WO2009107144A1 - A method and system for channel assignment in rural wireless mesh networks - Google Patents

A method and system for channel assignment in rural wireless mesh networks Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009107144A1
WO2009107144A1 PCT/IN2008/000116 IN2008000116W WO2009107144A1 WO 2009107144 A1 WO2009107144 A1 WO 2009107144A1 IN 2008000116 W IN2008000116 W IN 2008000116W WO 2009107144 A1 WO2009107144 A1 WO 2009107144A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
node
channels
links
channel
rural
Prior art date
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PCT/IN2008/000116
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French (fr)
Inventor
Partha Dutta
Sharad Jaiswal
Debmalya Panigrahi
Rajeev Rastogi
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Lucent Technologies Inc
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Priority to PCT/IN2008/000116 priority Critical patent/WO2009107144A1/en
Publication of WO2009107144A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009107144A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W16/00—Network planning, e.g. coverage or traffic planning tools; Network deployment, e.g. resource partitioning or cells structures
    • H04W16/02—Resource partitioning among network components, e.g. reuse partitioning
    • H04W16/10—Dynamic resource partitioning
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
    • H04W4/06—Selective distribution of broadcast services, e.g. multimedia broadcast multicast service [MBMS]; Services to user groups; One-way selective calling services
    • H04W4/08—User group management
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W72/00—Local resource management
    • H04W72/50—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources
    • H04W72/54—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on quality criteria
    • H04W72/541—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on quality criteria using the level of interference
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W84/00—Network topologies
    • H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
    • H04W84/10—Small scale networks; Flat hierarchical networks
    • H04W84/12—WLAN [Wireless Local Area Networks]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W84/00—Network topologies
    • H04W84/18—Self-organising networks, e.g. ad-hoc networks or sensor networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W92/00—Interfaces specially adapted for wireless communication networks
    • H04W92/16—Interfaces between hierarchically similar devices
    • H04W92/20—Interfaces between hierarchically similar devices between access points

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of telecommunications and wireless mesh networks.
  • Mesh networking is a way to route data, voice and instructions between nodes. It allows for continuous connections and reconfiguration around broken or blocked paths by hopping from node to node until the destination is reached.
  • Such networks have the ability to provide internet connectivity for large areas, at low cost.
  • a prominent application of such networks is in the context of rural connectivity.
  • a typical rural mesh network would consist of a cluster of villages connected with each other through point-to-point wireless links.
  • a special node in this mesh (called a gateway node) is connected to the wired internet, and other mesh nodes connect to the gateway node (and the rest of the internet) through one or more hops in the mesh.
  • Rural mesh networks are characterized by a static topology (a node in this network will be a village) and very long distance, point-to-point links between the nodes (about 10-15kms).
  • IEEE 802.11 WiFi radio equipment is usually used to establish links in rural networks.
  • IEEE 802.11 WiFi is a highly commoditized technology and WiFi radios are very inexpensive, compared to other wireless technologies (such as cellular data, e.g. EVDO).
  • An IEEE 802.11 radio can be tuned to one of several non-interfering channels, i.e. radios on distinct non-interfering channels can operate without interference from each other.
  • the 802.11b and 802.1 Ig flavors of the standard provide 3 non- interfering channels while 802.1 Ia provides 12 non-interfering channels.
  • a key problem in the operation of these networks is how to judiciously assign non- interfering channels to the links in the network, so as to minimize the interference across various links and to maximize the utilization of the links and the performance of the network.
  • An existing solution to the channel assignment problem is the use of 2P MAC protocol to operate links in the presence of Mix-Rx-Tx interference.
  • the protocol is based on the observation that while Mix-Rx-Tx interference prevents simultaneous transmission and reception at a node; the node can synchronously transmit or synchronously receive on all its adjacent links without any Mix-Rx-Tx interference. This is called SynTx (or SynRx).
  • SynTx or SynRx
  • the 2P protocol operates on graphs by switching each node between two phases: SynRx and SynTx. When a node switches from SynRx to SynTx, its neighbors switch from SynTx to SynRx, and vice versa.
  • the 2P protocol has a desirable property that the link is always active in one direction or the other.
  • the 2P protocol has several important drawbacks:
  • the algorithm imposes a constraint that all links at a node remain active in a given direction for the same amount of time. This may result in reduced throughput since the routing protocol running on the network may require the links to be active for different durations for different links.
  • the present invention addresses several of these issues and provides a method and system to allocate non-interfering channels to links in an IEEE 802.11 based mesh network, such that the links can operate in full-duplex mode (i.e. communicate in both directions), without interfering with each other, at all times.
  • the present invention relates to the field of wireless mesh networks, more particularly to channel assignment in rural wireless mesh networks.
  • the invention provides for a method to improve the channel assignment in a mesh network with fixed nodes and directional antennas to get rid of the Mix-Rx-Tx interference problem, specific to directional antennas due to the near field effect.
  • the method allocates the frequency channels to be used between the different nodes such that no node sends and receives on the same frequency.
  • the invention provides a system for allocating non-interfering channels to links in an IEEE 802.11 based mesh network, such that links can operate in full-duplex mode (communicating in both directions), without interfering with each other, at all times.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a rural mesh network
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the Mix-Rx-Tx (Mix-Receive-Transmit) interference
  • FIG. 3 illustrates channel assignment scheme
  • Figure 4 illustrates possible channel allocation on a network graph
  • Figure 5 illustrates the system for channel assignment to maximize the number of links that can be operated simultaneously
  • a wireless mesh networking is a way to route data, voice and instructions between nodes having continuous connections and reconfiguration around broken or blocked paths by hopping from node to node until the destination is reached. This network can still operate even when a node breaks down or when a connection goes bad. As a result wireless mesh networks are very reliable.
  • the present invention provides for a method and system for channel allocation in a rural wireless mesh network (Fig 1), which allows all point to point links in a mesh network to operate in full-duplex mode (active in both directions), simultaneously and at all times. This ensures significantly higher link bandwidths and lower end to end delays. No synchronization is required across the links and the protocol operates without requiring any changes in the standard IEEE 802.11 MAC.
  • the radio equipment is connected to very high gain directional antennas. Also, the antennas are mounted on towers that are sufficiently tall to establish line-of- sight across the end-points.
  • a primary concern in the operation of such a network is interference across the links.
  • nodes in the mesh network will communicate with each other using directional antennas. While directional antennas are designed to transmit and receive in a specific direction, the directionality of this radiation becomes effective only at longer distances from the sender. This is also called the near field effect. As a result, there is considerable leaked radiation (side lobes) within a short area from the antenna. Due to this, at any node, simultaneous transmissions and receptions on the same channel are not possible since the transmissions will interfere with the receptions. This is called Mix-Rx-Tx (Mix-Receive-Transmit) interference (Fig 2).
  • the invention provides a method to allocate channels and links to maximize network performance in the presence of this interference.
  • Any link in the network graph consists of two directed edges in opposite directions.
  • To each directed edge we assign a non-interfering IEEE 802.11 channel in such a manner that at any node, the set of channels on the outgoing directed edges is different from the channels on the incoming edges (Fig 3).
  • a node can be simultaneously transmitting on a set of channels on its outgoing edges, and receiving on a set of channels on its incoming edges. Since no outgoing and incoming edges share a common channel, there is no risk of Mix-Rx-Tx interference.
  • the key problem is how to achieve this channel allocation (i.e. channels in the outgoing edges of a node are distinct from the incoming edges of the node) on all nodes in the graph.
  • the implementation of the method is illustrated using a network graph with small number of channels.
  • the nodes are grouped into disjoint node-sets such that there is no edge between any pair of nodes in the same node-set.
  • K be the number of such node-sets obtained.
  • n be the smallest integer such that n C n/2 is at least K, i.e. 11 C nZ2 denote the number of ways one can choose n/2 objects from n objects. Such a value of n always lies between log 2 K and 2 log 2 K.
  • the method uses n channels. To each of the K node-sets, assign a distinct subset of n/2 channels. This is termed as the channel-set of the node-set.
  • Figure 4 illustrates a possible channel allocation on a network graph where nodes have been grouped into six node-sets ⁇ A, B, C, D, E 5 F ⁇ .
  • each vertex represents a node-set
  • each edge between two vertices represents all edges between two corresponding node-sets.
  • channel allocation uses 4 channels 1, 2, 3, 4 because 4 is the smallest n such that n C n/2 is at least 6.
  • each node-set is assigned a two-element subset of (I 5 2, 3, 4 ⁇ as its channel-set.
  • I 5 2, 3, 4 ⁇ the channel-set.
  • this edge is allocated channel 2 which is a channel that is in the channel-set of A but not that of B, and similarly, any edge in the reverse direction i.e., going from B to A is allocated channel 3.
  • Other edges are allocated channels similarly.
  • the channel allocation method is implemented with the help of a system (Fig 5) having radio equipment and bidirectional antenna.
  • the directional antenna has a radiation circle and is focused on a narrow beam as the energy levels drop with distances.
  • the system is implemented such that between any two villages there are two radio equipments and two bi-directional antennas.
  • the equipment used is IEEE 802.1 Ib 5 which has a peak rate of 1 IMbps.
  • the proposed method of channel allocation has several unique advantages as it allows all point-point links in a mesh to operate in full-duplex mode i.e. active in both directions, simultaneously and at all times. This ensures significantly higher link bandwidths over the existing 2P protocol method and lower end-end delays. No synchronization is required across the links.
  • the protocol operates without requiring any changes in the standard IEEE 802.11 MAC.
  • This architecture of using a long distance point-point wireless mesh to connect fixed nodes has applications other than in the context of connecting villages in rural areas.
  • each base-station needs a backhaul Internet connection.
  • the backhaul for each base- station is through a wired Tl /El connection or a fiber drop, which is expensive to deploy and maintain.
  • Connecting the base stations (which are in fixed locations, separated by reasonably long distances) through a wireless point-point mesh to a single (or few) back-haul points would considerably reduce the cost of providing back-haul connectivity in cellular networks.
  • WiFi/WiMAX WiFi/WiMAX
  • WiFi/WiMAX WiFi/WiMAX
  • deployment scenario Rural/cellular backhaul
  • key innovations presented in this disclosure maximizing network utilization and performance in the presence of interference
  • the end-to-end delay is another point of comparison in networks operating the 2P protocol versus the present channel allocation method.
  • packets may have to wait for the duration of an entire phase, at each hop, before they can move forward. This can significantly increase the end-end delay.
  • the approach of the present invention does not incur this extra delay, For example in the test-bed, in a 2-hop path the end the end-end delay incurred using the above method was 5msecs. While, if the 2P protocol was used, for typical duration of phases, the worst-case end-end delay would be 31msecs.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Small-Scale Networks (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

A method and system for allocating channels in a rural mesh networking so that maximum number of links can operate on full-duplex mode without interfering with each other. The present invention considers any link in the network graph to consist of two directed edges to which a non-interfering channel is assigned in such a manner that at any node the set of channels on the outgoing directed edges is different from the incoming edges. The system uses IEEE 802.11b radio equipments and directional antennas.

Description

A method and system for channel assignment in rural wireless mesh networks
Background Of The Invention
The present invention relates to the field of telecommunications and wireless mesh networks. Mesh networking is a way to route data, voice and instructions between nodes. It allows for continuous connections and reconfiguration around broken or blocked paths by hopping from node to node until the destination is reached. Such networks have the ability to provide internet connectivity for large areas, at low cost. A prominent application of such networks is in the context of rural connectivity. A typical rural mesh network would consist of a cluster of villages connected with each other through point-to-point wireless links. A special node in this mesh (called a gateway node) is connected to the wired internet, and other mesh nodes connect to the gateway node (and the rest of the internet) through one or more hops in the mesh. Rural mesh networks are characterized by a static topology (a node in this network will be a village) and very long distance, point-to-point links between the nodes (about 10-15kms).
In the context of rural networks, the cost of building the network is of prime importance (since these networks will be deployed in regions where people have very low paying capacity). Hence, IEEE 802.11 WiFi radio equipment is usually used to establish links in rural networks. IEEE 802.11 WiFi is a highly commoditized technology and WiFi radios are very inexpensive, compared to other wireless technologies (such as cellular data, e.g. EVDO). An IEEE 802.11 radio can be tuned to one of several non-interfering channels, i.e. radios on distinct non-interfering channels can operate without interference from each other. The 802.11b and 802.1 Ig flavors of the standard provide 3 non- interfering channels while 802.1 Ia provides 12 non-interfering channels. A key problem in the operation of these networks is how to judiciously assign non- interfering channels to the links in the network, so as to minimize the interference across various links and to maximize the utilization of the links and the performance of the network.
An existing solution to the channel assignment problem is the use of 2P MAC protocol to operate links in the presence of Mix-Rx-Tx interference. The protocol is based on the observation that while Mix-Rx-Tx interference prevents simultaneous transmission and reception at a node; the node can synchronously transmit or synchronously receive on all its adjacent links without any Mix-Rx-Tx interference. This is called SynTx (or SynRx). The 2P protocol operates on graphs by switching each node between two phases: SynRx and SynTx. When a node switches from SynRx to SynTx, its neighbors switch from SynTx to SynRx, and vice versa. The 2P protocol has a desirable property that the link is always active in one direction or the other. However, the 2P protocol has several important drawbacks:
1. The algorithm imposes a constraint that all links at a node remain active in a given direction for the same amount of time. This may result in reduced throughput since the routing protocol running on the network may require the links to be active for different durations for different links.
2. When a node is in the Rx phase, data at the node that has to be transmitted needs to be buffered. This can considerably increase the end-to-end delay of sending data across multiple hops. 3. The protocol requires each node to synchronize with its neighbors before it can switch phases through the exchange of tokens. This requires changes in the IEEE 802.11 MAC. Also, it adds to the delay and overhead of the protocol.
4. And, as empirical studies have found, in case tokens are lost, the protocol wastes considerable time to re-synchronize all the nodes.
The present invention addresses several of these issues and provides a method and system to allocate non-interfering channels to links in an IEEE 802.11 based mesh network, such that the links can operate in full-duplex mode (i.e. communicate in both directions), without interfering with each other, at all times.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of wireless mesh networks, more particularly to channel assignment in rural wireless mesh networks.
In one embodiment, the invention provides for a method to improve the channel assignment in a mesh network with fixed nodes and directional antennas to get rid of the Mix-Rx-Tx interference problem, specific to directional antennas due to the near field effect. The method allocates the frequency channels to be used between the different nodes such that no node sends and receives on the same frequency. In another embodiment, the invention provides a system for allocating non-interfering channels to links in an IEEE 802.11 based mesh network, such that links can operate in full-duplex mode (communicating in both directions), without interfering with each other, at all times.
These and other systems, methods, objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment and the drawings.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Figure 1 illustrates a rural mesh network
Figure 2 illustrates the Mix-Rx-Tx (Mix-Receive-Transmit) interference
Figure 3 illustrates channel assignment scheme
Figure 4 illustrates possible channel allocation on a network graph
Figure 5 illustrates the system for channel assignment to maximize the number of links that can be operated simultaneously
Detailed Description of the Drawings A wireless mesh networking is a way to route data, voice and instructions between nodes having continuous connections and reconfiguration around broken or blocked paths by hopping from node to node until the destination is reached. This network can still operate even when a node breaks down or when a connection goes bad. As a result wireless mesh networks are very reliable.
The present invention provides for a method and system for channel allocation in a rural wireless mesh network (Fig 1), which allows all point to point links in a mesh network to operate in full-duplex mode (active in both directions), simultaneously and at all times. This ensures significantly higher link bandwidths and lower end to end delays. No synchronization is required across the links and the protocol operates without requiring any changes in the standard IEEE 802.11 MAC.
To traverse the long distances required to establish a point-point link, the radio equipment is connected to very high gain directional antennas. Also, the antennas are mounted on towers that are sufficiently tall to establish line-of- sight across the end-points.
A primary concern in the operation of such a network is interference across the links. In the present invention, nodes in the mesh network will communicate with each other using directional antennas. While directional antennas are designed to transmit and receive in a specific direction, the directionality of this radiation becomes effective only at longer distances from the sender. This is also called the near field effect. As a result, there is considerable leaked radiation (side lobes) within a short area from the antenna. Due to this, at any node, simultaneous transmissions and receptions on the same channel are not possible since the transmissions will interfere with the receptions. This is called Mix-Rx-Tx (Mix-Receive-Transmit) interference (Fig 2). In one of the embodiments, the invention provides a method to allocate channels and links to maximize network performance in the presence of this interference.
Any link in the network graph consists of two directed edges in opposite directions. To each directed edge we assign a non-interfering IEEE 802.11 channel in such a manner that at any node, the set of channels on the outgoing directed edges is different from the channels on the incoming edges (Fig 3). Thus, a node can be simultaneously transmitting on a set of channels on its outgoing edges, and receiving on a set of channels on its incoming edges. Since no outgoing and incoming edges share a common channel, there is no risk of Mix-Rx-Tx interference.
The key problem is how to achieve this channel allocation (i.e. channels in the outgoing edges of a node are distinct from the incoming edges of the node) on all nodes in the graph.
The implementation of the method is illustrated using a network graph with small number of channels. The nodes are grouped into disjoint node-sets such that there is no edge between any pair of nodes in the same node-set. Let K be the number of such node-sets obtained. Let n be the smallest integer such that nCn/2 is at least K, i.e. 11CnZ2 denote the number of ways one can choose n/2 objects from n objects. Such a value of n always lies between log2 K and 2 log2 K. The method uses n channels. To each of the K node-sets, assign a distinct subset of n/2 channels. This is termed as the channel-set of the node-set. For each edge e the following steps are performed: suppose e goes from node-set A to node-set B, choose any channel that is in the channel-set of A, but not in the channel-set of B, and allocate it to e. This method ensures that there is no Mix- Rx-Tx interference at any node.
Figure 4 illustrates a possible channel allocation on a network graph where nodes have been grouped into six node-sets {A, B, C, D, E5 F}. In Figure 4, each vertex represents a node-set, and each edge between two vertices represents all edges between two corresponding node-sets. According to the method of the present invention, channel allocation uses 4 channels 1, 2, 3, 4 because 4 is the smallest n such that nCn/2 is at least 6.
As depicted in Figure 4, each node-set is assigned a two-element subset of (I5 2, 3, 4} as its channel-set. Consider any edge going from the node-set A (with channel-set {1,2}), to the node-set B (with channel-set {1,3}). Following the method, this edge is allocated channel 2 which is a channel that is in the channel-set of A but not that of B, and similarly, any edge in the reverse direction i.e., going from B to A is allocated channel 3. Other edges are allocated channels similarly.
In another embodiment of the invention, the channel allocation method is implemented with the help of a system (Fig 5) having radio equipment and bidirectional antenna. The directional antenna has a radiation circle and is focused on a narrow beam as the energy levels drop with distances. The system is implemented such that between any two villages there are two radio equipments and two bi-directional antennas. The equipment used is IEEE 802.1 Ib5 which has a peak rate of 1 IMbps. The proposed method of channel allocation has several unique advantages as it allows all point-point links in a mesh to operate in full-duplex mode i.e. active in both directions, simultaneously and at all times. This ensures significantly higher link bandwidths over the existing 2P protocol method and lower end-end delays. No synchronization is required across the links. The protocol operates without requiring any changes in the standard IEEE 802.11 MAC.
This architecture of using a long distance point-point wireless mesh to connect fixed nodes has applications other than in the context of connecting villages in rural areas. For example, in a cellular network each base-station needs a backhaul Internet connection. Currently, the backhaul for each base- station is through a wired Tl /El connection or a fiber drop, which is expensive to deploy and maintain. Connecting the base stations (which are in fixed locations, separated by reasonably long distances) through a wireless point-point mesh to a single (or few) back-haul points would considerably reduce the cost of providing back-haul connectivity in cellular networks. While the underlying radio technology (WiFi/WiMAX) used to establish the wireless links may differ based on the deployment scenario (Rural/cellular backhaul), the key innovations presented in this disclosure (maximizing network utilization and performance in the presence of interference) can be applicable to any long-distance point-point mesh network architecture.
Apart from the achievable throughput, another point of comparison in networks operating the 2P protocol versus the present channel allocation method is the end-to-end delay. In the operation of the 2P protocol, packets may have to wait for the duration of an entire phase, at each hop, before they can move forward. This can significantly increase the end-end delay. As we have experimentally verified, the approach of the present invention does not incur this extra delay, For example in the test-bed, in a 2-hop path the end the end-end delay incurred using the above method was 5msecs. While, if the 2P protocol was used, for typical duration of phases, the worst-case end-end delay would be 31msecs.

Claims

Claims
1. A method for the allocation of channels in a rural wireless mesh network such that maximum number of links can operate in full-duplex mode, without interfering with each other at all times, the said method comprising the steps of
- grouping the nodes into disjoint node-sets such that there is no edge between any pair of nodes in the same node-set;
- assigning the number of said group of disjoint node-sets to a variable k;
- obtaining the smallest value n such that the number of ways of choosing n/2 objects from n objects is at least the said group of disjoint node-sets; and
- assigning a distinct subset of n/2 channels to each of the group of disjoint node-sets.
2. The method for the allocation of channels as claimed in claim 1 wherein obtaining the smallest value n such that n lies between log2k and 21og2k.
3. The method for the allocation of channels as claimed in claim 1 wherein assigning a distinct subset of n/2 channels to each group further comprises allocating a channel to an edge e going from node-set A to node-set B such that the said channel is in the node-set A and not in node-set B. A system for the allocation of non-interfering channels to links in an IEEE 802.11 based mesh network, such that links can operate in full-duplex mode comprising a pair of radio equipment IEEE 802.1 Ib having a peak rate of 11 Mbps, two directional antennas and a predefined number of frequency channels.
PCT/IN2008/000116 2008-02-29 2008-02-29 A method and system for channel assignment in rural wireless mesh networks WO2009107144A1 (en)

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US8862132B2 (en) 2010-10-27 2014-10-14 Vodafone Ip Licensing Limited Providing local traffic in a cell or group of cells of a cellular communication network

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EP0622925A1 (en) * 1993-04-30 1994-11-02 International Business Machines Corporation A multiaccess scheme for mobile integrated local area networks
WO2007090839A1 (en) * 2006-02-07 2007-08-16 Thales Method for dynamically allocating resources in a network of station clusters

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8862132B2 (en) 2010-10-27 2014-10-14 Vodafone Ip Licensing Limited Providing local traffic in a cell or group of cells of a cellular communication network

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