WO2009149935A2

WO2009149935A2 - Method for the production of a replica of a functional surface

Info

Publication number: WO2009149935A2
Application number: PCT/EP2009/004214
Authority: WO
Inventors: Kerstin Koch; Stanislav Gorb; Wilhelm Barthlott; Anna Julia Schulte
Original assignee: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
Priority date: 2008-06-13
Filing date: 2009-06-12
Publication date: 2009-12-17
Also published as: DE102008035866A1; WO2009149935A3

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing a replica of a functional surface. In said method, a surface is molded by means of a molding material, and the obtained negative matrix is molded by means of a filling material such that a replica of the surface is obtained. The invention further relates to the surface per se and the use thereof.

Description

Method of making a replica of a functional surface

The invention relates to a method for the production of a replica of a functional surface, in which: a surface is molded with an impression material, - the negative thus produced is molded with a filling compound and thus a replica of the surface is obtained.

Furthermore, the invention relates to the surface as such and their use.

Functional surfaces play an increasingly important role in everyday life. Such functional surfaces are, for example, superhydrophobic / ultrahydrophobic surfaces on which a water droplet occupies a contact angle> 150 °, super hydrophilic surfaces which completely wet and / or surfaces on which living beings, such as insects, find no or only limited support. These functional surfaces usually have a very complex surface structure. Since there are a variety of such functional surfaces in nature, there is a need to mold them to provide for technical applications. But artificially produced surfaces must be molded usually in order to produce tools, such as rollers, stamps or the like, for their duplication.

The generic method is well known from the prior art and is well suited for molding temperature-insensitive surfaces whose structure is comparatively simple. In particular, in the case of surfaces with dense or hierarchical structures, in which the individual structural elements can have a high aspect ratio (height to width ratio), the structure of the surface is, however, only shaped inadequately. In addition, some of the known methods require the application of a vacuum, making these methods unsuitable for many biological substrates because the vacuum significantly alters the nature of the substrate.

It was therefore an object of the invention to provide a process for the production of a replica of a functional surface which has advantages over the known processes. The method should, if possible, produce the replica of a soft and possibly fragile surface structure which has a high surface area

BESTATlGUNGSKOPiB Having aspect ratio and / or consists of temperature-sensitive, or living biological materials. The process should be gentle and accurately depict the functional surface, ie not provide artifacts, such as due to shrinking processes or destruction of fragile structures.

This object is solved by the subject matter of the claims.

It has surprisingly been found that complex surface structures can be molded which have an aspect ratio of up to 100: 1 and which are constructed of a soft, temperature-sensitive material, such as wax.

A first aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing a replica of a functional surface, in which:

- Molded a surface with an impression material, the negative thus produced is molded with a filling compound and thus a replica of the surface is obtained, wherein the impression material

(i) is cooled to a temperature below room temperature prior to and / or during molding; and or

(ii) has a flowability which increases at least in a certain temperature range as the temperature decreases.

Preferably, the impression material during and / or before molding a temperature between -5 ⁰ C and 15 ⁰ C, more preferably a temperature ≥ 0 to ≤ 10 ⁰ C, most preferably 0 ⁰ C to 7 ⁰ C.

The impression material is preferably polymerizable and / or crosslinkable. Materials with these properties are well known to those skilled in the art. Preferably, the impression material is applied in the not completely polymerized state on the surface and then polymerized in contact with the surface. Preferably, this polymerizable impression material is brought into contact with the surface to be molded at a temperature below room temperature. It has surprisingly been found that the delay in the polymerization reaction as a result of the temperature reduction has an advantageous effect on the quality of the impression. In a preferred embodiment, the impression material is for at least 2 seconds, more preferably at least 5 seconds more preferably at least 10 seconds, most preferably at least 15 seconds, and especially at least 20 seconds in contact with the surface to be molded before the polymerization reaction commences. In a preferred embodiment, the polymerization is completed in a maximum of 30 minutes, more preferably at most 25 minutes, even more preferably at most 20 minutes, most preferably at most 15 minutes, and most preferably at most 10 minutes.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the temperature dependence of the flow behavior of the impression material is reversible, i. after heating and renewed cooling, the flowability at least in a certain temperature range increases again with decreasing temperature.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, this property of the impression material is not or only partially reversible. In this embodiment, the impression material can be chemically modified, preferably by polymerization, wherein due to the polymerization, the properties of the impression material change such that its fluidity does not increase again with decreasing temperature. The impression material is then present in at least two states during the process of the invention: in the incompletely polymerized state (prepolymer, for example monomer or oligomer mixture) and in the polymerized state (polymer, completely polymerized). In this embodiment, the flow behavior of the prepolymer may increase with decreasing temperature (possibly reversibly), but need not.

In a preferred embodiment, the specific temperature range is above 0 ° C. The impression material preferably has a flowability which is at least in the temperature range of -50 ± 25 ^° C., -25 ± 25 ^° C., 0 ± 25 ^° C., 25 ± 25 ° ⁰ C, 50 ± 25 ⁰ C, 75 ± 25 ⁰ C or 100 ± 25 ° C increases with decreasing temperature.

The impression material (if appropriate in the polymerized state) is preferably an elastomer. Polyvinylsiloxanes are particularly preferred.

Preferably, the impression material (optionally in the polymerized state) at room temperature has a rubber-like elasticity which allows, for example, also conical surface structures which are narrower at the base than at the terminal end, and form surface structures which are not oriented vertically. It was surprising for a person skilled in the art that it is possible with the method according to the invention to mold surface structures which have an aspect ratio of up to 100: 1 and which consist of a soft, temperature-sensitive material, such as, for example, wax. Because the flowability of the impression material preferably increases with decreasing temperature at least in a certain temperature range, the impression material is preferably cooled before and / or during molding, so that the structures to be shaped are not heated during molding and thus do not change their shape. The inventive method is simple and inexpensive to perform.

The erfϊndungsgemäße method is suitable for the production of a replica of a functional surface. Such surfaces have, for example, superhydrophobic, ultrahydrophobic, superhydrophilic or ultrahydrophilic properties and / or are designed such that e.g. an insect on it - if any - finds limited support. As a rule, these functional surfaces have structures whose size ranges from mm to nm.

As moldable materials having the functional surface, any micro- and nanostructured surfaces, e.g. engineered, structured surfaces of metals, polymers or silicon, or biological solids, e.g. Bone. Because of the preferably rubber-like elasticity of the cured impression material, even conical structures narrower at their base than at the terminal end and structures not oriented perpendicularly can be molded (thermosets that are brittle after curing and not deformable provide these Possibility not).

These structures are molded in the inventive method with an impression material, wherein the flowability of the impression material preferably increases at least in a certain temperature range with decreasing temperature.

As impression material is any material that has the properties described above. The impression material may consist of a single substance or may comprise a mixture of several substances.

The impression material preferably has a density of 1.1 to 1.3 g / cm ³ . Preferably it is elastic in the temperature range from -60 ⁰ C to 200 "C preferably ₁ -50 ⁰ C to 150 ° C. Preferably, the impression material is selected from the group of silicone resins, acrylic resins and / or the mixture or reaction products. Particularly preferably, the impression material belongs to the group of silicone rubbers, in particular polyvinylsiloxanes.

Such materials are known to the person skilled in the art. Silicone rubbers are generally taken to mean masses which can be converted into the rubber-elastic state and contain polydiorganosiloxanes as base polymers. These polydiorganosiloxanes have functional groups that are susceptible to crosslinking reactions. As such functional groups are mainly hydrogen atoms (-H), hydroxyl groups (-OH) and vinyl groups (-CH = CH ₂ ) in question, which are located at the chain ends, but can also be incorporated into the chain. In these systems, fillers are usually incorporated as an amplifier whose type and amount significantly affect the mechanical and chemical behavior of the polymerized elastomers. Silicone rubbers can be colored by inorganic pigments.

A distinction is made between hot and cold vulcanizing silicone rubbers (HTV / RTV). The HTV silicone rubbers are usually plastically deformable, just still flowable materials containing fumed silica and crosslinking catalysts as organic peroxides and after vulcanization at temperatures greater than 100 ⁰ C heat-resistant, between -100 ⁰ C u. +250 ⁰ C elastic silicone elastomers (silicone rubber) result, the z. B. also be used as sealing, damping, Elektroisoliermaterialien, cable sheathing and the like. One-component and two-component systems can be distinguished in the case of the cold-curing or RTV silicone rubber compositions. The first group (RTV-1) polymerizes slowly at room temperature under the influence of atmospheric moisture, the crosslinking being effected by condensation of SiOH groups to form Si-O bonds. The SiOH groups are formed by hydrolysis of SiX groups of an intermediate species of an OH-terminated polymer and a crosslinker R-SiX ₃ (X = -O-CO-CH ₃ , -NHR). In the case of two-component rubbers (RTV-2), crosslinkers used are, for example, mixtures of silicic acid esters (eg ethyl silicate) and organotin compounds, the crosslinking reaction being the formation of an Si-O-Si bridge of Si-OR and Si-OH Alcohol elimination occurs.

Preferably, the impression material is pressed into the surface and / or sucked. The pressing takes place with an overpressure, while suction creates a negative pressure, which is applied in particular between the substrate and the impression material. This preferred embodiment of the present invention has the advantage that the impression material applies as completely as possible to the surface to be shaped, so that their structures are completely molded.

After molding, in particular after the impression material has become stronger, the impression material is removed again from the surface to be shaped. The at least partial solidification or hardening of the impression material is achieved and / or accelerated, for example, by at least partial removal of a solvent, by a chemical reaction (for example polymerization) and / or by a temperature change of the impression material.

In a preferred embodiment, the structure of the surface to be removed is at least partially removed. This is especially the case when the structure has been naturally or artificially applied to an existing substrate. This preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention has the advantage that, for example, undercuts can be molded.

At least to a certain extent undercuts can be molded with the method according to the invention but also due to the elasticity of the impression material without the structure of the surface to be molded must be at least partially removed with it.

In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the structures which may be present in the impression material are subsequently removed. This process step can also be carried out, for example, by a temperature change, in particular increase and / or with the aid of a solvent (for example an acid). Examples of such structures are technical, mineral or organic crystals, organic molecules, biological cells, etc.

The negative thus produced is then molded according to the invention with a filling compound. The filling compound is preferably a hydrophobic substance, for example epoxy resin or a hydrophilic substance. Preferably, the negative and / or the filling material before and / or during their curing exposed to mechanical vibrations (tilting table, shaking plate, etc.) and / or short time (usually a few minutes) stored in vacuum (usually at a pressure of 0.1 bar or fewer).

By this preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the negative is particularly well formed. Subsequently, the filling material usually cures and can be removed as a replica of the negative. Optionally, this process step also takes place with the aid of a solvent and / or under the influence of temperature.

The choice of filler material can affect the functional properties of the replica. With the same surface structure, it is possible to produce an ultrahydrophobic surface with a hydrophobic filling compound and an ultrahydrophile replica with a hydrophilic filling compound. The skilled person understands, however, that these properties can also be subsequently changed by a corresponding coating of the replica

With the method according to the invention replicas of arbitrary surfaces can be produced. Preferably, however, replicas of surfaces are produced in which a surface structure has been applied to a substrate. The structures on the substrate are preferably produced by self-assembly of molecules from a solution or by vapor deposition, in particular by the physical vapor deposition method. The resulting structures can be influenced in their arrangement by template effects of the substrates; i.e. the polarity and the molecular order of the substrates serve as templates for the applied molecules. The structures growing on the substrate take this arrangement into the third dimension (epitaxy). Preferably, the substrate used is water-soluble silicon, highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), epoxy resin and / or crystalline metals. The surface structures preferably consist at least partially of aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes) and / or derivatives thereof (in particular alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids and esters) and more preferably octacosan-1-ol crystals.

In a preferred embodiment, waxes or waxy substances are applied to the generated surfaces of the replicas, preferably by thermal vapor deposition (Physical Vapor Deposition). By self-organization of these waxes or waxy substances hierarchical structures can be built in this way. The application of the wax or waxy substances can take place in a single step. The self-organization of the waxes can be influenced by temperature and / or organic solvents. This is particularly useful in the vapor deposition of several wax components.

However, the application can also be repeated several times, in particular twice, three times, four times or five times. If the substances are varied, then several nanostructures of different composition and possibly even different Licher size deposited. If a certain wax or a certain waxy substance is only slightly or not at all compatible with the surface of the replica, it may be advantageous if first a kind of adhesion promoter and then the wax or the waxy substance is applied to the surface of the replica becomes. As a bonding agent is then to choose a material which is sufficiently compatible with both the surface of the replica and with the wax or waxy substance. Suitable adhesion promoters are known to the person skilled in the art.

As waxes or waxy substances are basically both natural and synthetic waxes. In this context, waxes and waxy substances are substances which are essentially defined by their mechanical-physical properties. Their chemical composition and origin can be very different. A cloth is preferred to be construed as a wax when it is kneadable at 20 ⁰ C, solid to brittle hard, having a highly temperature-dependent consistency and solubility, having a coarse to fine-crystalline structure, color-translucent to opaque, but not glassy, over 40 ⁰ C melts without decomposition, slightly above the melting point is slightly liquid (less viscous), and is polishable under light pressure. If more than one of the properties listed above is not met, the substance is preferably not a wax according to the DGF (DGF unit method M-1 1 (75)).

Examples of natural waxes are candelilla wax, carnauba wax, Japan wax, Esparota grass wax, cork wax, guaruma wax, rice germ oil wax, sugarcane wax, ouricury wax, montan wax, beeswax, shellac wax, spermaceti, lanolin (wool wax), burr fat, ceresin, ozokerite (earth wax). , Examples of synthetic waxes are petrolatum, paraffin waxes, microwaxes, chemically modified waxes (hard waxes), e.g. Montanester waxes, Sasol waxes, hydrogenated jojoba waxes and polyalkylene waxes and polyethylene glycol waxes.

Many long-chain alkanes and their derivatives are waxy substances within the meaning of the invention. These preferably have at least 16, more preferably at least 20, even more preferably at least 24, most preferably at least 28 (eg, octacosan-1-ol), and especially at least 36 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred is hexatriacontane. The derivatization is preferably carried out by introducing one or more functional groups, independently selected from the group consisting of -O-, -OH, - CH = CH-, -C≡C-, -S-, -C (= O) - , -CHO, CO ₂ H, -OC (= O) - and -OC (= O) O-. Suitable waxy compounds also include waxy silicones and other waxy silicon compounds.

Preferred fatty alcohols which are solid at room temperature are preferably those having at least 16 carbon atoms, in particular cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, cetylstearyl alcohol or behenyl alcohol, wax esters of fatty acids with fatty alcohols which are also solid at room temperature and preferably contain in total at least 20, preferably at least 26, carbon atoms and comparable others Fatty substances, such as fatty ethers (eg distearyl ether) or ketones (eg stearone).

With the aid of such waxes or waxy substances, the surface of the replica can be modified in such a way that the resulting hierarchical structure is superhydrophobic and / or antiadhesive.

In another preferred embodiment, substances are chemically bound to the generated surfaces of the replicas, preferably hydrophilic substances or amphiphilic substances. Suitable processes for the chemical bonding of substances or substance mixtures to surfaces are known to the person skilled in the art. In this connection, Chemical Vapor Deposition, Coating processes such as e.g. Dip coating be called. For details, reference is made in full to A. Tracton, Coatings Materials and Surface Coatings, CRC, 2006; and A. Tracton, Coatings Technology: Fundamentals, Testing, and Processing Techniques, CRC, 2006.

Depending on the chemical nature of the hydrophilic or amphiphilic substances, it may be preferable to first modify the surface of the replicas in order to make subsequent chemical bonding possible. Suitable methods for modifying the surfaces are known to those skilled in the art, e.g. Treatment with an atmospheric plasmatron.

Examples of hydrophilic substances which are suitable for "chemical hydrophilization" of the surfaces include oligopeptides and proteins, polyalkylene glycols and polyalkylene oxides (eg polyethylene glycol), alcohols and polyols (eg polyvinyl alcohol), cationic organic compounds (eg quaternary ammonium compounds), anionic organic compounds ( for example, carboxylic acids, polyacrylic acid, sulfonic acids, sulfates) and the like. In a preferred embodiment, the correspondingly chemically hydrophilized surface has a contact angle of at most 20 ° with respect to water, more preferably at most 15 °, more preferably at most 10 °, most preferably at most 5 ° and in particular at most 2 °.

Examples of amphiphilic substances are anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants and nonionic surfactants.

In a preferred embodiment, the amphiphilic substance has an HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) of 12 ± 8, more preferably 12 ± 6, even more preferably 12 ± 4, most preferably 12 ± 2, and most preferably 12 ± 1. In another preferred embodiment, the amphiphilic substance has an HLB value of 14 ± 8, more preferably 14 ± 6, even more preferably 14 ± 4, most preferably 14 ± 2, and most preferably 14 ± 1. In another preferred embodiment, the amphiphilic substance has an HLB value of 16 ± 8, more preferably 16 ± 6, even more preferably 16 ± 4, most preferably 16 ± 2, and most preferably 16 ± 1. In another preferred embodiment, the amphiphilic substance has an HLB of 18 + 8, more preferably 18 ± 6, even more preferably 18 ± 4, most preferably 18 + 2, and most preferably 18 ± 1. In a further preferred embodiment, the amphiphilic substance has an HLB value of 20 + 8, more preferably 20 ± 6, even more preferably 20 ± 4, most preferably 20 + 2 and especially 20 ± 1.

In a preferred embodiment, the amphiphilic substance is

a nonionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of fatty alcohols, sterols, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxypropylene fatty acid esters, alkyl polyglycosides, alkylphenol ethoxylates and propoxylates, sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene fatty acid glycerides, polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene Fatty alcohol ethers, glycerol fatty acid mono-, di- and tri-esters and poloxamers; an anionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of fatty acid salts, salts of alkyl or alkylaryl sulfonic acids, and salts of alkyl or alkylaryl sulfates; or a quaternary ammonium compound.

With the aid of such hydrophilic or amphiphilic substances, the surface of the replica can be modified in such a way that the resulting hierarchical structure is superhydrophilic and / or highly adhesive. Preferably, the mean feature size of the hierarchical structures formed on the surface is at most 400 nm, more preferably at most 300 nm, even more preferably at most 200 nm, most preferably at most 150 nm and especially at most 100 nm. Particularly preferred structures are platelets, sticks or tubes of 200 nm. 1000 nm height and 50-150 nm thickness of (diameter for tubes and rods of 100-150 nm) (eg wax tubes of lotus leaves).

In a preferred embodiment, the mean feature size of the hierarchical structures is in the range of 40 ± 18 nm, more preferably 40 ± 16 nm, even more preferably 40 ± 14 nm, most preferably 40 ± 12 nm, and most preferably 40 + 10 nm. In another preferred embodiment For example, the average feature size of the hierarchical structures is in the range of 60 ± 18 nm, more preferably 60 ± 16 nm, more preferably 60 ± 14 nm, most preferably 60 ± 12 nm, and most preferably 60 ± 10 nm. In another preferred embodiment, the average feature size is the hierarchical structures in the range of 80 ± 18 nm, more preferably 80 ± 16 nm, even more preferably 80 ± 14 nm, most preferably 80 ± 12 nm and especially 80 ± 10 nm. Suitable methods for determining the average structure size are known in the art, for example Electron-microscopic methods.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the hierarchical structures on the surface of the replica are images of natural models which have subsequently been modified (preferably hydrophilic, amphiphilic or hydrophobic). The individual structures therefore correspond essentially to a natural model, e.g. the surface structure of the leaf of a plant, plant hair, etc. In a preferred embodiment, at least some of these structures have undercuts, i. Structures which require a separation angle of ≠ 180 ° when detaching the replica from the negative or when detaching the negative from the original.

It has surprisingly been found that surface structures can be molded with particularly high precision with the aid of the method according to the invention. Thus, parts of objects with a size of 4.0 nm (n = 10) were found experimentally with high precision in the replicas (3.9 nm, n = 10).

Another aspect of the invention relates to a surface obtainable by the method according to the invention.

Preferably, the inventive surface hierarchical structures in both levels of the hierarchy (the microstructure and the applied nanostructure) with a Aspect ratio in the range of 2: 1 to 100: 1, more preferably having an aspect ratio of at least 5: 1, 10: 1 or 15: 1, more preferably having an aspect ratio of at least 20: 1, 25: 1 or 30: 1 , most preferably with an aspect ratio of at least 35: 1, 40: 1 or 45: 1 and in particular with an aspect ratio of at least 50: 1, 55: 1 or 60: 1.

Preferably, these surfaces are used as a superhydrophobic or superhydrophilic surface. A superhydrophobic surface is characterized in that a water droplet located thereon assumes at least a contact angle of 150 °, preferably ≥ 150 ° and more preferably ≥ 170 ° and that the rolling angle of a water droplet with a volume of 10 μl <10 °, preferably < 5 °. The rolling angle is the angle of inclination of the surface at which this water droplet automatically rolls off the surface. Such surfaces are known to be self-cleaning. On a superhydrophilic surface, a drop of water assumes a contact angle ≤ 10 °, so that it completely wets.

Furthermore, the surfaces produced by the process according to the invention are suitable as antiadhesive surface on which, for example, insects find no support. For example, such surfaces may be placed around a plant, such as a tree, as rings, preventing the insects from climbing the tree, or placed in the window and door area, to prevent running insects from entering buildings.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, the surfaces produced by the method according to the invention are particularly suitable for the reflection of light. Such surfaces preferably consist of structures in the dimensions of the wavelength range of the light to be reflected.

Furthermore, the surfaces produced by the method according to the invention are particularly suitable as a structural basis for biomedical implants with optimized tissue growth. Preferably, the surfaces are modified with hydrophilic substances, for example with oligopeptides, proteins, polysaccharides, e.g. to achieve better compatibility or optimized tissue growth on the implant.

In order to realize the above applications, negative replicas of a certain degree can be strung together to create larger areas. In the following, the inventions will be explained with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. These explanations are merely illustrative and not limiting. The explanations apply equally to all inventions.

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the method according to the invention. A surface 1, which is formed from a substrate 1.1 with a surface structure 1.2 applied thereto from a vegetable wax (step A), is molded by means of an impression material, in the present case a polyvinyl siloxane composition (President Light Body from Coltene Whaledent, Switzerland). The impression material 2 is thereby and / or before cooled to a temperature of 0 to 7 ⁰ C. During the molding, the structures 1.2 are embedded in the impression material (step B). Because the impression material 2 is cooled, the wax structure 1.2 is not changed during molding. The lowered temperature increases the flowability of the impression material so that it better encloses the structures 1.2. Subsequently, the impression material 2 is removed from the substrate together with the structures 1.2 (step C) and then the structures 1.2 are removed from the impression material 2 (step D). This can be done using a solvent, for example chloroform and / or an elevated temperature. The resulting negative 5 of the surface to be molded 1 (step E) is then filled with a filling material 3, here acrylic resin, and thereby or after subjected to mechanical vibrations, so that the filling material 3, the negative 5 completely forms. Alternatively or additionally, a negative pressure can be applied in order to draw off trapped gas from the filling compound or the boundary layer between the filling compound 3 and the negative 5. After the filling compound has cured, it is removed from the negative 5 and is now a replica 8 of the surface first

Figure 2 shows details of the impression. By means of a punch 7, pressure 6 is generated, which presses the impression material into the structure 1.2 of the surface 1. As a result, the molding of the structures 1.2 is improved. Optionally, the molding can still be supported by applying a negative pressure, which pulls the impression material 2 into the structures.

LIST OF REFERENCES:

1 surface

1.1 substrate

1.2 Surface structure

2 impression material

3 filling material Solvent, temperature negative pressure stamp replica

Claims

claims:

1. A method of making a replica (8) of a functional surface (1), comprising:

a surface (1) with an impression material (2) is molded,

- The negative (5) thus produced is molded with a filling compound (3) and thus a replica (8) of the surface (1) is obtained, characterized in that the impression material (2)

(i) is cooled to a temperature below room temperature before and / or during the molding and / or

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the specific temperature range is above 0 ° C.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the impression material (2) is polymerizable.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that impression material in the not fully polymerized state is applied to the surface (1) and then in contact with the surface (1) is polymerized.

5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that the polymerization is completed almost completely in a maximum of 20 minutes.

6. The method according to any one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the impression material after the polymerization is an elastomer.

7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the impression material comprises a polyvinylsiloxane.

8. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the impression material (2) before and / or during the molding on a Temperature in the range of -5 to 15 ⁰ C, preferably 0 to 10 ° C, more preferably 0 to 7 0C is cooled.

9. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the impression material (2) is pressed into the surface (1) and / or sucked.

10. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the negative (5) and / or the filling compound (3) prior to curing

- Is exposed / mechanical vibrations and / or

- is placed under vacuum / are.

11. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the surface (1) is a substrate (1.1) having a surface structure applied thereto (1.2) or a porous material is used.

12. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that the surface structure (1.2) with the impression material (2) is removed from the substrate (1.1).

13. The method according to any one of claims 11 or 12, characterized in that the surface structure (1.2), preferably under the influence of temperature and / or by means of a solution of the impression material (2) is removed.

14. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 13, characterized in that the surface structure (1.2) is produced by a self-assembly process.

15. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 14, characterized in that the surface structure (1.2) consists of aliphatic hydrocarbons and or derivatives thereof.

16. Surface (8) obtainable by a method according to one of the preceding claims.

17. Surface according to claim 16, characterized in that it has hierarchical structures with an aspect ratio in the range of 2: 1 to 100: 1.

18. Surface according to claim 16 or 17, characterized in that the hierarchical structures are coated with a hydrophobic, hydrophilic or amphiphilic material.

19. Use of the surface (8) according to any one of claims 16 to 18 as a superhydrophobic or superhydrophilic surface.

20. Use of the surface according to any one of claims 16 to 18 as an anti-adhesive surface.

21. Use of the surface according to one of claims 16 to 20 for the reflection of light.

22. Use of the surface according to any one of claims 16 to 21 as a structural basis for biomedical implants.