastic member of the resilient dental system locates at the interface between the jawbone and the implant. Figure 3 schematically illustrates the cross-sectional view of such a resilient dental system in which an elastic member 305 is placed between the jawbone 101 and the implant 102. The elastic member 305 preferably comprises a connective tissue such as a fibrous connective tissue produced from a stem cell, as described above. As a bio-cushion, the elastic member 305 may be produced from stem cells that are biotechnologically impregnated in the jawbone 101 , or coated on the surface of the jawbone 101. Alternatively, the elastic member 305 may be produced from stem cells that are mechanically impregnated in the implant 102, or coated on the surface of the implant 102. The elastic member 305 can also be made from a biocompatible elastomer, as described above.

[0039] Stem cells can be introduced into the dental system of the present invention in any suitable manner. For example, stem cells may be induced to grow a tissue such as periodontal fibers between the implant and the jawbone, by Method (A): incorporating or impregnating the stem cells in the jawbone socket and inducing the growth of periodontal fibers; Method (B): coating the stem cells on the inner surfaces of the jawbone, the surface of the implant, or both, and inducing the stem cells to grow periodontal fiber in the interfacing space there between; and/or Method (C): making a cell container or a "house" in/on the implant such as pores or holes to load the culture media for the stem cells, and inducing the growth of the elastic member of the invention such as a bio-cushion. In Method (B), viscous compositions can be formulated within the appropriate viscosity range to provide longer contact periods with the jawbone or implant. Viscosity of the compositions, if desired, can be maintained at the selected level using a pharmaceutically acceptable thickening agent. Methylcellulose is preferred because it is readily and economically available and is easy to work with. Other suitable thickening agents include, for example, xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carbomer, and the like. The preferred concentration of the thickener will depend upon the agent selected. The point is to use an amount which will achieve the selected viscosity. Viscous compositions are normally prepared from stem cell solutions or suspension by the addition of such thickening agents. [0040] In transforming a stem cell into the elastic member such as a bio-cushion between the jawbone and the implant, a skilled artisan may adopt any suitable known protocols. Stem cells may be induced under certain physiologic or experimental conditions to become cells with special functions. The process by which a stem cell becomes a cell with special functions is known as differentiation. Differentiation can be induced through use of multiple signals that can include chemicals secreted by other cells, physical contact with neighboring cells, and certain molecules in the microenvironment. Stem cells can be treated with specific signals to become specific types of cells having useful functions, for example, an elastic member such as a bio- cushion between the jawbone and the implant. Differentiation of stem cells such as PDL stem cells to a desired phenotype can be enhanced when differentiation factors are employed. The viability of newly forming tissues can be enhanced by angiogenesis. Differentiation factors promoting angiogenesis include, but are not limited to, VEGF, aFGF, angiogenin, angiotensin-1 and -2, betacellulin, bFGF, Factor X and Xa, HB-EGF, PDGF, angiomodulin, angiotropin, angiopoietin-1 , prostaglandin E1 and E2, steroids, heparin, 1-butyryl-glycerol, and nicotinic amide. Factors that decrease apoptosis can also promote the formation of new tissue. Factors that decrease apoptosis include, but are not limited to, β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), carvedilol, angiotensin Il type 1 receptor antagonists, caspase inhibitors, cariporide, and eniporide.

[0041] If desired, the stem cells such as PDL stem cells can be cultured in any media containing one or more ingredients for differentiation such as insulin, retinoic acid, indomethacin, isobtylxanthine, theophylline, transforming-growth-factor-beta, bone morphogenetic protein, Fibroblast growth factor, Epidermal Growth factor, Platelet derived growth factor, Vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, Interferon, Insulin like growth factor, Interleukine, and nerve growth factor. A skilled person can use a culture medium that is well established in the art and commercially available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The cell culture medium may be supplemented with mammalian sera. Sera often contain cellular factors and components that are necessary for viability and expansion. Examples of sera include fetal bovine serum (FBS)₁ bovine serum (BS), calf serum (CS), fetal calf serum (FCS), newborn calf serum (NCS), goat serum (GS), horse serum (HS), human serum, chicken serum, porcine serum, sheep serum, rabbit serum, serum replacements, and bovine embryonic fluid. Additional supplements can also be used to supply the cells with trace elements for optimal growth and expansion. Such supplements include transferrin, sodium selenium and combinations thereof. These components can be included in a salt solution such as, but not limited to Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution® (HBSS), Earle's Salt Solution®, antioxidant supplements, MCDB-201® supplements, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), ascorbic acid and ascorbic acid-2-phosphate, as well as additional amino acids. Cell culture media may contain amino acids such as L-alanine, L-arginine, L-aspartic acid, L-asparagine, L-cysteine, L-cystine, L-glutamic acid, L- glutamine, L-glycine, L-histidine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L- phenylalanine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, and L-valine. Antibiotics are also typically used in cell culture to mitigate bacterial, mycoplasmal, and fungal contamination. Typically, antibiotics or anti-mycotic compounds used are mixtures of penicillin/streptomycin, but can also include, amphotericin (Fungizone®), ampicillin, gentamicin, bleomycin, hygromycin, kanamycin, mitomycin, mycophenolic acid, nalidixic acid, neomycin, nystatin, paromomycin, polymyxin, puromycin, rifampicin, spectinomycin, tetracycline, tylosin, and zeocin. Hormones can also be advantageously used in cell culture and include, but are not limited to, D-aldosterone, diethylstilbestrol (DES), dexamethasone, β-estradiol, hydrocortisone, insulin, prolactin, progesterone, somatostatin/human growth hormone (HGH), thyrotropin, thyroxine, and L-thyronine. Cytokines, growth factors and/or differentiation factors can also be used in cell culture, including, but not limited to, stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1), stem cell factor (SCF), angiopoietin-1 , placenta-derived growth factor (PIGF), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), any agent which promotes the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, such as ICAMs and VCAMs, any agent which facilitates the homing process, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factors (e.g., FGF4, FGF8, bFGF), Wnt11 , DKK1 , ascorbic acid, isoproterenol, endothelin, any agent which promotes angiogenesis, including VEGF, aFGF, angiogenin, angiotensin-1 and -2, betacellulin, bFGF, Factor X and Xa, HB-EGF, PDGF₁ angiomodulin, angiotropin, angiopoietin-1 , prostaglandin E1 and E2, steroids, heparin, 1-butyryl- glycerol, and nicotinic amide. Lipids and lipid carriers can also be used to supplement cell culture media, depending on the type of cell and the fate of the differentiated cell. Such lipids and carriers can include, but are not limited to cyclodextrin (α, β, γ), cholesterol, linoleic acid conjugated to albumin, linoleic acid and oleic acid conjugated to albumin, unconjugated linoleic acid, linoleic-oleic-arachidonic acid conjugated to albumin, oleic acid unconjugated and conjugated to albumin, among others. Also contemplated is the use of feeder cell layers. Feeder cells are used to support the growth of cultured cells, including stem cells. Feeder cells are normal cells that have been inactivated by γ-irradiation. In culture, the feeder layer serves as a basal layer for other cells and supplies important cellular factors without further growth or division of their own. Examples of feeder layer cells are typically human diploid lung cells, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, Swiss mouse embryonic fibroblasts, but can be any post-mitotic cell that is capable of supplying cellular components and factors that are advantageous in allowing optimal growth, viability, and expansion of stem cells. [0042] In a variety of exemplary embodiments, the elastic member of the resilient dental system locates at the interface between the abutment and the implant. Figure 4 schematically illustrates the cross-sectional view of such a resilient dental system in which an elastic member 405 is placed between the implant 102 and the abutment 103. The elastic member 405 preferably comprises any elastomer (biocompatible or not) as described above, and more preferably any biocompatible as described above, and function as polymeric cushion. The implant 102 and the abutment 103 may be either mechanically fastened together or chemically bonded together or both. [0043] In various embodiments of the invention, the abutment comprises one or more metals selected from the group consisting of titanium, stainless steel, gold, silver, platinum, iron, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhodium, ruthenium, an amalgam, any alloy thereof, and any combination thereof. For example, an abutment component may be made of an alloy comprising from 35 to 50 weight percent gold, 15 to 50 weight percent platinum, 15 to 50 weight percent palladium, and 0.1 to 5.0 weight percent iridium. The abutment may comprise a material selected from the group consisting of oxides; carbides such as silicon carbide; borides; nitrides; suicides; salts such as aluminosilicates, silicates such as lithium silicate, aluminates, phosphates, fluorates, zirconates, and titanates; ceramic materials such as a porcelain, a white stone containing alumina, and a glass; polymeric materials; any composites thereof such as inorganic-inorganic composites optionally bound by an organic binder, and polymeric- inorganic composites; and any combination thereof. Mechanical elements such as various cuff height, contour, and angles of the abutment may be selected to closely replicate the desired height, angles, and profiles needed in the oral environment. [0044] A common abutment is a substantially cylindrical device that is typically screwed into the implant, and the crown is then affixed on top of the abutment. The implant is adapted to mate with the abutment. In an embodiment, the implant has internal threads, external threads, and/or other designs that serve to receive the abutment. The implant and the abutment can be connected using screws, cement, or other techniques known to those skilled in the art. In practice, the elastic member may be engaged (by e.g. coating) with at least a part of the threaded surface of the abutment, at least a part of the surface of the implant, or both. With the elastic member in place, whether curd or uncured in case of a polymer, the abutment and the implant are mechanically but resiliently secured together. Similarly, they can be chemically bonded together too.

[0045] In a variety of exemplary embodiments, the elastic member of the resilient dental system locates at the interface between the abutment and the prosthesis such as the crown. Figure 5 schematically illustrates the cross-sectional view of such a resilient dental system in which an elastic member 505 is placed between the abutment 103 and the crown 104. The elastic member 505 preferably comprises any elastomer (biocompatible or not) as described above, and more preferably any biocompatible as described above, and function as polymeric cushion. The abutment 103 and the crown 104 may be either mechanically fastened together or chemically bonded together or both, but preferably they are chemically bonded together. A prosthesis such as a crown can be attached to the abutment component with a wide variety of bonding agents. Examples include composites, glass ionomer cements, resin cements, zinc phosphate, zinc polycarboxylate, copolymer, and resin-modified glass ionomer cements. Similarly, the polymeric cushion can be chemically bonded in place.

[0046] Generally, the prosthesis material such as the crown material needs to be of good hardness for the biting function. The prosthesis may comprise any material selected from porcelain, metal, metal alloy, ceramic material, polymeric material, and any combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the ceramic material for the crown is a translucent polycrystalline material, because the natural tooth enamel has a high translucency, whereas dentine has a lower translucency. A polycrystalline material has a multiplicity of randomly oriented crystals joined at grain boundaries. Preferably, the ceramic material is substantially nonporous to maintain a high degree of optical translucency. Translucency is the property of a specimen by which it transmits light diffusely without permitting a clear view of objects beyond the specimen and not in contact with it. A translucent material is an advantage because a crown, for example, formed from such a material effectively blends in with its surroundings and assumes the color of the underlying tooth and the teeth adjacent to it. This can provide improved aesthetics as compared to more opaque materials. In some embodiments, a dentist may need to color-match the crown with the color and shade of the dentition that surrounds the prosthesis. In an embodiment, the ceramic material for the crown is an alpha aluminum oxide. Aluminum oxide is particularly desirable since its optical transmittance is substantially constant throughout the visible spectrum and it therefore does not change the color of light passing through. Transparency of a human tooth is gradually decreased from enamel to dentin. As such, in preferred embodiments of the invention, a material having high transparency is used for the crown, while a material having low transparency and chroma is used for the abutment component. [0047] However, for some patients, the physical, and chemical, and biological properties of the material may have a higher priority than the aesthetic value. In this case, the present invention preferably selects materials that have high strength, performance, bio-compatibility and chemical durability so that they can take over the function of the natural tooth material and maintain these properties over a sufficient period of time while being permanently in contact with fluids in the oral cavity which can even be aggressive, such as acidic in nature. [0048] The present invention further provides a method of preparing a resilient dental system on a jawbone comprising: (i) providing an implant, an abutment, and a prosthesis such as a crown; (ii) placing at least one elastic member at an interface selected from the interface between said jawbone and said implant, the interface between said implant and said abutment, the interface between said implant and said prosthesis, and the interface between said abutment and said prosthesis such as said crown. The details of this method are mutatis mutandis same or similar to those described above, and will not be repeated here.

[0049] The exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the exemplary embodiment be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A resilient dental system on a jawbone comprising an implant, an abutment, a prosthesis such as a crown, and at least one elastic member, wherein the at least one elastic member locates at an interface selected from the interface between said jawbone and said implant, the interface between said implant and said abutment, the interface between said implant and said prosthesis, and the interface between said abutment and said prosthesis.

2. The resilient dental system according to claim 1 , wherein said abutment functions as the elastic member between said implant and said prosthesis, and has a modulus of elasticity in the range of from about 0.1 GPa to 3 GPa.

3. The resilient dental system according to claim 1 , wherein said elastic member has a modulus of elasticity of less than 300 MPa.

4. The resilient dental system according to claim 1 , wherein said elastic member comprises a biomaterial, an elastomer, or any combination thereof.

5. The resilient dental system according to claim 4, wherein said biomaterial comprises a connective tissue such as a fibrous connective tissue produced from biological system such as a stem cell.

6. The resilient dental system according to claim 4, wherein said biomaterial comprises a connective tissue such as a periodontal ligament or a tendon.

7. The resilient dental system according to claim 4, wherein said elastomer comprises silicone rubber, polyurethane rubber, natural rubber (NR)₁ synthetic polyisoprene (IR), butyl rubber (copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene, HR), halogenated butyl rubbers such as chloro butyl rubber (CIIR) and bromo butyl rubber (BIIR), polybutadiene (BR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), nitrile rubber (copolymer of polybutadiene and acrylonitrile, NBR), hydrogenated nitrile rubbers (HNBR) such as Therban and Zetpol, chloroprene rubber (CR), polychloroprene, Neoprene, Baypren, ethylene propylene rubber (EPM), ethylene propylene diene rubber rubber (EPDM), epichlorohydhn rubber (ECO), polyacrylic rubber (ACM, ABR), silicone rubber (Sl, Q, VMQ), fluorosilicone rubber (FVMQ), fluoroelastomers (FKM and FEPM), Viton, Tecnoflon, Fluorel, Aflas and Dai-El; perfluoroelastomers (FFKM), Tecnoflon PFR, Kalrez, Chemraz, and Perlast; polyether block amides (PEBA), chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) such as Elastron, thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV) such as Santoprene TPV, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), thermoplastic olefins (TPO), polysulfide rubber, or any copolymer thereof , or any mixture thereof.

8. The resilient dental system according to claim 4, wherein said elastomer comprises a biocompatible elastomer such as silicone rubber, polyurethane rubber, or any combination thereof.

9. The resilient dental system according to claim 1 , wherein said implant comprises a material selected from the group consisting of pure titanium, titanium oxide (TiO)₁ titanium alloy such as TiAIeV₄ alloy, stainless steel, zirconium, cobalt- chromium-molybdenum alloy, polymeric material, and any combination thereof.

10. The resilient dental system according to claim 1 , wherein said elastic member locates at the interface between said jawbone and said implant, said elastic member comprises a connective tissue such as a fibrous connective tissue produced from biological system such as a stem cell.

11. The resilient dental system according to claim 10, wherein said elastic member is produced from a stem cell that resides in/on the jawbone side.

12. The resilient dental system according to claim 10, wherein said elastic member is produced from a stem cell that resides in/on the implant side.

13. The resilient dental system according to claim 12, wherein the surface of the implant has a container such as a pore for housing the culture of the stem cell.

14. The resilient dental system according to claim 1 , wherein said elastic member locates at the interface between said jawbone and said implant, and said elastic member comprises a biocompatible elastomer.

15. The resilient dental system according to claim 1 , wherein said abutment comprises one or more metals selected from the group consisting of titanium, stainless steel, gold, silver, platinum, iron, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhodium, ruthenium, an amalgam, any alloy thereof, and any combination thereof.

16. The resilient dental system according to claim 1 , wherein said elastic member locates at the interface between said implant and said abutment, and said elastic member comprises an elastomer (biocompatible or not).

17. The resilient dental system according to claim 16, wherein the elastic member is engaged with at least a part of the surface of the abutment that is intended to contact the implant, and the abutment and the implant are mechanically secured together.

18. The resilient dental system according to claim 16, wherein the elastic member is engaged with at least a part of the surface of the implant that is intended to contact the abutment, and the implant and the abutment are mechanically secured together.

19. The resilient dental system according to claim 1 , wherein said prosthesis comprises a material selected from porcelain, metal, metal alloy, ceramic material, polymeric material, and any combination thereof.

20. A method of preparing a resilient dental system on a jawbone comprising: (i) providing an implant, an abutment, and a prosthesis such as a crown; (ii) placing at least one elastic member at an interface selected from the interface between said jawbone and said implant, the interface between said implant and said abutment, the interface between said implant and said prosthesis, and the interface between said abutment and said prosthesis.