WO2009134916A2 - Processus de formation de matériaux en cobalt et en siliciure de cobalt dans des applications en contact avec du tungstène - Google Patents

Processus de formation de matériaux en cobalt et en siliciure de cobalt dans des applications en contact avec du tungstène Download PDF

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WO2009134916A2
WO2009134916A2 PCT/US2009/042153 US2009042153W WO2009134916A2 WO 2009134916 A2 WO2009134916 A2 WO 2009134916A2 US 2009042153 W US2009042153 W US 2009042153W WO 2009134916 A2 WO2009134916 A2 WO 2009134916A2
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Prior art keywords
cobalt
substrate
chamber
metallic
suicide
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PCT/US2009/042153
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English (en)
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WO2009134916A3 (fr
Inventor
Seshadri Ganguli
Sang-Ho Yu
See-Eng Phan
Mei Chang
Amit Khandelwal
Hyoung-Chan Ha
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Applied Materials, Inc.
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Priority claimed from US12/111,930 external-priority patent/US20080268635A1/en
Priority claimed from US12/111,923 external-priority patent/US20090004850A1/en
Application filed by Applied Materials, Inc. filed Critical Applied Materials, Inc.
Publication of WO2009134916A2 publication Critical patent/WO2009134916A2/fr
Publication of WO2009134916A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009134916A3/fr

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    • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
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Definitions

  • Embodiments of the invention relate to the fabrication of semiconductor and other electronic devices and to methods for depositing cobalt-containing materials on substrates.
  • ULSI circuits include metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices, such as complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field effect transistors (FETs).
  • MOS metal oxide semiconductor
  • CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor
  • FETs field effect transistors
  • the transistors can include semiconductor gates disposed between source and drain regions.
  • CMOS processing technology One important processing technique currently used in CMOS processing technology is the self-aligned silicidation (salicide) process of refractory metals such as titanium and cobalt.
  • a salicide process using cobalt for example, the source and drain and polysilicon gate resistances are reduced by forming a high conductivity overlayer and the contact resistance is reduced by increasing the effective contact area of the source and drain with subsequently formed metal interconnects.
  • Salicide processing technology seeks to exploit the principle that some refractory metals deposited on a patterned silicon substrate will selectively react with exposed silicon under specific processing conditions, and will not react with adjacent materials, such as silicon oxide material.
  • a layer of cobalt is sputtered onto silicon, typically patterned on a substrate surface, and then subjected to a thermal annealing process to form cobalt suicide.
  • Unreacted cobalt such as cobalt deposited outside the patterned silicon or on a protective layer of silicon oxide, can thereafter be selectively etched away.
  • the selective etching of cobalt suicide will result in maskless, self-aligned formation of a low-resistivity refractory metal suicide in source, drain, and polysilicon gate regions formed on the substrate surface and in interconnecting conductors of the semiconductor device.
  • further processing of the substrate may occur, such as additional thermal annealing, which may be used to further reduce the sheet resistance of the suicide material and complete formation of cobalt suicide.
  • Oxide formation on the surface of the substrate can result in increasing the resistance of suicide layers as well as reducing the reliability of the overall circuit.
  • oxidation of the deposited cobalt material may result in cobalt agglomeration and irregular growth of the cobalt suicide layer.
  • the agglomeration and irregular growth of the cobalt suicide layer may result in device malformation, such as source and drain electrodes having different thicknesses and surface areas.
  • excess cobalt suicide growth on substrate surface may form conductive paths between devices, which may result in short circuits and device failure.
  • ULSI circuits also include the formation of interconnects or contacts between conductive layers, such as the cobalt suicide layer described above and a copper feature.
  • Interconnects or contacts generally comprise a feature definition formed in a dielectric material, such as silicon oxide, a barrier layer deposited on the feature definition, and a metal layer fill or "plug" of the feature definition.
  • a dielectric material such as silicon oxide
  • a barrier layer deposited on the feature definition
  • a metal layer fill or "plug" of the feature definition Titanium and titanium nitride films have been used as barrier layer material for the metal layer, such as tungsten, and the films are generally deposited by a physical vapor deposition technique.
  • deposition of titanium over silicon surfaces presents the problem of titanium suicide formation.
  • Titanium suicide has been observed to agglomerate, which detrimentally affects subsequently deposited materials. Also, titanium suicide exhibits a radical increase in sheet resistance as feature sizes decrease below 0.17 ⁇ m, which detrimentally affects the conductance of the feature being formed. Further, titanium suicide has an insufficient thermal stability during processing of the substrate at temperatures of about 400 0 C or higher, which can result in interlayer diffusion and detrimentally affect device performance.
  • titanium and titanium nitride PVD deposition often occur at extremely low processing pressures, e.g., less than about 5x10 3 Torr, compared with CVD deposition of materials such as tungsten, which may be deposited as high as about 300 Torr.
  • the increase in the number of systems results in increased production costs, increased production times, and exposes the processed substrate to contamination when transferred between systems.
  • Embodiments of the invention described herein generally provide methods for forming cobalt suicide layers and metallic cobalt layers by using various deposition processes and annealing processes.
  • a method for forming a cobalt suicide containing material on a substrate includes treating the substrate to at least one preclean process to expose a silicon- containing surface, depositing a cobalt suicide material over or on the silicon- containing surface, depositing a metallic cobalt material over or on the cobalt suicide material, and depositing a tungsten material ⁇ e.g., metallic tungsten) over the metallic cobalt material.
  • the cobalt suicide material may contain a silicon/cobalt atomic ratio of about 1.9 or greater, such as greater than about 2.0, or about 2.2 or greater.
  • the deposition of the tungsten material includes forming a tungsten- containing seed layer and forming a tungsten-containing bulk layer thereon.
  • a barrier material may be deposited over the metallic cobalt material and the tungsten material may be deposited over the barrier layer.
  • the barrier material may contain tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium, titanium nitride, tungsten, tungsten nitride, alloys thereof, or derivatives thereof.
  • the cobalt suicide material may be deposited by exposing the substrate to a cobalt precursor and a silicon precursor during a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process or an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process.
  • the silicon precursor usually contains silane, disilane, derivatives thereof, plasmas thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • the cobalt precursor generally has the general chemical formula (CO) x Co y L z , wherein: X is 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , or 12, Y is 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5, Z is 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, and L is a ligand.
  • the ligands (L) may each independently be cyclopentadienyl, alkylcyclopentadienyl, methylcyclopentadienyl, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, pentadienyl, alkylpentadienyl, cyclobutadienyl, butadienyl, allyl, ethylene, propylene, alkenes, dialkenes, alkynes, nitrosyl, ammonia, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • the cobalt precursor contains a compound, such as tricarbonyl allyl cobalt, cyclopentadienyl cobalt bis(carbonyl), methylcyclopentadienyl cobalt bis(carbonyl), ethylcyclopentadienyl cobalt bis(carbonyl), pentamethylcyclopentadienyl cobalt bis(carbonyl), dicobalt octa(carbonyl), nitrosyl cobalt tris(carbonyl), bis(cyclopentadienyl) cobalt, (cyclopentadienyl) cobalt (cyclohexadienyl), cyclopentadienyl cobalt (1 ,3-hexadienyl), (cyclobutadienyl) cobalt (cyclopentadienyl), bis(methylcyclopentadienyl) cobalt, (cyclopentadienyl) cobalt (5-
  • the substrate may be heated to a temperature of at least 100 0 C during the CVD or ALD process, preferably, the temperature is within a range from about 350 0 C to about 450 0 C.
  • the cobalt suicide material may be exposed to a plasma prior to depositing the metallic cobalt material.
  • the plasma is a hydrogen plasma and is ignited by a radio frequency of about 350 kHz.
  • the cobalt suicide material may be deposited during the ALD process by conducting a deposition cycle to deposit a cobalt suicide layer and the deposition cycle may be repeated to form a plurality of the cobalt suicide layers.
  • the deposition cycle usually includes exposing the substrate to a silicon-containing reducing gas containing the silicon precursor while sequentially exposing the substrate to the cobalt precursor and a plasma ⁇ e.g., hydrogen plasma).
  • the substrate, the cobalt suicide material, and/or the metallic cobalt material may be exposed to the silicon-containing reducing gas, a plasma, or both during a pre-soak process or a post-soak process.
  • the cobalt suicide material and the metallic cobalt material may be deposited in a first processing chamber and the tungsten material is deposited in a second processing chamber.
  • the substrate may be exposed to ambient air subsequent the metallic cobalt material deposition and prior to the tungsten material deposition.
  • the ambient air containing oxygen gas usually forms cobalt oxides on the metallic cobalt material.
  • the cobalt oxides may be removed from the metallic cobalt material during a treatment process within the second processing chamber.
  • the cobalt suicide material may be deposited during a pulsed CVD process by conducting a deposition cycle to deposit a cobalt suicide layer, and repeating the deposition cycle to form a plurality of the cobalt suicide layers.
  • the deposition cycle may include exposing the substrate to a silicon precursor, a cobalt precursor, hydrogen gas, and a plasma.
  • the cobalt suicide material may be deposited in a first processing chamber, the metallic cobalt material may be deposited in a second processing chamber, and the tungsten material may be deposited in a third processing chamber.
  • a method for forming a metallic suicide containing material on a substrate includes treating the substrate with at least one preclean process to expose a silicon-containing surface, forming a metallic suicide material over or on the silicon-containing surface during a vapor deposition process by sequentially depositing a plurality of metallic suicide layers and silyl layers on the substrate, depositing a metallic capping layer over or on the metallic suicide material, heating the substrate during an annealing process, and depositing a metallic contact material over or on the barrier material.
  • the metallic suicide layers and the metallic capping layer may contain the same metal or different metals.
  • the metallic suicide material and the metallic capping layer independently may contain cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, titanium, combinations thereof, or alloys thereof.
  • the metallic suicide layers and the metallic capping layer contain cobalt.
  • the metallic contact material contains tungsten while the metallic suicide layers contain cobalt.
  • the metallic contact material contains copper while the metallic suicide layers contain cobalt.
  • the metallic suicide layers or material contains titanium, titanium suicide, titanium disilicide, or derivatives thereof.
  • the metallic suicide material contains a gradient silicon concentration decreasing from the silicon-containing surface towards the metallic capping layer.
  • the metallic suicide material may contain a silicon/cobalt atomic ratio of about 1.9 or greater, such as greater than about 2.0, or about 2.2 or greater.
  • the metallic suicide layers are exposed to a silicon-containing reducing gas while depositing the silyl layers thereon.
  • the substrate may be exposed to a plasma while depositing the silyl layers.
  • a method for forming a cobalt suicide containing material on a substrate includes treating the substrate with at least one preclean process to expose a silicon-containing surface, forming a cobalt suicide material over or on the silicon-containing surface during a vapor deposition process by sequentially depositing a plurality of cobalt suicide layers and silyl layers on the substrate, wherein the cobalt suicide material contains a silicon/cobalt atomic ratio of about 1.9 or greater, depositing a metallic cobalt capping layer over or on the cobalt suicide material, heating the substrate during an annealing process, and depositing a tungsten contact material over or on the barrier material.
  • a method for forming a cobalt suicide containing material on a substrate includes treating the substrate with at least one preclean process to expose a silicon-containing surface, depositing a cobalt suicide material over or on the silicon-containing surface, depositing a metallic cobalt material over or on the cobalt suicide material, and depositing a copper material over or on the metallic cobalt material.
  • the copper material may be formed by depositing a copper seed layer on the metallic cobalt material and depositing a copper bulk layer on the copper seed layer.
  • a method for forming a cobalt suicide containing material on a substrate includes treating the substrate with at least one preclean process to expose a silicon-containing surface, depositing a cobalt suicide material over or on the silicon-containing surface, and depositing a copper material over or on the cobalt suicide material.
  • the copper material may be formed by depositing a copper seed layer on the cobalt suicide material and depositing a copper bulk layer on the copper seed layer.
  • the copper seed layer may be deposited by a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process and the copper bulk layer may be deposited by an electrochemical plating (ECP) process or an electroless deposition process.
  • the deposition of the copper material includes depositing a copper bulk layer directly on the metallic cobalt material or the cobalt suicide material by an ECP process or an electroless deposition process.
  • a method for forming a cobalt suicide containing material on a substrate includes treating the substrate with at least one preclean process, wherein the substrate contains apertures which have a bottom surface and sidewalls, depositing a cobalt suicide material within the apertures and over the bottom surfaces and the sidewalls, depositing a metallic cobalt material over or on the cobalt suicide material, exposing the metallic cobalt material to a reagent to form treated surfaces within the apertures during a treatment process, and depositing a copper seed layer selectively over the treated surfaces within the apertures during a CVD process or an ALD process.
  • the reagent may contain a reducing agent, such as hydrogen, silane, disilane, diborane, ammonia, phosphine, derivatives thereof, plasmas thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • the substrate may be exposed to a plasma during the treatment process.
  • the apertures may be filled with a copper bulk layer by depositing copper therein and over the copper seed layer during a bottom-up deposition process, such as a PVD process, an ECP process, or an electroless deposition process.
  • a method for forming a cobalt suicide containing material on a substrate includes treating the substrate with at least one preclean process to expose a silicon-containing surface, depositing a cobalt suicide material over or on the silicon-containing surface, depositing a metallic cobalt material over or on the cobalt suicide material, exposing the metallic cobalt material to a reducing agent during a pre-treatment process, and depositing a copper seed layer over or on the metallic cobalt material during a CVD process or an ALD process.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a schematic top view of an integrated multi-chamber apparatus as described by embodiments herein;
  • Figure 2 illustrates a schematic top view of another integrated multi- chamber apparatus as described by embodiments herein;
  • Figure 3 illustrates a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a sputtering chamber included within the invention
  • Figure 4 depicts an expanded view of Figure 3 including the upper area of the shields near the target;
  • Figure 5 illustrates a plan view of one embodiment of a ring collimator
  • Figure 6 illustrates a partial plan view of one embodiment of a honeycomb collimator
  • Figure 7A illustrates a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a pedestal for annealing a substrate
  • Figure 7B illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a pedestal for annealing a substrate
  • Figures 8A-8C depict schematic cross-sectional views of a substrate during different stages of fabrication as described by an embodiment herein;
  • Figure 9 depicts a schematic cross-sectional of another substrate containing a suicide material used as a contact with a transistor as described by an embodiment herein;
  • Figure 10 shows a flow-chart of an integrated process described by an embodiment herein;
  • FIG. 11 shows a flow-chart of another integrated process described by embodiments herein;
  • Figure 12 shows a flow-chart of another integrated process described by embodiments herein;
  • Figure 13 shows a flow-chart of another integrated process described by embodiments herein;
  • Figure 14 shows a flow-chart of another integrated process described by embodiments herein;
  • Figure 15 shows a flow-chart of another integrated process described by embodiments herein;
  • Figure 16 shows a flow-chart of another integrated process described by embodiments herein;
  • Figures 17A-17I depict schematic cross-sectional views of a substrate during different stages of fabrication as described by embodiments herein;
  • Figure 18 illustrates a schematic top view of an integrated multi-chamber apparatus as described by embodiments herein;
  • Figure 19 shows a flow-chart of another integrated process described by embodiments herein;
  • Figure 20 shows a flow-chart of an integrated process described by another embodiment herein;
  • Figure 21 shows a flow-chart of another integrated process described by embodiments herein;
  • Figure 22 shows a flow-chart of a cobalt suicide deposition process described by an embodiment herein;
  • Figure 23 shows a graph of chemical precursor sequences for a cobalt suicide deposition process described by an embodiment herein;
  • Figure 24 shows a flow-chart of an integrated process described by another embodiment herein;
  • Figures 25A-25B depict schematic cross-sectional views of a substrate during different stages of a cobalt suicide deposition process described by an embodiment herein;
  • Figure 26 shows a flow-chart of an integrated process described by another embodiment herein;
  • Figures 27A-27C depict schematic cross-sectional views of a substrate during different stages of a metallic suicide deposition process described by another embodiment herein;
  • Figure 28 shows a flow-chart of an integrated process described by another embodiment herein.
  • Embodiments of the invention described herein provide methods and apparatus for forming cobalt suicide materials, metallic cobalt materials, and other cobalt-containing materials within a deposition chamber.
  • a processing system for depositing and forming material on a substrate may contain at least one preclean chamber, at least one deposition chamber, and at least one annealing chamber.
  • the system contains at least one chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber and/or at least one atomic layer deposition (ALD) chamber.
  • a silicon- containing surface is exposed on the substrate during a preclean process.
  • a cobalt suicide material is deposited, a metallic cobalt material is deposited, an optional barrier layer may be deposited, and a metallic contact material is deposited on the substrate.
  • the substrate is exposed to at least one annealing process prior to, during, subsequently to any of the deposition processes, as well as, subsequent a planarization process.
  • Figure 1 shows an integrated multi-chamber substrate processing system suitable for performing at least one embodiment of the deposition and annealing processes described herein.
  • the deposition and annealing processes may be performed in a multi-chamber processing system or cluster tool having at least one ALD chamber, at least one CVD chamber, at least one physical vapor deposition (PVD) chamber, or at least one annealing chamber disposed thereon.
  • a processing platform that may be used to during processes described herein is an ENDURA ® processing platform commercially available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic top view of one embodiment of a processing platform system 35 including two transfer chambers 48, 50, transfer robots 49, 51 , disposed within transfer chambers 48, 50 respectfully, and a plurality of processing chambers 36, 38, 40, 41 , 42 and 43, disposed on the two transfer chambers 48, 50.
  • the first transfer chamber 48 and the second transfer chamber 50 are separated by pass-through chambers 52, which may comprise cool-down or pre-heating chambers. Pass-through chambers 52 also may be pumped down or ventilated during substrate handling when the first transfer chamber 48 and the second transfer chamber 50 operate at different pressures.
  • the first transfer chamber 48 may operate at a pressure within a range from about 100 milliTorr to about 5 Torr, such as about 400 milliTorr, and the second transfer chamber 50 may operate at a pressure within a range from about 1x10 5 Torr to about 1 x10 8 Torr, such as about 1x10 7 Torr.
  • Processing platform system 35 is automated by programming a microprocessor controller 54.
  • the first transfer chamber 48 is coupled with two degas chambers 44, two load lock chambers 46, a reactive preclean chamber 42 and chamber 36, such as an ALD processing chamber or a PVD chamber, preferably a long throw PVD chamber and the pass-through chambers 52.
  • the preclean chamber 42 may be a PreClean Il chamber, commercially available from Applied Materials, Inc., of Santa Clara, California.
  • Substrates (not shown) are loaded into processing platform system 35 through load-lock chambers 46. Thereafter, the substrates are sequentially degassed and cleaned in degas chambers 44 and the preclean chamber 42, respectively.
  • the transfer robot 49 moves the substrate between the degas chambers 44 and the preclean chamber 42. The substrate may then be transferred into chamber 36, such as the ALD chamber or the long throw PVD chamber for deposition of a material thereon.
  • the second transfer chamber 50 is coupled to a cluster of processing chambers 38, 40, 41 , and 43.
  • chambers 38 and 40 may be ALD chambers for depositing materials, such as cobalt suicide, metallic cobalt, or tungsten, as desired by the operator.
  • chambers 38 and 40 may be CVD chambers for depositing materials, such as tungsten, as desired by the operator.
  • An example of a suitable CVD chamber includes WXZTM chambers, commercially available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California.
  • the CVD chambers may be adapted to deposit materials by ALD techniques as well as by conventional CVD techniques.
  • Chambers 41 and 43 may be rapid thermal annealing (RTA) chambers, or rapid thermal process (RTP) chambers, that can anneal substrates at low or extremely low pressures.
  • RTA rapid thermal annealing
  • RTP rapid thermal process
  • An example of an RTA chamber is a RADIANCE ® chamber, commercially available from Applied Materials, Inc., Santa Clara, California.
  • the chambers 41 and 43 may be WXZTM deposition chambers capable of performing high temperature CVD deposition, annealing processes, or in situ deposition and annealing processes.
  • the PVD processed substrates are moved from transfer chamber 48 into transfer chamber 50 via pass-through chambers 52. Thereafter, transfer robot 51 moves the substrates between one or more of the processing chambers 38, 40, 41 , and 43 for material deposition and annealing as required for processing.
  • RTA chambers may also be disposed on the first transfer chamber 48 of processing platform system 35 to provide post deposition annealing processes prior to substrate removal from processing platform system 35 or transfer to the second transfer chamber 50.
  • a plurality of vacuum pumps is disposed in fluid communication with each transfer chamber and each of the processing chambers to independently regulate pressures in the respective chambers.
  • the pumps may establish a vacuum gradient of increasing pressure across the apparatus from the load lock chamber to the processing chambers.
  • a plasma etch chamber or a decoupled plasma source chamber such as a DPS ® chamber available from Applied Materials, Inc., of Santa Clara, California, may be coupled to processing platform system 35 or in a separate processing system for etching the substrate surface to remove unreacted metal after PVD metal deposition and/or annealing of the deposited metal.
  • the etch chamber may be used to remove unreacted cobalt material from the substrate surface.
  • the invention also contemplates the use of other etch processes and apparatus, such as a wet etch chamber, used in conjunction with the process and apparatus described herein.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic top view of another embodiment of an integrated multi-chamber substrate processing system 35 suitable for performing at least one embodiment of the ALD, CVD, PVD, or annealing processes described herein.
  • the first transfer chamber 48 is coupled to a cluster of processing chambers 38, 40, 41 , and 43, two load lock chambers 46, and pass-through chambers 52.
  • Chambers 41 and 43 may be a RTA chambers that can anneal substrates at low or extremely low pressures, such as the RADIANCE ® chamber, and chambers 38 and 40 are ALD chambers or CVD chambers, such as WXZTM chambers.
  • the first transfer chamber 48 may operate at a pressure within a range from about 1 x10 5 Torr to about 1 x10 8 Torr, such as about 1 x10 7 Torr, and the second transfer chamber 50 may operate at a pressure within a range from about 100 m ⁇ lliTorr to about 5 Torr, such as about 400 milliTorr.
  • chambers 41 and 43 may be WXZTM chambers capable of performing high temperature CVD deposition, annealing processes, or in situ deposition and annealing processes.
  • the pass-through chambers 52 may additionally perform as degas chambers in addition to performing heating, cooling, and transporting functions.
  • the second transfer chamber 50 is coupled to reactive preclean chambers 42, one or more long throw PVD chambers 36, and pass-through chambers 52.
  • the second transfer chamber 50 configuration allows for substrate precleaning, such as by a plasma clean method, and PVD deposition at a vacuum pressure of 1 x10 '8 Torr prior to transfer to a higher pressure transfer chamber 48.
  • the first transfer configuration allows higher pressure processing, such as annealing, compared to PVD processing, to be performed in the transfer chamber adjacent loadlocks 46 and prior to substrate removal.
  • the higher pressure first transfer chamber 48 in this embodiment allows for reduced pump down times and reduced equipment costs compared to configuration of processing platform system 35 using a near vacuum pressure, such as at a pressure within a range from about 1x10 5 Torr to about 1 x10 8 Torr, at the first transfer chamber 48.
  • Figure 3 illustrates one embodiment of a long throw physical vapor deposition chamber 36.
  • Example of suitable long throw PVD chambers are ALPS ® Plus and SIP ENCORE ® PVD processing chambers, both commercially available from Applied Materials, Inc., Santa Clara, California.
  • the long throw PVD chamber 36 contains a sputtering source, such as a target 142, and a substrate support pedestal 152 for receiving a semiconductor substrate 154 thereon and located within a grounded enclosure wall 150, which may be a chamber wall as shown or a grounded shield.
  • a sputtering source such as a target 142
  • a substrate support pedestal 152 for receiving a semiconductor substrate 154 thereon and located within a grounded enclosure wall 150, which may be a chamber wall as shown or a grounded shield.
  • the chamber 36 includes a target 142 supported on and sealed, as by O-rings (not shown), to a grounded conductive aluminum adapter 144 through a dielectric isolator 146.
  • the target 142 comprises the material to be deposited on the substrate 154 surface during sputtering, and may include cobalt, cobalt suicide, ruthenium, rhodium, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, platinum, nickel, iron, niobium, palladium, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof, which are used in forming metal suicide layers.
  • elemental cobalt, cobalt suicide, nickel cobalt alloys, cobalt tungsten alloys, cobalt nickel tungsten alloys, doped cobalt and nickel alloys, elemental titanium, titanium suicides, titanium alloys, or nickel iron alloys may be deposited by using alloy targets or multiple targets in the chamber.
  • the target 142 may also include a bonded composite of a metallic surface layer and a backing plate of a more workable metal.
  • a pedestal 152 supports a substrate 154 to be sputter coated in planar opposition to the principal face of the target 142.
  • the substrate support pedestal 152 has a planar substrate-receiving surface disposed generally parallel to the sputtering surface of the target 142.
  • the pedestal 152 is vertically movable through a bellows 158 connected to a bottom chamber wall 160 to allow the substrate 154 to be transferred onto the pedestal 152 through a load lock valve (not shown) in the lower portion of the chamber 36 and thereafter raised to a deposition position.
  • Processing gas is supplied from a gas source 162 through a mass flow controller 164 into the lower part of the chamber 36.
  • a controllable DC power source 148 coupled to the chamber 36 may be used to apply a negative voltage or bias to the target 142.
  • a RF power supply 156 may be connected to the pedestal 152 in order to induce a negative DC self-bias on the substrate 154, but in other applications the pedestal 152 is grounded or left electrically floating.
  • a rotatable magnetron 170 is positioned in back of the target 142 and includes a plurality of horseshoe magnets 172 supported by a base plate 174 connected to a rotation shaft 176 coincident with the central axis of the chamber 36 and the substrate 154.
  • the horseshoe magnets 172 are arranged in closed pattern typically having a kidney shape.
  • the magnets 172 produce a magnetic field within the chamber 36, generally parallel and close to the front face of the target 142 to trap electrons and thereby increase the local plasma density, which in turn increases the sputtering rate.
  • the magnets 172 produce an electromagnetic field around the top of the chamber 36, and magnets 172 are rotated to rotate the electromagnetic field which influences the plasma density of the process to more uniformly sputter the target 142.
  • the chamber 36 of the invention includes a grounded bottom shield 180 having, as is more clearly illustrated in the exploded cross-sectional view of Figure 4, an upper flange 182 supported on and electrically connected to a ledge 184 of the adapter 144.
  • a dark space shield 186 is supported on the flange 182 of the bottom shield 180, and fasteners (not shown), such as screws recessed in the upper surface of the dark space shield 186 fix it and the flange 182 to the adapter ledge 184 having tapped holes receiving the screws.
  • This metallic threaded connection allows the two shields 180, 186 to be grounded to the adapter 144.
  • the adapter 144 in turn is sealed and grounded to an aluminum chamber sidewall 150.
  • Both shields 180, 186 are typically formed from hard, non-magnetic stainless steel.
  • the dark space shield 186 has an upper portion that closely fits an annular side recess of the target 142 with a narrow gap 188 between the dark space shield 186 and the target 142 which is sufficiently narrow to prevent the plasma from penetrating, hence protecting the dielectric isolator 146 from being sputter coated with a metal layer, which would electrically short the target 142.
  • the dark space shield 186 also includes a downwardly projecting tip 190, which prevents the interface between the bottom shield 180 and dark space shield 186 from becoming bonded by sputter deposited metal.
  • the bottom shield 180 extends downwardly in an upper generally tubular portion 194 of a first diameter and a lower generally tubular portion 196 of a smaller second diameter to extend generally along the walls of the adapter 144 and the chamber wall 150 to below the top surface of the pedestal 152. It also has a bowl-shaped bottom including a radially extending bottom portion 198 and an upwardly extending inner portion 100 just outside of the pedestal 152.
  • a cover ring 102 rests on the top of the upwardly extending inner portion 100 of the bottom shield 180 when the pedestal 152 is in its lower, loading position but rests on the outer periphery of the pedestal 152 when it is in its upper, deposition position to protect the pedestal 152 from sputter deposition.
  • An additional deposition ring (not shown) may be used to shield the periphery of the substrate 154 from deposition.
  • the chamber 36 may also be adapted to provide a more directional sputtering of material onto a substrate. In one aspect, directional sputtering may be achieved by positioning a collimator 110 between the target 142 and the substrate support pedestal 152 to provide a more uniform and symmetrical flux of deposition material on the substrate 154.
  • a metallic ring collimator 110 rests on the ledge portion 106 of the bottom shield 180, thereby grounding the collimator 110.
  • the ring collimator 110 includes an outer tubular section and at least one inner concentric tubular sections, for example, three concentric tubular sections 112, 114, 116 linked by cross struts 118, 120 as shown in Figure 5.
  • the outer tubular section 116 rests on the ledge portion 106 of the bottom shield 180.
  • the use of the bottom shield 180 to support the collimator 110 simplifies the design and maintenance of the chamber 36.
  • At least the two inner tubular sections 112, 114 are of sufficient height to define high aspect-ratio apertures that partially collimate the sputtered particles.
  • the upper surface of the collimator 110 acts as a ground plane in opposition to the biased target 142, particularly keeping plasma electrons away from the substrate 154.
  • FIG. 1 Another type of collimator usable with the invention is a honeycomb collimator 124, partially illustrated in the plan view of Figure 6 having a mesh structure with hexagonal walls 126 separating hexagonal apertures 128 in a close- packed arrangement.
  • An advantage of the honeycomb collimator 124 is, if desired, the thickness of the collimator 124 can be varied from the center to the periphery of the collimator 124, usually in a convex shape, so that the apertures 128 have aspect ratios that are likewise varying across the collimator 124.
  • the collimator may have one or more convex sides. This allows the sputter flux density to be tailored across the substrate, permitting increased uniformity of deposition. Collimators that may be used in the PVD chamber are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,052, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein to the extent not inconsistent with aspects of the invention and claims described herein.
  • FIG. 1 One embodiment of a substrate support pedestal 152 is shown in Figure
  • the substrate support pedestal 152 is suitable for use in a high temperature high vacuum annealing process.
  • the substrate support pedestal 152 includes a heating portion 210 disposed on a base 240 coupled to a shaft 245.
  • the heating portion 210 generally includes heating elements 250 disposed in a thermally conducting material 220 and a substrate support surface 275.
  • the thermally conducting material 220 may be any material that has sufficient thermal conductance at operating temperatures for efficient heat transfer between the heating elements 250 and substrate support surface 275.
  • An example of the conducting material is steel.
  • the substrate support surface 275 may include a dielectric material and typically includes a substantially planar receiving surface for a substrate 154 disposed thereon.
  • the heating elements 250 may be resistive heating elements, such as electrically conducting wires having leads embedded within the conducting material 220, and are provided to complete an electrical circuit by which electricity is passed through the conducting material 220.
  • An example of a heating element 250 includes a discrete heating coil disposed in the thermally conducting material 220. Electrical wires connect an electrical source (not shown), such as a voltage source, to the ends of the electrically resistive heating coil to provide energy sufficient to heat the coil.
  • the coil may take any shape that covers the area of the substrate support pedestal 152. More than one coil may be used to provide additional heating capability.
  • Fluid channels 290 may be coupled to a surface 226 of the heating portion 210 and may provide for either heating or cooling of the substrate support pedestal 152.
  • the fluid channels 290 may include a concentric ring or series of rings (not shown), or other desired configuration, having fluid inlets and outlets for circulating a liquid from a remotely located fluid source 294.
  • the fluid channels 290 are connected to the fluid source 294 by fluid passage 292 formed in the shaft 245 of substrate support pedestal 152.
  • Embodiments of the substrate support pedestal 152 including both heating elements 250 coupled to an electrical source 296 and fluid channels 290 cooled by a thermal medium passing through fluid passage 292 connected to the fluid source 294, e.g., a liquid heat exchanger, generally achieve temperature control of substrate support surface 275.
  • Temperature sensors 260 such as a thermocouple, may be attached to or embedded in the substrate support pedestal 152, such as adjacent the heating portion 210, to monitor temperature in a conventional manner. For example, measured temperature may be used in a feedback loop to control electric current applied to the heating elements 250 from the electrical source 296, such that substrate temperature can be maintained or controlled at a desired temperature or within a desired temperature range.
  • a control unit (not shown) may be used to receive a signal from temperature sensor 260 and control the heat electrical source 296 or a fluid source 294 in response.
  • the electrical source 296 and the fluid source 294 of the heating and cooling components are generally located external of the chamber 36.
  • the utility passages, including the fluid passage 292, are disposed axially along the base 240 and shaft 245 of the substrate support pedestal 152.
  • a protective, flexible sheath 295 is disposed around the shaft 245 and extends from the substrate support pedestal 152 to the chamber wall (not shown) to prevent contamination between the substrate support pedestal 152 and the inside of the chamber 36.
  • the substrate support pedestal 152 may further contain gas channels (not shown) fluidly connecting with substrate support surface 275 of the heating portion 210 to a source of backside gas (not shown).
  • the gas channels define a backside gas passage of a heat transfer gas or masking gas between the heating portion 210 and the substrate 154.
  • Figure 7B illustrates another embodiment of the substrate support pedestal 152 having an electrostatic chuck mounted to or forming the heating portion 210 of the substrate support pedestal 152.
  • the heating portion 210 includes an electrode 230 and substrate support surface 275 coated with a dielectric material 235. Electrically conducting wires (not shown) couple the electrodes 230 to a voltage source (not shown).
  • a substrate 154 may be placed in contact with the dielectric material 235, and a direct current voltage is placed on the electrode 230 to create the electrostatic attractive force to grip the substrate.
  • the electrodes 230 are disposed in the thermally conducting material 220 in a spaced relationship with the heating elements 250 disposed therein.
  • the heating elements 250 are generally disposed in a vertically spaced and parallel manner from the electrodes 230 in the thermally conducting material 220.
  • the electrodes are disposed between the heating elements 250 and substrate support surface 275 though other configurations may be used.
  • the embodiments of the substrate support pedestals 152 described above may be used to support a substrate in a high vacuum annealing chamber.
  • the high vacuum annealing chamber may include substrate support pedestals 152 disposed in a PVD chamber, such as the long throw chamber 36 described herein, with a blank target disposed therein or without a target and without bias coupled to either the target or substrate support pedestal.
  • Embodiments of the substrate support pedestal 152 are described above and are provided for illustrative purposes and should not be construed or interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention.
  • suitable electrostatic chucks that may be used for the support pedestal include MCATM electrostatic e-chuck or pyrolytic boron nitride electrostatic e-chuck, both available from Applied Materials, Inc., of Santa Clara, California.
  • substrate support pedestal 152 may be used to anneal the substrate
  • commercially available annealing chambers such as RTA chambers may also be used to anneal the substrate to form the suicide films.
  • the invention contemplates utilizing a variety of thermal annealing chamber designs, including hot plate designs and heated lamp designs, to enhance the electroplating results.
  • One particular thermal annealing chamber useful for the invention is the WXZTM chamber available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, Calif.
  • hot plate thermal annealing chamber useful for the invention is the RTP XEplus CENTURA ® thermal processing chamber available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California.
  • One particular lamp annealing chamber is the RADIANCE ® thermal processing chamber available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California.
  • the processing chambers 36, 38, 40, 41 , 42 and 43 are each controlled by a microprocessor controller 54.
  • the microprocessor controller 54 may be one of any form of general purpose computer processor (CPU) that can be used in an industrial setting for controlling processing chambers as well as sub-processors.
  • the computer may use any suitable memory, such as random access memory, read only memory, floppy disk drive, hard drive, or any other form of digital storage, local or remote.
  • Various support circuits may be coupled to the CPU for supporting the processor in a conventional manner.
  • Software routines as required may be stored in the memory or executed by a second CPU that is remotely located.
  • the process sequence routines are executed after the substrate 154 is positioned on the pedestal 152.
  • the software routines when executed, transform the general purpose computer into a specific process computer that controls the chamber operation so that a chamber process is performed.
  • the software routines may be performed in hardware, as an application specific integrated circuit or other type of hardware implementation, or a combination of software and hardware.
  • the substrate 154 is positioned on the substrate support pedestal 152 and plasma is generated in the chamber 36.
  • a long throw distance of at least about 90 mm separates the target 142 and the substrate 154.
  • the substrate support pedestal 152 and the target 142 may be separated by a distance within a range from about 100 mm to about 300 mm for a 200 mm substrate.
  • the substrate support pedestal 152 and the target 142 may be separated by a distance within a range from about 150 mm to about 400 mm for a 300 mm substrate. Any separation between the substrate 154 and target 142 that is greater than 50% of the substrate diameter is considered a long throw processing chamber.
  • the sputtering process is performed by applying a negative voltage, typically between about 0 V and about 2,400 V, to the target 142 to excite the gas into a plasma state.
  • the direct current (DC) power supply 148 or another power supply may be used to apply a negative bias, for example, between about 0 V and about 700 V, to the substrate support pedestal 152. Ions from the plasma bombard the target 142 to sputter atoms and larger particles onto the substrate 154 disposed below.
  • the power supplied is expressed in voltage, power may also be expressed as a unit of power (e.g., kilowatts) or a unit of power density ⁇ e.g., w/cm 2 ).
  • the amount of power supplied to the chamber 36 may be varied depending upon the amount of sputtering and the size of the substrate 154 being processed.
  • Processing gas used for the sputtering process is introduced into the processing chamber 36 via the mass flow controller 164.
  • the processing gas includes non-reactive or inert species such as argon, xenon, helium, or combinations thereof.
  • a vacuum pumping system 166 connected through a pumping port 168 in the lower chamber is used to maintain the chamber 36 at a base pressure of less than about 1 x10 6 Torr, such as about 1x10 8 Torr, but the processing pressure within the chamber 36 is typically maintained at between 0.2 milliTorr and 2 milliTorr, preferably less than 1 milliTorr, for cobalt sputtering.
  • a substrate 154 is disposed on the substrate support pedestal 152, and the substrate 154 is heated, with or without the presence of a backside gas source 272, by the heating elements 250 to the desired processing temperature, processed for sufficient time to anneal the substrate 154 for the desired anneal results, and then removed from the chamber 36.
  • the heating elements 250 of the substrate support pedestal 152 may heat the substrate 154 from room temperature ⁇ e.g., about 20°C) to about 900 0 C and the fluid channels 290 may cool the substrate 154 to a temperature of about 0 0 C.
  • heating elements 250 and the fluid channels 290 are generally used to control the temperature of a substrate 154 between about 10 0 C and about 900 0 C, subject to properties of materials used in substrate support pedestal 152 and the process parameters used for processing a substrate in the chamber 36.
  • Embodiments of the processes described herein relate to depositing metal and cobalt suicide barrier layers for feature definitions.
  • a metallic cobalt layer is deposited on a silicon-containing material and annealed to form a cobalt suicide layer.
  • a second metallic cobalt layer is deposited onto the cobalt suicide layer.
  • At least one metallic contact material is subsequently deposited to fill the feature.
  • the annealing process for forming the metal suicide layer may be performed in multiple annealing steps. The deposition of the first metal layer, the second metal layer, and any required annealing steps are preferably performed without breaking vacuum in one vacuum processing system.
  • a cobalt suicide layer is deposited on a silicon- containing material.
  • a metallic cobalt layer is deposited on the cobalt suicide layer.
  • at least one metallic contact material may be deposited to fill the feature.
  • An annealing process may be performed prior to, during, or after each of the deposition process and are preferably performed without breaking vacuum in one vacuum processing system.
  • the first annealing step may be performed in the same chamber as the deposition of the first metal, an annealing chamber, such as a vacuum annealing chamber, or during deposition of subsequent materials, such as during a CVD of the second metal.
  • the second annealing step may be performed before or after the deposition of the second metal.
  • the second annealing process generally has a higher annealing temperature than the first annealing process.
  • the metal suicide layer may be formed in situ, such as in a deposition chamber or in a processing system without breaking vacuum, prior to or concurrently with depositing a metal layer by a CVD technique.
  • In situ is broadly defined herein as performing two or more processes in the same chamber or in the same processing system without breaking vacuum ⁇ e.g., opening the chamber) or transfer to a separate apparatus or system.
  • in situ annealing may be performed in the same processing chamber as the metal deposition and in situ deposition may performed in a processing chamber adjacent to the deposition chamber, both of which are coupled to a transfer chamber, and the vacuum on the transfer chamber is not broken during processing.
  • in situ processing may be performed on the same processing system at separate processing pressures, such as processing a substrate in processing chambers and annealing chambers disposed on the first and second transfer chambers 48, 50, respectfully, in processing platform system 35 without breaking the vacuum on processing platform system 35 or transfer of the substrate to another processing system.
  • the invention contemplates the use of other materials, including titanium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, platinum, iron, niobium, palladium, and combinations thereof, and other alloys including nickel cobalt alloys, cobalt tungsten alloys, cobalt nickel tungsten alloys, doped cobalt and nickel alloys, or nickel iron alloys, to form the metal suicide material as described herein.
  • the surface of the substrate 154 may be cleaned to remove contaminants, such as oxides formed on exposed.
  • the cleaning process may be performed by a wet etch process, such as exposure to a hydrofluoric acid solution, or by a plasma cleaning process, such as exposure to a plasma of an inert gas, a reducing gas, such as hydrogen or ammonia, or combinations thereof.
  • the cleaning process may also be performed between processing steps to minimize contamination of the substrate surface during processing.
  • the plasma clean process may be performed in the PreClean Il processing chamber and the RPC + processing chamber described herein, of which both are commercially available form Applied Materials, Inc., of Santa Clara California.
  • the reactive preclean process forms radicals from a plasma of one or more gases such as argon, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, fluorine- containing compounds, and combinations thereof.
  • a preclean gas may include a mixture of carbon tetrafluoride (CF 4 ) and oxygen (O 2 ), or a mixture of helium and nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ).
  • the preclean gas is an argon plasma.
  • the preclean gas contains a hydrogen plasma.
  • the preclean gas contains a mixture of helium and nitrogen trifluoride.
  • the plasma is typically generated by applying a power between about 500 watts and about 2,000 watts, and a RF at a frequency between about 200 kHz and about 114 MHz.
  • the flow of helium may be within a range from about 100 seem to about 500 seem and the flow of nitrogen trifluoride typically may be within a range from about 100 seem to about 500 seem for 200 mm substrates.
  • the plasma treatment lasts between about 10 seconds and about 150 seconds.
  • the plasma is generated in one or more treatment cycles and purged between cycles. For example, four treatment cycles lasting about 35 seconds each is effective.
  • the substrate 154 may be precleaned using an argon plasma first and then a hydrogen plasma.
  • a first preclean gas comprising greater than about 50% argon by number of atoms may be introduced at a pressure of about 0.8 milliTorr.
  • a plasma of the argon gas is struck to subject the substrate 154 to an argon sputter cleaning environment.
  • the argon plasma is preferably generated by applying between about 50 watts and about 500 watts of RF power.
  • the argon plasma is maintained for a time period within a range from about 10 seconds to about 300 seconds to provide sufficient cleaning time for the deposits that are not readily removed by a reactive hydrogen plasma.
  • the chamber pressure may be increased to about 140 milliTorr, and a second preclean gas consisting essentially of hydrogen and helium is introduced into the processing region.
  • the processing gas comprises about 5% hydrogen and about 95% helium.
  • the hydrogen plasma is generated by applying between about 50 watts and about 500 watts of power. The hydrogen plasma is maintained for about 10 seconds to about 300 seconds.
  • a first metal layer may be deposited on a substrate 154 disposed in chamber 36 as a barrier layer for a second metal layer "plug" or may be deposited and annealed on the substrate pedestal 152 to form the metal suicide layer without breaking vacuum.
  • the substrate 154 includes dielectric materials, such as silicon or silicon oxide materials, disposed thereon and is generally patterned to define features into which metal films may be deposited or metal suicide films will be formed.
  • the first metal layer may be deposited by a physical vapor deposition technique, a CVD technique, or an atomic layer deposition technique.
  • the metal is deposited using the PVD chamber 36 described above.
  • the target 142 of material, such as cobalt, to be deposited is disposed in the upper portion of the chamber 36.
  • a substrate 154 is provided to the chamber 36 and disposed on the substrate support pedestal 152.
  • a processing gas is introduced into the chamber 36 at a flow rate of between about 5 seem and about 30 seem.
  • the chamber pressure is maintained below about 5 milliTorr to promote deposition of conformal PVD metal layers.
  • a chamber pressure between about 0.2 milliTorr and about 2 milliTorr may be used during deposition. More preferably, a chamber pressure between about 0.2 milliTorr and about 1.0 milliTorr has been observed to be sufficient for sputtering cobalt onto a substrate.
  • Plasma is generated by applying a negative voltage to the target 142 between about 0 volts (V) and about -2,400 V.
  • negative voltage is applied to the target 142 at between about 0 V and about -1 ,000 V to sputter material on a 200 mm substrate.
  • a negative voltage between about 0 V and about -700 V may be applied to the substrate support pedestal 152 to improve directionality of the sputtered material to the substrate surface.
  • the substrate 154 is maintained at a temperature within a range from about 10°C to about 600 0 C during the deposition process.
  • An example of a deposition process includes introducing an inert gas, such as argon, into the chamber 36 at a flow rate between about 5 seem and about 30 seem, maintaining a chamber pressure between about 0.2 milliTorr and about 1.0 milliTorr, applying a negative bias of between about 0 volts and about 1 ,000 volts to the target 142 to excite the gas into a plasma state, maintaining the substrate 154 at a temperature within a range from about 10 0 C to about 600 0 C, preferably about 50 0 C and about 300 0 C, and more preferably, between about 50 0 C and about 100 0 C during the sputtering process, and spacing the target 142 between about 100 mm and about 300 mm from the substrate surface for a 200 mm substrate.
  • Cobalt may be deposited on the silicon material at a rate between about 300 A/min and about 2,000 A/min using this process.
  • a collimator 110 or 124 may be used with the process described herein with minimal detrimental affect
  • the barrier material such as cobalt suicide, cobalt or nickel described above, may be deposited by another method using the apparatus shown in Figures 1 and 2.
  • the cobalt material may be deposited by a CVD technique, an ALD technique, an ionized magnetic plasma PVD (IMP-PVD) technique, a self-ionized plasma PVD (SIP-PVD) technique, an electroless deposition process, or combinations thereof.
  • the cobalt material may be deposited by CVD in a CVD chamber, such as chamber 38 of processing platform system 35 as shown in Figure 1 , or by ALD in an ALD chamber or CVD chamber disposed at position 38, as shown in Figurei .
  • the substrates may be transferred between various chambers within processing platform system 35 without breaking a vacuum or exposing the substrates to other external environmental conditions.
  • a layer of a barrier material such as titanium or titanium nitride
  • the layer of barrier material improves resistance to interlayer diffusion of the second metal layer into the underlying substrate or silicon material. Additionally, the layer of barrier material may improve interlayer adhesion between the first and second metal layers.
  • Suitable barrier layer materials include titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, tungsten, tungsten nitride, titanium- tungsten alloy, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • the layer of barrier materials may be deposited by a CVD technique, an ALD technique, an IMP-PVD technique, a SIP-PVD technique, or combinations thereof.
  • the substrate is then transferred to a CVD chamber for the deposition of a second metal layer, such as tungsten, on the first metal layer, such as cobalt or nickel.
  • a second metal layer such as tungsten
  • Tungsten may be deposited by CVD technique. Tungsten may be deposited at a sufficient temperature, such as between about 300°C and about 500°C, to initiate the formation of a metal suicide, such as cobalt suicide.
  • the metal suicide may be formed from part or all of the first metal layer.
  • An annealing step may be performed in the processing chamber, such as the WXZTM, prior to material deposition. Such an annealing step is performed at a temperature within a range from about 300 0 C to about 900°C, such as from about 300°C to about 400°C.
  • a thin layer of silicon, or "silicon soak" may be deposited on the barrier layer prior to deposition of any tungsten material.
  • the silicon deposition may be performed in situ with the same chamber as the tungsten material deposition.
  • a tungsten nucleation step may be performed prior to a main tungsten deposition. The tungsten nucleation step may be performed in situ by an ALD technique or CVD process in the same CVD chamber as the main tungsten deposition or subsequent tungsten deposition.
  • An example of a tungsten CVD process includes depositing a silicon layer, also known as a silicon soak layer, a tungsten nucleation layer deposition, and a main, or bulk, tungsten deposition.
  • the silicon layer is deposited by introducing a silane gas (e.g., SiH 4 , Si 2 H 6 , or derivatives thereof) into the chamber 36 at a flow rate between about 50 seem and about 100 seem, a reactive gas, such as hydrogen (H 2 ), into the chamber at a flow rate between about 500 seem and about 5,000 seem, and an inert gas, such as argon or nitrogen, into the chamber 36 at a flow rate between about 500 seem and about 5,000 seem, maintaining the chamber pressure between about 100 milliTorr and about 300 Torr, and heating the substrate to a temperature within a range from about 300 0 C to about 500 0 C.
  • the process may be performed for a time period within a range from about 5 seconds to about 30 seconds.
  • the silicon layer is usually deposited at
  • the tungsten nucleation layer is deposited by a process including introducing a tungsten precursor gas, such as tungsten hexafluoride (WF 6 ) or derivative thereof, into the chamber 36 at a flow rate between about 5 seem and about 60 seem, a silane gas (e.g., SiH 4 , Si 2 H 6 , or derivatives thereof) into the chamber 36 at a flow rate between about 5 seem and about 60 seem, a reactive gas, such as hydrogen (H 2 ), into the chamber 36 at a flow rate between about 500 seem and about 5,000 seem, and an inert gas, such as argon or nitrogen, into the chamber 36 at a flow rate between about 500 seem and about 5,000 seem, and maintaining a chamber pressure between about 100 milliTorr and about 300 Torr, and heating the substrate to a temperature within a range from about 300°C to about 500 0 C.
  • the process may be performed for a time period within a range from about 5 seconds to about 30 seconds.
  • the nucleation layer is
  • the tungsten layer is then deposited on the tungsten nucleation layer by a process including introducing a tungsten precursor gas, such as tungsten hexafluoride or derivative thereof, into the chamber 36 at a flow rate between about 25 seem and about 250 seem, a reactive gas, such as hydrogen (H 2 ), into the chamber 36 at a flow rate between about 500 seem and about 5,000 seem, and an inert gas, such as argon or nitrogen, into the chamber 36 at a flow rate between about 500 seem and about 5,000 seem, and maintaining a chamber pressure between about 100 milliTorr and about 300 Torr, and heating the substrate to a temperature within a range from about 300 0 C to about 900 0 C.
  • the process may be performed for a time period within a range from about 5 seconds to about 300 seconds or until a desired thickness is reached.
  • the deposition rate for tungsten is between about 1 ,000 A/min and about 3,000 A/min.
  • the substrate temperature during the main tungsten deposition process is maintained at sufficient temperature to initiate the formation of a metal suicide layer from silicon material on the substrate 154 and the first metal layer disposed thereon.
  • a substrate may be heated to a temperature within a range from about 300°C to about 900 0 C, such as between about 300 0 C and about 400 0 C, may be maintained to form the suicide layer with diffusion barrier properties simultaneously with tungsten deposition.
  • An example of the tungsten deposition process includes a silicon soak layer formed by introducing a silane gas at a flow rate of about 75 seem, introducing hydrogen gas (H 2 ) at a flow rate of about 1 ,000 seem, introducing argon or nitrogen at a flow rate of about 1 ,500 seem, maintaining the chamber pressure at about 90
  • the process may be performed for a time period within a range from about 10 seconds to about 20 seconds.
  • the nucleation layer is deposited by introducing tungsten hexafluoride at a flow rate of about 20 seem, silane gas at a flow of about 10 seem, hydrogen gas at a flow rate of about 3,000 seem, and argon at a flow rate of about 3,000 seem, and maintaining a chamber pressure at about 30 Torr, and heating the substrate to a temperature at about 425°C. This process may be performed for about 15 seconds.
  • the tungsten layer is deposited by introducing tungsten hexafluoride at a flow rate of about 250 seem, hydrogen gas at a flow rate of about 1 ,000 seem, and argon at a flow rate of about 3,000 seem, and maintaining a chamber pressure at about 300 Torr, and heating the substrate to a temperature at about 425°C. This process may be performed for a time period within a range from about 40 seconds to about 45 seconds.
  • the first metal layer may be annealed in situ by one or more annealing steps at an annealing temperature within a range from about 300°C to about 900 0 C to form the metal suicide layer prior to the deposition of the second metal layer.
  • the one or more annealing steps may be performed for a time period within a range from about 10 seconds to about 600 seconds.
  • a selective etch of the first metal layer and metal suicide layer to remove unreacted first metal material may be performed between two or more annealing steps.
  • Deposition of materials, such as a layer of barrier material or the second metal layer may be performed between two or more annealing steps.
  • the substrate 154 may be annealed under an inert gas environment in the deposition chamber by first introducing an inert gas into the chamber 36 at a flow rate between about 0 seem (e.g., no backside gas) and about 15 seem, maintaining a chamber pressure of about 2 milliTorr or less, and heating the substrate 154 to a temperature within a range from about 300°C to about 900 0 C for a time period within a range from about 5 seconds to about 600 seconds to form the metal suicide layer.
  • an inert gas e.g., no backside gas
  • the metal layer may be physical vapor deposited on a silicon substrate in chamber 36, annealed at a first temperature for a first period of time, transferred to a second chamber, for example chamber 41 , in processing platform system 35, and annealed at a second temperature for a second period of time to form the metal suicide layer without breaking vacuum.
  • the physical vapor deposition of the metal is performed as described above at a temperature of about 200 0 C or less, preferably between about 0°C and about 100°C.
  • the first step of the two step in situ annealing process described above may be performed under an inert gas environment in the deposition chamber by first introducing an inert gas into the chamber at a flow rate between about 0 seem and about 15 seem or less, maintaining a chamber pressure of about 2 milliTorr or less, heating the substrate 154 to a temperature within a range from about 400°C to about 600 0 C for a time period within a range from about 5 seconds to about 300 seconds.
  • the substrate 154 is annealed in the deposition chamber at about 500 0 C for a time period within a range from about 60 seconds to about 120 seconds. Performing the first annealing the substrate in the same chamber as the deposition process is preferred over other annealing processes described herein.
  • the substrate 154 may be removed from the deposition chamber and transferred to a vacuum annealing chamber disposed on the same transfer chamber, such as transfer chamber 48 described above in Figure 1.
  • the high vacuum annealing chamber may include a PVD chamber having a blank target and substrate support pedestal 152 described above or a commercial high vacuum anneal pedestal, such as the high temperature high uniformity (HTHU) substrate support commercially available from Applied Materials Inc., of Santa Clara California.
  • HTHU high temperature high uniformity
  • the second annealing step may then be performed by maintaining a chamber pressure of about 2 milliTorr or less and heating the substrate 154 to a temperature within a range from about 600 0 C to about 900 0 C for a period of time between about 5 seconds and about 300 seconds to form the metal suicide layer.
  • the substrate is annealed in the annealing chamber at 800 0 C for a time period within a range from about 60 seconds to about 120 seconds.
  • the metal layer is deposited according to the process described herein at about 200 0 C or less, preferably between about 0 0 C and about 100 0 C, in the deposition chamber.
  • Substrate 154 may be annealed in the deposition chamber according to the annealing process described above. Subsequently, substrate 154 may be transferred to an RTA chamber disposed on transfer chamber 50 in Figure 1 for a second annealing process.
  • Annealing in an RTA chamber may be performed by introducing a process gas including nitrogen (N 2 ), argon, helium, and combinations thereof, with less than about 4% hydrogen (H 2 ), at a process gas flow rate greater than 20 liters/min to control the oxygen content to less than 100 ppm, maintaining a chamber pressure of about ambient, and heating the substrate 154 to a temperature within a range from about 600 0 C to about 900 0 C for a time period within a range from about 5 seconds to about 300 seconds to form the metal suicide layer.
  • the substrate 154 is annealed in the RTA annealing chamber at 800 0 C for about 30 seconds.
  • the metal layer may be deposited on a silicon substrate in chamber 36, transferred to a first annealing chamber, such as a vacuum annealing chamber disposed on the same transfer chamber 48 on processing platform system 35, annealed at a first temperature for a first period of time, transferred to a second annealing chamber, for example chamber 41 , in processing platform system 35, and annealed at a second temperature for a second period of time to form the metal suicide layer without breaking vacuum.
  • a first annealing chamber such as a vacuum annealing chamber disposed on the same transfer chamber 48 on processing platform system 35
  • annealed at a first temperature for a first period of time transferred to a second annealing chamber, for example chamber 41 , in processing platform system 35, and annealed at a second temperature for a second period of time to form the metal suicide layer without breaking vacuum.
  • the metal deposition is performed in the deposition chamber according to the process described above at a substrate temperature of about 200°C or less, preferably between
  • the first step of this embodiment of the annealing process may be performed in situ in a first high vacuum annealing chamber disposed on a processing system by introducing an inert gas into the annealing chamber at a flow rate of 0 seem and about 15 seem, maintaining a chamber pressure about 2 milliTorr or less, heating the substrate 154 to a temperature within a range from about 400 0 C to about 600 0 C for a time period within a range from about 5 seconds to about 300 seconds.
  • the substrate 154 is annealed in the deposition chamber at about 500 0 C for a time period within a range from about 60 seconds to about 120 seconds.
  • the first annealing step is believed to form an oxygen resistant film such as CoSi.
  • the substrate 154 may be annealed in situ by transfer to a second high vacuum annealing chamber in processing platform system 35.
  • the second annealing step may then be performed by maintaining a chamber pressure of about 2 milliTorr or less and heating the substrate to a temperature within a range from about 600 0 C to about 900 0 C for a period of time between about 5 seconds and about 300 seconds to form the metal suicide layer.
  • the substrate 154 is annealed in the annealing chamber at 800 0 C for a time period within a range from about 60 seconds to about 120 seconds.
  • the substrate 154 may be transferred to a second annealing chamber located outside the transfer chamber 48, 50 or processing platform system 35, such as an atmospheric pressure RTA chamber.
  • Annealing in an atmospheric pressure RTA chamber may be performed by introducing a process gas including nitrogen (N 2 ), argon, helium, and combinations thereof, with less than about 4% hydrogen (H 2 ), at a process gas flow rate greater than 20 liters/min to control the oxygen content to less than 100 ppm, maintaining a chamber pressure of about ambient, and heating the substrate 154 to a temperature within a range from about 400 0 C to about 900 0 C for a time period within a range from about 5 seconds to about 300 seconds to form the metal suicide layer.
  • the substrate 154 is annealed in the RTA chamber at 800 0 C for about 30 seconds.
  • the metal may be deposited at a high deposition temperature.
  • An example of a deposition process includes introducing an inert gas, such as argon, into the chamber 36 at a flow rate between about 5 seem and about 30 seem, maintaining a chamber pressure between about 0.2 milliTorr and about 1.0 milliTorr, applying a negative bias of between about 0 volts and about 1 ,000 volts to the target 142 to excite the gas into a plasma state, maintaining the substrate 154 at an annealing temperature, e.g., between about 400 0 C and about 600°C, by applying a backside gas, and spacing the target 142 between about 100 mm and about 300 mm from the substrate surface for a 200 mm substrate.
  • the temperature may be maintained at about 200 0 C by heating the substrate in the absence of a backside gas.
  • Cobalt may be deposited on the silicon material at a rate between about 100 A/min and about 2,000 A/min using this process.
  • the annealing process can then be performed in the deposition chamber by ending the plasma and heating of the substrate 154 to a temperature within a range from about 400 0 C to about 600 0 C at the same heating levels used for the deposition process.
  • the annealing process is performed at a temperature within a range from about 400 0 C to about 600 0 C for a time period within a range from about 5 seconds to about 300 seconds.
  • the substrate 154 is annealed in the deposition chamber at about 500 0 C for a time period within a range from about 60 seconds to about 120 seconds.
  • the second annealing step may then be formed in an annealing chamber without breaking vacuum or in an annealing chamber located on a separate transfer chamber or processing system.
  • the second annealing step includes heating the substrate 154 to a temperature within a range from about 600 0 C to about 900 0 C for a period of time between about 5 seconds and about 300 seconds to form the metal suicide layer.
  • the substrate 154 is annealed at 800 0 C for a time period within a range from about 60 seconds to about 120 seconds.
  • the two-step annealing process described herein may be separated by one or more processing steps, such as deposition processes.
  • a first metal layer such as a cobalt or nickel layer
  • a second metal layer such as tungsten is then deposited on the annealed substrate 154, and the substrate 154 is exposed to a second anneal in the second chamber or transferred to a third chamber for the completion of the annealing process.
  • a first metal layer such as a cobalt or nickel layer may be deposited in a first chamber, in situ annealed in processing platform system 35, transferred to a second deposition chamber for deposition of a barrier material thereon, such as titanium nitride, transferred to a third deposition chamber for deposition of a second metal, and then further annealed in the third chamber or transferred to a fourth chamber for the completion of the annealing process.
  • the substrate may be transferred between any of the four chambers without a vacuum break.
  • the in situ anneal of the first metal layer may be performed after the deposition of the barrier material and prior to the deposition of the second metal layer, such as tungsten.
  • a substrate 300 having a silicon-containing material 310 formed thereon with feature definitions 320 formed therein is provided to processing platform system 35.
  • the silicon-containing material 310 may be a dielectric material including silicon, silicon oxide, a doped silicon or silicon oxide layer, or other silicon-containing dielectric material used in substrate processing, which may be deposited by an atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) process or a CVD process.
  • ALE atomic layer epitaxy
  • layer 310 may include semi-conductive silicon- containing materials including polysilicon, doped polysilicon, or combinations thereof.
  • Feature definitions 320 are formed in the silicon-containing material 310 by conventional method known in the art.
  • the feature definitions 320 may be formed by depositing and patterning a photoresist material to define the feature openings, a silicon etch process is then used to define the feature definitions 320, and any remaining photoresist material is removed, such as by an oxygen stripping method.
  • the feature definitions 320 may then be treated with a plasma clean process to remove any contaminants, such as oxide formed on the silicon- containing material, prior to deposition of subsequent materials as described herein.
  • a layer of cobalt suicide or metallic cobalt is deposited as a barrier layer 330 by an ALD process, a CVD process, or a PVD process described herein over the bottom and sidewalls of the feature definitions 320 as shown in Figure 8A.
  • the cobalt barrier layer 330 may be annealed to form cobalt suicide at the interface 325 of the cobalt layer and the silicon containing material 310. Depending on the annealing process used, substantially all or only a portion of the cobalt barrier layer 330 may be converted to cobalt suicide. When the cobalt material is not substantially converted to the cobalt suicide material, a surface 335 of unreacted cobalt is formed which is exposed to subsequently deposited materials as shown in Figure 8B. This cobalt surface 335 may be maintained to further act as additional barrier layer material for subsequent metal deposition, such as tungsten, or may be removed from the substrate 300 surface by an etch process.
  • a layer of tungsten 350 is deposited to fill the feature definition 320 as shown in Figure 8C.
  • the tungsten deposition may be at a high enough temperature to completely convert any unreacted cobalt material to cobalt suicide, in effect annealing the cobalt material, while depositing to fill the feature definition 320.
  • a second annealing step is performed to substantially convert the cobalt barrier layer 330 to a cobalt suicide layer 340.
  • Such a cobalt suicide barrier and tungsten fill of the feature definition 320 may be processed in processing platform system 35 as follows.
  • the substrate 300 is introduced into the first transfer chamber 48 of processing platform system 35 via the loadlock 46.
  • the first transfer chamber 48 is operating at about 400 milliTorr.
  • Transfer robot 49 retrieves the substrate 300 from the loadlock 46 and transfers it to pass-through chamber 52.
  • Transfer robot 51 in the second transfer chamber 50 retrieves the substrate 300 from the pass-through chamber 52 and positions the substrate 300 in PVD chamber 38 for cobalt deposition.
  • the second transfer chamber 50 is operated at about 1x10 8 Torr.
  • the transfer robot 51 positions the substrate 300 in one of the preclean chambers prior to cobalt deposition in the PVD chamber 38.
  • the substrate 300 is transferred back to the first transfer chamber 48 and disposed in a WXZTM CVD chamber 38 for CVD tungsten deposition.
  • the substrate may then be heated and annealed during an annealing process.
  • the substrate 300 is disposed in chamber 41 , which is a WXZTM chamber capable of in situ annealing, where the cobalt material is first annealed to form a suicide material or to improve barrier properties prior to CVD deposition.
  • a layer of tungsten may then be deposited in the WXZTM chamber following the anneal step.
  • the substrate 300 may be transferred after the first anneal in the WXZTM chamber to a plasma etch chamber, such as a DPS ® chamber, for etching to remove cobalt and then annealed a second time in the WXZTM chamber or another annealing chamber prior to tungsten deposition.
  • the substrate 300 is transferred to the loadlock chamber 46 via the transfer robot 49.
  • the substrate 300 may then be transferred to a separate apparatus, such as a chemical-mechanical polishing apparatus, for further processing.
  • metal suicide application includes the formation of a MOS device shown in Figure 9.
  • the metal suicide includes suicides of cobalt, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, platinum, nickel, iron, niobium, palladium, or combinations thereof, for use in an MOS device.
  • N+ source and drain regions 402 and 404 are formed in a P type silicon substrate 400 adjacent field oxide portions 406.
  • a gate oxide layer 408 and a polysilicon gate electrode 410 are formed over silicon substrate 400 in between source and drain regions 402 and 404 with oxide spacers 412 formed on the sidewalls of polysilicon gate electrode 410.
  • a cobalt layer is deposited over the MOS structure, and in particular over the exposed silicon surfaces of source and drain regions 402 and 404 and the exposed top surface of polysilicon gate electrode 410 by the process described herein.
  • the cobalt material is deposited to a thickness of at about 1 ,000 A or less to provide a sufficient amount of cobalt for the subsequent reaction with the underlying silicon at drain regions 402 and 404.
  • Cobalt may be deposited to a thickness within a range from about 50 A to about 500 A on the silicon material.
  • the cobalt layer is then annealed in situ as described herein to form cobalt suicide.
  • a barrier or liner layer of a material such as titanium nitride, may be deposited on the cobalt material to further enhance the barrier properties of the cobalt layer.
  • the deposition of the titanium nitride layer may replace the step of removing unreacted cobalt as described above.
  • the unreacted cobalt and titanium may be removed by the etch process after annealing of the substrate surface according to the annealing processes described herein.
  • the substrate 400 may then be annealed again according to one of the two-step annealing processes described herein.
  • Dielectric materials 422 may be deposited over the formed structure and etched to provide contact definitions 420 in the device.
  • the contact definitions 420 may then be filled with a contact material, such as tungsten, aluminum, copper, or alloy thereof, by an ALD process, a CVD process, or combinations thereof, such as described herein.
  • any unreacted cobalt from the annealing processes may be removed from the substrate surface, typically by a wet etch process or plasma etch process, and the cobalt suicide remains as cobalt suicide (CoSi 2 ) portions 414, 416, and 418 of uniform thickness respectively formed over polysilicon gate electrode 410 and over source and drain regions 402 and 404 in silicon substrate 400.
  • Unreacted cobalt may be removed by a plasma process in a DPS ® chamber located on the same vacuum processing system, or may be transferred to another processing system for processing. Wet etch process are typically performed in a second processing system.
  • a substrate may be exposed to a series of process sequences to form cobalt-containing contact materials.
  • the substrate is exposed to at least one preclean process prior to performing at least one deposition process to form and/or deposit a cobalt suicide material, a metallic cobalt material, or combinations thereof on the substrate.
  • the at least one deposition process for forming the cobalt-containing materials preferably an ALD process, a CVD process, or combinations thereof, but may also include a PVD process or an electroless deposition process.
  • the ALD and CVD processes include plasma-enhanced (PE) processes, such as PE-ALD or PE-CVD processes, as well as pulsed processes, such as a pulsed CVD process or a pulsed PE-CVD process.
  • PE plasma-enhanced
  • PE-ALD PE-ALD
  • PE-CVD PE-CVD
  • pulsed processes such as a pulsed CVD process or a pulsed PE-CVD process.
  • a metallic contact material is deposited or formed on the substrate in one or multiple steps (e.g., seed layer, bulk layer, or fill layer).
  • the substrate is exposed to a planarization process to remove any excess metallic contact material on the substrate surface.
  • the substrate may be exposed to at least one annealing process prior to, during, or subsequent to any of the deposition processes.
  • Figures 10-16 and 19 depict flow-charts of multiple processes that may be used to fabricate substrate 1700, illustrated in Figures 17A-17I, as described in embodiments herein.
  • Figures 17A-17I illustrate cross-sectional views of electronic devices disposed on substrate 1700 at different stages of interconnect fabrication sequences incorporating multiple embodiments herein.
  • Figures 10-16 provide flowcharts of processes 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, and 1900 that may be used to form substrate 1700.
  • processes 2000, 2100, 2200, 2400, and 2600 or steps thereof, as depicted in Figures 20-22, 24, and 26, may be used completely or in-part to form substrate 1700 or on other substrates not illustrated herein.
  • process 1000 includes exposing substrate 1700 to a preclean process (step 1010), depositing cobalt suicide material 1720 on substrate 1700 (step 1020), depositing metallic cobalt material 1730 on substrate 1700 (step 1030), depositing metallic contact material 1740 on substrate 1700 (step 1040), and exposing substrate 1700 to a planarization process (step 1050).
  • process 1100 includes exposing substrate 1700 to a preclean process (step 1110), depositing cobalt suicide material 1720 on substrate 1700 (step 1120), depositing metallic cobalt material 1730 on substrate 1700 (step 1130), exposing substrate 1700 to an annealing process (step 1140), depositing metallic contact material 1740 on substrate 1700 (step 1150), and exposing substrate 1700 to a planarization process (step 1160).
  • process 1200 includes exposing substrate 1700 to a preclean process (step 1210), depositing cobalt suicide material 1720 on substrate 1700 (step 1220), exposing substrate 1700 to an annealing process (step 1230), depositing metallic cobalt material 1730 on substrate 1700 (step 1240), depositing metallic contact material 1740 on substrate 1700 (step 1250), and exposing substrate 1700 to a planarization process (step 1260).
  • process 1300 includes exposing substrate 1700 to a preclean process (step 1310), depositing cobalt suicide material 1720 on substrate 1700 (step 1320), depositing metallic cobalt material 1730 on substrate 1700 (step 1330), depositing metallic contact material 1740 on substrate 1700 (step 1340), exposing substrate 1700 to a planarization process (step 1350), and exposing substrate 1700 to an annealing process (step 1360).
  • process 1400 includes exposing substrate 1700 to a preclean process (step 1410), depositing cobalt suicide material 1720 on substrate 1700 (step 1420), depositing metallic cobalt material 1730 on substrate 1700 (step 1430), depositing metallic contact material 1740 on substrate 1700 (step 1440), exposing substrate 1700 to an annealing process (step 1450), and exposing substrate 1700 to a planarization process (step 1460).
  • process 1500 includes exposing substrate 1700 to a preclean process (step 1510), depositing metallic cobalt material 1715 on substrate 1700 (step 1520), exposing substrate 1700 to an annealing process to form cobalt suicide material 1720 (step 1530), depositing metallic cobalt material 1730 on substrate 1700 (step 1540), depositing metallic contact material 1740 on substrate 1700 (step 1550), and exposing substrate 1700 to a planarization process (step 1560).
  • process 1600 includes exposing substrate 1700 to a preclean process (step 1610), depositing metallic cobalt material 1715 on substrate 1700 (step 1620), exposing substrate 1700 to an annealing process to form cobalt suicide material 1720 (step 1630), depositing metallic contact material 1740 on substrate 1700 (step 1640), and exposing substrate 1700 to a planarization process (step 1650).
  • process 1900 includes exposing substrate 1700 to a preclean process (step 1910), depositing cobalt suicide material 1720 on substrate 1700 (step 1920), depositing metallic contact material 1740 on substrate 1700 (step 1930), and exposing substrate 1700 to a planarization process (step 1940).
  • Figure 17A illustrates a cross-sectional view of substrate 1700 having contact aperture 1710 formed within silicon-containing layer 1702.
  • Contact aperture 1710 has wall surfaces 1712 and bottom surface 1714.
  • Silicon-containing layer 1702 may contain a dielectric material that includes silicon, polysilicon, amorphous silicon, epitaxial silicon, silicon dioxide and other silicon oxides, silicon on insulator (SOI), silicon oxynitride, doped variants thereof, fluorine-doped silicate glass (FSG), or a silicon carbide oxide material or a carbon doped silicon oxide material, for example, BLACK DIAMOND ® II low-k dielectric material, available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California.
  • a dielectric material that includes silicon, polysilicon, amorphous silicon, epitaxial silicon, silicon dioxide and other silicon oxides, silicon on insulator (SOI), silicon oxynitride, doped variants thereof, fluorine-doped silicate glass (FSG), or a silicon carbide
  • Contact aperture 1710 may be formed in silicon-containing layer 1702 using conventional lithography and etching techniques to expose bottom surface 1714, such as a bit line layer.
  • silicon-containing layer 1702 may be deposited on substrate 1700 forming contact aperture 1710 therein.
  • Silicon-containing layer 1702 and bottom surface 1714 may contain pure silicon or a silicon-containing material that contains germanium, carbon, boron, phosphorous, arsenic, metals, or combinations thereof, among other dopants.
  • bottom surface 1714 may contain silicon, silicon carbide, silicon germanium, silicon germanium carbide, metal suicide, doped variants thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • bottom surface 1714 is a MOS type source or a drain interface and is generally a doped (e.g., n+ or p+) silicon region of substrate 1700.
  • Native surface 1704 may contain an oxide layer, a contaminant, or combinations thereof disposed on substrate 1700.
  • native surface 1704 contains a native oxide layer that is formed upon the oxidation of bottom surface 1714 during an exposure to air subsequent to etching and ashing processes used to form contact aperture 1710.
  • Native surface 1704 may be a continuous layer or a discontinuous layer across bottom surface 1714 and include surface terminations of oxygen, hydrogen, hydroxide, halide, metals, or combinations thereof.
  • Native surface 1704 may also contain various contaminants, such as organic and inorganic residues and particulate.
  • Native surface 1704 formed on bottom surface 1714 generally contains a metastable lower quality oxide (e.g., SiO x , where x is between 0 and 2) compared to the much more stable oxide materials that are typically used to form silicon-containing layer 1702 (e.g., SiO 2 ), such as thermal oxides.
  • the metastable lower quality oxide e.g., the "native oxide” is much easier to remove from bottom surface 1714 than silicon-containing layer 1702, probably due to a lower activation energy than the material of silicon-containing layer 1702.
  • Figure 17B illustrates substrate 1700 containing exposed surface 1706 of bottom surface 1714 subsequent to the removal of native surface 1704.
  • Exposed surface 1706 may be formed by at least one pretreatment process during steps 1010, 1110, 1210, 1310, 1410, 1510, and 1610 of processes 1000-1600, as described by embodiments herein.
  • exposed surfaces e.g., silicon-containing
  • a preclean process may be used to remove native surface 1704 and reveal a silicon-containing surface of exposed surface 1706.
  • the preclean process may be a wet clean process, such as a buffered oxide etch (BOE) process, a SC1 process, a SC2 process, or a HF-last process.
  • the preclean process may be a dry clean process, such as a plasma etch process.
  • a plasma etch process that may be used during a preclean process is the SICONITM preclean process, available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California.
  • Pretreatment processes such as a preclean process and an activation process for forming exposed surface 1706, are further described below.
  • substrate 1700 is exposed to reducing hydrogen plasma that chemically reduces native surface 1704 to a silicon-containing surface of exposed surface 1706.
  • Exposed surfaces may be a silicon- containing surface of an underlying material layer or of the actual substrate and include materials of silicon, silicon oxide, silicon germanium, silicon carbon, silicon germanium carbon, derivatives thereof, doped derivatives, or combinations thereof.
  • the exposed surfaces may be crystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous.
  • an exposed surface may be a crystalline surface of the actual underlying silicon substrate.
  • an exposed surface may be an epitaxially deposited silicon-containing material.
  • an exposed surface may be a polycrystalline silicon-containing material.
  • an exposed surface may be a silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride material.
  • silicon-containing materials, films, or layers should be construed to include a composition containing at least silicon and may contain germanium, carbon, oxygen, boron, arsenic, and/or phosphorus. Other elements, such as metals, halogens or hydrogen may be incorporated within a silicon-containing material, film or layer, usually as impurities.
  • substrate 1700 may be exposed to a wet clean process to remove native surface 1704 and to form exposed surface 1714 during steps 1010, 1110, 1210, 1310, 1410, 1510, 1610, and 1910.
  • other substrates may be exposed to a wet clean process to remove any native surfaces and to form exposed surfaces during steps 2210, 2410, and 2610 in processes 2200, 2400, and 2600.
  • Substrate 1700 may be treated by wet clean processes, such as an acidic cleaning process ⁇ e.g., a solution containing hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide held at elevated temperature, such as SC2 clean), a basic cleaning process ⁇ e.g., a solution containing ammonium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide held at elevated temperature, such as SC1 clean), or a series of wet cleans containing both acidic and basic cleaning processes.
  • substrate 1700 is exposed to a SC1 solution ⁇ e.g., TMAH and H 2 O 2 ) to remove organic residues and other contaminants and subsequently, exposed to a BOE solution ⁇ e.g., 0.5 M of TEA-HF solution) to remove native oxides.
  • SC1 solution e.g., TMAH and H 2 O 2
  • BOE solution e.g., 0.5 M of TEA-HF solution
  • a wet clean process may include dispensing a wet clean solution across or sprayed on the surface of substrate 1700.
  • the wet clean process may be an in situ process performed in the same processing cell as a subsequent electroless deposition process.
  • substrate 1700 may be wet cleaned in a separate processing cell from the subsequent electroless deposition processing cell.
  • a wet-clean pretreatment process may occur for about 10 minutes or less, such as within a range from about 5 seconds to about 5 minutes, preferably, from about 5 seconds to about 3 minutes, more preferably, from about 10 seconds to about 2 minutes, and more preferably, from about 15 seconds to about 1 minute.
  • the substrate is maintained at a temperature within a range from about 15°C to about 50 0 C, preferably, about room temperature ⁇ e.g., 20°C).
  • the wet-clean process may be performed in a TEMPESTTM wet-clean system, available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California.
  • Other examples of various wet-clean processes that may be used to remove native surface 1704 are further described in commonly assigned U.S. Ser. No. 11/385,484, filed March 20, 2006, and published as US 2006-0251801 , U.S. Ser. No. 11/385,344, filed March 20, 2006, and published as US 2006-0251800, and U.S. Ser. No. 11/385,290, filed March 20, 2006, and published as US 2006-0252252, which are all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
  • native surface 1704 may be removed by a HF-last solution to form exposed surface 1714 as a substantially oxide-free, silicon hydride surface.
  • the wet-clean process utilizes an HF-last solution containing water, HF and optional additives including chelators, surfactants, reductants, other acids or combinations thereof.
  • the hydrogen fluoride concentration of a wet-clean solution may be within a range from about 10 ppm to about 5 wt%, preferably, from about 50 ppm to about 2 wt%, and more preferably, from about 100 to about 1 wt%, for example, about 0.5 wt%.
  • native surface 1704 is removed during a liquid reduction process to form exposed surface 1714 as a substantially oxide-free, silicon-containing surface.
  • substrate 1700 containing native surface 1704 may be exposed to a SC1 clean solution to remove contaminants, such as organic and inorganic residues and particulates while forming exposed surface 1706 during steps 1010, 1110, 1210, 1310, 1410, 1510, and 1610.
  • other substrates may be exposed to a SC1 clean solution to remove contaminants, such as organic and inorganic residues and particulates while forming exposed surface during steps 2210, 2410, and 2610.
  • the SC1 clean solution contains hydrogen peroxide and at least one basic compound, such as ammonium hydroxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, derivatives thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • the substrate may be heated to a temperature within a range from about 50 0 C to about 100 0 C, preferably, from about 70 0 C to about 90 0 C.
  • substrate 1700 containing native surface 1704 may be exposed to a SC2 clean solution during steps 1010, 1110, 1210, 1310, 1410, 1510, and 1610.
  • other substrates (not shown) may be exposed to a SC2 clean solution during steps 2210, 2410, and 2610.
  • the SC2 clean solution contains hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen chloride.
  • the substrate may be heated to a temperature within a range from about 50 0 C to about 100 0 C, preferably, from about 70 0 C to about 90 0 C. BOE Processes and Solutions
  • buffered oxide etch (BOE) solutions and processes may be used to selectively remove native oxides and other contaminants from substrate 1700 during steps 1010, 1110, 1210, 1310, 1410, 1510, 1610, and 1910.
  • other solutions or reagents may be used to selectively remove native oxides and other contaminants from the substrate during steps 2210, 2410, and 2610.
  • the BOE solutions generally contain an alkylamine compound or an alkanolamine compound and an etchant, such as hydrogen fluoride.
  • the alkanolamine compounds may include ethanolamine (EA), diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA), or derivatives thereof.
  • native surface 1704 may be removed to form exposed surface 1714 by exposing substrate 1700 to a BOE solution containing about 0.5 M of TEA-HF solution for about 25 seconds at about 20 0 C. In another example, substrate 1700 may be exposed to a BOE solution containing about 0.5 M of EA-HF solution for about 20 seconds at about 20 0 C. In another example, substrate 1700 may be exposed to a BOE solution containing about 0.5 M of DEA-HF solution for about 30 seconds at about 20 0 C.
  • BOE wet-clean processes that may be used to remove native surface 1704 are further described in commonly assigned U.S. Ser. No. 11/385,041 , filed March 20, 2006, and published as US 2007-0099806, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • substrate 1700 may be exposed to a plasma etch process or a plasma clean process remove native surface 1704 and to form exposed surface 1714 during steps 1010, 1110, 1210, 1310, 1410, 1510, 1610, and 1910.
  • other substrates may be exposed to a plasma etch process or a plasma clean process remove any native surfaces and to form an exposed surface during steps 2210, 2410, and 2610.
  • the plasma etch process may be used to remove native oxides and other contaminants formed on exposed contact surfaces prior to several processes described herein, such as an electroless deposition process. Surfaces exposed to the plasma etch process usually have an improve adhesion of subsequently deposited metal layers.
  • the plasma etch process is performed in a chamber adapted to perform a chemical etch clean and in- situ anneal on substrates.
  • the plasma etch process begins by placing a substrate into a plasma etch processing chamber.
  • the substrate may be cooled below 65°C, such as between 15°C and 50°C.
  • the substrate is maintained at a temperature of between 22°C and 40 0 C.
  • the substrate support is maintained below about 22°C to reach the desired substrate temperatures.
  • the ammonia gas and nitrogen trifluoride gas are introduced into the dry etching chamber to form a cleaning gas mixture.
  • the amount of each gas introduced into the chamber is variable and may be adjusted to accommodate, for example, the thickness of the oxide layer to be removed, the geometry of the substrate being cleaned, the volume capacity of the plasma and the volume capacity of the chamber body.
  • the gases are added to provide a gas mixture having at least a 1 :1 molar ratio of ammonia to nitrogen trifluoride.
  • the molar ratio of the gas mixture is at least about 3 to about 1 (ammonia to nitrogen trifluoride).
  • the gases are introduced in the dry etching chamber at a molar ratio of from about 1 :1 (ammonia to nitrogen trifluoride) to about 30:1 , more preferably, from about 5:1 (ammonia to nitrogen trifluoride) to about 30:1. More preferably, the molar ratio of the gas mixture is of from about 5 to 1 (ammonia to nitrogen trifluoride) to about 10 to about 1. The molar ratio of the gas mixture may also fall between about 10:1 (ammonia to nitrogen trifluoride) and about 20:1. Alternatively, a pre-mixed gas mixture of the preferred molar ratio may be used during the plasma etch process.
  • a purge gas or carrier gas may also be added to the gas mixture.
  • Any suitable purge/carrier gas may be used, such as argon, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, forming gas, or mixtures thereof.
  • the overall gas mixture by volume of ammonia and nitrogen trifluoride is within a range from about 0.05% to about 20%.
  • the remainder of the process gas may be the carrier gas.
  • the purge or carrier gas is first introduced into the chamber body before the reactive gases to stabilize the pressure within the chamber body.
  • the operating pressure within the chamber body can be variable.
  • the pressure may be maintained within a range from about 500 mTorr to about 30 Torr, preferably, from about 1 Torr to about 10 Torr, and more preferably, from about 3 Torr to about 6 Torr.
  • a RF power within a range from about 5 watts to about 600 watts may be applied to ignite a plasma of the gas mixture within the plasma cavity.
  • the RF power is less than about 100 watts. More preferable is that the frequency at which the power is applied is very low, such as less than about 100 kHz, and more preferably, within a range from about 50 kHz to about 90 kHz.
  • the plasma energy dissociates the ammonia and nitrogen trifluoride gases into reactive species that combine to form a highly reactive ammonia fluoride (NH 4 F) compound and/or ammonium hydrogen fluoride (NH 4 F-HF) which reacts with the substrate surface.
  • the carrier gas is first introduced into the dry etch chamber, a plasma of the carrier gas is generated, and then the reactive gases, ammonia and nitrogen trifluoride, are added to the plasma.
  • ammonium hexafluorosilicate (NH 4 ) 2 SiF 6 ), ammonia, and water.
  • the ammonia and water are vapors at processing conditions and removed from the chamber by a vacuum pump attached to the chamber. A thin film of ammonium hexafluorosilicate is left behind on the substrate surface.
  • the thin film of ammonium hexafluorosilicate on the substrate surface may be removed during a vacuum sublimation process.
  • the processing chamber radiates heat to dissociate or sublimate the thin film of ammonium hexafluorosilicate into volatile SiF 4 , NH 3 , and HF products. These volatile products are then removed from the chamber by the vacuum pump attached to the system.
  • a temperature of about 75°C or higher is used to effectively sublimate and remove the thin film from the substrate.
  • a temperature of about 100°C or higher is used, such a temperature within a range from about 115°C to about 200 0 C.
  • a plasma cleaning processes may be performed using a vacuum preclean chamber, such as a SICON ITM Preclean chamber and process, both available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California. Further description of a plasma-assisted dry etch chamber and plasma etch process that may be used by embodiment herein is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Ser. No. 11/063,645, filed on February 22, 2005, and published as US 2005-0230350, and U.S. Ser. No. 11/192,993, filed on July 29, 2005, and published as US 2006-0033678 which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety to the extent not inconsistent with the claimed invention.
  • substrate 1700 containing native surface 1704 may be exposed to an inert plasma process to remove contaminants, such as organic and inorganic residues and particulates while forming exposed surface 1706 during steps 1010, 1110, 1210, 1310, 1410, 1510, 1610, and 1910.
  • other substrates containing a native surface may be exposed to an inert plasma process to remove contaminants, such as organic and inorganic residues and particulates while forming an exposed surface during steps 2210, 2410, and 2610.
  • the inert plasma preclean is the Ar+ Preclean Process, available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California.
  • Substrate 1700 may be transferred into a plasma chamber, such as the CENTURA ® DPN chamber, available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California.
  • the plasma chamber is on the same cluster tool as the ALD chamber or the CVD chamber used to deposit cobalt suicide material 1720 or metallic cobalt material 1715 or 1730. Therefore, substrate 1700 may be exposed to an inert plasma process without being exposed to the ambient environment.
  • native surface 1704 is bombarded with ionic argon formed by flowing argon into the DPN chamber.
  • Gases that may be used in an inert plasma process include argon, helium, neon, xenon, or combinations thereof.
  • the inert plasma process proceeds for a time period from about 10 seconds to about 5 minutes, preferably, from about 30 seconds to about 4 minutes, and more preferably, from about 1 minute to about 3 minutes. Also, the inert plasma process is conducted at a plasma power setting within a range from about 500 watts to about 3,000 watts, preferably from about 700 watts to about 2,500 watts, and more preferably from about 900 watts to about 1 ,800 watts. Generally, the plasma process is conducted with a duty cycle of about 50% to about 100% and a pulse frequency at about 10 kHz.
  • the plasma chamber may have a pressure within a range from about 10 mTorr to about 80 mTorr.
  • the inert gas may have a flow rate within a range from about 10 standard cubic centimeters per minute (seem) to about 5 standard liters per minute (slm), preferably from about 50 seem to about 750 seem, and more preferably from about 100 seem to about 500 seem.
  • the inert plasma process is a nitrogen free argon plasma produced in a plasma chamber.
  • Figures 17C-17E illustrate substrate 1700 having cobalt-containing materials deposited and/or formed thereon, as described by embodiments herein.
  • the cobalt-containing materials include cobalt suicide material 1720, metallic cobalt material 1715, and/or metallic cobalt material 1730 and may be deposited or formed by an ALD process, a CVD process, a PVD process, an electroless deposition process, or combinations thereof.
  • process 1000 includes depositing cobalt suicide material 1720 onto substrate 1700 (step 1020) and depositing metallic cobalt material 1730 onto substrate 1700 (step 1030), as depicted in Figures 17D and 17E.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the same processing chamber, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the separate processing chambers, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber.
  • process 1100 includes depositing cobalt suicide material 1720 onto substrate 1700 (step 1120), depositing metallic cobalt material 1730 onto substrate 1700 (step 1130), and exposing substrate 1700 to an annealing process (step 1140), as depicted in Figures 17D and 17E.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited and the annealing process is conducted within the same processing chamber, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the same processing chamber and the annealing process is conducted in an annealing chamber.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the separate processing chambers, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber and the annealing process is conducted in either of the processing chambers.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the separate processing chambers, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber and the annealing process is conducted in an annealing chamber.
  • process 1200 includes depositing cobalt suicide material 1720 onto substrate 1700 (step 1220), exposing substrate 1700 to an annealing process (step 1230), and depositing metallic cobalt material 1730 onto substrate 1700 (step 1240), as depicted in Figures 17D and 17E.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited and the annealing process is conducted within the same processing chamber, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the same processing chamber and the annealing process is conducted in an annealing chamber.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the separate processing chambers, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber and the annealing process is conducted in either of the processing chambers.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the separate processing chambers, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber and the annealing process is conducted in an annealing chamber.
  • process 1300 includes depositing cobalt suicide material 1720 onto substrate 1700 (step 1320), depositing metallic cobalt material 1730 onto substrate 1700 (step 1330), as depicted in Figures 17D and 17E.
  • substrate 1700 is exposed to an annealing process (step 1360).
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited and the annealing process is conducted within the same processing chamber, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the same processing chamber and the annealing process is conducted in an annealing chamber.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the separate processing chambers, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber and the annealing process is conducted in either of the processing chambers.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the separate processing chambers, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber and the annealing process is conducted in an annealing chamber.
  • process 1400 includes depositing cobalt suicide material 1720 onto substrate 1700 (step 1420), depositing metallic cobalt material 1730 onto substrate 1700 (step 1430), as depicted in Figures 17D and 17E. Subsequently, substrate 1700 is exposed to an annealing process (step 1450).
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited and the annealing process is conducted within the same processing chamber, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the same processing chamber and the annealing process is conducted in an annealing chamber.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the separate processing chambers, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber and the annealing process is conducted in either of the processing chambers.
  • cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the separate processing chambers, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber and the annealing process is conducted in an annealing chamber.
  • process 1500 includes depositing metallic cobalt material 1715 onto substrate 1700 (step 1520) and exposed to an annealing process (step 1530) to form cobalt suicide material 1720 during a salicide process or a silicidation process, as depicted in Figures 17C and 17D.
  • metallic cobalt material 1715 may be completely consumed to form cobalt suicide material 1720 during the salicide process or the silicidation process.
  • Cobalt suicide material 1720 is formed from silicon atoms of the exposed surface 1706 and cobalt atoms of metallic cobalt material 1715.
  • metallic cobalt material 1730 may be deposited onto substrate 1700 (step 1540), as depicted in Figures 17E.
  • process 1500 includes depositing metallic cobalt material 1715 onto substrate 1700 (step 1520) and exposed to an annealing process (step 1530) to form cobalt suicide material 1720 from only a portion of metallic cobalt material 1715 during a salicide or silicidation process, as depicted in Figures 17C and 17E.
  • Metallic cobalt material 1715 is only partially consumed to form cobalt suicide material 1720 while the remaining portion stays metallic cobalt. Therefore, the remaining portion of metallic cobalt material 1715 after the salicide or silicidation process is metallic cobalt material 1730, as depicted in Figures 17E.
  • additional metallic cobalt material 1730 may be deposited onto substrate 1700 (step 1540).
  • metallic cobalt material 1715 is deposited and the annealing process is conducted within the same processing chamber, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber.
  • metallic cobalt material 1715 is deposited in a processing chamber and the annealing process is conducted in an annealing chamber.
  • metallic cobalt material 1715 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the separate processing chambers, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber and the annealing process is conducted in either of the processing chambers.
  • metallic cobalt material 1715 and metallic cobalt material 1730 are deposited in the separate processing chambers, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber and the annealing process is conducted in an annealing chamber.
  • process 1600 includes depositing metallic cobalt material 1715 onto substrate 1700 (step 1620) and exposed to an annealing process (step 1630) to form cobalt suicide material 1720 during a salicide or silicidation process, as depicted in Figures 17C and 17D.
  • metallic cobalt material 1715 may be completely consumed to form cobalt suicide material 1720 during the salicide process or the silicidation process ( Figure 17D).
  • metallic cobalt material 1715 is only partial consumed to form cobalt suicide material 1720 while the remaining portion of metallic cobalt material 1715 is depicted as metallic cobalt material 1730 (Figure 17E).
  • metallic cobalt material 1715 is deposited and the annealing process is conducted within the same processing chamber, such as an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber.
  • metallic cobalt material 1715 is deposited in a processing chamber and the annealing process is conducted in an annealing chamber.
  • process 1900 includes depositing cobalt suicide material 1720 onto substrate 1700 (step 1920), as depicted in Figure 17D.
  • Cobalt suicide material 1720 may be deposited in an ALD chamber, a CVD chamber, or a PVD chamber.
  • Figure 18 shows an integrated multi-chamber substrate processing system suitable for performing at least one embodiment of the deposition and annealing processes described herein.
  • the preclean, deposition, and annealing processes may be performed in a multi-chamber processing system or cluster tool having at least one ALD chamber, at least one CVD chamber, at least one PVD chamber, or at least one annealing chamber disposed thereon.
  • a processing platform that may be used to during processes described herein is an ENDURA ® processing platform commercially available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California.
  • Figure 18 is a schematic top view of one embodiment of a processing platform system 1835 including two transfer chambers 1848 and 1850, transfer robots 1849 and 1851 , disposed within transfer chambers 1848 and 1850 respectfully, and a plurality of processing chambers 1836, 1838, 1840, 1841 , 1842, and 1843, disposed on the two transfer chambers 1848 and 1850.
  • the first transfer chamber 1848 and the second transfer chamber 1850 are separated by pass- through chambers 1852, which may comprise cool-down or pre-heating chambers. Pass-through chambers 1852 also may be pumped down or ventilated during substrate handling when the first transfer chamber 1848 and the second transfer chamber 1850 operate at different pressures.
  • the first transfer chamber 1848 may operate at a pressure within a range from about 100 milliTorr to about 5 Torr, such as about 400 milliTorr, and the second transfer chamber 1850 may operate at a pressure within a range from about 1x10 5 Torr to about 1x10 8 Torr, such as about 1x10 7 Torr.
  • Processing platform system 1835 is automated by programming a microprocessor controller 1854. The substrates may be transferred between various chambers within processing platform system 1835 without breaking a vacuum or exposing the substrates to other external environmental conditions.
  • the first transfer chamber 1848 may be coupled with two degas chambers 1844, two load lock chambers 1846, and pass-through chambers 1852.
  • the first transfer chamber 1848 may also have reactive preclean chamber 1842 and chamber 1836, may be an ALD processing chamber or a CVD chamber.
  • the preclean chamber 1842 may be a PreClean Il chamber, commercially available from Applied Materials, Inc., of Santa Clara, California. Substrates (not shown) are loaded into processing platform system 1835 through load-lock chambers 1846. Thereafter, the substrates are sequentially degassed and cleaned in degas chambers 1844 and the preclean chamber 1842, respectively.
  • the transfer robot 1849 moves the substrate between the degas chambers 1844 and the preclean chamber 1842. The substrate may then be transferred into chamber 1836.
  • degas chambers 1844 may be used during the annealing processes described herein.
  • the second transfer chamber 1850 is coupled to a cluster of processing chambers 1838, 1840, 1841 , and 1843.
  • chambers 1838 and 1840 may be ALD chambers for depositing materials, such as cobalt suicide, metallic cobalt, or tungsten, as desired by the operator.
  • chambers 1838 and 1840 may be CVD chambers for depositing materials, such as tungsten, as desired by the operator.
  • An example of a suitable CVD chamber includes WXZTM chambers, commercially available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California.
  • the CVD chambers may be adapted to deposit materials by ALD techniques as well as by conventional CVD techniques.
  • Chambers 1841 and 1843 may be rapid thermal annealing (RTA) chambers, or rapid thermal process (RTP) chambers, that may be used to anneal substrates at low or extremely low pressures.
  • RTA rapid thermal annealing
  • RTP rapid thermal process
  • An example of an RTA chamber is a RADIANCE ® chamber, commercially available from Applied Materials, Inc., Santa Clara, California.
  • the chambers 1841 and 1843 may be WXZTM deposition chambers capable of performing high temperature CVD deposition, annealing processes, or in situ deposition and annealing processes.
  • the PVD processed substrates are moved from transfer chamber 1848 into transfer chamber 1850 via pass-through chambers 1852. Thereafter, transfer robot 1851 moves the substrates between one or more of the processing chambers 1838, 1840, 1841 , and 1843 for material deposition and annealing as required for processing.
  • RTA chambers may also be disposed on the first transfer chamber 1848 of processing platform system 1835 to provide post deposition annealing processes prior to substrate removal from processing platform system 1835 or transfer to the second transfer chamber 1850.
  • the substrate may be transferred between chambers within processing platform system 1835 without a vacuum break.
  • a plurality of vacuum pumps is disposed in fluid communication with each transfer chamber and each of the processing chambers to independently regulate pressures in the respective chambers.
  • the pumps may establish a vacuum gradient of increasing pressure across the apparatus from the load lock chamber to the processing chambers.
  • a plasma etch chamber such as a DPS ® (decoupled plasma source) chamber manufactured by Applied Materials, Inc., of Santa Clara, California, may be coupled to processing platform system 1835 or in a separate processing system for etching the substrate surface to remove excess material after a vapor deposition process, annealing the deposited cobalt-containing material, or forming a suicide during a salicide process.
  • the etch chamber may be used to remove excess cobalt material from the substrate surface.
  • Embodiments of the invention also contemplate the use of other etch processes and apparatus, such as a wet etch chamber, used in conjunction with the process and apparatus described herein.
  • substrate 1700 may initially be exposed to a degassing process for about 5 minutes or less, for example, about 1 minute, while heating substrate 1700 to a temperature within a range from about 250 0 C to about 400°C, for example, about 350 0 C.
  • the degassing process may further include maintaining the substrate in a reduced vacuum at a pressure in the range from about 1x10 7 Torr to about 1 x10 5 Torr, for example, about 5x10 6 Torr.
  • the degassing process removes volatile surface contaminants, such as water vapor, solvents or volatile organic compounds.
  • Cobalt suicide material 1720 may be formed using a CVD process, an ALD process, or combinations thereof, as described herein ( Figure 17D).
  • a single cycle of the ALD process includes sequentially exposing substrate 1700 to a cobalt precursor and a silicon precursor to form cobalt suicide material 1720. The ALD cycle is repeated until cobalt suicide material 1720 has a desired thickness.
  • the thickness for cobalt suicide material 1720 is variable depending on the device structure to be fabricated. In one embodiment, the thickness of cobalt suicide material 1720 is less than about 300 A, preferably, within a range from about 5 A to about 200 A, more preferably, from about 10 A to about 100 A, more preferably, from about 15 A to about 50 A, and more preferably, from about 25 A to about 30 A.
  • Metallic cobalt materials 1715 or 1730 may have a film thickness within a range from about 5 A to about 300 A, preferably, from about 10 A to about 100 A, more preferably, from about 20 A to about 70 A, and more preferably, from about 40 A to about 50 A, for example, about 45 A.
  • the ALD chamber or substrate 1700 may be heated to a temperature of less than about 500 0 C, preferably within a range from about 100°C to about 450 0 C, and more preferably, from about 150 0 C to about 400 0 C, for example, about 300°C.
  • the relatively low deposition temperature is highly advantageous since as mentioned previously, the risk of device damage, particularly where low-k materials are employed, rises significantly as temperatures are above about 400°C.
  • Embodiments of the invention provide a method to deposit cobalt- containing materials on a substrate by various vapor deposition processes, such as ALD, plasma-enhanced ALD (PE-ALD), CVD, and plasma-enhanced CVD (PE- CVD).
  • the plasma-enhanced processes may generate a plasma in situ or by a remote plasma source (RPS).
  • Cobalt-containing materials include cobalt suicide material 1720 and metallic cobalt materials 1715 and 1730, as described herein.
  • the cobalt-containing material is deposited on a substrate by sequentially exposing the substrate to a reagent and a cobalt precursor during an ALD process.
  • a silicon precursor is used as the reagent to form cobalt suicide material 1720 as a cobalt-containing material.
  • at least one reducing agent is used as the reagent to form metallic cobalt materials 1715 and 1730 as a cobalt-containing material.
  • a cobalt-containing material may be formed during a PE-ALD process containing a constant flow of a reagent gas while providing sequential pulses of a cobalt precursor and a plasma.
  • a cobalt-containing material may be formed during another PE-ALD process that provides sequential pulses of a cobalt precursor and a reagent plasma.
  • the reagent is generally ionized during the process.
  • the PE-ALD process provides that the plasma may be generated external from the processing chamber, such as by a RPS system, or preferably, the plasma may be generated in situ a plasma capable ALD processing chamber.
  • a plasma may be generated from a microwave (MW) frequency generator or a radio frequency (RF) generator.
  • MW microwave
  • RF radio frequency
  • an in situ plasma is generated by a RF generator.
  • a cobalt-containing material may be formed during a thermal ALD process that provides sequential pulses of a cobalt precursor and a reagent.
  • An ALD processing chamber used during embodiments described herein is available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California. A detailed description of an ALD processing chamber may be found in commonly assigned U.S. Patent Nos. 6,916,398 and 6,878,206, commonly assigned U.S. Ser. No. 10/281 ,079, filed on October 25, 2002, and published as U.S. Pub. No. 2003- 0121608, and commonly assigned U.S. Ser. Nos. 11/556,745, 11/556,752, 11/556,756, 11/556,758, 11/556,763, each filed November 6, 2006, and published as U.S. Pub. Nos.
  • a chamber configured to operate in both an ALD mode as well as a conventional CVD mode may be used to deposit cobalt-containing materials is described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,204,886, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • a detailed description of an ALD process for forming cobalt-containing materials is further disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Ser. No. 10/443,648, filed on May 22, 2003, and published as U.S. Pub. No. 2005- 0220998, and commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No.
  • a chamber configured to operate in both an ALD mode as well as a conventional CVD mode that may be used to deposit cobalt-containing materials is the TXZ ® showerhead and CVD chamber available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California.
  • the processing chamber may be pressurized during the ALD process at a pressure within a range from about 0.1 Torr to about 80 Torr, preferably from about 0.5 Torr to about 10 Torr, and more preferably, from about 1 Torr to about 5 Torr.
  • the chamber or the substrate may be heated to a temperature of less than about 500 0 C, preferably within a range from about 100 0 C to about 450 0 C, and more preferably, from about 150°C to about 400 0 C, for example, about 300°C.
  • a plasma is ignited within the processing chamber for an in situ plasma process, or alternative, may be formed by an external source, such as a RPS system.
  • a plasma may be generated a MW generator, but preferably by a RF generator.
  • the RF generator may be set at a frequency within a range from about 100 kHz to about 60 MHz.
  • a RF generator, with a frequency of 13.56 MHz may be set to have a power output within a range from about 100 watts to about 1 ,000 watts, preferably, from about 250 watts to about 600 watts, and more preferably, from about 300 watts to about 500 watts.
  • a RF generator with a frequency of about 350 kHz, may be set to have a power output within a range from about 200 watts to about 2,000 watts, preferably, from about 500 watts to about 1 ,500 watts.
  • a surface of substrate may be exposed to a plasma having a power per surface area value within a range from about 0.01 watts/cm 2 to about 10.0 watts/cm 2 , preferably, from about 0.05 watts/cm 2 to about 6.0 watts/cm 2 .
  • the substrate may be for example, a silicon substrate having an interconnect pattern defined in one or more dielectric material layers formed thereon.
  • the substrate contains a dielectric surface.
  • the processing chamber conditions such as, the temperature and pressure, are adjusted to enhance the adsorption of the process gases on the substrate so as to facilitate the reaction of the pyrrolyl cobalt precursors and the reagent gas.
  • the substrate may be exposed to a reagent gas throughout the whole ALD cycle.
  • the substrate may be exposed to a cobalt precursor gas formed by passing a carrier gas (e.g., nitrogen or argon) through an ampoule of a cobalt precursor.
  • a carrier gas e.g., nitrogen or argon
  • the ampoule may be heated depending on the cobalt precursor used during the process.
  • an ampoule containing a cobalt carbonyl compound e.g., (CO) x Co y L z - where X, Y, Z, and L are described herein
  • a cobalt carbonyl compound e.g., (CO) x Co y L z - where X, Y, Z, and L are described herein
  • an amido cobalt compound e.g., (RR 1 N) x Co
  • the cobalt precursor gas usually has a flow rate within a range from about 100 seem to about 2,000 seem, preferably, from about 200 seem to about 1 ,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 300 seem to about 700 seem, for example, about 500 seem.
  • the cobalt precursor gas and the reagent gas may be combined to form a deposition gas.
  • a reagent gas usually has a flow rate within a range from about 100 seem to about 3,000 seem, preferably, from about 200 seem to about 2,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 500 seem to about 1 ,500 seem.
  • silane is used as a reagent gas with a flow rate of about 1 ,500 seem.
  • the substrate may be exposed to the cobalt precursor gas or the deposition gas containing the cobalt precursor and the reagent gas for a time period within a range from about 0.1 seconds to about 8 seconds, preferably, from about 1 second to about 5 seconds, and more preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 4 seconds.
  • the flow of the cobalt precursor gas may be stopped once the cobalt precursor is adsorbed on the substrate.
  • the cobalt precursor may be a discontinuous layer, continuous layer or even multiple layers.
  • the substrate and chamber may be exposed to a purge step after stopping the flow of the cobalt precursor gas.
  • the flow rate of the reagent gas may be maintained or adjusted from the previous step during the purge step.
  • the flow of the reagent gas is maintained from the previous step.
  • a purge gas may be administered into the processing chamber with a flow rate within a range from about 100 seem to about 2,000 seem, preferably, from about 200 seem to about 1 ,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 300 seem to about 700 seem, for example, about 500 seem.
  • the purge step removes any excess cobalt precursor and other contaminants within the processing chamber.
  • the purge step may be conducted for a time period within a range from about 0.1 seconds to about 8 seconds, preferably, from about 1 second to about 5 seconds, and more preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 4 seconds.
  • the carrier gas, the purge gas and the process gas may contain nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, neon, helium, or combinations thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the carrier gas contains nitrogen.
  • the flow of the reagent gas may be maintained or adjusted before igniting a plasma.
  • the substrate may be exposed to the plasma for a time period within a range from about 0.1 seconds to about 20 seconds, preferably, from about 1 second to about 10 seconds, and more preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 8 seconds.
  • the plasma power was turned off.
  • the reagent may be silane, nitrogen, hydrogen or a combination thereof to form a silane plasma, a nitrogen plasma, a hydrogen plasma, or a combined plasma.
  • the reactant plasma reacts with the adsorbed cobalt precursor on the substrate to form a cobalt-containing material thereon.
  • a reactant plasma e.g., hydrogen
  • a reactant plasma e.g., hydrogen
  • a variety of reactants may be used to form cobalt-containing materials having a wide range of compositions.
  • a boron-containing reactant compound e.g., diborane
  • a silicon precursor ⁇ e.g., silane or disilane
  • the processing chamber was exposed to a second purge step to remove excess precursors or contaminants from the previous step.
  • the flow rate of the reagent gas may be maintained or adjusted from the previous step during the purge step.
  • An optional purge gas may be administered into the processing chamber with a flow rate within a range from about 100 seem to about 2,000 seem, preferably, from about 200 seem to about 1 ,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 300 seem to about 700 seem, for example, about 500 seem.
  • the second purge step may be conducted for a time period within a range from about 0.1 seconds to about 8 seconds, preferably, from about 1 second to about 5 seconds, and more preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 4 seconds.
  • the ALD cycle may be repeated until a predetermined thickness of the cobalt-containing material is deposited on the substrate.
  • a cobalt suicide layer has a thickness of about 5 A and a metallic cobalt layer has a thickness of about 10 A.
  • a cobalt suicide layer has a thickness of about 30 A and a metallic cobalt layer has a thickness of about 50 A.
  • the processes as described herein may deposit a cobalt-containing material at a rate of at least 0.15 A/cycle, preferably, at least 0.25 A/cycle, more preferably, at least 0.35 A/cycle or faster.
  • the processes as described herein overcome shortcomings of the prior art relative as related to nucleation delay.
  • a cobalt-containing material may be formed during another PE-ALD process that provides sequentially exposing the substrate to pulses of a cobalt precursor and an active reagent, such as a reagent plasma.
  • the substrate may be exposed to a cobalt precursor gas formed by passing a carrier gas through an ampoule containing a cobalt precursor, as described herein.
  • the cobalt precursor gas usually has a flow rate within a range from about 100 seem to about 2,000 seem, preferably, from about 200 seem to about 1 ,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 300 seem to about 700 seem, for example, about 500 seem.
  • the substrate may be exposed to the deposition gas containing the cobalt precursor and the reagent gas for a time period within a range from about 0.1 seconds to about 8 seconds, preferably, from about 1 second to about 5 seconds, and more preferably from about 2 seconds to about 4 seconds.
  • the flow of the cobalt precursor gas may be stopped once the cobalt precursor is adsorbed on the substrate.
  • the cobalt precursor may be a discontinuous layer, continuous layer or even multiple layers.
  • a purge gas may be administered into the processing chamber during the purge step.
  • the purge gas is the reagent gas, such as ammonia, nitrogen or hydrogen.
  • the purge gas may be a different gas than the reagent gas.
  • the reagent gas may be ammonia and the purge gas may be nitrogen, hydrogen or argon.
  • the purge gas may have a flow rate within a range from about 100 seem to about 2,000 seem, preferably, from about 200 seem to about 1 ,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 300 seem to about 700 seem, for example, about 500 seem.
  • the purge step removes any excess cobalt precursor and other contaminants within the processing chamber.
  • the purge step may be conducted for a time period within a range from about 0.1 seconds to about 8 seconds, preferably, from about 1 second to about 5 seconds, and more preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 4 seconds.
  • a carrier gas, a purge gas and a process gas may contain nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, neon, helium, or combinations thereof.
  • the substrate and the adsorbed cobalt precursor thereon may be exposed to the reagent gas during the next step of the ALD process.
  • a carrier gas may be administered at the same time as the reagent gas into the processing chamber.
  • the reagent gas may be ignited to form a plasma.
  • the reagent gas usually has a flow rate within a range from about 100 seem to about 3,000 seem, preferably, from about 200 seem to about 2,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 500 seem to about 1,500 seem.
  • silane is used as a reagent gas with a flow rate of about 1 ,500 seem.
  • the substrate may be exposed to the plasma for a time period within a range from about 0.1 seconds to about 20 seconds, preferably, from about 1 second to about 10 seconds, and more preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 8 seconds. Thereafter, the plasma power may be turned off.
  • the reagent may be silane, disilane, nitrogen, hydrogen, or combinations thereof, while the plasma may be a silane plasma, a nitrogen plasma, a hydrogen plasma, or combinations thereof.
  • the reactant plasma reacts with the adsorbed cobalt precursor on the substrate to form a cobalt- containing material thereon.
  • the reactant plasma is used to form cobalt suicide and metallic cobalt materials.
  • a variety of reactants may be used to form cobalt-containing materials having a wide range of compositions, as described herein.
  • the processing chamber may be exposed to a second purge step to remove excess precursors or contaminants from the processing chamber.
  • the flow of the reagent gas may have been stopped at the end of the previous step and started during the purge step, if the reagent gas is used as a purge gas.
  • a purge gas that is different than the reagent gas may be administered into the processing chamber.
  • the reagent gas or purge gas may have a flow rate within a range from about 100 seem to about 2,000 seem, preferably, from about 200 seem to about 1 ,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 300 seem to about 700 seem, for example, about 500 seem.
  • the second purge step may be conducted for a time period within a range from about 0.1 seconds to about 8 seconds, preferably, from about 1 second to about 5 seconds, and more preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 4 seconds.
  • the ALD cycle may be repeated until a predetermined thickness of the cobalt-containing material is deposited on the substrate.
  • the cobalt-containing material may be deposited with a thickness less than 1 ,000 A, preferably less than 500 A and more preferably from about 10 A to about 100 A, for example, about 30 A.
  • the processes as described herein may deposit a cobalt-containing material at a rate of at least 0.15 A/cycle, preferably, at least 0.25 A/cycle, more preferably, at least 0.35 A/cycle or faster.
  • the processes as described herein overcome shortcomings of the prior art relative as related to nucleation delay. There is no detectable nucleation delay during many, if not most, of the experiments to deposit the cobalt-containing materials.
  • An important precursor characteristic is to have a favorable vapor pressure.
  • Deposition precursors may have gas, liquid or solid states at ambient temperature and pressure. However, within the CVD or ALD chamber, precursors are usually volatilized as gas or plasma. Precursors are usually heated prior to delivery into the processing chamber. Although many variables affect the deposition rate during a CVD process or an ALD process to form cobalt-containing material, the size of the ligand on a cobalt precursor is an important consideration in order to achieve a predetermined deposition rate. The size of the ligand does contribute to determining the specific temperature and pressure required to vaporize the cobalt precursor.
  • a cobalt precursor has a particular ligand steric hindrance proportional to the size of the ligands.
  • larger ligands provide more steric hindrance. Therefore, less molecules of a precursor more bulky ligands may be adsorbed on a surface during the half reaction while exposing the substrate to the precursor than if the precursor contained less bulky ligands.
  • the steric hindrance effect limits the amount of adsorbed precursors on the surface. Therefore, a monolayer of a cobalt precursor may be formed to contain a more molecularly concentrated by decreasing the steric hindrance of the ligand(s).
  • the overall deposition rate is proportionally related to the amount of adsorbed precursor on the surface, since an increased deposition rate is usually achieved by having more of the precursor adsorbed to the surface.
  • Ligands that contain smaller functional groups e.g., hydrogen or methyl
  • ligands that contain larger functional groups e.g., aryl
  • the position on the ligand motif may affect the steric hindrance of the precursor.
  • the cobalt precursor and the reagent may be sequentially introduced into the processing chamber during a thermal ALD process or a PE-ALD process.
  • the cobalt precursor and the reagent may be simultaneously introduced into the processing chamber during a thermal CVD process, pulsed CVD process, a PE-CVD process, or a pulsed PE- CVD process.
  • the cobalt precursor may be introduced into the processing chamber without a reagent and during a thermal CVD process, pulsed CVD process, a PE-CVD process, or a pulsed PE-CVD process.
  • the substrate may be exposed to a deposition gas containing at least a cobalt precursor gas and a silicon precursor to form a cobalt suicide material during a CVD process, a PE-CVD process, or a pulsed PE-CVD process.
  • the substrate may be exposed to a cobalt precursor gas formed by passing a carrier gas ⁇ e.g., nitrogen or argon) through an ampoule of a cobalt precursor.
  • a silicon precursor gas may be formed by passing a carrier gas through an ampoule of a silicon precursor. The ampoule may be heated depending on the cobalt and silicon precursors used during the process.
  • an ampoule containing a cobalt carbonyl compound e.g., (CO) x Co y L z ) or an amido cobalt compound ⁇ e.g., (R 2 N) x Co
  • a cobalt carbonyl compound e.g., (CO) x Co y L z
  • the cobalt precursor gas usually has a flow rate within a range from about 100 seem to about 2,000 seem, preferably, from about 200 seem to about 1 ,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 300 seem to about 700 seem, for example, about 500 seem.
  • the cobalt precursor gas and the silicon precursor gas are combined to form a deposition gas.
  • the silicon precursor gas ⁇ e.g., SiH 4 or Si 2 H 6 ) usually has a flow rate within a range from about 100 seem to about 3,000 seem, preferably, from about 200 seem to about 2,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 500 seem to about 1 ,500 seem.
  • silane is used as a silicon precursor with a flow rate of about 1 ,500 seem.
  • disilane is used as a silicon precursor with a flow rate of about 1 ,200 seem.
  • the substrate may be exposed to the deposition gas containing the cobalt precursor gas and the silicon precursor gas for a time period within a range from about 0.1 seconds to about 120 seconds, preferably, from about 1 second to about 60 seconds, and more preferably, from about 5 seconds to about 30 seconds.
  • the process may be plasma-enhanced by igniting a plasma during the deposition process.
  • the plasma source may be an in situ plasma source within the CVD chamber or a RPS positioned outside of the CVD chamber.
  • the process gas containing the cobalt precursor gas and the silicon precursor gas may be pulsed sequentially with or without a purge gas into the CVD chamber during a pulsed CVD process.
  • the substrate is heated to a predetermined temperature and the precursors react to form a cobalt suicide material during a thermal CVD process.
  • a plasma may remain ignited while the process gas is pulsed into the processing chamber and the substrate is exposed to pulses of the process gas.
  • the ignition of the plasma may be pulsed while the process gas maintains a steady gas into the processing chamber and the substrate is exposed to the flow of the process gas.
  • the substrate may be simultaneously exposed to a cobalt precursor gas and a reducing agent to form a metallic cobalt material during a CVD process, a PE-CVD process, or a pulsed PE-CVD process.
  • the substrate may be exposed to a cobalt precursor gas formed by passing a carrier gas (e.g., nitrogen or argon) through an ampoule of a cobalt precursor.
  • a carrier gas e.g., nitrogen or argon
  • a reducing agent gas may be formed by passing a carrier gas through an ampoule of a reducing agent. The ampoule may be heated depending on the cobalt and reducing agents used during the process.
  • an ampoule containing a cobalt carbonyl compound (e.g., (CO) x Co y L z ) or an amido cobalt compound (e.g., (R 2 N) x Co) may be heated to a temperature within a range from about 30 0 C to about 500 0 C.
  • the cobalt precursor gas usually has a flow rate within a range from about 100 seem to about 2,000 seem, preferably, from about 200 seem to about 1 ,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 300 seem to about 700 seem, for example, about 500 seem.
  • the cobalt precursor gas and the reducing agent gas are combined to form a deposition gas.
  • the reducing agent gas usually has a flow rate within a range from about 100 seem to about 3,000 seem, preferably, from about 200 seem to about 2,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 500 seem to about 1 ,500 seem.
  • hydrogen is used as a reducing agent with a flow rate of about 2,000 seem.
  • diborane is used as a reducing agent with a flow rate of about 800 seem.
  • the substrate may be exposed to the deposition gas containing the cobalt precursor gas and the reducing agent gas for a time period within a range from about 0.1 seconds to about 120 seconds, preferably, from about 1 second to about 60 seconds, and more preferably, from about 5 seconds to about 30 seconds.
  • the process may be plasma-enhanced by igniting a plasma during the deposition process.
  • the plasma source may be an in situ plasma source within the CVD chamber or a RPS positioned outside of the CVD chamber.
  • the process gas containing the cobalt precursor gas and the reducing agent gas may be pulsed sequentially with or without a purge gas into the CVD chamber during a pulsed CVD process.
  • the substrate is heated to a predetermined temperature and the precursors react to form a metallic cobalt material during a thermal CVD process.
  • a plasma may remain ignited while the process gas is pulsed into the processing chamber and the substrate is exposed to pulses of the process gas.
  • the ignition of the plasma may be pulsed while the process gas maintains a steady gas into the processing chamber and the substrate is exposed to the flow of the process gas.
  • a cobalt suicide material is deposited on a silicon- containing substrate surface during a vapor deposition process and a metallic cobalt material is deposited thereon by another vapor deposition process.
  • the cobalt suicide material and the metallic cobalt material are deposited within the same CVD chamber.
  • the cobalt suicide layer is deposited by co-flowing a cobalt precursor and a silicon precursor during a CVD process. Thereafter, the flow of silicon precursor into the CVD chamber is stopped while the flow of the cobalt precursor is continued and a metallic cobalt material is deposited on the cobalt suicide material.
  • a reductant or reducing agent, such as hydrogen, may be co- flowed with the cobalt precursor.
  • the cobalt precursor may be reduced by a thermal decomposition process or a plasma process during the CVD process.
  • Suitable cobalt precursors for forming cobalt-containing materials ⁇ e.g., cobalt suicide or metallic cobalt) by deposition processes ⁇ e.g., CVD or ALD) described herein include cobalt carbonyl complexes, cobalt amidinates compounds, cobaltocene compounds, cobalt dienyl complexes, cobalt nitrosyl complexes, derivatives thereof, complexes thereof, plasma thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • cobalt carbonyl compounds or complexes may be utilized as cobalt precursors.
  • Cobalt carbonyl compounds or complexes have the general chemical formula (CO) x Co y L z , where X may be 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , or 12, Y may be 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5, and Z may be 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8.
  • the group L is absent, one ligand or multiple ligands, that may be the same ligand or different ligands, and include cyclopentadienyl, alkylcyclopentadienyl ⁇ e.g., methylcyclopentadienyl or pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), pentadienyl, alkylpentadienyl, cyclobutadienyl, butadienyl, ethylene, allyl (or propylene), alkenes, dialkenes, alkynes, acetylene, bytylacetylene, nitrosyl, ammonia, derivatives thereof, complexes thereof, plasma thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • cyclopentadienyl alkylcyclopentadienyl ⁇ e.g., methylcyclopentadienyl or pentamethylcyclopentadienyl
  • pentadienyl alkylpent
  • cobalt amidinates or cobalt amido complexes may be utilized as cobalt precursors.
  • Cobalt amido complexes have the general chemical formula (RR 1 N) x Co, where X may be 1 , 2, or 3, and R and R' are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, alkyl, silyl, alkylsilyl, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • Some exemplary cobalt amido complexes include bis(di(butyldimethylsilyl)amido) cobalt (((BuMe 2 Si) 2 N) 2 Co), bis(di(ethyldimethylsilyl)amido) cobalt (((EtMe 2 Si) 2 N) 2 Co), bis(di(propyldimethylsilyl)amido) cobalt (((PrMe 2 Si) 2 N) 2 Co), bis(di(trimethylsilyl)amido) cobalt (((Me 3 Si) 2 N) 2 Co), tris(di(trimethylsilyl)amido) cobalt (((Me 3 Si) 2 N) 3 Co), derivatives thereof, complexes thereof, plasma thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • cobalt precursors include methylcyclopentadienyl cobalt bis(carbonyl) (MeCpCo(CO)2), ethylcyclopentadienyl cobalt bis(carbonyl) (EtCpCo(CO) 2 ), pentamethylcyclopentadienyl cobalt bis(carbonyl) (Me 5 CpCo(CO)2), dicobalt octa(carbonyl) (Co 2 (CO) 8 ), nitrosyl cobalt tris(carbonyl) ((ON)Co(CO) 3 ), bis(cyclopentadienyl) cobalt, (cyclopentadienyl) cobalt (cyclohexadienyl), cyclopentadienyl cobalt (1 ,3-hexadienyl), (cyclobutadienyl) cobalt (cyclopentadienyl), bis(methylcyclopentadien
  • Suitable silicon precursors for forming cobalt-containing materials include silane (SiH 4 ), disilane (Si 2 H 6 ), trisilane (Si 3 H 8 ), tetrasilane (Si 4 H 10 ), dimethylsilane (SiC 2 H 8 ), methyl silane (SiCH 6 ), ethylsilane (SiC 2 H 8 ), chlorosilane (CISiH 3 ), dichlorosilane (CI 2 SiH 2 ), tetrachlorosilane (CI 4 Si), hexachlorodisilane (Si 2 CI 6 ), plasmas thereof, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • silane SiH 4
  • disilane Si 2 H 6
  • trisilane Si 3 H 8
  • tetrasilane Si 4 H 10
  • dimethylsilane SiC 2 H 8
  • methyl silane SiCH 6
  • ethylsilane SiC 2 H 8
  • Suitable reagents that are useful to form cobalt-containing materials ⁇ e.g., cobalt suicide or metallic cobalt) by processes described herein include hydrogen ⁇ e.g., H 2 or atomic-H), atomic-N, ammonia (NH 3 ), hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ), borane (BH 3 ), diborane (B 2 H 6 ), triborane, tetraborane, pentaborane, triethylborane (Et 3 B), phosphine (PH 3 ), derivatives thereof, plasmas thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • hydrogen ⁇ e.g., H 2 or atomic-H), atomic-N, ammonia (NH 3 ), hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ), borane (BH 3 ), diborane (B 2 H 6 ), triborane, tetraborane, pentaborane, triethylborane (Et 3 B), phosphin
  • the time interval for the pulse of the cobalt precursor is variable depending upon a number of factors such as, for example, the volume capacity of the processing chamber employed, the vacuum system coupled thereto and the volatility/reactivity of the reactants used during the ALD process. For example, (1) a large-volume processing chamber may lead to a longer time to stabilize the process conditions such as, for example, carrier/purge gas flow and temperature, requiring a longer pulse time; (2) a lower flow rate for the process gas may also lead to a longer time to stabilize the process conditions requiring a longer pulse time; and (3) a lower chamber pressure means that the process gas is evacuated from the processing chamber more quickly requiring a longer pulse time.
  • the process conditions are advantageously selected so that a pulse of the cobalt precursor provides a sufficient amount of precursor so that at least a monolayer of the cobalt precursor is adsorbed on the substrate. Thereafter, excess cobalt precursor remaining in the chamber may be removed from the processing chamber by the constant carrier gas stream in combination with the vacuum system.
  • the time interval for each of the pulses of the cobalt precursor and the reagent gas may have the same duration. That is, the duration of the pulse of the cobalt precursor may be identical to the duration of the pulse of the reagent gas.
  • a time interval (T 1 ) for the pulse of the cobalt precursor is equal to a time interval (T 2 ) for the pulse of the reagent gas.
  • the time interval for each of the pulses of the cobalt precursor and the reagent gas may have different durations. That is, the duration of the pulse of the cobalt precursor may be shorter or longer than the duration of the pulse of the reagent gas.
  • a time interval (T 1 ) for the pulse of the cobalt precursor is different than the time interval (T 2 ) for the pulse of the reagent gas.
  • the periods of non-pulsing between each of the pulses of the cobalt precursor and the reagent gas may have the same duration. That is, the duration of the period of non-pulsing between each pulse of the cobalt precursor and each pulse of the reagent gas is identical.
  • a time interval (T 3 ) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the cobalt precursor and the pulse of the reagent gas is equal to a time interval (T 4 ) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the reagent gas and the pulse of the cobalt precursor.
  • the periods of non-pulsing between each of the pulses of the cobalt precursor and the reagent gas may have different duration. That is, the duration of the period of non-pulsing between each pulse of the cobalt precursor and each pulse of the reagent gas may be shorter or longer than the duration of the period of non-pulsing between each pulse of the reagent gas and the cobalt precursor.
  • a time interval (T 3 ) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the cobalt precursor and the pulse of the reagent gas is different from a time interval (T 4 ) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the reagent gas and the pulse of cobalt precursor.
  • the time intervals for each pulse of the cobalt precursor, the reagent gas and the periods of non-pulsing therebetween for each deposition cycle may have the same duration.
  • a time interval (Ti) for the cobalt precursor, a time interval (T 2 ) for the reagent gas, a time interval (T 3 ) of non- pulsing between the pulse of the cobalt precursor and the pulse of the reagent gas and a time interval (T 4 ) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the reagent gas and the pulse of the cobalt precursor each have the same value for each deposition cycle.
  • a time interval (T 1 ) for the pulse of the cobalt precursor has the same duration as the time interval (T 1 ) for the pulse of the cobalt precursor in subsequent deposition cycles (C 2 ... C n ).
  • the duration of each pulse of the reagent gas and the periods of non-pulsing between the pulse of the cobalt precursor and the reagent gas in the first deposition cycle (Ci) is the same as the duration of each pulse of the reagent gas and the periods of non- pulsing between the pulse of the cobalt precursor and the reagent gas in subsequent deposition cycles (C 2 ...C n ), respectively.
  • the time intervals for at least one pulse of the cobalt precursor, the reagent gas and the periods of non-pulsing therebetween for one or more of the deposition cycles of the cobalt-containing material deposition process may have different durations.
  • one or more of the time intervals (T 1 ) for the pulses of the cobalt precursor, the time intervals (T 2 ) for the pulses of the reagent gas, the time intervals (T 3 ) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the cobalt precursor and the reagent gas and the time intervals (T 4 ) of non-pulsing between the pulses of the reagent gas and the cobalt precursor may have different values for one or more deposition cycles of the cyclical deposition process.
  • the time interval (T 1 ) for the pulse of the cobalt precursor may be longer or shorter than one or more time interval (Ti) for the pulse of the cobalt precursor in subsequent deposition cycles (C 2 ... C n ).
  • the durations of the pulses of the reagent gas and the periods of non-pulsing between the pulse of the cobalt precursor and the reagent gas in the first deposition cycle (C 1 ) may be the same or different than the duration of each pulse of the reagent gas and the periods of non-pulsing between the pulse of the cobalt precursor and the reagent gas in subsequent deposition cycles (C- 2 ...C n ).
  • a constant flow of a carrier gas or a purge gas may be provided to the processing chamber modulated by alternating periods of pulsing and non-pulsing where the periods of pulsing alternate between the cobalt precursor and the reagent gas along with the carrier/purge gas stream, while the periods of non-pulsing include only the carrier/purge gas stream.
  • cobalt-containing materials may be formed by a cyclic process that sequentially exposes a substrate to a deposition process and a plasma treatment process.
  • a soak process and purge steps may also be included in cyclic process.
  • a single cycle of the cyclic process may include exposing the substrate to a deposition gas, purging the processing chamber, exposing the substrate to a plasma treatment, optionally purging the processing chamber, exposing the substrate to a soak process, and purging the processing chamber.
  • a single cycle of the cyclic process may include exposing the substrate to a deposition gas, purging the processing chamber, exposing the substrate to a plasma treatment, and purging the processing chamber. The cycle process may be stopped after one cycle, but usually is conducted multiple times until a predetermined thickness of the cobalt-containing material is deposited on the substrate.
  • FIG. 20 depicts a flow-chart of process 2000 which may be used to form cobalt-containing materials, such as a cobalt suicide material.
  • process 2000 includes exposing a substrate to a deposition gas to form a cobalt suicide material (step 2010), purging the deposition chamber (step 2020), exposing the substrate to a plasma treatment process (step 2030), optionally purging the deposition chamber (step 2040), exposing the substrate to a soak process (step 2050), purging the deposition chamber (step 2060), and determining if a predetermined thickness of the cobalt suicide material has been formed on the substrate (step 2070).
  • the cycle of steps 2010-2070 may be repeated if the cobalt suicide material has not been formed having the predetermined thickness. Alternately, process 2000 may be stopped once the cobalt suicide material has been formed having the predetermined thickness.
  • FIG. 21 depicts a flow-chart of process 2100 which may be used to form cobalt-containing materials, such as a metallic cobalt material.
  • process 2100 includes exposing a substrate to a deposition gas to form a metallic cobalt material (step 2110), purging the deposition chamber (step 2120), exposing the substrate to a plasma treatment process (step 2130), purging the deposition chamber (step 2140), and determining if a predetermined thickness of the metallic cobalt material has been formed on the substrate (step 2150). The cycle of steps 2110-2150 may be repeated if the metallic cobalt material has not been formed having the predetermined thickness. Alternately, process 2100 may be stopped once the metallic cobalt material has been formed having the predetermined thickness.
  • FIG. 22 depicts a flow-chart of process 2200 which may be used to form cobalt-containing materials, such as a cobalt suicide material.
  • process 2200 includes optionally exposing a substrate to a pre-treatment process (2210), exposing a substrate to a silicon-containing reducing gas (step 2220), exposing the substrate to a hydrogen plasma and the silicon-containing reducing gas (step 2230), exposing the substrate to the silicon-containing reducing gas without the plasma (step 2240), exposing the substrate to a cobalt precursor and the silicon-containing reducing gas (step 2250), and determining if a predetermined thickness of the cobalt suicide material has been formed on the substrate (step 2260).
  • steps 2210-2260 may be repeated if the cobalt suicide material has not been formed having the predetermined thickness. Alternately, process 2200 may be stopped once the cobalt suicide material has been formed having the predetermined thickness.
  • the substrate may be optionally exposed to a post-treatment, such as a thermal annealing process or a plasma process, during step 2270.
  • the silicon-containing reducing gas may be continuously flowed into the processing chamber while the hydrogen plasma and the cobalt precursor are sequentially pulsed into the processing chamber.
  • Figure 23 shows a graph of the timing sequences for various chemical species or chemical precursors during a cobalt suicide deposition process, such as process 2200.
  • the silicon-containing reducing gas which contains a silicon precursor and may contain a carrier gas ⁇ e.g., H 2 or Ar), is shown to remain on during the time period from the initial time (t 0 ) of the deposition cycle to the final time (t 4 ) of the first deposition cycle and to the final time (t 8 ) of the second deposition cycle.
  • the silicon-containing reducing gas may be used as a purge gas as well as a soak gas. While the substrate is exposed to the silicon-containing reducing gas, a hydrogen plasma and a cobalt precursor are sequentially pulsed into the processing chamber and exposed to the substrate. For example, the substrate is exposed to only the silicon-containing reducing gas between t o -ti, t 2 -t 3 , t 4 -t 5 , and t 6 -t7, exposed to a hydrogen plasma between t- ⁇ -t 2 and t 5 -t 6 , and exposed to a cobalt precursor between t 3 -t 4 and t 7 -t 8 .
  • the substrate may be exposed to the silicon-containing reducing gas during the time ranges of t o -ti, t 2 -t 3 , t 4 -t 5 , or t 6 -t 7 , where each of the time ranges may last for a time period within a range from about 0.5 seconds to about 10 seconds, preferably, from about 1 second to about 5 seconds, and more preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 4 seconds.
  • the substrate may be exposed to the hydrogen plasma during the time ranges of X ⁇ -X 2 or t 5 -t 6 , where each of the time ranges may last for a time period within a range from about 0.5 seconds to about 10 seconds, preferably, from about 1 second to about 5 seconds, and more preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 3 seconds.
  • the substrate may be exposed to the cobalt precursor during the time ranges of between t 3 -t 4 and t 7 -t 8 , where each of the time ranges may last for a time period within a range from about 0.5 seconds to about 10 seconds, preferably, from about 1 second to about 5 seconds, and more preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 3 seconds.
  • a method for forming a cobalt-containing material on a substrate includes heating a substrate to a predetermined temperature within a processing chamber, forming a cobalt suicide material on the substrate by conducting a deposition cycle to deposit a cobalt suicide layer, and repeating the deposition cycle to form a plurality of the cobalt suicide layers.
  • the deposition cycle includes exposing the substrate to a silicon-containing reducing gas while sequentially exposing the substrate to a cobalt precursor and a plasma.
  • the deposition cycle includes exposing the substrate to a gas flow comprising a silicon-containing reducing gas, and exposing the substrate sequentially to a cobalt precursor and a plasma, wherein the cobalt precursor is added into the gas flow comprising the silicon-containing reducing gas while alternately igniting the plasma.
  • the deposition cycle includes exposing the substrate to a silicon-containing reducing gas, igniting a plasma and exposing the substrate to the plasma and the silicon-containing reducing gas, extinguishing the plasma and exposing the substrate to the silicon-containing reducing gas, exposing the substrate to a cobalt precursor and the silicon-containing reducing gas and ceasing the exposure of the cobalt precursor and exposing the substrate to a silicon-containing reducing gas.
  • the substrate may be exposed to the silicon-containing reducing gas and the cobalt precursor during a first time period (t 3 -t 4 or tyts) within a range from about 1 second to about 10 seconds, preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 5 seconds.
  • the substrate may be exposed to the silicon-containing reducing gas and the plasma during a second time period (trt 2 or t 5 -t 6 ) within a range from about 1 second to about 10 seconds, preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 5 seconds.
  • the substrate may be exposed to the silicon-containing reducing gas after the cobalt precursor exposure and prior to the plasma exposure during a third time period (t o -ti or t 4 -t 5 ) within a range from about 1 second to about 10 seconds, preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 4 seconds. Also, the substrate may be exposed to the silicon-containing reducing gas after the plasma exposure and prior to the cobalt precursor exposure during a fourth time period (t 2 -t 3 or t 6 -t 7 ) within a range from about 1 second to about 10 seconds, preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 4 seconds.
  • Figures 25A-25B depict schematic cross- sectional views of substrate 2500 during different stages of a cobalt suicide deposition process, as described by embodiments herein.
  • Substrate 2500 contains multiple cobalt suicide layers 2520 and silyl layers 2530 alternately stacked over surface 2510 (Figure 25A).
  • Surface 2510 may be the surface of a variety of different materials, including dielectric materials, barrier materials, conductive materials, but preferably is a silicon-containing surface, such as a substrate surface.
  • cobalt suicide layers 2520 and silyl layers 2530 are transformed into cobalt suicide material 2540 formed on substrate 2500 ( Figure 25B).
  • the alternately stacked layers of cobalt suicide layers 2520 and silyl layers 2530 may be formed by an ALD process or a CVD process as described herein.
  • Cobalt suicide layers 2520 may be formed by exposing the substrate sequentially to a cobalt precursor and a silicon precursor during an ALD process or a PE-ALD process.
  • cobalt suicide layers 2520 may be formed by exposing the substrate simultaneously to a cobalt precursor and a silicon precursor during a CVD process or a PE-CVD process.
  • cobalt suicide layers 2520 may contain a silicon/cobalt atomic ratio of greater than about 0.5, preferably, greater than about 1 , and more preferably, within a range from about 1 to about 2. Therefore, cobalt suicide layers 2520 may contain cobalt suicide having the chemical formula of CoSi x , wherein X may be within a range from about 0.5 to about 2, preferably, from about 1 to about 2. However, in another embodiment, cobalt suicide layers 2520 contains a silicon/cobalt atomic ratio of about 1 or less, such as within a range from about 0.1 to about 1 , preferably, from about 0.5 to about 1.
  • cobalt suicide layers 2520 may contain cobalt suicide having the chemical formula of CoSi x , wherein X may be within a range from about 0.1 to about 1 , preferably, from about 0.5 to about 1.
  • X may be within a range from about 0.1 to about 1 , preferably, from about 0.5 to about 1.
  • a silicon/cobalt atomic ratio of about 1 or less is favored until the cobalt suicide is heated to a predetermined temperature and time and is exposed to an available silicon source. Thereafter, a silicon/cobalt atomic ratio of greater than about 1 , such as about 1.9, about 2.0, 2.1 , or greater is obtained for the cobalt suicide material.
  • SiIyI layers 2530 may be formed prior to, during, or subsequent to an ALD process or a CVD process.
  • SiIyI layer 2530 may be formed by exposing the substrate to a silicon-containing reducing gas during a soak process or a treatment process.
  • the silyl layers 2530 contain silicon hydrogen bonds.
  • Substrate 2500 may be exposed to a thermal annealing process, a plasma process, or both while forming cobalt suicide material 2540.
  • cobalt suicide material 2540 may be formed by exposing substrate 2500 to an annealing process, such as an RTP, at a temperature of about 500°C or greater, preferably, at about 550°C or greater, such as within a range from about 650°C to about 750 0 C or greater.
  • the RTP chamber may contain nitrogen gas, argon, hydrogen, or combinations thereof.
  • cobalt suicide material 2540 may be formed by exposing substrate 2500 to a hydrogen plasma for a time period of about 5 seconds or greater, preferably, for about 10 seconds or greater, and more preferably, for about 20 seconds or greater.
  • the plasma may have a power within a range from about 800 watts to about 1 ,200 watts.
  • substrate 2500 is exposed to a hydrogen plasma having a power setting of about 1 ,000 watts for about 20 seconds.
  • the hydrogen plasma contains hydrogen gas (H 2 ) and may also contain nitrogen gas (N 2 ), argon, or mixtures thereof.
  • cobalt suicide material 2540 may contain a silicon/cobalt atomic ratio of greater than about 1 , preferably, about 1.5 or greater, more preferably, about 1.7 or greater, more preferably, about 1.9 or greater, and more preferably, greater than about 2.0, such as about 2.1 , about 2.2, or greater. Therefore, cobalt suicide material 2540 may contain cobalt suicide having the chemical formula of CoSi x , wherein X may be within a range from about 1.5 to about
  • the thickness for the cobalt-containing material is variable depending on the device structure to be fabricated.
  • the cobalt-containing material may be formed on the substrate until a predetermined thickness is achieved per steps 2070, 2150, and 2260.
  • the cyclic process may form or deposit a cobalt-containing material on the substrate at a rate within a range from about 2 A/cycle to about 50 A/cycle, preferably, from about 3 A/cycle to about 30 A/cycle, more preferably, from about 5 A/cycle to about 20 A/cycle, for example, about 8 A/cycle.
  • the thickness of the cobalt suicide material is less than about 300 A, preferably, within a range from about 5 A to about 200 A, more preferably, from about 10 A to about 100 A, more preferably, from about 15 A to about 50 A, and more preferably, from about 25 A to about 30 A.
  • Metallic cobalt material may have a film thickness within a range from about 5 A to about 300 A, preferably, from about 10 A to about 100 A, more preferably, from about 20 A to about 70 A, and more preferably, from about 40 A to about 50 A, for example, about 45 A.
  • the substrate may be exposed to the deposition gas for a time period of about 1 second to about 60 seconds, preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 20 seconds, more preferably, from about 3 seconds to about 10 seconds, for example, about 5 seconds.
  • a plasma may be generated external from the processing chamber, such as by a RPS system, or preferably, the plasma may be generated in situ a plasma capable deposition chamber, such as a PE-CVD chamber during a plasma treatment process, such as in steps 2030, 2130, 2230, 2410, 2430, 2450, 2610, or 2630.
  • the substrate may be exposed to the plasma treatment process for a time period of about 5 seconds to about 120 seconds, preferably, from about 10 seconds to about 90 seconds, more preferably, from about 15 seconds to about 60 seconds, for example, about 30 seconds.
  • the plasma may be generated from a microwave (MW) frequency generator or a radio frequency (RF) generator.
  • MW microwave
  • RF radio frequency
  • an in situ plasma is generated by a RF generator.
  • the deposition chamber may be pressurized during the plasma treatment process at a pressure within a range from about 0.1 Torr to about 80 Torr, preferably from about 0.5 Torr to about 10 Torr, and more preferably, from about 1 Torr to about 5 Torr.
  • the chamber or the substrate may be heated to a temperature of less than about 500 0 C, preferably within a range from about 100 0 C to about 450 0 C, and more preferably, from about 150 0 C to about 400°C, for example, about 300 0 C.
  • a plasma may be ignited within the deposition chamber for an in situ plasma process, or alternative, may be formed by an external source, such as a RPS system.
  • the RF generator may be set at a frequency within a range from about 100 kHz to about 60 MHz.
  • a RF generator with a frequency of 13.56 MHz, may be set to have a power output within a range from about 100 watts to about 1 ,000 watts, preferably, from about 250 watts to about 600 watts, and more preferably, from about 300 watts to about 500 watts.
  • a RF generator with a frequency of 350 kHz, may be set to have a power output within a range from about 200 watts to about 2,000 watts, preferably, from about 500 watts to about 1 ,500 watts, and more preferably, from about 800 watts to about 1 ,200 watts, for example, about 1 ,000 watts.
  • a surface of substrate may be exposed to a plasma having a power per surface area value within a range from about 0.01 watts/cm 2 to about 10.0 watts/cm 2 , preferably, from about 0.05 watts/cm 2 to about 6.0 watts/cm 2 .
  • the substrate may be exposed to a soak process gas during a soak process (step 2050), a pre-treatment process (steps 2210 or 2610), post-treatment process (step 2270), treatment processes (steps 2410, 2430, or 2450).
  • a soak process gas may contain at least one reducing gas and a carrier gas.
  • a soak process gas contains at least one reducing gas, hydrogen gas (H 2 ), and a carrier gas.
  • the substrate may be exposed to a silicon soak process to form a thin silicon-containing layer on the cobalt-containing material prior to ending process 2000.
  • a plasma may be ignited while the substrate is being exposed to a soak process gas.
  • the silicon soak process may be performed in situ within the same chamber as the cobalt-containing material deposition (step 2010).
  • the substrate may be exposed to the soak process for a time period of about 1 second to about 60 seconds, preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 30 seconds, more preferably, from about 3 seconds to about 20 seconds, for example, about 5 seconds.
  • a substrate containing cobalt suicide is exposed to a hydrogen-plasma (e.g., H 2 or H 2 /Ar) for about 20 seconds.
  • a hydrogen-plasma e.g., H 2 or H 2 /Ar
  • Suitable silicon-reducing gases that may be exposed to the substrate during a soak process (including pre- and post-soak), treatment process (including pre- and post-treatment), or deposition process as described herein include silane (SiH 4 ), disilane (Si 2 H 6 ), trisilane (Si 3 H 8 ), tetrasilane (Si 4 Hi 0 ), dimethylsilane (SiC 2 H 8 ), methyl silane (SiCH 6 ), ethylsilane (SiC 2 H 8 ), chlorosilane (CISiH 3 ), dichlorosilane (CI 2 SiH 2 ), tetrachlorosilane (CI 4 Si), hexachlorodisilane (Si 2 CI 6 ), plasmas thereof, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • silane or disilane are preferably used as silicon-reducing gases during a soak process, treatment process, or deposition process.
  • Other reducing gases that may be contained in a soak process gas and exposed to the substrate during a soak process as described herein include hydrogen ⁇ e.g., H 2 or atomic-H), atomic-N, ammonia (NH 3 ), hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ), borane (BH 3 ), diborane (B 2 H 6 ), triborane, tetraborane, pentaborane, triethylborane (Et 3 B), phosphine (PH 3 ), derivatives thereof, plasmas thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • hydrogen ⁇ e.g., H 2 or atomic-H), atomic-N, ammonia (NH 3 ), hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ), borane (BH 3 ), diborane (B 2 H 6 ), triborane, tetraborane, pentaboran
  • a carrier gas may be combined with a silicon-reducing gas either in situ or ex situ the deposition chamber.
  • the carrier gas may be hydrogen, argon, nitrogen, helium, or mixtures thereof.
  • a reducing gas such as a silicon-reducing gas, may be introduced into the deposition chamber having a flow rate within a range from about 500 seem to about 2,500 seem, preferably, from about 700 seem to about 2,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 800 seem to about 1 ,500 seem, for example, about 1 ,000 seem during the soak process.
  • Hydrogen gas may be introduced into the deposition chamber having a flow rate within a range from about 500 seem to about 5,000 seem, preferably, from about 1 ,000 seem to about 4,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 2,000 seem to about 3,500 seem, for example, about 3,000 seem during the soak process.
  • a carrier gas such as argon, nitrogen, or helium, may be introduced into the deposition chamber having a flow rate within a range from about 500 seem to about 2,500 seem, preferably, from about 700 seem to about 2,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 800 seem to about 1 ,500 seem, for example, about 1 ,000 seem during the soak process.
  • the deposition chamber may have a chamber pressure within a range from about 100 milliTorr and about 300 Torr.
  • the deposition chamber or the substrate may be heated to a temperature of less than about 500°C, preferably within a range from about 100°C to about 450°C, and more preferably, from about 150 0 C to about 400°C, for example, about 300°C during the soak process.
  • the deposition chamber may be purged with and the substrate may be exposed to a purge gas or a carrier gas during a purge process prior to or subsequent to the deposition process, the plasma treatment process, or the soak process during optional purge steps 2020, 2040, 2060, 2120, and 2140. Any one of purge steps 2020, 2040, 2060, 2120, and 2140 may be included or excluded during processes 2000 and 2100.
  • deposition chamber may be purged with and the substrate may be exposed to silicon-containing reducing gas ⁇ e.g., SiH 4 or Si 2 H 6 ) during a purge process prior to or subsequent to the deposition process, the plasma treatment process, or the soak process during optional purge steps 2220 and 2240.
  • the purge gas or carrier gas may include argon, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, forming gas, or combinations thereof.
  • the purge gas introduced into the deposition chamber may contain one gas or a mixture of gases and may be introduced in a single step or in several steps.
  • the deposition chamber may be purged with a gas mixture of argon and hydrogen during a first time period and then purged with hydrogen during a second time period.
  • Each step of the purge process may last for a time period of about 0.1 seconds to about 30 seconds, preferably, from about 0.5 seconds to about 10 seconds, more preferably, from about 1 second to about 5 seconds, for example, about 2 seconds.
  • the purge gas or carrier gas may be introduced into the deposition chamber having a flow rate within a range from about 500 seem to about 5,000 seem, preferably, from about 1 ,000 seem to about 4,000 seem, and more preferably, from about 2,000 seem to about 3,500 seem, for example, about 3,000 seem during the purge process.
  • the deposition chamber may be purged with a gas mixture of argon having a flow rate of about 500 seem and hydrogen gas having a flow rate of about 3,000 seem for about 2 seconds. Thereafter, the deposition chamber may be purged with hydrogen gas having a flow rate of about 3,000 seem for about 2 seconds.
  • Figure 24 depicts a flow-chart of process 2400 which includes optionally exposing a substrate to a treatment or a preclean process (step 2410), depositing a cobalt suicide material on the substrate (step 2420), optionally exposing a substrate to a treatment (step 2430), depositing a metallic material on the substrate (step 2440), and optionally exposing a substrate to a treatment (step 2450).
  • the metallic material may contain at least one element of cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, titanium, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof, and may be formed or deposited in one or in multiple deposition processes including ALD, PE-ALD, CVD, PE-CVD, pulsed-CVD, PVD, ECP, electroless deposition, or derivatives thereof.
  • the metallic material may be exposed to a silicon-containing reducing gas during a pre-soak process or a post-soak process. In some examples, the metallic material may be exposed to a plasma treatment during the pre-soak process or the post-soak process.
  • the substrate contains apertures which have a bottom surface and sidewalls.
  • the substrate may be exposed to a preclean process.
  • a cobalt suicide material may be deposited within the apertures and over the bottom surface and the sidewalls.
  • a metallic cobalt material may be deposited over the cobalt suicide material.
  • the metallic cobalt material may be exposed to a gaseous reagent or plasma to form treated surfaces within the apertures during a pre-treatment process.
  • a copper seed layer may be selectively deposited over the treated surfaces within the apertures during a chemical vapor deposition process or an atomic layer deposition process.
  • the reagent may be a reducing agent, such as hydrogen, silane, disilane, diborane, ammonia, phosphine, derivatives thereof, plasmas thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • the apertures may be filled with a copper bulk layer by depositing copper over the copper seed layer during a bottom-up deposition process, such as a PVD process, an ECP process, or an electroless deposition process.
  • the substrate may be exposed to at least one preclean process to expose a silicon-containing surface, a cobalt suicide material may be deposited over the silicon-containing surface, and a metallic cobalt material may be deposited over the cobalt suicide material. Subsequently, the metallic cobalt material may be exposed to a reducing agent during a pre-treatment process, and a copper seed layer may be selectively deposited over the metallic cobalt material during a CVD process or an ALD process.
  • Figure 26 depicts a flow-chart of process 2600 which includes exposing a substrate to a pre-treatment or a preclean process (step 2610), depositing a cobalt suicide material on the substrate (step 2620), exposing the substrate to an annealing process (step 2630), depositing at least one barrier material on the substrate (step 2640), depositing a metallic contact material on the substrate (step 2650), and exposing the substrate to etching process or a planarization process.
  • the barrier material may contain cobalt, tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium, titanium nitride, tungsten, tungsten nitride, alloys thereof, or derivatives thereof.
  • the barrier material may contain multiple layers of barrier layers or adhesion layers, such as Ti/TiN, Ta/TaN, or W/WN.
  • the barrier material may be exposed to a silicon-containing reducing gas during a pre-soak process or a post-soak process. In some examples, the barrier material may be exposed to a plasma treatment during the pre-soak process or the post-soak process.
  • a metallic suicide containing material may be formed on a substrate.
  • the substrate may be treated with at least one preclean process to expose a silicon-containing surface, and thereafter, a metallic suicide material may be deposited on the silicon-containing surface during a CVD process or an ALD process.
  • the substrate may be exposed to an annealing process and a barrier material may be deposited on the metallic suicide material. Subsequently, a tungsten contact material may be deposited on the barrier material.
  • the metallic suicide material may contain at least one element of cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, titanium, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • the substrate, the metallic suicide material, and/or the barrier material may be exposed to a silicon-containing reducing gas during a pre-soak process or a post-soak process. In other examples, the substrate may be exposed to a plasma treatment during the pre-soak process or the post-soak process.
  • a substrate may be optionally exposed to a treatment or a preclean process, a metallic suicide material is deposited on the substrate, the substrate may be optionally exposed to a treatment, a metallic material or a barrier material may be deposited over the metallic suicide material, and the substrate may be optionally exposed to a treatment.
  • Figures 27A-27C depict schematic cross-sectional views of substrate 2700 during different stages of a cobalt suicide deposition process, as described by embodiments herein.
  • process 2800 as depicted in Figure 28 as a flow-chart, may be used to form a metallic suicide material on substrate 2700.
  • Substrate 2700 contains multiple metallic suicide layers 2720 and silyl layers 2730 alternately stacked over surface 2710 (Figure 27A).
  • Surface 2710 may be the surface of a variety of different materials, including dielectric materials, barrier materials, conductive materials, but preferably is a silicon-containing surface, such as a substrate surface.
  • Metallic capping layer 2740 is deposited on substrate 700, such as on or over multiple metallic suicide layers 2720 and silyl layers 2730.
  • Metallic capping layer 2740 may be deposited directly on metallic suicide layer 2720 or silyl layer 2730. Thereafter, substrate 2700 is exposed to a thermal annealing process, and metallic suicide layers 2720 and silyl layers 2730 are transformed into metallic suicide material 2750 (Figure 27C).
  • metallic suicide material 2750 contains a silicon gradient, such that the silicon concentration decreases from surface 2710 towards metallic capping layer 2740.
  • Figure 28 depicts a flow-chart of process 2800 which includes exposing a substrate to a pre-treatment or a preclean process (step 2810), depositing a metallic suicide layer on the substrate (step 2820), depositing a silyl layer on the metallic suicide layer (step 2830), determining if desired thickness is deposited (step 2840), depositing a capping layer over or on the substrate (step 2850), exposing the substrate to an annealing process (step 2860), depositing a metallic contact material over or on the capping layer (step 2870), and exposing the substrate to etching process or a planarization process (step 2880).
  • the alternately stacked metallic suicide layers 2720 and silyl layers 2730 and metallic capping layer 2740 may be formed by an ALD process or a CVD process as described herein.
  • Metallic suicide layers 2720 may be formed by exposing the substrate sequentially to a metal precursor and a silicon precursor during an ALD process or a PE-ALD process. Alternately, metallic suicide layers 2720 may be formed by exposing the substrate simultaneously to the metal precursor and a silicon precursor during a CVD process or a PE-CVD process.
  • Metallic suicide layers 2720 may be deposited during step 2820 and silyl layers 2730 may be deposited during step 2830.
  • metallic suicide layers 2720 may have a thickness within a range from about 3 A to about 50 A, preferably, from about 4 A to about 25 A, and more preferably, from about 5 A to about 15 A, for example, about 10 A.
  • Silyl layers 2730 are usually deposited with a thickness of about an atomic layer or less. In some examples, silyl layers 2730 are deposited non-conformal across substrate 2700, while in other examples, silyl layers 2730 are conformally deposited across substrate 2700.
  • the desired thickness of metallic suicide material 2750 may be determined by how many deposition cycles of steps 2820 and 2830 are repeated during process 2800. Multiple pairs of metallic suicide layers 2720 and silyl layers 2730 may be formed or deposited on substrate 2700, such as 2, 4, 8, 10, 15, 20, or more pairs by repeating steps 2820 and 2830 within a deposition cycle. Also at step 2840, the silicon concentration may be adjusted, such as reduced, for metallic suicide material 2750 to form a silicon gradient therethrough. For example, the silicon concentration of metallic suicide layers 2720 may be reduced and/or the thickness of silyl layers 2730 may be reduced at each deposition cycle before repeating steps 2820 and 2830.
  • Metallic suicide layers 2720 and metallic capping layer 2740 may contain the same metal or contain different metals.
  • metallic suicide layers 2720 and metallic capping layer 2740 contain the same metal, such as cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, titanium, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof. Therefore, metallic suicide layers 2720 may contain cobalt suicide, nickel suicide, platinum suicide, palladium suicide, rhodium suicide, titanium suicide, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof, and metallic capping layer 2740 may contain metallic cobalt, metallic nickel, metallic platinum, metallic palladium, metallic rhodium, metallic titanium, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • Metallic capping layer 2740 may be deposited during step 2850.
  • Metallic capping layer 2740 may have a thickness within a range from about 3 A to about 50 A, preferably, from about 4 A to about 25 A, and more preferably, from about 5 A to about 15 A, for example, about 10 A.
  • Metallic suicide material 2750 may be formed at step 2860 after substrate 2700 is exposed to an annealing process.
  • Metallic suicide material 2750 may have a thickness within a range from about 50 A to about 500 A, preferably, from about 100 A to about 300 A, and more preferably, from about 150 A to about 250 A, for example, about 200 A.
  • a metallic contact material may be deposited on capping layer 2740 during one deposition process or multiple processes.
  • the metallic contact material may contain copper, tungsten, aluminum, or an alloy thereof and may be formed using one or more suitable deposition processes.
  • the metallic contact material may contain a seed layer and a bulk layer formed on capping layer or other substrate surface by using one or more deposition process that include a CVD process, an ALD process, a PVD process, an electroless deposition process, an ECP process, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • a barrier layer (not shown) may be deposited on capping layer 2740 prior to depositing a metallic contact material thereon.
  • the barrier layer may include one, two, or more barrier materials such as, for example, tantalum, tantalum nitride, tantalum silicon nitride, titanium, titanium nitride, titanium silicon nitride, tungsten, tungsten nitride, silicon nitride, ruthenium, derivatives thereof, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • the barrier layer may be formed/deposited using a suitable deposition process, such as ALD, CVD, PVD, or electroless deposition.
  • metallic suicide layers 2720 contains cobalt and has a silicon/cobalt atomic ratio of greater than about 0.5, preferably, greater than about 1 , and more preferably, within a range from about 1 to about 2. Therefore, metallic suicide layers 2720 may contain cobalt suicide having the chemical formula of CoSi x , wherein X may be within a range from about 0.5 to about 2, preferably, from about 1 to about 2. However, in another embodiment, metallic suicide layers 2720 contains a silicon/cobalt atomic ratio of about 1 or less, such as within a range from about 0.1 to about 1 , preferably, from about 0.5 to about 1. Therefore, metallic suicide layers 2720 may contain cobalt suicide having the chemical formula of CoSi x , wherein X is within a range from about 0.1 to about 1 , preferably, from about 0.5 to about 1.
  • a silicon/cobalt atomic ratio of about 1 or less is favored until the cobalt suicide is heated to a predetermined temperature and time and is exposed to an available silicon source. Thereafter, a silicon/cobalt atomic ratio of greater than about 1 , such as about 1.9, about 2.0, 2.1 , or greater is obtained for the cobalt suicide material.
  • SiIyI layers 2730 may be formed prior to, during, or subsequent to an ALD process or a CVD process.
  • SiIyI layer 2530 may be formed by exposing the substrate to a silicon-containing reducing gas during a soak process or a treatment process.
  • the silyl layers 2730 contain silicon hydrogen bonds.
  • Substrate 2700 may be exposed to a thermal annealing process, a plasma process, or both while forming metallic suicide material 2750.
  • metallic suicide material 2750 may be formed by exposing substrate 2700 to an annealing process, such as an RTP, at a temperature of about 500°C or greater, preferably, at about 550°C or greater, such as within a range from about 650 0 C to about 750°C or greater.
  • the RTP chamber may contain nitrogen gas, argon, hydrogen, or combinations thereof.
  • metallic suicide material 2750 may be formed by exposing substrate 2700 to a hydrogen plasma for a time period of about 5 seconds or greater, preferably, for about 10 seconds or greater, and more preferably, for about 20 seconds or greater.
  • the plasma may have a power within a range from about 800 watts to about 1 ,200 watts.
  • substrate 2700 is exposed to a hydrogen plasma having a power setting of about 1 ,000 watts for about 20 seconds.
  • the hydrogen plasma contains hydrogen gas (H 2 ) and may also contain nitrogen gas (N 2 ), argon, or mixtures thereof.
  • metallic suicide material 2750 contains cobalt and has a silicon/cobalt atomic ratio of greater than about 1 , preferably, about 1.5 or greater, more preferably, about 1.7 or greater, more preferably, about 1.9 or greater, and more preferably, greater than about 2.0, such as about 2.1 , about 2.2, or greater.
  • metallic suicide material 2750 contain cobalt suicide having the chemical formula of CoSi x , wherein X may be within a range from about 1.5 to about 2.5, preferably, from about 1.7 to about 2.3, and more preferably, from about 1.9 to about 2.2, for example, about 2.15.
  • a silicon-rich metallic suicide material 2750 ⁇ e.g., CoSi x , wherein X may be within a range from about 1.9 to about 2.2 or greater) may be formed while very little or no silicon is pulled from surface 2710.
  • metallic suicide material 2750 contains a gradient in the silicon concentration, such that the silicon concentration decreases from surface 2710 towards metallic capping layer 2740.
  • each layer of metallic suicide layers 2720 is deposited with a lower silicon concentration than the previously deposited layer.
  • the final metallic suicide layer 2720 may have little or no silicon therein, such that the final metallic suicide layer 2720 may be used as a capping layer, such as metallic capping layer 2740.
  • each layer of silyl layers 2730 is deposited thinner than the previously deposited layer.
  • the lower half of metallic suicide material 2750 may have a silicon/metal atomic ratio of greater than about 1 , preferably, about 1.5 or greater, more preferably, about 1.7 or greater, more preferably, about 1.9 or greater, and more preferably, about 2.0 or greater, such as about 2.1 or greater.
  • the upper half of metallic suicide material 2750 may have a silicon/metal atomic ratio of less than about 1 , preferably, about 0.9 or less, more preferably, about 0.8 or less, more preferably, about 0.5 or less, and more preferably, about 0.2 or less, such as about 0.1 or less.
  • metallic suicide material 2750 may contain 10 metallic suicide layers 2720 sequentially stacked with 10 silyl layers 2730. From surface 2710 towards metallic capping layer 2740, the 10 metallic suicide layers 2720 contain a silicon/metal atomic ratio of about 2.2, 2.0, 1.8, 1.5, 1.2, 1.0, 0.8, 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1. In another example, metallic suicide layers 2720 contain cobalt suicide and metallic capping layer 2750 contains metallic cobalt.
  • a cobalt suicide material may be deposited by a thermal CVD process.
  • Purge gas may be flowed through different portions of the deposition chamber. At least one purge gas may be flowed throughout the deposition chamber, such as a bottom purge flowing a purge gas across the bottom the deposition chamber and an edge purge flowing another purge gas across the edge ring.
  • a bottom purge may flow argon having a flow rate of about 1 ,000 seem across the bottom the deposition chamber and an edge purge may flow argon having a flow rate of about 100 seem across the edge ring.
  • the substrate may be heated to a temperature within a range from about 350°C to about 550°C and the ampoule containing the cobalt precursor may be heated to a temperature of about 30°C.
  • the substrate may be exposed to a deposition gas containing a cobalt precursor, a silicon precursor, hydrogen, and a carrier gas.
  • the cobalt precursor may be a cobalt carbonyl compound (e.g., CpCo(CO) 2 or CCTBA)
  • the silicon precursor may be silane or disilane
  • the carrier gas may be argon, nitrogen, hydrogen, or combinations thereof.
  • the substrate was heated in a deposition chamber to about 400°C and an ampoule containing cobalt precursor CpCo(CO) 2 was heated to about 30 0 C.
  • An argon carrier gas having a flow rate of about 500 seem was passed through the cobalt precursor to form a cobalt precursor gas.
  • a deposition gas was formed by combining the cobalt precursor gas with hydrogen gas having a flow rate of about 3,000 seem and a silicon precursor gas containing silane having a flow rate of about 1 ,000 seem and an argon carrier gas having a flow rate of about 1 ,000 seem.
  • the substrate was exposed to the deposition gas for about 5 seconds to form a cobalt suicide layer on the substrate.
  • the deposition chamber was purged with a gas mixture of argon having a flow rate of about 500 seem and hydrogen gas having a flow rate of about 3,000 seem for about 2 seconds. Thereafter, the deposition chamber was purged with hydrogen gas having a flow rate of about 3,000 seem for about 2 seconds.
  • the substrate was exposed to a hydrogen plasma for about 30 seconds.
  • the hydrogen plasma was formed by flowing hydrogen gas having a flow rate of about 3,000 seem into the deposition chamber and igniting the plasma.
  • the plasma was ignited by a RF generator having a frequency of 350 kHz set with a power output of about 1 ,200 watts.
  • the substrate was exposed to a silicon-reducing gas for about 10 seconds during a soak process.
  • the silicon-reducing gas contained silane having a flow rate of about 1 ,000 seem, argon having a flow rate of about 1 ,000 seem, and hydrogen having a flow rate of about 3,000 seem.
  • the deposition chamber was purged with hydrogen gas having a flow rate of about 3,000 seem and argon having a flow rate of about 1 ,000 seem for about 2 seconds to complete a first cycle.
  • the deposited cobalt suicide layer was about 8 A thick.
  • the deposition cycle was repeated 5 additional times to form a deposited cobalt suicide material having a thickness of about 50 A thick.
  • a metallic cobalt material may be deposited by a thermal CVD process.
  • Purge gas may be flowed through different portions of the deposition chamber. At least one purge gas may be flowed throughout the deposition chamber, such as a bottom purge flowing a purge gas across the bottom the deposition chamber and an edge purge flowing another purge gas across the edge ring.
  • a bottom purge may flow argon having a flow rate of about 1 ,000 seem across the bottom the deposition chamber and an edge purge may flow argon having a flow rate of about 100 seem across the edge ring.
  • the substrate may be heated to a temperature within a range from about 350°C to about 550°C and the ampoule containing the cobalt precursor may be heated to a temperature of about 30 0 C.
  • the substrate may be exposed to a deposition gas containing a cobalt precursor, hydrogen, and a carrier gas.
  • the cobalt precursor may be a cobalt carbonyl compound (e.g., CpCo(CO) 2 or CCTBA) and the carrier gas may be argon, nitrogen, hydrogen, or combinations thereof.
  • the substrate was heated in a deposition chamber to about 400°C and an ampoule containing cobalt precursor CpCo(CO) 2 was heated to about 30 0 C.
  • An argon carrier gas having a flow rate of about 500 seem was passed through the cobalt precursor to form a cobalt precursor gas.
  • a deposition gas was formed by combining the cobalt precursor gas, hydrogen gas having a flow rate of about 3,000 seem, and argon having a flow rate of about 1 ,000 seem.
  • the substrate was exposed to the deposition gas for about 5 seconds to form a metallic cobalt layer on the substrate.
  • the deposition chamber was purged with a gas mixture of argon having a flow rate of about 500 seem and hydrogen gas having a flow rate of about 3,000 seem for about 2 seconds. Thereafter, the deposition chamber was purged with hydrogen gas having a flow rate of about 3,000 seem for about 2 seconds.
  • the substrate was exposed to a hydrogen plasma for about 30 seconds.
  • the hydrogen plasma was formed by flowing hydrogen gas having a flow rate of about 3,000 seem into the deposition chamber and igniting the plasma.
  • the plasma was ignited by a RF generator having a frequency of 350 kHz set with a power output of about 1 ,200 watts.
  • the deposition chamber was purged with hydrogen gas having a flow rate of about 3,000 seem and argon having a flow rate of about 1 ,000 seem for about 2 seconds to complete a first cycle.
  • the deposited metallic cobalt layer was about 10 A thick.
  • the deposition cycle was repeated 5 additional times to form a deposited metallic cobalt material having a thickness of about 60 A thick.
  • FIGS 17F and 17H illustrate substrate 1700 having contact aperture 1710 filled with metallic contact material 1740.
  • Metallic contact material 1740 may be deposited during one deposition process or multiple processes within steps 1040, 1150, 1250, 1340, 1440, 1550, 1640, or 1930.
  • a metallic contact material may be deposited during one deposition process or multiple processes within steps 2440 or 2650.
  • metallic contact material 2740 may be deposited during one deposition process or multiple processes within step 2870.
  • a metallic contact material may contain copper, tungsten, aluminum, or an alloy thereof and may be formed using one or more suitable deposition processes.
  • the metallic contact material may contain a seed layer and/or a bulk layer formed on a cobalt suicide material or a metallic cobalt material by using one or more deposition process that include a CVD process, an ALD process, a PVD process, an electroless deposition process, an ECP process, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • the substrate may be exposed to pretreatment process, such as a soaking process, prior to depositing a cobalt suicide material or a metallic cobalt material, as well as prior to depositing a metallic contact material, including a pre- nucleation soak process to a cobalt suicide material or a metallic cobalt material and a post-nucleation soak process to a seed layer.
  • metallic contact material 1740 or 2740 preferably contains copper or a copper alloy.
  • a copper seed layer may be formed on the cobalt suicide material or the metallic cobalt material by a CVD process and thereafter, bulk copper is deposited to fill the interconnect by an ECP process or an electroless deposition process.
  • a copper seed layer may be formed on the cobalt suicide material or the metallic cobalt material by an ALD process and thereafter, bulk copper is deposited to fill the interconnect by an ECP process or an electroless deposition process.
  • a copper seed layer may be formed on the cobalt suicide material or the metallic cobalt material by a PVD process and thereafter, bulk copper is deposited to fill the interconnect by an ECP process or an electroless deposition process.
  • a copper seed layer may be formed on the cobalt suicide material or the metallic cobalt material by an electroless process and thereafter, bulk copper is deposited to fill the interconnect by an ECP process.
  • the cobalt suicide material or the metallic cobalt material serves as a seed layer to which a copper bulk fill is directly deposited by an ECP process or an electroless deposition process.
  • metallic contact material 1740 or 2740 preferably contains tungsten or a tungsten alloy.
  • a tungsten seed layer may be formed on the cobalt suicide material or the metallic cobalt material by an ALD process and thereafter, bulk tungsten is deposited to fill the interconnect by a CVD process or a pulsed-CVD process.
  • a tungsten seed layer may be formed on the cobalt suicide material or the metallic cobalt material by a PVD process and thereafter, bulk tungsten is deposited to fill the interconnect by a CVD process or a pulsed-CVD process.
  • a tungsten seed layer may be formed on the cobalt suicide material or the metallic cobalt material by an ALD process and thereafter, bulk tungsten is deposited to fill the interconnect by an ECP process.
  • the cobalt suicide material or the metallic cobalt material serves as a seed layer to which a tungsten bulk fill is directly deposited by a CVD process or a pulsed-CVD process.
  • metallic contact material 1740 or 2740 preferably contains a tungsten nitride material and a tungsten material (e.g., metallic tungsten) or a tungsten alloy.
  • a tungsten nitride layer may be deposited on the cobalt suicide material or the metallic cobalt material, thereafter, at least one tungsten material may be deposited on the tungsten nitride layer, such as a tungsten seed layer and a bulk tungsten layer.
  • a tungsten nitride layer may be formed on the cobalt suicide material or the metallic cobalt material by an ALD process, a tungsten seed layer may be formed on the tungsten nitride layer by an ALD process, and thereafter, bulk tungsten is deposited to fill the interconnect by a CVD process or a pulsed-CVD process.
  • a tungsten nitride layer may be formed on the cobalt suicide material or the metallic cobalt material by a PVD process, a tungsten seed layer may be formed on the tungsten nitride layer by an ALD process, and thereafter, bulk tungsten is deposited to fill the interconnect by a CVD process or a pulsed-CVD process.
  • a tungsten nitride layer may be formed on the cobalt suicide material or the metallic cobalt material by an ALD process, a tungsten seed layer may be formed on the tungsten nitride layer by a PVD process, and thereafter, bulk tungsten is deposited to fill the interconnect by a CVD process or a pulsed-CVD process.
  • a tungsten nitride layer may be formed on the cobalt suicide material or the metallic cobalt material by a PVD process, a tungsten seed layer may be formed on the tungsten nitride layer by an ALD process, and thereafter, bulk tungsten is deposited to fill the interconnect by an ECP process.
  • a tungsten nitride layer may be formed on the cobalt suicide material or the metallic cobalt material by an ALD process, a tungsten seed layer may be formed on the tungsten nitride layer by a PVD process, and thereafter, bulk tungsten is deposited to fill the interconnect by an ECP process.
  • the tungsten nitride layer may be deposited by an ALD process or a PVD process and a tungsten bulk fill is directly deposited to the tungsten nitride layer by a CVD process or a pulsed-CVD process.
  • processing platform system 1835 contains a plurality of processing chambers 1836, 1838, 1840, 1841 , 1842, and 1843, disposed on transfer chambers 1848 and 1850, as depicted in Figure 18.
  • processing chamber 1836 is a CVD chamber for depositing a cobalt suicide material
  • processing chamber 1838 is a CVD chamber for depositing a metallic cobalt material
  • processing chamber 1840 is an ALD chamber for depositing a barrier layer (e.g., Ta/TaN)
  • processing chamber 1841 is an ALD chamber for depositing a tungsten nucleation layer
  • processing chamber 1842 is a preclean chamber
  • processing chamber 1843 is a CVD chamber for depositing a tungsten bulk layer.
  • An annealing process may be done in any of processing chambers 1836, 1838, 1840, 1841 , 1842, or 1843.
  • the substrates may be transferred between processing chambers 1836, 1838, 1840, 1841 , 1842, and 1843 within processing platform system 1835 without breaking a vacuum or exposing the substrates to other external environmental conditions.
  • processing chamber 1836 is an annealing chamber for annealing the substrate
  • processing chamber 1838 is a CVD chamber for depositing a cobalt suicide material and a metallic cobalt material
  • processing chamber 1840 is a PVD chamber for depositing a barrier layer [e.g., Ti/TiN)
  • processing chamber 1841 is an ALD chamber for depositing a tungsten nucleation layer
  • processing chamber 1842 is a preclean chamber
  • processing chamber 1843 is a CVD chamber for depositing a tungsten bulk layer.
  • An annealing process may be done in any of processing chambers 1836, 1838, 1840, 1841 , 1842, or 1843.
  • processing chamber 1836 is an annealing chamber for annealing the substrate
  • processing chamber 1838 is a CVD chamber for depositing a cobalt suicide material and a metallic cobalt material
  • processing chamber 1840 is a PVD chamber for depositing a barrier layer ⁇ e.g., Ta/TaN
  • processing chamber 1841 is a PVD chamber for depositing a copper nucleation layer
  • processing chamber 1842 is a preclean chamber
  • processing chamber 1843 is an electroless deposition chamber for depositing a copper bulk layer.
  • An annealing process may be done in any of processing chambers 1836, 1838, 1840, 1841 , 1842, or 1843.
  • processing chamber 1836 is an annealing chamber for annealing the substrate
  • processing chamber 1838 is a CVD chamber for depositing a cobalt suicide material and a metallic cobalt material
  • processing chamber 1840 is an ALD chamber for depositing a barrier layer ⁇ e.g., Ta/TaN
  • processing chamber 1841 is an ALD chamber for depositing a ruthenium nucleation layer
  • processing chamber 1842 is a preclean chamber
  • processing chamber 1843 is an electroless deposition chamber for depositing a copper bulk layer.
  • An annealing process may be done in any of processing chambers 1836, 1838, 1840, 1841 , 1842, or 1843.
  • processing chamber 1836 is an ALD chamber for depositing a cobalt suicide material
  • processing chamber 1838 is a CVD chamber for depositing a metallic cobalt material
  • processing chamber 1840 is an ALD chamber for depositing a barrier layer ⁇ e.g., Ta/TaN
  • processing chamber 1841 is an ALD chamber for depositing a ruthenium nucleation layer
  • processing chamber 1842 is a preclean chamber
  • processing chamber 1843 is an electroless deposition chamber for depositing a copper bulk layer.
  • An annealing process may be done in any of processing chambers 1836, 1838, 1840, 1841 , 1842, or 1843.
  • substrate 1700, substrate 2700, or other substrates may be exposed to at least one annealing process during steps 1140, 1230, 1360, 1450, 1530, 1630, 2630, or 2860.
  • substrate 1700 or 2700 may be exposed an annealing process prior to, during, or subsequently to the deposition of cobalt suicide materials, metallic cobalt materials, other cobalt containing materials, or metallic contact materials.
  • substrate 1700 or 2700 may be transferred to an annealing chamber, such as the CENTURA ® RADIANCE ® RTP chamber or a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) chamber, both available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California, and exposed to the thermal annealing process.
  • the annealing chamber may be on the same cluster tool as the deposition chamber and/or the nitridation chamber, such that substrate 1700 or 2700 may be annealed without being exposed to the ambient environment.
  • degas chambers 1844 may be used during the annealing processes.
  • chambers 1836 and 1842 may be used during the annealing processes.
  • Substrate 1700 or 2700 may be heated to a temperature within a range from about 600°C to about 1 ,200°C, preferably, from about 700 0 C to about 1 ,150 0 C, and more preferably, from about 800 0 C to about 1 ,000 0 C.
  • the thermal annealing process may last for a time period within a range from about 1 second to about 120 seconds, preferably, from about 2 seconds to about 60 seconds, and more preferably, from about 5 seconds to about 30 seconds.
  • the chamber atmosphere contains at least one annealing gas, such as nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, helium, forming gas, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • the processing chamber may have a pressure within a range from about 5 Torr to about 100 Torr, for example, about 10 Torr.
  • substrate 1700 or 2700 is heated to a temperature of about 1 ,050 0 C for about 15 seconds within an inert atmosphere.
  • substrate 1700 or 2700 is heated to a temperature of about 1 ,100 0 C for about 25 seconds within an inert atmosphere.
  • the thermal annealing process converts metallic cobalt material 1715 to cobalt suicide material 1720, as depicted in Figures 17C- 17D.
  • a cobalt suicide material may have a film thickness within a range from about 1 A to about 200 A, preferably from about 3 A to about 80 A, and more preferably from about 5 A to about 30 A.
  • a metallic cobalt material may have a film thickness within a range from about 1 A to about 300 A, preferably, from about 5 A to about 100 A, and more preferably, from about 10 A to about 50 A.
  • substrate 1700 may be exposed to at least one plasma annealing process during steps 1140, 1230, 1360, 1450, 1530, or 1630.
  • substrate 1700 may be exposed a plasma annealing process prior to, during, or subsequently to the deposition of cobalt suicide materials, metallic cobalt materials, other cobalt containing materials, or metallic contact materials.
  • the plasma may be generated in situ the processing chamber or may be generated remotely and delivered into the processing, such as by a RPS.
  • the plasma chamber may be on the same cluster tool as the deposition chamber and/or the nitridation chamber, such that substrate 1700 may be annealed without being exposed to the ambient environment.
  • chambers 1836 and 1842 may be used during the plasma annealing processes.
  • substrate 1700 may be exposed to at least one etching process or planarization process during steps 1050, 1160, 1260, 1350, 1460, 1560, 1650, 1940, or 2660 to remove materials from substrate field 1745 of substrate 1700, as depicted in Figure 17G.
  • substrate 2700 may be exposed to at least one etching process or planarization process during step 2880 to remove materials from substrate field of substrate 2700.
  • Etching processes include wet or dry etching processes, such as etch-back processes available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California.
  • Planarization processes may include mechanical polishing, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), electro- CMP (ECMP), reactive ion etching (RIE), or other known techniques used to planarize substrates. Specific processes and compositions are predetermined and may vary based on the composition of the metallic contact material (e.g., Cu, W, Al, or alloys thereof). A further description of planarization processes that may be used during embodiments herein are further disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Ser. No. 10/948,958, filed September 24, 2004, and published as US-2006-0021974, and commonly assigned U.S. Ser. No. 11/130,032, filed May 16, 2005, and published as US 2005-0233578, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • CMP chemical mechanical polishing
  • ECMP electro- CMP
  • RIE reactive ion etching
  • a barrier layer may be formed on metallic cobalt material 1730 prior to depositing metallic contact material 1740.
  • the barrier layer may be deposited after step 1030 and before step 1040 of process 1000, after step 1130 and before step 1150 of process 1100, after step 1240 and before step 1250 of process 1200, after step 1330 and before step 1340 of process 1300, after step 1430 and before step 1440 of process 1400, after step 1540 and before step 1550 of process 1500, after step 1620 and before step 1640 of process 1600.
  • a barrier layer may be formed on cobalt suicide material 1720 prior to depositing metallic contact material 1740.
  • the barrier layer may be deposited after step 1920 and before step 1930 during process 1900.
  • the barrier layer may be deposited in step 2640 during process 2600.
  • the barrier layer may be deposited after step 2850 or 2860 and before step 2870 during process 2800.
  • the barrier layer may include one or more barrier materials such as, for example, tantalum, tantalum nitride, tantalum silicon nitride, titanium, titanium nitride, titanium silicon nitride, tungsten, tungsten nitride, silicon nitride, ruthenium, derivatives thereof, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • the barrier material may contain cobalt or cobalt suicide.
  • the barrier layer may be formed/deposited using a suitable deposition process, such as ALD, CVD, PVD, or electroless deposition.
  • tantalum nitride may be deposited using a CVD process or an ALD process wherein tantalum-containing compound or tantalum precursor (e.g., PDMAT) and nitrogen-containing compound or nitrogen precursor (e.g., ammonia) are reacted.
  • tantalum and/or tantalum nitride is deposited as a barrier layer by an ALD process as described in commonly assigned U.S. Ser. No. 10/281 ,079, filed October 25, 2002, and published as US 2003-0121608, which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • a Ta/TaN bilayer may be deposited as a barrier layer material, such as a metallic tantalum layer and a tantalum nitride layer that are independently deposited by ALD, CVD, and/or PVD processes, one layer on top of the other layer, in either order.
  • a Ti/TiN bilayer may be deposited as a barrier layer material, such as a metallic titanium layer and a titanium nitride layer that are independently deposited by ALD, CVD, and/or PVD processes, one layer on top of the other layer, in either order.
  • a W/WN bilayer may be deposited as a barrier layer material, such as a metallic tungsten layer and a tungsten nitride layer that are independently deposited by ALD, CVD, and/or PVD processes, one layer on top of the other layer, in either order.
  • a barrier layer material such as a metallic tungsten layer and a tungsten nitride layer that are independently deposited by ALD, CVD, and/or PVD processes, one layer on top of the other layer, in either order.
  • Example 1 A substrate is treated with at least one preclean process to expose a silicon-containing surface, a cobalt suicide material is deposited over the silicon-containing surface, a metallic cobalt material is deposited over the cobalt suicide material, an optional treatment process may be used to remove cobalt oxides or other surface contaminants, a tungsten material is deposited over the metallic cobalt material, and the tungsten material is exposed to a CMP process.
  • the metallic cobalt material and the cobalt suicide material may be deposited in a first processing chamber, and the optional treatment and the deposition of the tungsten material may be performed in a second processing chamber.
  • Example 2 A substrate is treated with at least one preclean process to expose a silicon-containing surface, a cobalt suicide material is deposited over the silicon-containing surface, an optional treatment process may be used to remove cobalt oxides or other surface contaminants, a tungsten material ⁇ e.g., metallic tungsten) is deposited over the cobalt suicide material, and the tungsten material is exposed to a CMP process.
  • the cobalt suicide material may be deposited in a first processing chamber and the optional treatment and the deposition of the tungsten material may be performed in a second processing chamber.
  • Example 3 A substrate is treated with at least one preclean process to expose a silicon-containing surface, a cobalt suicide material is deposited over the silicon-containing surface, a metallic cobalt material is deposited over the cobalt suicide material, the substrate is exposed to an annealing process, an optional treatment process may be used to remove cobalt oxides or other surface contaminants, a tungsten material is deposited over the metallic cobalt material, and the tungsten material is exposed to a CMP process.
  • the deposition of the metallic cobalt material and the cobalt suicide material and the annealing process may be performed in a first processing chamber, and the optional treatment and the deposition of the tungsten material may be performed in a second processing chamber.
  • Example 4 A substrate is treated with at least one preclean process to expose a silicon-containing surface, a cobalt suicide material is deposited over the silicon-containing surface, a metallic cobalt material is deposited over the cobalt suicide material, the substrate is exposed to an annealing process, an optional treatment process may be used to remove cobalt oxides or other surface contaminants, a tungsten material is deposited over the metallic cobalt material, and the tungsten material is exposed to a CMP process.
  • the deposition of the metallic cobalt material and the cobalt suicide material may be performed in a first processing chamber, the annealing process may be performed in a second processing chamber, and the optional treatment and the deposition of the tungsten material may be performed in a third processing chamber.
  • Example 5 A substrate is treated with at least one preclean process to expose a silicon-containing surface, a cobalt suicide material is deposited over the silicon-containing surface, the substrate is exposed to an annealing process, a metallic cobalt material is deposited over the cobalt suicide material, an optional treatment process may be used to remove cobalt oxides or other surface contaminants, a tungsten material is deposited over the metallic cobalt material, and the tungsten material is exposed to a CMP process.
  • the deposition of the cobalt suicide material may be performed in a first processing chamber, the annealing process may be performed in a second processing chamber, the deposition of the metallic cobalt material may be performed in a third processing chamber, and the optional treatment and the deposition of the tungsten material may be performed in a fourth processing chamber.
  • Example 6 A substrate is treated with at least one preclean process to expose a silicon-containing surface, a cobalt suicide material is deposited over the silicon-containing surface, a metallic cobalt material is deposited over the cobalt suicide material, the substrate is exposed to an annealing process, an optional treatment process may be used to remove cobalt oxides or other surface contaminants, a tungsten material is deposited over the metallic cobalt material, and the tungsten material is exposed to a CMP process.
  • the deposition of the cobalt suicide material may be performed in a first processing chamber, the deposition of the metallic cobalt material may be performed in a second processing chamber, the annealing process may be performed in a third processing chamber, and the optional treatment and the deposition of the tungsten material may be performed in a fourth processing chamber.
  • Example 7 A substrate is treated with at least one preclean process to expose a silicon-containing surface, a cobalt suicide material is deposited over the silicon-containing surface, a metallic cobalt material is deposited over the cobalt suicide material, an optional treatment process may be used to remove cobalt oxides or other surface contaminants, a tungsten material is deposited over the metallic cobalt material, the tungsten material is exposed to a CMP process, and the substrate is exposed to an annealing process.
  • the deposition of the cobalt suicide material and the metallic cobalt material may be performed in a first processing chamber, the deposition of the tungsten material may be performed in a second processing chamber, and the annealing process may be performed in a third processing chamber.
  • Example 8 A substrate is treated with at least one preclean process to expose a silicon-containing surface, a cobalt suicide material is deposited over the silicon-containing surface, a metallic cobalt material is deposited over the cobalt suicide material, an optional treatment process may be used to remove cobalt oxides or other surface contaminants, a tungsten material is deposited over the metallic cobalt material, the substrate is exposed to an annealing process, and the tungsten material is exposed to a CMP process.
  • the deposition of the cobalt suicide material and the metallic cobalt material may be performed in a first processing chamber, the deposition of the tungsten material may be performed in a second processing chamber, and the annealing process may be performed in a third processing chamber.
  • Substrate surface refers to any substrate or material surface formed on a substrate upon which film processing is performed during a fabrication process.
  • a substrate surface on which processing may be performed include materials such as monocrystalline, polycrystalline or amorphous silicon, strained silicon, silicon on insulator (SOI), doped silicon, silicon germanium, germanium, gallium arsenide, glass, sapphire, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and/or a silicon carbide oxide material or a carbon doped silicon oxide material, for example, BLACK DIAMOND ® II low-k dielectric material, available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, California.
  • SOI silicon on insulator
  • Substrates may have various dimensions, such as 200 mm or 300 mm diameter wafers, as well as, rectangular or square panes. Unless otherwise noted, embodiments and examples described herein are preferably conducted on substrates with a 200 mm diameter or a 300 mm diameter, more preferably, a 300 mm diameter. Embodiments of the processes described herein deposit cobalt suicide materials, metallic cobalt materials, and other cobalt-containing materials on many substrates and surfaces, especially, silicon-containing dielectric materials.
  • Substrates on which embodiments of the invention may be useful include, but are not limited to semiconductor wafers, such as crystalline silicon ⁇ e.g., Si ⁇ 100> or Si ⁇ 111>), silicon oxide, strained silicon, silicon germanium, doped or undoped polysilicon, doped or undoped silicon wafers, and patterned or non-patterned wafers. Substrates may be exposed to a pretreatment process to polish, etch, reduce, oxidize, hydroxylate, anneal, and/or bake the substrate surface.
  • Atomic layer deposition or “cyclical deposition” as used herein refers to the sequential introduction of two or more reactive compounds to deposit a layer of material on a substrate surface.
  • the two, three or more reactive compounds may alternatively be introduced into a reaction zone of a processing chamber.
  • each reactive compound is separated by a time delay to allow each compound to adhere and/or react on the substrate surface.
  • a first precursor or compound A is pulsed into the reaction zone followed by a first time delay.
  • a second precursor or compound B is pulsed into the reaction zone followed by a second delay.
  • a purge gas such as nitrogen
  • the purge gas may flow continuously throughout the deposition process so that only the purge gas flows during the time delay between pulses of reactive compounds.
  • the purge gas may also be a reducing agent, such as hydrogen or silane.
  • the reactive compounds are alternatively pulsed until a desired film or film thickness is formed on the substrate surface.
  • the ALD process of pulsing compound A, purge gas, pulsing compound B and purge gas is a cycle.
  • a cycle can start with either compound A or compound B and continue the respective order of the cycle until achieving a film with the desired thickness.
  • a first precursor containing compound A, a second precursor containing compound B, and a third precursor containing compound C are each separately and alternatively pulsed into the processing chamber.
  • a first precursor containing compound A and a second precursor containing compound B are each separately and alternatively pulsed into the processing chamber while , and a third precursor containing compound C is continuously flowed into the processing chamber.
  • a pulse of a first precursor may overlap in time with a pulse of a second precursor while a pulse of a third precursor does not overlap in time with either pulse of the first and second precursors.
  • a "pulse” as used herein is intended to refer to a quantity of a particular compound that is intermittently or non-continuously introduced into a reaction zone of a processing chamber.
  • the quantity of a particular compound within each pulse may vary over time, depending on the duration of the pulse.
  • the duration of each pulse is variable depending upon a number of factors such as, for example, the volume capacity of the processing chamber employed, the vacuum system coupled thereto, and the volatility/reactivity of the particular compound itself.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Electrodes Of Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
  • Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
  • Chemically Coating (AREA)

Abstract

Les modes de réalisation de l'invention décrits ici concernent de façon générale des procédés de formation de couches en siliciure de cobalt et de couches en cobalt métallique au moyen de divers processus de dépôt et processus de recuit. Un mode de réalisation concerne un procédé de formation d'un matériau contenant du siliciure métallique sur un substrat, comprenant les étapes consistant à former un matériau en siliciure de cobalt sur ou au-dessus d'une surface contenant du silicium au cours d'un processus de dépôt en phase vapeur en déposant séquentiellement une pluralité de couches en siliciure métallique et de couches en silyle sur le substrat, déposer une couche de coiffage métallique sur ou au-dessus du matériau en siliciure métallique, chauffer le substrat pendant un processus de recuit et déposer un matériau de contact métallique sur ou au-dessus du matériau formant barrière. Dans un exemple, les couches en siliciure métallique et la couche de coiffage métallique contiennent toutes deux du cobalt. Le matériau en siliciure de cobalt peut présenter un rapport atomique silicium/cobalt d'environ 1,9 ou plus, par exemple supérieur à environ 2,0, à environ 2,2 ou encore supérieur.
PCT/US2009/042153 2008-04-29 2009-04-29 Processus de formation de matériaux en cobalt et en siliciure de cobalt dans des applications en contact avec du tungstène WO2009134916A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/111,930 US20080268635A1 (en) 2001-07-25 2008-04-29 Process for forming cobalt and cobalt silicide materials in copper contact applications
US12/111,930 2008-04-29
US12/111,923 US20090004850A1 (en) 2001-07-25 2008-04-29 Process for forming cobalt and cobalt silicide materials in tungsten contact applications
US12/111,923 2008-04-29

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WO2009134916A2 true WO2009134916A2 (fr) 2009-11-05
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PCT/US2009/042153 WO2009134916A2 (fr) 2008-04-29 2009-04-29 Processus de formation de matériaux en cobalt et en siliciure de cobalt dans des applications en contact avec du tungstène

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FR3000840A1 (fr) * 2013-01-04 2014-07-11 St Microelectronics Rousset Procede de realisation de contacts metalliques au sein d'un circuit integre, et circuit integre correspondant
WO2020154582A1 (fr) * 2019-01-25 2020-07-30 Applied Materials, Inc. Ensemble cible de dépôt physique en phase vapeur
CN112424909A (zh) * 2018-07-17 2021-02-26 应用材料公司 形成硅化镍材料的方法

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US9487860B2 (en) 2014-11-10 2016-11-08 L'Air Liquide, Société Anonyme pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude Method for forming cobalt containing films

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US5356837A (en) * 1993-10-29 1994-10-18 International Business Machines Corporation Method of making epitaxial cobalt silicide using a thin metal underlayer
US5970370A (en) * 1998-12-08 1999-10-19 Advanced Micro Devices Manufacturing capping layer for the fabrication of cobalt salicide structures
US20060276020A1 (en) * 2001-07-25 2006-12-07 Yoon Ki H Deposition methods for barrier and tungsten materials

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR3000840A1 (fr) * 2013-01-04 2014-07-11 St Microelectronics Rousset Procede de realisation de contacts metalliques au sein d'un circuit integre, et circuit integre correspondant
CN112424909A (zh) * 2018-07-17 2021-02-26 应用材料公司 形成硅化镍材料的方法
WO2020154582A1 (fr) * 2019-01-25 2020-07-30 Applied Materials, Inc. Ensemble cible de dépôt physique en phase vapeur

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WO2009134925A2 (fr) 2009-11-05
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