WO2009093927A1 - Procédé et dispositif pour mesure de fraction multiphase, à base de chambre d'ionisation remplie de xénon haute pression - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif pour mesure de fraction multiphase, à base de chambre d'ionisation remplie de xénon haute pression Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009093927A1
WO2009093927A1 PCT/RU2008/000035 RU2008000035W WO2009093927A1 WO 2009093927 A1 WO2009093927 A1 WO 2009093927A1 RU 2008000035 W RU2008000035 W RU 2008000035W WO 2009093927 A1 WO2009093927 A1 WO 2009093927A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
detector
gas
energy
multiphase
gamma
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PCT/RU2008/000035
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English (en)
Inventor
Roman Vladimirovich Korkin
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Schlumberger Canada Limited
Services Petroliers Schlumberger
Schlumberger Holdings Limited
Schlumberger Technology B.V.
Prad Research And Development N.V.
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Application filed by Schlumberger Canada Limited, Services Petroliers Schlumberger, Schlumberger Holdings Limited, Schlumberger Technology B.V., Prad Research And Development N.V. filed Critical Schlumberger Canada Limited
Priority to PCT/RU2008/000035 priority Critical patent/WO2009093927A1/fr
Publication of WO2009093927A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009093927A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
    • G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
    • G01N23/095—Gamma-ray resonance absorption, e.g. using the Mössbauer effect
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/26—Oils; Viscous liquids; Paints; Inks
    • G01N33/28—Oils, i.e. hydrocarbon liquids
    • G01N33/2823—Raw oil, drilling fluid or polyphasic mixtures
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
    • G01N2223/10—Different kinds of radiation or particles
    • G01N2223/101—Different kinds of radiation or particles electromagnetic radiation
    • G01N2223/1013—Different kinds of radiation or particles electromagnetic radiation gamma

Definitions

  • This invention relates to metering devices, more specifically, to the measurement of parameters of liquid and gaseous media and can be used for the control of fluid flow parameters, more specifically, for the condition monitoring of oil and gas field by controlling the composition of the multiphase mixture delivered from the well.
  • the simplest method of multiphase fraction metering is the radioactive method based on the attenuation measurement at several gamma ray energies.
  • the main idea of the method is the comparison of the count rate of gamma rays passing through the multiphase mixture (production fluid) with the count rate of gamma rays passing through the empty pipe, and pure oil, water and gas.
  • the term 'fraction meter' will mean the part of the device that measures the volume fractions of various phases, whereas the 'multiphase flowmeter' will mean the whole device that measures the volume flowrates of all phases.
  • the International Patents PCT/EP 94/01320, EP 0236623, and WO 9742493 describe the method of multiphase mixture fraction metering based on the attenuation measurement at two or more energy levels. More than two energy levels are not needed for the characterization of three phase fractions, but they can be used for the determination of a forth component (for example, mechanical impurities), or for the measurement of the sulfur content in oil and salt content in water.
  • US Patents 6,097,786 and US 7,075,062 describe the main principles of multiphase fraction measurements with X-ray tubes instead of chemical sources.
  • the methods of multiphase fraction metering described above are applied in flowmeters manufactured by Schlumberger Vx, Haimo MPFM and Roxar MPFM (it should be mentioned that Roxar flowmeter actually uses only one energy level to determine three phase fractions; it also performs electromagnetic measurements of multiphase mixture properties).
  • the part responsible for the fraction metering uses properly collimated radioactive source, i.e. a tube with multiphase mixture and a gamma ray detector.
  • the gamma rays emitted by the source pass through the multiphase mixture and are incident upon the detector.
  • the detector usually comprises a NaI scintillation crystal, a photomultiplier, and appropriate logic.
  • the NaI scintillation crystal has an energy resolution of about 6-10 and is preferable in comparison with other detectors since it is very widespread and can operate under severe conditions (up to 120 0 C).
  • the disadvantage of the scintillation detectors (not only equipped with NaI, but also many others) is their low energy resolution.
  • To gather all the gamma rays from the same energy level one should use a very wide energy window (for example, for 30 keV gamma rays the preferable energy window is 20-40 keV). In this case the high energy gamma rays hitting the detector can be scattered inside the crystal, leaving only part of their energy. Then they will be detected as low energy gamma rays.
  • the total source activity can not be too low (at least several hundred MBq for a Ba 133 source).
  • the gamma rays coming to the detector at the same time up to the scintillation time
  • semiconductor detectors In comparison with scintillation detectors, semiconductor detectors have a significantly higher energy resolution, 0.1-0.5%. This means that energy windows can be chosen very narrow, thus reducing the systematic error. Such detectors can resolve very close energy levels; the operator may assign several energy windows which is unattainable for a scintillation detector system. The more energy windows are used, the more detailed information about multicomponent fluid in the tube can be obtained.
  • the patent EP 0696354 describes semiconductor detector used for multiphase fraction metering. However, semiconductor detectors are more costly than scintillation detector systems and require low cryogenic temperatures for operation. Moreover, only the best semiconductor detectors allow measuring high gamma ray fluxes (10 5 counts/sec) that are required for reliable multiphase measurement.
  • the gamma-detection unit installed in the throat of the Venturi pipe is described in US Patent 7,105,805 (Schlumberger Technology Corporation).
  • the operation of this unity is based on the attenuation of gamma-rays emitted by Ba- 133 (the main energy peaks are 32 keV, 81 keV and 356keV) that are used for density and composition measurement of multiphase mixtures.
  • the detector units comprise a filter for selectively detecting the photons it receives at a first energy level and at a second energy level, said first and second levels being predetermined amongst the energy levels of radiation from the source.
  • the filter comprises a scintillator crystal whose dimensions are such that said crystal mainly detects gamma rays that are emitted at said first and second energy levels.
  • This design allows provides for better spectral characteristics at the first energy peak (32 keV) and improves the measurement accuracy. However, the peak width remains large enough and affects the accuracy of the result.
  • the suggested invention is to use a Xe-filled high pressure ionization chamber for gamma ray detection in the standard multiphase flowmeter.
  • the gas-filled detector holds an intermediate position between scintillation detectors and semiconductor detectors concerning the energy resolution.
  • the commercially available ionization chambers have energy resolution of around 2- 3% at the Cs 137 peak (662 keV) [S. E Ulin, V. V. Dmitrenko et al. Instruments and Experimental Techniques, vol.. 37, JSTs. 2, part 1, p. 142-145, (1994); A. Bolotnikov and B. Ramsey. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A 396, ⁇ .360-370 (1997); G. J.
  • the Xe filled ionization detectors can operate almost under any conditions (temperature above 200 0 C and high pressures) and their performance is independent of temperature (if temperature-stable logic is used for signal processing). There is no need for a photomultiplier, and therefore the design is robust enough for field application. Finally, the cost of these detectors is less than for semiconductor detectors.
  • the present invention relates to the methods of multiphase mixture fraction meter, more specifically, to the development of instrumentation for the detection of gamma-radiation by the high pressure xenon-filled ionization chambers.
  • the use of such detector allows obtaining good gamma ray energy resolution, detection of gamma rays at more energy levels, finally increasing the accuracy of the results.
  • this use of gas filled detectors for multiphase fraction metering is novel.
  • the object of this invention is to provide a new multiphase mixture fraction determination method for mixtures delivered from the well and a device for the implementation of this method.
  • Said object can be achieved by providing the multiphase mixture composition characterization method suggested herein comprising the steps of passing gamma rays through a multiphase mixture flow and detection of the transmitted gamma radiation with further composition characterization of the multiphase flow from the energies detected, wherein said detection is carried out using a high pressure Xe filled ionization chamber, further wherein said ionization detector comprises a gamma rays transparent window, a cathode, a wire anode and a shielding grid. To obtain a sufficiently high detection efficiency one should provide a Xe pressure in the detector of 30-50 atm.
  • volume fractions of oil, water and gas are preferably determined using preliminarily measured absorption coefficients for a multiphase mixture at least at two energy levels, wherein the absorption at one of these levels is due to photoeffect and that at the second level is due to Compton scattering, and the volume fractions of the three phases are calculated using the following set of equations:
  • the fractions of oil, water and gas can be determined using more than two energy levels by finding the volume fractions of oil, water and gas at which the following sum takes on its minimum value:
  • I I , where ' is the count rate in the z-th energy window and n is the number of energy levels.
  • the method can be implemented using a multiphase mixture fraction characterization device based on an ionization chamber filled with high pressure Xe and further comprising a gamma ray source and a Xe filled detector comprising a gamma ray transparent window, a cathode, a wire anode and a shielding grid.
  • said device comprises a collimated gamma ray source.
  • the gamma ray source can be either chemical source or an X-ray tube.
  • the detector window is preferably made from a material with a low absorption at 30-80 keV. Said gamma ray source should preferably provide at least two energy levels.
  • Gas filled detectors are primarily of interest for their high energy resolution achieving 2% at 662 keV in some counterparts, whereas the theoretical value can be even higher (0.5% without electronic noise).
  • the energy resolution of a gas filled detector can be described as follows:
  • E the gamma quantum energy
  • ⁇ £ the energy resolution (absolute value)
  • a the electronic noise related energy determination error
  • ⁇ the Xe atom ionization energy (22 keV)
  • F the Fanot factor equal to 0.13 for Xe.
  • the gas filled detectors can operate in two basic modes: ionization and proportional.
  • ionization the best mode is the ionization one which requires a higher Xe pressure in the chamber, but comparatively lower electric field.
  • the optimum pressure for high energy resolution was determined in [S. E Ulin, V. V. Dmitrenko et al. Instruments and Experimental Techniques, vol.. 37, JNa. 2, part 1, p. 142-145, (1994); A. Bolotnikov and B. Ramsey.
  • the typical detector length is about 20-40 cm.
  • the typical layout of the multiphase fraction meter is shown in Figure 1. Note that the layout is exemplary only, and the actual geometry may vary. The diameter of the detector is not of great importance for the collimated beam, ranging from 5 mm to 50 mm.
  • the Xe filled detector comprises inlet window 3 made from a high- strength material (typical internal pressure inside the gas detector is 30-50 bar).
  • the window material has a low attenuation coefficient at the source energy (for example fiberglass, fibercarbon, kevlar, beryllium etc.).
  • the detector further comprises cathode 4, anode wire 5 (it can be a cylinder) and special shielding grid (Frisch grid) 6.
  • the operation principle is the same as for any ionization chamber.
  • the gamma rays interacting with the gaseous matter (by the photoelectric effect or Compton scattering in the energy region which of interest) generates photoelectrons that drift along the electric field between the cathode and the anode wire.
  • the electric field should not be very high so the chamber remains in the ionization mode (up to 3-5 kV depending on gas pressure and hydrogen and other gas impurities in xenon; anyway the field should be insufficient to generate an electron avalanche).
  • the magnitude of the signal taken from the anode wire is proportional to the energy lost by single gamma ray quantum.
  • the shielding grid allows measuring the electron component of the total signal thus increasing the performance of the gas filled detector and making the signal independent from the point of the gamma rays/gas molecules interaction.
  • proportional mode provides for a higher signal-to-noise ratio (total charge or photoelectron current). This reduces the requirements to the electronics or provides somewhat higher energy resolution.
  • the disadvantage of proportional mode is that a very stable electric field should be provided. Indeed, the amplification coefficient is an exponent function of the field, and small field fluctuations cause dramatic changes in the coefficient, bearing the threat of impairing the energy resolution. Furthermore, it is a serious technical problem to provide a high electric field as the field strength required for proportional mode is a linear function of gas pressure in the detector.
  • the fundamental design of a gas filled detector operating in proportional mode is similar to that of an ionization chamber.
  • the number of energy levels can be greater, for example, seven in this case if the logic keeps the noise level low enough to resolve the 31 and 35 keV peaks in the Ba 133 spectrum.
  • Measuring the attenuation coefficients at five windows gives us seven variables (such as the volume fractions of oil, water, and gas, salt content in water, sulfur content in oil, sand concentration etc.) if the testing time is sufficient (at least few minutes at several hundred MBq source activity) and if the tested fluid is sufficiently stable during measurements.
  • Other application is to use the attenuation data in additional energy windows for gaining a higher accuracy of oil, water, and gas volume fraction determination (using the standard root-mean-square technique).
  • the detector performance can be changed to suit the requirements (electric field strength, shielding grid installation and parameters, gas pressure etc.).
  • the energy resolution achievable is significantly better in that case than for the scintillation detectors.
  • the detection efficiency per unit volume of a gas filled detector is lower than that of the scintillation detectors at gamma ray energies of about 200-400 keV, but this drawback is not critical as the high signal speed allows using a higher activity source.
  • the same detection efficiency can be achieved as in the scintillation detector if the gas filled detector has a larger size. For on-surface applications of the testing tool, a 10-30 cm increase in size is not critical.
  • the signal from the Compton scattered gamma rays with 276, 303, 356, and 384 keV energies will not generate strong noise in the Wl and W2 windows since their width is small enough.
  • the existing background (systematic error) will affect the attenuation coefficient (it depends on material thickness) and can be eliminated by a simple correction of the count rates in the Wl and W2 windows to the count rates for other windows using empirical coefficients. These coefficients can be determined by attenuation measurements of known thickness samples (liquid or solid).
  • **• is the X-phase attenuation coefficient
  • a ⁇ is the volume fraction
  • ' is the count rate at the z-th window.
  • a device for measuring the phase composition of a multiphase mixture that comprises an ionization chamber as the gamma detector.
  • the detector is 30 cm long and 15 cm in diameter and has an anode (a 3 mm diameter cylinder) in the center.
  • the Frisch grid is installed at 4 mm from the anode surface.
  • the cathode-grid voltage is 2 kV
  • the anode-grid voltage is 6 kV
  • the anode to grid distance is 5 mm.
  • the detector has an analog to digital converter and a computer converting the anode current into gamma quantum energy.
  • the energy resolution of the device is 2% at Cs 137 (662 keV).
  • With a Ba 133 detector the following levels can be detected: 32 keV (31+35 keV), 81 keV, 276 keV, 303 keV, 356 keV and 384 keV.
  • the Xe density is 0.5 g/cm 3 (the 2O 0 C pressure is about 50 bar).
  • the detection efficiency under the above conditions is about 50% for 356 keV gamma quanta.
  • the inlet window is made from PEEK (polyether-ether-ketone), thickness 3 mm, and the device is installed in the tube in a way that the Ba 133 source is at one side of the tube and the gas filled detector is at the other.
  • the metallic walls of the tube have openings in which boron carbide windows are installed (boron carbide has a relatively low absorption coefficient in the 30 keV gamma quantum energy region).
  • the tube diameter in the device installation area is 5 cm.
  • the count rates are calibrated for an empty tube and then in sequence for a water, oil and gas filled tube. The latter measurement is made for the gas separated from the multiphase mixture and injected into the tube under high pressure. If this calibration is impossible, the gas absorption coefficient can be calculated if the gas composition is known at least approximately. Then the data are corrected in a way to subtract the contributions from higher energy gamma quanta scattered in the crystal and detected as low energy gamma quanta.
  • the gamma quantum absorption coefficients of water, oil and gas are calculated as
  • 0 is the empty tube gamma quantum count rate measured in an air filled tube and then corrected for vacuum based on the air absorption coefficients of gamma quanta with different energies.
  • Gas volume fraction and water content measurements in the multiphase mixture are carried out by measuring the mixture absorption coefficient and comparing it with the absorption coefficients obtained for each of the component media as described above.
  • the volume fractions of water, oil and gas and possibly other parameters are calculated from the absorption coefficients obtained as above.
  • This multiphase flowmeter allows measuring water content accurate to 1- 1.5% with a gas volume fraction of up to 95%. At higher gas volume fractions water content measurement becomes a difficult task, but it is possible to estimate the gas volume fraction or, which is more valuable, the liquid volume fraction in the multiphase mixture.

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Abstract

La présente invention, qui concerne des dispositifs de mesure, plus particulièrement pour la mesure de paramètres de milieux liquides et gazeux, convient pour la gestion des paramètres de courants de milieux liquides, plus particulièrement pour gérer la composition du mélange multiphase débité par le puits, dans le cadre d'un suivi de l'état de champs pétroliers et gaziers.
PCT/RU2008/000035 2008-01-24 2008-01-24 Procédé et dispositif pour mesure de fraction multiphase, à base de chambre d'ionisation remplie de xénon haute pression WO2009093927A1 (fr)

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012141600A1 (fr) * 2011-04-15 2012-10-18 Institue Of Energy Technology Procédé d'estimation de valeurs cordales de rétention de gaz, d'huile et d'eau pour une imagerie tomographique d'un écoulement à trois phases à travers un volume
WO2013043074A1 (fr) * 2011-09-20 2013-03-28 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Appareil de mesure de la composition d'un flux de mélange multiphasé
US8472582B2 (en) 2007-10-30 2013-06-25 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method and apparatus for determining volume fractions in a multiphase flow
WO2014035275A1 (fr) * 2012-08-27 2014-03-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Débitmètre multiphasé rayons x à détecteur à matrice de résolution en énergie
WO2014035287A1 (fr) * 2012-08-27 2014-03-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Débitmètre multiphasique à rayons x avec détecteur matriciel à discrimination d'énergie
US9896923B2 (en) 2013-05-28 2018-02-20 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Synchronizing pulses in heterogeneous fracturing placement
CN108459342A (zh) * 2018-05-22 2018-08-28 南京航空航天大学 一种抗辐照高气压蜂窝屏栅电离室及制造方法
CN108657474A (zh) * 2018-05-08 2018-10-16 安徽智汇和专利技术开发有限公司 一种药仓检测机构
CN116202596A (zh) * 2023-04-27 2023-06-02 海默新宸水下技术(上海)有限公司 伽马空管计数实时修正方法
US12019053B2 (en) 2022-06-15 2024-06-25 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Systems and methods for analyzing multiphase production fluid

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US6097786A (en) * 1998-05-18 2000-08-01 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method and apparatus for measuring multiphase flows
RU2184367C2 (ru) * 1996-05-02 2002-06-27 Шелл Интернэшнл Рисерч Маатсхаппий Б.В. Способ и измерительный прибор для определения состава многофазной жидкости
RU2264674C2 (ru) * 2003-09-08 2005-11-20 Московский инженерно-физический институт (государственный университет) Устройство для регистрации гамма-нейтронного излучения

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SU1681211A1 (ru) * 1989-05-18 1991-09-30 Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский и проектно-конструкторский институт геофизических методов исследований, испытания и контроля нефтегазоразведочных скважин Способ определени размера микрокаверн при рентгенорадиометрическом каротаже в обводненных скважинах
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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8472582B2 (en) 2007-10-30 2013-06-25 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method and apparatus for determining volume fractions in a multiphase flow
US8855263B2 (en) 2007-10-30 2014-10-07 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method and apparatus for determining volume fractions in a multiphase flow
GB2504895A (en) * 2011-04-15 2014-02-12 Inst Of Energy Technology Method of estimating chordal holdup valves of gas, oil and water for tomographic imaging of a three-phase flow through a volume
WO2012141600A1 (fr) * 2011-04-15 2012-10-18 Institue Of Energy Technology Procédé d'estimation de valeurs cordales de rétention de gaz, d'huile et d'eau pour une imagerie tomographique d'un écoulement à trois phases à travers un volume
US9291579B2 (en) 2011-04-15 2016-03-22 Institute Of Energy Technology Method of estimating chordal holdup values of gas, oil and water for tomographic imaging of a three-phase flow through a volume
GB2504895B (en) * 2011-04-15 2017-04-05 Inst Of Energy Tech Method of estimating chordal holdup values of gas, oil and water for tomographic imaging of a three-phase flow through a volume
WO2013043074A1 (fr) * 2011-09-20 2013-03-28 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Appareil de mesure de la composition d'un flux de mélange multiphasé
WO2014035275A1 (fr) * 2012-08-27 2014-03-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Débitmètre multiphasé rayons x à détecteur à matrice de résolution en énergie
WO2014035287A1 (fr) * 2012-08-27 2014-03-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Débitmètre multiphasique à rayons x avec détecteur matriciel à discrimination d'énergie
US9896923B2 (en) 2013-05-28 2018-02-20 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Synchronizing pulses in heterogeneous fracturing placement
CN108657474A (zh) * 2018-05-08 2018-10-16 安徽智汇和专利技术开发有限公司 一种药仓检测机构
CN108459342A (zh) * 2018-05-22 2018-08-28 南京航空航天大学 一种抗辐照高气压蜂窝屏栅电离室及制造方法
US12019053B2 (en) 2022-06-15 2024-06-25 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Systems and methods for analyzing multiphase production fluid
CN116202596A (zh) * 2023-04-27 2023-06-02 海默新宸水下技术(上海)有限公司 伽马空管计数实时修正方法

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