WO2009088217A2 - Antenna mapping in a mimo wireless communication system - Google Patents

Antenna mapping in a mimo wireless communication system Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009088217A2
WO2009088217A2 PCT/KR2009/000068 KR2009000068W WO2009088217A2 WO 2009088217 A2 WO2009088217 A2 WO 2009088217A2 KR 2009000068 W KR2009000068 W KR 2009000068W WO 2009088217 A2 WO2009088217 A2 WO 2009088217A2
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Prior art keywords
antenna
symbols
physical
antenna port
matrix
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2009088217A3 (en
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Farooq Khan
Jiann-An Tsai
Jianzhong Zhang
Yinong Ding
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Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
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Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
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Priority to CN2009801087724A priority Critical patent/CN101971518A/zh
Priority to JP2010542162A priority patent/JP2011510536A/ja
Priority to EP09700343.8A priority patent/EP2229739A4/en
Publication of WO2009088217A2 publication Critical patent/WO2009088217A2/en
Publication of WO2009088217A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009088217A3/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0686—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0691—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission using subgroups of transmit antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0667—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0669—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal using different channel coding between antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
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    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0684—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission using different training sequences per antenna
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H04L1/0618—Space-time coding
    • H04L1/0637—Properties of the code
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    • H04L5/0048—Allocation of pilot signals, i.e. of signals known to the receiver
    • H04L5/005—Allocation of pilot signals, i.e. of signals known to the receiver of common pilots, i.e. pilots destined for multiple users or terminals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
    • H03M13/03—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words
    • H03M13/05—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words using block codes, i.e. a predetermined number of check bits joined to a predetermined number of information bits
    • H03M13/09—Error detection only, e.g. using cyclic redundancy check [CRC] codes or single parity bit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
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    • H03M13/03—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words
    • H03M13/05—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words using block codes, i.e. a predetermined number of check bits joined to a predetermined number of information bits
    • H03M13/11—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words using block codes, i.e. a predetermined number of check bits joined to a predetermined number of information bits using multiple parity bits
    • H03M13/1102—Codes on graphs and decoding on graphs, e.g. low-density parity check [LDPC] codes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H03M13/29—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes combining two or more codes or code structures, e.g. product codes, generalised product codes, concatenated codes, inner and outer codes
    • H03M13/2957—Turbo codes and decoding
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    • H03M13/2957—Turbo codes and decoding
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    • H03M13/2963—Turbo-block codes, i.e. turbo codes based on block codes, e.g. turbo decoding of product codes
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    • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
    • H03M13/63—Joint error correction and other techniques
    • H03M13/635—Error control coding in combination with rate matching
    • H03M13/6362—Error control coding in combination with rate matching by puncturing
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    • H03M13/6393—Rate compatible low-density parity check [LDPC] codes
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    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2626—Arrangements specific to the transmitter only

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for transmitting data in a communication system, and more specifically, a process and circuits for transmitting information by mapping antennas in a communication system.
  • a typical cellular radio system includes a number of fixed base stations and a number of mobile stations. Each base station covers an geographical area, which is defined as a cell.
  • a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) radio propagation path exists between a base station and a mobile station due to natural and man-made objects disposed between the base station and the mobile station.
  • NLOS non-line-of-sight
  • radio waves propagate while experiencing reflections, diffractions and scattering.
  • the radio wave which arrives at the antenna of the mobile station in a downlink direction, or at the antenna of the base station in an uplink direction, experiences constructive and destructive additions because of different phases of individual waves generated due to the reflections, diffractions, scattering and out-of-phase recombination. This is due to the fact that, at high carrier frequencies typically used in a contemporary cellular wireless communication, small changes in differential propagation delays introduces large changes in the phases of the individual waves.
  • the spatial variations in the amplitude and phase of the composite received signal will manifest themselves as the time variations known as Rayleigh fading or fast fading attributable to multipath reception.
  • the time-varying nature of the wireless channel require very high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in order to provide desired bit error or packet error reliability.
  • the scheme of diversity is widely used to combat the effect of fast fading by providing a receiver with multiple faded replicas of the same information-bearing signal.
  • Space diversity can be achieved by using multiple transmit or receive antennas. The spatial separation between the multiple antennas is chosen so that the diversity branches, i.e., the signals transmitted from the multiple antennas, experience fading with little or no correlation.
  • Transmit diversity which is one type of space diversity, uses multiple transmission antennas to provide the receiver with multiple uncorrelated replicas of the same signal.
  • Transmission diversity schemes can further be divided into open loop transmit diversity and closed-loop transmission diversity schemes. In the open loop transmit diversity approach no feedback is required from the receiver.
  • a receiver knows an arrangement of transmission antennas, computes a phase and amplitude adjustment that should be applied at the transmitter antennas in order to maximize a power of the signal received at the receiver.
  • selection transmit diversity STD
  • the receiver provides feedback information to the transmitter regarding which antenna(s) to be used for transmission.
  • Alamouti 2 ⁇ 1 space-time diversity scheme An example of open-loop transmission diversity scheme is the Alamouti 2 ⁇ 1 space-time diversity scheme.
  • the Alamouti 2 ⁇ 1 space-time diversity scheme contemplates transmitting a Alamouti 2 ⁇ 2 block code using two transmission antennas using either two time slots (i.e., Space Time Block Code (STBC) transmit diversity) or two frequency subcarriers (i.e., Space Frequency Block Code (SFBC) transmit diversity).
  • STBC Space Time Block Code
  • SFBC Space Frequency Block Code
  • Alamouti 2 ⁇ 1 space-time diversity scheme One limitation of Alamouti 2 ⁇ 1 space-time diversity scheme is that this scheme can only be applied to two transmission antennas. In order to transmit data using four transmission antennas, a Frequency Switched Transmit Diversity (FSTD) or a Time Switched Transmit Diversity (TSTD) is combined with block codes.
  • FSTD Frequency Switched Transmit Diversity
  • TSTD Time Switched Transmit Diversity
  • the downlink reference signals mapping for four transmission antennas determines that a transmission density on the third antenna port and the fourth antenna port is half of the density on the first antenna port and the second antenna port. This leads to weaker channel estimates on the third and the fourth antenna ports.
  • the antenna correlation depends upon, among other factors, angular spread and antennas spacing. In general, for a given angle spread, the larger the antenna spacing the smaller the correlation among the antennas. In a four transmission antenna 3GPP LTE system, the four antennas are usually aligned sequentially with equal spacing between two immediate antennas. Therefore, the correlation between the first antenna and the second antenna is larger than the correlation between the first antenna and the third antenna. Similarly, the correlation between the third antenna and the fourth antenna is larger than the correlation between the second antenna and the fourth antenna. Because smaller correlation among antennas means higher achievable diversity, this kind of antenna arrangement may result in degraded transmit diversity performance for the symbols transmitted via the first and the second antennas, and for the symbols transmitted via the third and the fourth antennas.
  • a method and an apparatus may be provided to include demultiplexing information to be transmitted into a plurality of stream blocks; inserting a respective cyclic redundancy check to each of the stream blocks; encoding each of the stream blocks according to a corresponding coding scheme; modulating each of the stream blocks according to a corresponding modulation scheme; demultiplexing the stream blocks to generate a plurality of sets of symbols, with each stream block being demultiplexed into a set of symbols; and transmitting the plurality of symbols via a plurality of antenna ports, with each set of symbols being transmitted via a subset of the plurality of antenna ports, and the antenna ports having weaker channel estimates being equally distributed among the plurality of subsets of antenna ports.
  • the transmission matrix may be expressed as:
  • T ij represents symbol transmitted on the ith antenna port and the jth subcarrier or jth time slot
  • S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , and S 4 represent the first through the fourth symbols respectively.
  • a method and an apparatus may be provided to include generating four reference signals for four antenna ports, with each reference signal corresponding to an antenna port; mapping the four antenna ports to four physical antennas in accordance with a selected antenna port mapping scheme, with each antenna port corresponding to a physical antenna, with the four physical antennas being aligned sequentially with equal spacing between two immediately adjacent physical antennas, and the channel estimates of the third and the fourth antenna ports are weaker than the channel estimates of the first and the second antenna ports; demultiplexing information to be transmitted into two stream blocks including a first stream block and a second stream block; inserting a respective cyclic redundancy check to each of the two stream blocks; encoding each of the two stream blocks according to a corresponding coding scheme; modulating each of the two stream blocks according to a corresponding modulation scheme; demultiplexing a first stream block into a first symbol and a second symbol and demultiplexing a second stream block into a third symbol and a fourth symbol; and transmitting the four symbols via
  • the selected antenna port mapping scheme may be established such that a first antenna port is mapped to a first physical antenna, a second antenna port is mapped to a third physical antenna, a third antenna port is mapped to a second physical antenna, and a fourth antenna port is mapped to a fourth physical antenna.
  • the transmission matrix may be established as:
  • T ij represents the symbol transmitted on the ith antenna port and the jth subcarrier or jth time slot
  • S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , and S 4 represent the first through the fourth symbols respectively.
  • the selected antenna port mapping scheme may be established such that a first antenna port is mapped to a first physical antenna, a second antenna port is mapped to a second physical antenna, a third antenna port is mapped to a third physical antenna, and a fourth antenna port is mapped to a fourth physical antenna.
  • the transmission matrix may be established as:
  • T ij represents the symbol transmitted on the ith antenna port and the jth subcarrier or jth time slot
  • S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , and S 4 represent the first through the fourth symbols respectively.
  • a method and an apparatus may be provided to include generating a plurality of reference signals for a plurality of antenna ports, with each reference signal corresponding to an antenna port; mapping the plurality of antenna ports to a plurality of physical antennas in accordance with a selected antenna port mapping scheme, with each antenna port corresponding to a physical antenna, and the plurality of physical antennas being aligned sequentially with equal spacing between two immediately adjacent physical antennas; demultiplexing information to be transmitted into a plurality of stream blocks; inserting a respective cyclic redundancy check to each of the stream blocks; encoding each of the stream blocks according to a corresponding coding scheme; modulating each of the stream blocks according to a corresponding modulation scheme; demultiplexing the stream blocks to generate a plurality of sets of symbols, with each stream block being demultiplexed into a set of symbols; mapping the plurality of sets of symbols into the plurality of antenna ports in accordance with a selected symbol mapping scheme; and transmitting the plurality of sets
  • the selected antenna port mapping scheme may be established such that a first antenna port is mapped to a first physical antenna, a second antenna port is mapped to a third physical antenna, a third antenna port is mapped to a second physical antenna, and a fourth antenna port is mapped to a fourth physical antenna.
  • the selected symbol mapping scheme may be established such that a first stream block is mapped to the first and the second antenna ports, and a second stream block is mapped to the third and the fourth antenna ports.
  • the selected antenna port mapping scheme may be established such that a first antenna port is mapped to a first physical antenna, a second antenna port is mapped to a second physical antenna, a third antenna port is mapped to a third physical antenna, and a fourth antenna port is mapped to a fourth physical antenna.
  • the selected symbol mapping scheme may be established such that a first stream block is mapped to the first and the third antenna ports, and a second stream block is mapped to the second and the fourth antenna ports, such that the third and the fourth antenna ports having weaker channel estimates are equally distributed between the first and the second stream blocks.
  • a method and an apparatus may be provided to include demultiplexing information to be transmitted into a plurality of stream blocks; inserting a respective cyclic redundancy check to each of the stream blocks; encoding each of the stream blocks according to a corresponding coding scheme; modulating each of the stream blocks according to a corresponding modulation scheme to generate a plurality of modulated symbols; dividing the plurality of modulated symbols into a plurality of groups of modulated symbols; selecting a subset of matrices from among six permuted versions of a selected Space Frequency Block Code matrix; repeatedly applying the selected set of matrices to the plurality of groups of modulated symbols to generate a plurality of transmit matrices, with each matrix corresponding to a group of modulated symbols and each matrix being applied to each pair of modulated symbols in the corresponding group of modulated symbols; and transmitting the plurality of transmit matrices via four transmission antennas using a plurality of subcarriers, with each transmit matrix using two
  • the selected Space Frequency Block Code diversity matrix may be a Space Frequency Block Code Cyclic Delay Diversity (SFBC-CDD) matrix, and the six permutated versions may be expressed as:
  • S 1 and S 2 are two modulated symbols, is the group index of two subcarriers, k is the subcarrier index, and functions ⁇ 1 (g) and ⁇ 2 (g) are two pseudo-random phase shift vectors that are functions of the subcarrier group index g.
  • the selected Space Frequency Block Code diversity matrix may be a Space Frequency Block Code Phase Switched Diversity (SFBC-PSD) matrix, and the six permutated versions may be expressed as:
  • S 1 and S 2 are two modulated symbols
  • k is the subcarrier index
  • ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are two fixed phase angles.
  • a method and an apparatus may be provided to include demultiplexing information to be transmitted into a plurality of stream blocks; inserting a respective cyclic redundancy check to each of the stream blocks; encoding each of the stream blocks according to a corresponding coding scheme; modulating each of the stream blocks according to a corresponding modulation scheme to generate a pair of modulated symbols; selecting a subset of matrices from among six permuted versions of a selected Space Frequency Block Code matrix; repeatedly transmitting the pair of symbols by applying the selected set of matrices to the pairs of modulated symbols, with each matrix being transmitted at a time slot.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transceiver chain
  • FIG. 2 is an illustration of a Space Time Block Code transmission diversity scheme for two transmission antennas
  • FIG. 3 is an illustration of another Space Frequency Block Code transmission diversity scheme for two transmission antennas
  • FIG. 4 is an illustration of mapping of downlink reference signals in a contemporary 3 rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution system
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an arrangement of four transmission antennas
  • FIG. 6 is an illustration of a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transceiver chain
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a single codeword MIMO transmission scheme
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a multiple codeword MIMO transmission scheme
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a multiple codeword MIMO transmission scheme according to a first embodiment of the principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates a reference symbol mapping scheme in case of four transmission antennas according to a second embodiment of the principles of the present invention
  • FIG. 11 illustrates a multiple codeword MIMO mapping scheme according to a third embodiment of the principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates a reference symbol mapping scheme in case of four transmission antennas according to a fourth embodiment of the principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates a multiple codeword MIMO mapping scheme according to a fifth embodiment of the principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transceiver chain.
  • OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
  • control signals or data 111 is modulated by modulator 112 and is serial-to-parallel converted by Serial/Parallel (S/P) converter 113.
  • IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
  • CP Cyclic prefix
  • ZP zero prefix
  • the signal is transmitted by transmitter (Tx) front end processing unit 117, such as an antenna (not shown), or alternatively, by fixed wire or cable.
  • receiver chain 120 assuming perfect time and frequency synchronization are achieved, the signal received by receiver (Rx) front end processing unit 121 is processed by CP removal unit 122.
  • FFT Fast Fourier Transform
  • the total bandwidth in an OFDM system is divided into narrowband frequency units called subcarriers.
  • the number of subcarriers is equal to the FFT/IFFT size N used in the system.
  • the number of subcarriers used for data is less than N because some subcarriers at the edge of the frequency spectrum are reserved as guard subcarriers. In general, no information is transmitted on guard subcarriers.
  • the scheme of diversity is widely used to combat the effect of fast fading by providing a receiver with multiple faded replicas of the same information-bearing signal.
  • An example of open-loop transmission diversity scheme is the Alamouti 2x1 space-time block code (STBC) transmission diversity scheme as illustrated in FIG. 2.
  • STBC space-time block code
  • a transmitter transmits two data symbols via two transmission antennas to a receiver.
  • symbols S 1 and S 2 are respectively transmitted via antennas ANT 1 and ANT 2.
  • symbols -S * 2 and S * 1 are respectively transmitted via antennas ANT 1 and ANT 2, where x * represents complex conjugate of x.
  • the receiver After receiving the signals, the receiver performs a plurality of processes to recover original symbols S 1 and S 2 .
  • the transmitter needs to transmit separate pilot symbols via both the antennas ANT 1 and ANT 2 for channel gain estimation at the receiver.
  • the diversity gain achieved by Alamouti coding is the same as that achieved in Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC).
  • the 2x1 Alamouti scheme can also be implemented in a space-frequency block code (SFBC) transmission diversity scheme as illustrated in FIG. 3.
  • SFBC space-frequency block code
  • symbols S 1 and S 2 are respectively transmitted to a receiver via antennas ANT 1 and ANT 2 on a first subcarrier having frequency f1 in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system
  • symbols -S * 2 and S * 1 are respectively transmitted via antennas ANT 1 and ANT 2 on a second subcarrier having frequency f2. Therefore a matrix of transmitted symbols from antennas ANT 1 and ANT 2 can be written as:
  • the received signal at the receiver on subcarrier having frequency f1 is r 1
  • the received signal at the receiver on subcarrier having frequency f2 is r 2 .
  • r 1 and r 2 can be written as:
  • h 1 and h 2 are channel gains from ANT 1 and ANT 2 respectively.
  • the receiver performs equalization on the received signals and combines the two received signals (r 1 and r 2 ) to recover the symbols S 1 and S 2 .
  • the recovered symbols can be written as:
  • both of the transmitted symbols achieve full spatial diversity, that is, the each of the transmitted symbols completely removes the interference from the other one.
  • orthogonal full-diversity block codes are not available.
  • An example of quasi-orthogonal block code also known as ABBA code is given below:
  • a and B are block codes given as below.
  • orthogonal block code for four transmission antennas is SFBC with balanced Frequency Switched Transmit Diversity (FSTD).
  • FSTD Frequency Switched Transmit Diversity
  • the receiver algorithms for detecting the signal S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , and S 4 can be expressed as:
  • h 1 , h 2 , h 3 , h 4 are channel gains from ANT 1, ANT 2, ANT 3 and ANT 4, respectively;
  • r 1 , r 2 , r 3 , and r 4 are the received signal for sub-carrier 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.
  • r 1 , r 2 , r 3 , and r 4 can be expressed as follow.
  • the downlink reference signals mapping for four transmission antennas in the 3GPP LTE (3 rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution) system is shown in FIG. 4.
  • the notation R p is used to denote a resource element used for reference signal transmission on antenna port p. It can be noted that density on antenna ports 2 and 3 is half the density on antenna ports 0 and 1. This leads to weaker channel estimates on antenna ports 2 and 3 relative to channel estimates on antenna ports 0 and 1.
  • the symbols S 1 and S 2 are transmitted from antenna ports 0 and 1, while symbols S 3 and S 4 are transmitted from antenna ports 2 and 3.
  • the received symbol estimates are given as:
  • h 1 , h 2 , h 3 , h 4 denote channel gains from antenna port 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively;
  • r 1 , r 2 , r 3 , and r 4 are the received signal for sub-carriers 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the case of SFBC+FSTD respectively, or for time slots 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the case of STBC+TSTD, respectively.
  • symbols S 1 and S 2 transmitted from antennas ports 0 and 1 benefit from more reliable channel estimates than symbols S 3 and S 4 transmitted from antenna ports 2 and 3. This is because the reference signal density is twice as high on antenna ports 0 and 1 relative to antenna ports 2 and 3, as shown in FIG. 4. This results in degraded performance on symbols S 3 and S 4 and thus impacting the system throughput.
  • the antenna correlation depends upon, among other factors, angular spread and antennas spacing. In general, for a given angle spread, the larger the antenna spacing the smaller the correlation among the antennas.
  • An example of antenna spacing for the case of four transmission antennas is shown in FIG. 5. The four transmission antennas are sequentially aligned in a row, with a distance of ⁇ between neighboring antennas. It can be seen that the correlation between antenna ports ANTP0 and ANTP1 is larger than the correlation between antenna ports ANTP0 and ANTP2. Similarly, the correlation between antenna ports ANTP2 and ANTP3 is larger than the correlation between antenna ports ANTP1 andANTP3.
  • symbols S 1 and S 2 are transmitted via ANTP0 and ANTP1
  • symbols S 3 and S 4 are transmitted via ANPT2 and ANTP3.
  • This results in degraded transmit diversity performance for symbols S 1 and S 2 because the correlation between ANTP0 and ANTP1 is higher compared to the correlation between ANTP0 and ANTP2, or the correlation between ANTP1 and ANTP3.
  • symbols S 3 and S 4 may also experience a degraded transmit diversity performance because ANTP2 and ANTP3 have higher correlation compared to the correlation between ANTP0 and ANTP2, or the correlation between ANTP1 and ANTP3.
  • SFBC-PSD SFBC-Phase Switched Diversity
  • ⁇ 1 (g) and ⁇ 2 (g) are two pseudo-random phase shift vectors that are functions of the subcarrier group index g, and they are known at Node-B (i.e., the base station) and all User Equipments (UEs).
  • Node-B i.e., the base station
  • UEs User Equipments
  • SFBC-CDD SFBC-Cyclic Delay Diversity
  • k is the subcarrier index
  • ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are two fixed phase angles. Note that in this case, a simple orthogonal detection algorithm does not exist, and either Maximum Likelihood (ML) receivers, or Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) receivers, or other advanced receivers are needed to capture diversity.
  • ML Maximum Likelihood
  • MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error
  • MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
  • FIG. 6 A simplified example of a 4 ⁇ 4 MIMO system is shown in FIG. 6.
  • four different data streams are transmitted separately from the four transmission antennas.
  • the transmitted signals are received at the four receive antennas.
  • Some form of spatial signal processing is performed on the received signals in order to recover the four data streams.
  • An example of spatial signal processing is vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) which uses the successive interference cancellation principle to recover the transmitted data streams.
  • V-BLAST Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time
  • MIMO schemes include schemes that perform some kind of space-time coding across the transmission antennas (e.g., diagonal Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (D-BLAST)) and also beamforming schemes such as Spatial Division multiple Access (SDMA).
  • D-BLAST diagonal Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time
  • SDMA Spatial Division multiple Access
  • the MIMO channel estimation consists of estimating the channel gain and phase information for links from each of the transmission antennas to each of the receive antennas. Therefore, the channel for MxN MIMO system consists of an NxM matrix:
  • h ij represents the channel gain from transmission antenna j to receive antenna i.
  • h ij represents the channel gain from transmission antenna j to receive antenna i.
  • FIG. 7 An example of single-code word MIMO scheme is given in FIG. 7.
  • a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is added to a single information block and then coding, for example, using turbo codes and low-density parity check (LDPC) code, and modulation, for example, by quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation scheme, are performed.
  • the coded and modulated symbols are then demultiplexed for transmission over multiple antennas.
  • CRC cyclic redundancy check
  • LDPC low-density parity check
  • QPSK quadrature phase-shift keying
  • the information block is de-multiplexed into smaller information blocks.
  • Individual CRCs are attached to these smaller information blocks and then separate coding and modulation is performed on these smaller blocks. After modulation, these smaller blocks are respectively demultiplexed into even smaller blocks and then transmitted through corresponding antennas.
  • PARC Per Antenna Rate Control
  • multi-code word transmission allows for more efficient post-decoding interference cancellation because a CRC check can be performed on each of the code words before the code word is cancelled from the overall signal.
  • codeword-1 (CW1) is transmitted from antenna ports ANTP0 and ANTP1
  • CW2 is transmitted from antenna ports ANTP2 and ANTP3. This results in weaker channel estimates and degraded performance for CW2 due to lower density of ANTP2 and ANTP3 reference signal density.
  • codeword-1 mapped to ANTP0 and ANTP1 experience less diversity because of higher correlation between ANTP0 and ANTP1.
  • codeword-2 mapped to ANTP2 and ANTP3 experience less diversity because of higher correlation between ANTP2 and ANTP3.
  • T ij represents symbol transmitted on the ith antenna port and the jth subcarrier or jth time slot
  • h 1 , h 2 , h 3 , h 4 denote channel gains from antenna ports 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively; n 1 , n 2 , n 3 , and n 4 represents noise for sub-carriers 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the case of SFBC respectively, or for time slots 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the case of STBC, respectively.
  • symbols S 1 and S 2 transmitted from antennas ports 0 and 2 experience a good channel estimate h 1 and a weak channel estimate h 3 .
  • symbols S 3 and S 4 transmitted from antenna ports 1 and 3 experience a good channel estimate h 2 and a weak channel estimate h 4 . This way the effect of weaker channel estimates is distributed across all the four symbols, S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , and S 4 .
  • the Multi-code word MIMO scheme according to the principles of the current invention is shown in FIG. 9.
  • the codeword 1 (CW1) is mapped to antennas ports 0 and 2 while CW2 is mapped to antenna ports 1 and 3. This way the effect of weaker channel estimates on antenna ports 2 and 3 is distributed across the 2 codeword transmission.
  • each antenna port is defined by the reference signal transmitted on the port. That is, antenna port ANTP0 is defined by reference signal R0, antenna port ANTP1 is defined by reference signal R1, antenna port ANTP2 is defined by reference signal R2, and antenna port ANTP4 is defined by reference signal R4.
  • antenna port ANTP0 corresponds to physical antenna 1
  • antenna port ANTP2 corresponds to physical antenna 2
  • antenna port ANTP1 corresponds to physical antenna 3
  • antenna port ANTP3 corresponds to physical antenna 4.
  • the large spacing between physical antenna 1 and physical antenna 3 assures that antenna ports ANTP0 and ANTP1 have larger spacing than the case without the antenna port mapping, and hence smaller correlation. It should be noted that smaller correlation among antenna ports means higher achievable diversity. Similarly, ANTP2 and ANTP3 have larger spacing and hence smaller correlation.
  • h 1 , h 2 , h 3 , h 4 denote channel gains from antenna ports 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively; n 1 , n 2 , n 3 , and n 4 represents noise for sub-carriers 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the case of SFBC respectively, or for time slots 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the case of STBC, respectively.
  • symbols S 1 and S 2 experience higher diversity due to larger spacing between antenna port 0 and antenna port 1.
  • symbols S 3 and S 4 experience higher diversity due to larger spacing between antenna port 2 and antenna port 3 according to antenna ports to physical antennas mapping shown in FIG. 10.
  • CW1 is mapped to ANTP0 and ANTP1 while CW2 is mapped to ANTP2 and ANTP3 with antenna ports to physical antennas mapping as shown in FIG. 10. It can be seen that with this mapping of CW to antenna ports and the mapping of antenna ports to physical antenna mapping of FIG. 10, both codewords experience larger diversity compared to the case where ANTP0, ANTP1, ANTP2 and ANTP3 are mapped to physical antennas 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
  • reference symbols for the four transmission antennas are mapped as shown in FIG. 12.
  • the reference signal R0, R1, R2 and R3 are mapped to physical antennas 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
  • symbols S 1 and S 2 are transmitted over antennas ports ANTP0 and ANTP2 while symbols S 3 and S 4 are transmitted over antenna ports ANTP1 and ANTP3 as given by the transmit matrix below:
  • the received symbol estimates are given as:
  • h 1 , h 2 , h 3 , h 4 denote channel gains from antenna ports 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively; n 1 , n 2 , n 3 , and n 4 represents noise for sub-carriers 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the case of SFBC respectively, or for time slots 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the case of STBC, respectively. It can be seen that with the mapping of antenna ports to physical antennas shown in FIG. 12 and symbol transmission matrix shown above, both the diversity within a symbol is maximized and also effect of channel estimates is distributed evenly between the pair of symbols S 1 and S 2 and the pair of symbols S 3 and S 4 .
  • CW1 is mapped to ANTP0 and ANTP2 while CW2 is mapped to ANTP1 and ANTP3 using antenna ports to physical antenna mapping as shown in FIG. 12.
  • both CW1 and CW2 experience larger diversity due to the spacing between antenna ports ANTP0 and ANTP2 and antenna ports ANTP1 and ANTP3.
  • the effect of weaker channel estimates from antenna ports ANTP2 and ANTP3 is uniformly distributed on the two codewords.
  • the 30 modulated symbols are divided into 3 parts: the first part contains symbols S 1 , S 2 , S 7 , S 8 , S 13 , S 14 , S 19 , S 20 , S 25 , S 26 ; the second part contains symbols S 3 , S 4 , S 9 , S 10 , S 15 , S 16 , S 21 , S 22 , S 27 , S 28 ; and the third part contains symbols S 5 , S 6 , S 11 , S 12 , S 17 , S 18 , S 23 , S 24 , S 29 , S 30 .
  • these three matrices P A , P B , P C will be applied along the frequency dimension, in a pattern that repeats every 6 sub-carriers. That is, P A is assigned to each pair of modulated symbols in the first part of modulated symbols, P B is assigned to each pair of modulated symbols in the second part of modulated symbols, and P C is assigned to each pair of modulated symbols in the third part of modulated symbols.
  • the Node-B i.e., the base station, selects a subset of K (1 ⁇ K ⁇ 6) permuted SFBC-PSD matrices for the purpose of Hybrid Automatic Repeat-reQuest (HARQ) transmission. Furthermore, the Node-B applies different SFBC-PSD matrices within this subset of K permuted SFBC-PSD matrices on different retransmissions of the packet. Noteworthy, this approach of applying permuted SFBC-PSD matrices on retransmissions apply to both Chase Combining and incremental redundancy.
  • HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat-reQuest
  • the transmitter maps the modulated symbols to the physical time-frequency OFDM resource, it select a subset of K (1 ⁇ K ⁇ 6) permuted matrices from the six permuted SFBC-CDD matrices. Afterward, the transmitter divides up the modulated signal into K parts, each uses a different permuted matrix from the subset of K matrices.
  • K the number of permuted matrices
  • the transmitter divides up the modulated signal into K parts, each uses a different permuted matrix from the subset of K matrices.
  • the Node-B select a subset of K (1 ⁇ K ⁇ 6) permuted SFBC-CDD matrices for the purpose of HARQ. Furthermore, the Node-B applies different SFBC-CDD matrices within this subset on different retransmissions of the packet. Noteworthy, this approach of applying permuted SFBC-CDD matrices on retransmissions apply to both Chase Combining and incremental redundancy.
  • a communication system may have more than four transmission antennas.
  • two code words, CW1 and CW2 are transmitted via ten transmission antennas.
  • CW1 can be map to even numbered antenna ports, i.e., ANTP0, ANTP2, ANTP4, ANTP6 and ANTP8, while CW2 can be map to odd numbered antenna ports, i.e., ANTP1, ANTP3, ANTP5, ANTP7 and ANTP9.
  • SFBC-FSTD we can create five pairs of symbols S 1 and S 2 , S 3 and S 4 , S 5 and S 6 , S 7 and S 8 , S 9 and S 10 .
  • each pair can be mapped to antenna ports 0 and 5
  • the second pair S 3 and S 4 can be mapped to antenna ports 1 and 6
  • the last pair S 9 and S 10 to ports 4 and 9.

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EP2229739A2 (en) 2010-09-22
US20080273452A1 (en) 2008-11-06
EP2229739A4 (en) 2016-10-19
KR20090077710A (ko) 2009-07-15
JP2014053930A (ja) 2014-03-20
JP5731612B2 (ja) 2015-06-10
KR101543291B1 (ko) 2015-08-10
WO2009088217A3 (en) 2009-10-15
CN101971518A (zh) 2011-02-09
JP2011510536A (ja) 2011-03-31

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